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DEFENSE DATA COMMUNICATIONS
1982-03-31
CHRISTIAN ROVSING A/S
Page #
III DEFENSE DATA COMMUNICATION
ENGAGEMENT AT CHRISTIAN ROVSING A/S
A. MESSAGE PROCESSING - CAMPS
C A M P S
1. O̲B̲J̲E̲C̲T̲I̲V̲E̲S̲
CAMPS is a Computer Aided Message Processing System
with the objective to provide significant improvements
in communication to both strategic and tactical NATO
operations. Areas with expected improvements are:
o time needed for preparation and reception of messages
- reduced
o manpower and cost - reduced
o message handling procedure commonality throughout
NATO - increased
o interoperatility with other communication systems
- increased
o required levels of security - achieved with less
effort
o availability of information - increased
o errors - reduced
o handling priorities - ensured
Figure 1 shows the CAMPS operation's environment.
The benefits resulting from the operation of CAMPS
are discussed in more detail in the next section.
2. BENEFITS
Manual message handling is a slow and time consuming
process. A handwritten draft is first distributed manually
to other officers for coordination. These officers
read the message - making suggestions for improvement
- and the draft-message may have to be retyped one
or more times. Before transmission a communication
expert must ensure that the message is in accordance
with the ACP127 format used by NATO, giving:
o recepient
o recepients official identification
Figure 1
CAMPS OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENT
Tempest Certified Equipment in Background
o information only recepients
o urgency
o security classification
o other required attributes.
Message preparation, as described above, can take from
one hour to several days in a manual environment: CAMPS
reduces preparation time by at least a factor of 10,
so that a message can be prepared, coordinated and
transmitted within a few minutes or at most within
an hour in the case of extended coordination.
At reception, manual procedures first call for a clerk
to look up the messages Subject Indicator Code (SIC)
in a table of standard distribution of incoming messages.
A received message in then photo-copied to provide
enough copies for both action and information recepients.
Finally physical distribution may take place, but there
is always the risk that a message is not handled according
to priority so that a very urgent message might be
delayed for hours. In addition, photo-copies give the
possibility of information falling into the wrong hands.
The time required for message reception, as described
above, is from 1 hour up to a whole day: CAMPS reduces
the time needed to carry out the reception process
by a factor of almost 100. Manpower and its costs are
saved as CAMPS automatically analyses the Subject Indicator
Code and distributes the message to the appropriate
terminal(s). In addition CAMPS handles priorities automatically,
ensuring that urgent messages are expedited. All these
procedures are done without staff intervention - in
only a few seconds or minutes. Additionally CAMPS ensures
that only authorized staff have access to terminals,
as log-on procedures include user identification and
passwords.
The man-machine interface implemented in CAMPS is
very user-friendly. The intelligent visual display
units and the computer system assist the user; after
only a few hours training in preparation and coordination
of messages one is capable of operating CAMPS. This
is in huge contrast to present demands for a highly
trained communications expert with a thorough knowledge
of ACP127 format requirements. CAMPS yields savings
in cost and manpower.
Availability of information is furthered by the filing
system of CAMPS, which is fully automatic. Without
moving away from his workstation, a user can search
the CAMPS files for data - all data less than 30 days
old are kept. Data needed for preparing new messages
or data needed for correct quotation can be retrieved
via CAMPS. The user-friendly retrieval system includes
multiple search keys. Users do not need to have exact
message identification to retrieve the message; a time
window indicating when the message was first filed
- along with other optional parameters - will narrow
down the field, and CAMPS will display a catalogue
of all messages satisfying the given parameters.
CAMPS provides message handling commonality throughout
NATO. This ensures that messages prepared at any headquarters
will be interpreted correctly at any other headquarters,
if CAMPS has been used at both ends. This will save
manpower and remove possible sources of error.
CAMPS ensures interoperability throughout NATO. Other
communication systems can be interfaced to CAMPS, providing
CAMPS' features as improvements.
Aspects of security are accommodated at a very high-level
in CAMPS. Security features are implemented in all
sub-systems within CAMPS, i.e. both hardware and software.
The modular construction of the CAMPS computer - with
individual peripheral microprocessors for all discs,
terminals and external lines - ensures separation of
data coming into and going out of CAMPS. The design
of system and application software ensures that programs
and data are completely separate in memory: programs
connot be modified during execution; only data can.
In addition each program can only address its own memory
area. Address violation is detected, and one program
cannot alter another program's code/data space. Users
are approved to different levels of classifiction and
they can only access data up to their level of calssification,
never at higher levels. Security interogation and warnings
are used throughout to ensure that the personnel environment
is double-checked before revealing any classified information.
The time required for message preparation and reception
is illustrated in Figure 2, which compares CAMPS operations
with manual procedures.
Figure 2
TIME FOR MESSAGE PREPARATION AND RECEPTION
Camps is much faster than previous manual procedures
3. S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲ ̲F̲U̲N̲C̲T̲I̲O̲N̲S̲
E̲n̲v̲i̲r̲o̲n̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲I̲n̲t̲e̲r̲f̲a̲c̲e̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲C̲A̲M̲P̲S̲
CAMPS is a system which assists users in message preparation
and reception and which communicates with other user
systems, either directly or through a network. In
this context it can also function as a gateway for
other user systems which have lost connection to their
primary network.
A generic layout of the CAMPS Centers and the interconnecting
network is shown in Figure 3.
For CAMPS the primary network system will be a separate
system which utilizes a store and forward message transmission
system based on ACP127 procedures. This network transmission
system establishes a communication network between
all the NATO countries. It uses both terrestial and
satelite communication.
CAMPS is also interfaced to colocated and remote CCIS
dataprocessing and other message processing systems
and is able to handle traffic from these systems in
case of temporary loss of their primary networks.
CAMPS will play a very essential role in the information
gathering process of any Command and Control Informtion
System. CAMPS will assist the user in preparing reports
for CCIS by use of Adat-P3 procedures. The general
message processing facilities in CAMPS are extended
by an Adat-P3 compiler, allowing NATO to define specific
message formats for all reports. The compiler provides
NATO with great flexibility in the future because message
formats can easily be modified as a consequense of
changes in requirements
Figure 3
GENERIC LAYOUT OF CAMPS
Message Processing Centers in Europe and their
interconnecting network
Adat-P3 messages are highly structured. This structure
is programmed into CAMPS so that correct formats are
enforced by CAMPS. The structure is defined as subsets
or lines of fields within a message, and CAMPS will
ensure that the user does not forget any informtion.
When CAMPS has controled that the message is correctly
entered, it can be processed automatically and a CCIS
can be updated without human intervention.
Finally CAMPS is interfaced to low speed communication
lines which are either point-to-point lines or lines
for TRC, Torn tape Relay Centers.
C̲A̲M̲P̲S̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲t̲y̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲U̲s̲e̲r̲s̲
The system functions of CAMPS are provided for three
groups of users:
E̲n̲d̲ ̲U̲s̲e̲r̲s̲ are those persons who prepare and receive
messages through CAMPS. They are the persons for whom
CAMPS has been implemented.
S̲u̲p̲e̲r̲v̲i̲s̲o̲r̲y̲ ̲p̲e̲r̲s̲o̲n̲a̲l̲ are the communication center personel
who assist CAMPS in providing its services to the end
users. The supervisor and his assistants control all
system tables within CAMPS. Security features and directories
of headquaters are controlled by the supervisors.
The Message Distribution Control Operator (MDCO), one
of the supervisor assistants, will assist CAMPS in
distribution of incoming messages that can not be distributed
automatically. If a message has been prepared outside
a CAMPS without computer assistance it might contain
unrecoverable errors. The MDCO can also initiate redistribution
of messages, if the original distribution was not appropriate.
The Message Service Operator (MSO), is another supervisor
assistant who assists CAMPS when messages cannot be
processed automatically because of nonconformity with
the ACP 127 rules. For example, certain required information
might be missing or misplaced. The MSO will control
the processing of those messages.
S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲O̲p̲e̲r̲a̲t̲o̲r̲ is the third group beside end users
and supervisory personnel. This person is responsible
for maintenance and engineering of the computer. He
controls all the elements of the flexible and modular
computer which is dualized in all vital areas.
M̲e̲s̲s̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲P̲r̲e̲p̲a̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
The user functions that CAMPS provides are first of
all message preparation at a visual display unit (VDU).
The VDU's are very user-friendly; they provide formatted
screen layouts with keywords in front of all required
entry fields. This approach allows a user to enter
ACP127 like messages without detailed knowledge of
the ACP127 procedures.
The VDU in CAMPS is a highly intelligent device. Many
syntactical checks are performed by the VDU to give
rapid feedback to the user. All data entry fields have
specification attributes, e.g. entry mandatory or optional,
entry always numeric, only alphabetic or both. Maximum
field length is also indicated. Figure 4 shows a typical
terminal display for message preparation.
After entry of data, the user initiates transmission
of data to the main computer which performs semantic
checks. By means of a directory of all headquaters,
CAMPS can validate the address. The user can also use
short numerical reference no. instead of long plain
language addresses of recipients.
If errors are discovered during validation of the entered
data, CAMPS will provide error indications to assist
the user in correction.
When the message has been validated and accepted as
error free by CAMPS, the user can submit it for coordination
to other users. In this respect CAMPS resembles an
electronic mail system. Messages submitted for coordination
by one terminal are queued at all recipient terminals.
The users requested to coordinate read the message
and prepare comments for the message drafter. A comment
is a free format message which can be drafted at one
terminal and sent to one or more terminals at the same
CAMPS site. Besides being used in connection with coordination
of messages, it can be used as a conferencing medium,
where two or more users via the CAMPS comment function
exchange information in an online environment.
The comments made by coordinators will be send back
to the message drafter, and he can then edit the message
Figure 4
CAMPS MESSAGE PREPARATION
Reduction in errors due to fase of service
as necessary. A new coordination round might be initiated
or the message can be submitted for release at a terminal
position manned by a user with release authority and
special release capabilities.
Queing of messages is performed on a priority basis,i.e.
level of urgency. This ensures that urgent message
are handled before routine messages. At the top of
the VDU screen there is a display of the number of
messages in each queue to help the user choose task
priority.
After release, CAMPS performs the final conversion
of the message to ACP127 and selects an outgoing channel
to be used. This selection is based on information
in the message and table data in CAMPS. A vital point
in channel selection is the security classification
of the message and the security classification of the
channel. CAMPS can provide four different channels
to be checked for security levels for an outgoing message
before manual assistance will be necessary.
M̲e̲s̲s̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲R̲e̲c̲e̲p̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
Messages received at a CAMPS will be distributed automatically
if they are in accordance with the ACP127 procedures.
After validation CAMPS will use the Subject Indicator
Code (SIC) to derive which terminals should have a
copy of the message. This procedure is controlled by
internal tables maintained by the supervisor. First
the SIC is used as an entry to define the standard
distribution list to be applied. This list in turn
contains a number of action-recipients and info-recipients.
If the mesage does not contain a SIC or if the tables
are not sufficient, the system will queue the message
for manual assistance at the MDCO position. The MDCO
can also redistribute a message if the automatic distribution
scheme has proven insufficient.
CAMPS delivers messages to terminals by putting them
in different queues, one queue per priority level,
and updates the queue status information at the top
of the VDU screen.
When the user sets his terminal in reception mode he
can display the messages, one by one. He can either
delete them or let them remain in the queue for later
action by himself or another user. If he wants a hardcopy
of the message he can order this by routing the message
to a logical printerunit, which might be shared by
several VDU's.
Instead of routing messages to VDU terminals and maybe
later rerouting to a printer, CAMPS can also route
messages directly to a printer. For example, copies
intended for action-recepients might always be printed,
whereas copies intended for information recepients
are only sent to VDU's where the user then subsequently
decides if he wants a hardcopy.
4. E̲Q̲U̲I̲P̲M̲E̲N̲T̲ ̲D̲E̲S̲I̲G̲N̲
The CAMPS system is implemented on the CR80 family
of computers, produced by Christian Rovsing A/S. This
computer family is a very flexible, modular system
which allows many different computer configurations:
from small minicomputers intended for commercial systems
or front end processors; over extremely reliable systems,
like CAMPS, using redundent elements for back up; to
huge integrated complete systems, e.g. a CAMPS integrated
with a communication subsystem as a node in a network.
Incremental growth of a CAMPS with a few CCIS features
to a later stage, where the CCIS aspects are more dominant
then the CAMPS itself, is also a fensible solution.
The concept behind the modularity and flexibility of
CAMPS can best be described in a hierachical top down
fashion. The building block at the top level is the
secure rack. One, two or many racks may be joined together
to contain all the lower level equipment. Groups of
racks can also be interconnected if the computer room
lay out asks for it.
The next lower level element is a crate. Several crates
may be installed in one rack. There are three different
uses of a crate, either as a processing unit, a channel
unit or an adapter unit.
The processing unit (PU) contains modules for CPU's
and memory plus miscellaneous interface adaptors and
a power supply. Within the crate itself, almost like
a backbone, computer buses are installed which interconnect
all processing elements. The modularity and generality
of this concept is so flexible that the individual
modules are put in the crates, as books are placed
on a bookshelf. A PU may contain from 1 to 5 CPUs
and up to 1 Megaword.
If more than one PU is installed in a computer (in
CAMPS two PUs are included), they are interconnected
via fast transfer buses. The upper limitation for the
number of PUs in one computer is 16, so a CAMPS has
enough expansion capability for any imaginable application
with only the minimal interferance to CAMPS.
The channel unit (CU) contains modules for external
interfaces, i.e. communication lines and disks, etc.
Extension memory could also be installed here if 1
megaword for each PU is not sufficient. CU's can be
added as required to provide additional terminals,
external lines disks, tapes, etc.
The adapter crate contains modules for special line
adaptors, e.g. adapters for low signaling levels and
optical multiplexors with transceivers.
CAMPS equipment is shown in Figure 5.
The level below the crate is the level with individual
modules, all microprocessor based. This concept gives
a highly distributed system, where many functions are
removed from the CPU to the peripheral processors.
This compartmentalization principle also enforces security
aspects because all peripheral processors are physically
separated.
Figure 5
CAMPS EQUIPMENT
A rack with several crates
S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲ ̲S̲E̲C̲U̲R̲I̲T̲Y̲
Modern Defense Communication require a high degree
of communication security. This has from the outset
been designed into CAMPS in form of physical security,
equipment security, and software security.
The highlights of the CAMPS security features are:
1. All visual display units printers and other similar
devices are connected to the CAMPS central processing
system with fiber optic cables that preclude EMI
problems.
2. The CAMPS processing system itself is enclosed
in EMI shielded racks.
3. All power and electrical signalling cables enter
the system through special filter equipment.
4. The software has been designed in a hierachical
structure that eases verification and provides
well defined inter-program interfaces.
Access to all data areas and files are controlled
by secure operating system functions and a specially
developed memory mapping hardware module.
5. All users interfacing the system are controlled
by several security mechanisms:
- Physical locks
- user authentication through use of sign-in
passwords and random security interrogations
- authorization through use of operator clearance
levels combined with terminal and channel clearance
levels.
5. E̲X̲P̲A̲N̲D̲A̲B̲I̲L̲I̲T̲Y̲
The building block of the CR80 computer has been described
above. It has been shown how the individual elements
fit into the general concept.
One of the most likely reasons for expansion is change
in data and traffic quantities. If traffic flow increases,
additional CPUs can be added. Even if the increase
is drastic, i.e. 100 % or more, extra PUs can be installed
to account for the extra need in processing power.
An increasing traffic flow is likely to require more
disk storage which can easily be accomodated by additional
CUs. The most striking fact about this expansion is
that modules are not replaced by more powerful modules
making the old modules obsolete; in CAMPS new modules
are added in an incremental way making the expansion
costs as low as possible.
It is also a possibility to reduce a CAMPS configuration,
if traffic becomes less or if a new site is needed
where a user traffic flow is less than presently facilitated.
CAMPS has already been planned to become a gateway
between different systems. It might be desirable in
the future to interface CAMPS to public networks like
the X.25/X.75 type of network. This can be done by
adding another rack with an interface processing element
containing a PU and a CU.
The capabilities of CAMPS to collect reports using
Adat-P3 formats have been described. This capability
could be expanded with calculation and processing at
these reports and display of results on VDU's or graphic
consoles.
When experience has been gained by the military users,
larger files can be added to provide CCIS databases
with displays, etc. At that stage, the primary communication
network, which is a store and forward message switching
network, might not be sufficient. A more generalized
network system based on packet switching on virtual
circuits could then be be desireable.
By this approach a general transport network can be
established and used for transmission of radar data
for remote display, giving a user remote access to
all network subscribers (sources of data). Dedicated
computers with spare part inventory information, computers
with special programs like human language translaters,
etc. can be reached without human intervention.
CAMPS expandability possibilities are illustrated in
Figure 6.
Figure 6
CAMPS EXPANDABILITY
Modular equipment allows cost effective
expansion without development
