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Notes: S-90 PROPOSAL, Technical
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S-90 - PART II SYS/84-04-10
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL Page
S-90': Dnr 699/83-3
DOC. NO. S-90'/064/PRP/001 ISSUE 1
PART II
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
SUBMITTED TO: FORSVARETS MATERIELVERK
IN RESPONSE TO: S-90'
PREPARED BY: CHRISTIAN ROVSING A/S
SYSTEMS GROUP
LAUTRUPVANG 2
2750 BALLERUP
DENMARK
PRINCIPLE CONTACTS: Gert Jensen, Advanced Systems
Operations Director
Telex Denmark 35111 cr dk
Telephone: 02 65 11 44
…0e…c …0f…Christian Rovsing A/S - 1983
This document contains information proprietary to Christian
Rovsing A/S. The information, whether in the form of
text, schematics, tables, drawings or illustrations,
must not be duplicated or used for purposes other than
evaluation, or disclosed outside the recipient company
or organisation without the prior, written permission
of Christian Rovsing A/S.
This restriction does not limit the recipient's right
to use information contained in the document if such
information is received from another source without
restriction, provided such source is not in breach
of an obligation of confidentiality towards Christian
Rovsing A/S.
T̲A̲B̲L̲E̲ ̲O̲F̲ ̲C̲O̲N̲T̲E̲N̲T̲S̲
Page
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................
1.1 DECISION TO BID S-90 .......................
2 GUIDELINES FOR READING THE PROPOSAL ............
3 SOFTWARE .....................................
3.1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE ............................
3.1.1 Operating System .......................
3.1.2 Data Base Management System ...........
3.1.3 System Development .....................
3.1.3.1 General ............................
3.1.3.2 Environment for System Development .
3.1.3.3 Question Concerning Special
Requirements for System Development
3.1.3.4 Question Concerning ORACLE
3.1.3.5 Question Concerning Mimer ..........
3.1.4 Data Communication .....................
3.1.4.1 General Concept ....................
3.1.4.2 Communication Architecture .........
3.1.4.3 Local Communication ................
3.1.4.4 Remote Communication ...............
3.1.5 Question Concerning Remote Diagnostics .
3.1.6 Please Refer to 5.3 ....................
3.2 GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SYSTEM ......
3.2.1 Text Processing ........................
3.2.1.1 General ............................
3.2.2 Question Concerning Storage Registers ..
3.2.3 Question Concerning Facilities for .....
Calculation ............................
3.2.4 Diary Administration ...................
3.2.5 Calendar, Administration ...............
3.2.6 Electronic Mail ........................
3.2.7 Simple Programming Aids ................
3.2.8 Question Concerning Graphics ...........
3.3 USER INTERFACE .............................
3.3.1 General ................................
3.3.2 Login ..................................
3.3.3 Logout .................................
3.3.4 Dialogue ...............................
3.3.5 Response Times ........................
3.3.6 Function Keys ..........................
3.3.7 Screen Layout ..........................
3.3.8 Language ...............................
3.3.9 Error Handling .........................
3.3.10 Help Function ........................
3.4 LIV-85 APPLICATION PROGRAMS ................
3.4.1 Present System. Descriptions ...........
3.4.2 LIV-85 Comments and Modifications ......
3.4.3 General Remarks ........................
1̲ ̲ ̲I̲N̲T̲R̲O̲D̲U̲C̲T̲I̲O̲N̲
1.1 D̲E̲C̲I̲S̲I̲O̲N̲ ̲T̲O̲ ̲B̲I̲D̲ ̲S̲-̲9̲0̲'̲
The decision to bid S-90' as Prime Contractor to FFV
represents a definite commitment on the part of Christian
Rovsing to devote its resources and technical talents
to the successful implementation and performance of
the system. The decision was taken at top-level after
thorough discussions with the staff of marketing, administration,
and engineering at Christian Rovsing.
Considerable experience in the field of data communication
combined with experience as prime or sub-contractor
of major computer system projects provide a solid basis
for our participation in this project. Prime contractor
responsibility, particularly for military customers
such as NATO-SHAPE, has demanded a professional approach
to turn-key project management with particular emphasis
on planning and documentation in all phases from system
design and development to production, integration,
installation, training, and maintenance. The contracts
awarded to the company have been typically worth from
several to tens of millions of Dollars.
To provide the necessary talent and facilities, the
S-90' project will be staffed by experts from several
divisions at Christian Rovsing. Thus, exceptionally
strong capabilities will be available in computing
and data communication.
To meet Swedish security requirements, FFV Elecktronik
AB/Telub AB will provide the necessary resources for
installation, education, assistance and maintenance.
To coordinate activities the S-90' Project Group will
be supported by the Christian Rovsing, Integrated Logistics
Support Division, which provides services including
site surveys, installation, training, documentation
preparation, maintenance, spares and other necessary
support services.
Product quality will be ensured by the Quality Assurance
Department, which reports directly to company management.
An administratively distinct Project Office will be
established to manage the S-90' Project. This project
office will have total system responsibility and authority
to coordinate in-house activities and to provide close
liaison with the customer throughout the duration of
the project.
In summary, the decision to bid is based on the confidence
that Christian Rovsing A/S, supported by sub-contractors,
has all the necessary qualifications for the successful
design, implementation and maintenance of the S-90'.
2̲ ̲ ̲G̲U̲I̲D̲E̲L̲I̲N̲E̲S̲ ̲F̲O̲R̲ ̲R̲E̲A̲D̲I̲N̲G̲ ̲T̲H̲E̲ ̲P̲R̲O̲P̲O̲S̲A̲L̲
The concept for writing the technical part of the proposal
has been to follow the requirement specification as
close as possible. It should therefore be possible
to refer directly from the table of contents of the
requirement specification, to the table of contents
of the proposal.
3̲ ̲ ̲S̲O̲F̲T̲W̲A̲R̲E̲
3.1 S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲ ̲S̲O̲F̲T̲W̲A̲R̲E̲
A wide range of System Software is available on the
proposed CR32 computer including eight programming
languages, data base management systems, an application
generator, several editors, symbolic debugger, and
a range of communications and network support software.
3.1.1 O̲p̲e̲r̲a̲t̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲
The operating system offered on the CR32 computer is
not just a look-alike unix but the standard Western
Electric UNIX System V incorporating numerous enhancements
over previous version 7 and System III releases.
3.1.2 D̲a̲t̲a̲ ̲B̲a̲s̲e̲ ̲M̲a̲n̲a̲g̲e̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲
Apart form the standard file manipulation and - locking
facilities already included in the UNIX operating system,
a complete relational data base management system (ORACLE)
is offered on the CR32 computer.
The well-known and highly estimated ORACLE product
is implemented completely on the CR32 computer with
full multi-user support and includes the following
modules:
- Relational DBMS
- SQL - The relational data language
compatible with IBM's SQL
- Interactive report writer
- Integrated Data Dictionary
- Application Generation
- Precompilers
- Screen Manager
- Document preparation system
- Business Graphics
The CR32 ORACLE implementation is based on the very
latest revision of ORACLE: Version 4 providing extra
facilities together with many bug fixes.
See also 3.1.3.2 for a description of ORACLE's capabilities.
3.1.3 S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲D̲e̲v̲e̲l̲o̲p̲m̲e̲n̲t̲
3.1.3.1 G̲e̲n̲e̲r̲a̲l̲
Numerous system development aids are offered on the
CR32 computer to facilitate development of new software
as well as conversion of existing software to run on
the CR32. Appropriate development aids are available
for both computer professionals and first-time users.
The programming languages offered on the CR32 include
- COBOL compiler (in compliance with ANSI-74),
- FORTRAN 77 compiler,
- C language compiler with code optimizer,
- PASCAL compiler with code optimizer,
- ADA compiler (available today),
- BASIC interpreter,
- APL compiler,
- MC68000 Assembler.
Furthermore, an application generator together with
screen layout- and report generators are included in
ORACLE.
For easy generation and use of menus in connection
with user communication, a separate menu utility (Q-MENU)
is offered.
Q-MENU permits the user to tie programs together and
create a user friendly environment.
From a menu created with Q-MENU, the operator can load
and run virtually any process or program, execute any
…02…UNIX command, or branch to any other menu.
By use of the separate linker and loader utilities,
program modules written in different languages (including
assembler) may be combined to form executable programs.
For interactive test and debugging af software, an
advanced symbolic debugger (adb) is included on the
CR32. Among the features of adb are the possibility
of dumping code files in various formats with full
reference to the symbol table, the possibility of executing
code files in debug mode (e.g. with breakpoints), and
the possibility of patching in code files.
Several editors are available. The most widely used,
the Berkely full-screen editor VI, is an advanced editor
incorporating features as character and line delete
and insert, pattern find, selective pattern substitute,
automatic line numbering, selective writeback and several
modes of backward and forward scrolling. Furthermore,
UNIX commands (e.g. cataloging a disk) may be executed
from within VI thus providing transparency to the operating
system command interpreter.
The advanced capabilities of the VI editor also make
it well suited for ordinary text processing tasks,
such as development of system- and program documentation.
For more advanced text processing needs, a dedicated
text processing system (Textmaster) is offered on the
CR32, see section 3.2.1.
Data flow diagrams can also be generated from VI to
be output on the printers.
3.1.3.2 E̲n̲v̲i̲r̲o̲n̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲f̲o̲r̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲D̲e̲v̲e̲l̲o̲p̲m̲e̲n̲t̲
Questions concerning the System Development Environment.
To offer the latest advances of computer science on
the CR32 computer, sophisticated system development
tools are made available. A full implementation of
ORACLE is offered to increase DP professionals' productivity
and to allow end-users to achieve a remarkable degree
of self-sufficiency. Among the many features of ORACLE
are:
Integrated Data Dictionary:
All information about tables, fields, users, programmes,
and access privileges is stored in the data dictionary.
As new tables, users, etc. are added to the database
the dictionary is automatically updated by ORACLE,
and the dictionary information itself is stored as
a part of the ORACLE Database. Thus, all the facilities
of ORACLE can be used to access the dictionary.
Interactive Application Generation:
Applications are defined by entering into a simple
dialog with ORACLE's Interactive Application Facility
(IAF). IAF allows the user tailor screens for online
data entry, query and update applications without the
need for any programming. IAF is designed to minimize
the need for traditional programming languages.
Flexible data storage:
ORACLE is a full-function relational DBMS compatible
with IBM's SQL/DS. Furthermore, ORACLE features automatic
rollback recovery, content sensitive security, dynamic
database changes, and structural data independence.
Query and Report Generation:
Query is easily performed using the SQL language. The
output of any SQL query can be automatically formatted
into a report with page and column headings and page
numbers. Column heading and data formats are taken
from the data dictionary. Totals and other calculations
can be made on control breaks. The Report Writer is
made up of six basic commands and can be learned in
less than an hour.
Business Graphics:
The ORACLE User Friendly Interface (UFI) is integrated
with Precision Visuals DI 3000 graphics package - the
industry leader in commercial graphics presentation.
Line, pie, bar, labelled line and labelled bar graphs
are supported.
3.1.3.3 Question Concerning Special Requirements for
S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲D̲e̲v̲e̲l̲o̲p̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲
Simula is currently not avaiable on the CR32.
A Database Management system which more than fulfils
the requirements is already offered on the CR32, see
ORACLE above.
Question concerning APL:
An APL compiler is available today on the CR32. Price
is listed in the appendix.
3.1.3.4 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲O̲R̲A̲C̲L̲E̲:
A full implementation of ORACLE in its latest revision
with application generation and precompilers is available
on the CR32. For a closer description of ORACLE, see
3.1.2.
The price is listed in the appendix.
3.1.3.5 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲M̲i̲m̲e̲r̲
The application generator Mimer is currently not available
on the CR32 computer. If desired, however, Mimer can
be transferred to run on the CR32 with full support
of its compilers.
The present application generator on the CR32, ORACLE,
is in many respects similar to Mimer. For a description
of ORACLE, see 3.1.2.
3.1.4 D̲a̲t̲a̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
3.1.4.1 G̲e̲n̲e̲r̲a̲l̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲p̲t̲
The proposed system concept for Svenske Forsvarets
Materielverk Projekt S-90 is based on high performance
general purpose multiprocessors which are equally well
suited for processing of local applications and local
workstations as well as to act as processing units
in a network, where the processing units can be intercon-
nected to each other as well as interfaced to other
host computers and networks.
The proposed network provides the desired facilities
described in the RFP with:
o A number of Local General Purpose Processors
o Local Area Network connected to the Local General
Purpose CR32
o Interface to the existing Host Processor
o An optional interface to future Host Processors
o An optional interface to future Networks.
o An optional interface to a Test and Development
System.
The underlying qualities of the new S-90 Network proposed
by Christian Rovsing A/S are:
o INVESTMENT PROTECTION
o INCREASED USER AVAILABILITY
o GROWTH POTENTIAL
o FLEXIBILITY
o MIGRATION PERSPECTIVE
These features and characteristics are covered in the
remaining sections of the proposal. A brief summary
is given in the following pages.
I̲n̲v̲e̲s̲t̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲t̲e̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
is ensured by providing access to existing main frames
- UNIVAC 1100 - and by provision for addition of hosts
from other vendors, whether mainframe or minicomputer.
Our solution for integration of terminal access networks
and multivendor host environments into a network is
adaptable to existing host software. The network architecture
allows communication between heterogeneous terminal-
and host environments. Heterogenerous terminal populations
and networks, existing and future additions, may also
be accommodated.
I̲n̲c̲r̲e̲a̲s̲e̲d̲ ̲U̲s̲e̲r̲ ̲A̲v̲a̲i̲l̲a̲b̲i̲l̲i̲t̲y̲
is achieved by modular architecture and a unique software
architecture. A failure in one unit will not stop the
system from operating. Apart from the quality of the
equipment, the system availability is supported by
the modularity and a proven maintenance service function.
G̲r̲o̲w̲t̲h̲ ̲P̲o̲t̲e̲n̲t̲i̲a̲l̲
Our proposed solution offers a multidimensional, open
ended growth potential allowing network expansion well
beyond 1990 within the proposed framework. The modularity
of hardware and software facilitates granular horizontal
expansion from a baseline system to configurations
exceeding projected growth. Such expansion is achieved
by granular addition of standard modules to the multiprocess-
ing configuration. The granular expandability potential
includes line connectivity, processor memory as well
as processing power in a mix which may be tuned to
meet individual site requirements.
F̲l̲e̲x̲i̲b̲i̲l̲i̲t̲y̲
is an inherent feature of the hardware and software
architecture.
From an end user point of view the network will allow
heterogeneous terminal users transparent access to
multivendor host environments.
Hardware and software flexibility provides the possibility
of reconfiguring individual sites in accordance with
changing demands.
The ability of the proposed system to meet future requirements
is evident from the modular and flexible architecture,
an architecture dictated by the needs of large corporate
resource sharing networks, which are a focal point
of interest for the company.
M̲i̲g̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲P̲e̲r̲s̲p̲e̲c̲t̲i̲v̲e̲
The abovementioned features of flexibility cost effectiveness
are exploited in providing a migration path from the
present systems to the new S-90 concept.
A key criteria in designing the migration path has
been to respond to the current implementation objectives
of Svenska Forsvarets Materielverk and to be cognizant
of the phases formulated in the RFP.
As step 1, it is proposed to install a number of CR32
processors to be interconnected and to interface to
the existing UNIVAC 1100 host.
As step 2, it is proposed to enhance the basic electronic
mail functions to a full-blown message switching system
containing capabilities to coordinate messages between
local workstations and automatically distribute messages
to any workstation in the S-90 network as well as transmit
messages to other systems.
As step 3, it is proposed to interface the S-90 processors
to the teletex and videotex system.
3.1.4.2 C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲A̲r̲c̲h̲i̲t̲e̲c̲t̲u̲r̲e̲
The software for the backbone S-90 system is structured
in accordance with the Open Systems Interconnection
reference model. This offers ease of software maintenance
and facilitates network application evolution.
The S-90 applications can optionally implement value
added services to the network: Network Control Software,
Network Management Software, and optionally Electronic
Mail and Videotex Software. These value added services
are made available to all users of the network by means
of the Host Access Software, Terminal Access Software,
and External Network Access Software. An important
role of these software packages is to map any user
of S-90 into a virtual host end-user by means of protocols.
Finally, serving these layers are a transport network
providing logical network channels, error free links,
together with physical transmission of bits.
Internodal communication can be offered in accordance
with CCITT recommendation X.25 for packet switching.
Essential services can optionally be provided:
o Virtual Connection
o Permanent Virtual Connection
o End-to-end acknowledge
o End-to-end non-acknowledge.
Provisions for virtual Terminal Interaction using ECMA's
Virtual Terminal Protocol are foreseen. Virtual protocols
allow a unified Host Access Concept and Terminal Access
Concept to be implemented, facilitating graceful enhancement
of the S-90. Using the Virtual Terminal Protocol concept
allows all host applications as well as general applications
to be shared by any mixture of terminal users.
3.1.4.3 L̲o̲c̲a̲l̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
The proposed CR32 family of computers can whether it
is a single/multiuser workstation or a multiuser multiprocessor
act as well as stand alone processors and interconnected
Local Area Network of the type IEEE 802-3 (Ethernet).
This solution is proposed already in the initial phase
of the S-90 project.
For the site-systems, which are to be used to the classified
information, a dedicated network is proposed. For this
network cables and terminals will be EMI-shielded.
In addition a security is ensured via software. Terminal
security is provided by implementation of security
attributes.
A security profile is an aggregate of a security level
and a security category. A User Group Id is an identification
of a user or a group of users.
Security attributes are assigned during sign on.
The actual Security Profile is the minimum profile
of the user, the profile of the Terminal and an optional
profile entered by the user during sign-on.
Users identify themselves by a user name and a password.
The system supports currently connection of terminals,
which comply with the V.24 standard and the X-on, X-off
protocol.
Other terminal types can optionally be connected by
addition of a modified terminal interface.
The communication protocol and line handling are distributed
to the Serial Communication Interface (SCI) boards.
Protocols can be down-loaded from host file to the
SCI by means of a command. The concept makes addition
of new protocols easy.
3.1.4.4 R̲e̲m̲o̲t̲e̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
3.1.4.4.1 S̲-̲9̲0̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲I̲n̲t̲e̲r̲c̲o̲n̲n̲e̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
Use of SDX.25 MILPAK and the public telephone network
for interconnection of S-90 systems can be offered
by development of new communication software in accordance
to specifications from Forsvarets Materielverk.
3.1.4.4.2 C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲f̲r̲o̲m̲ ̲S̲-̲9̲0̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲o̲t̲h̲e̲r̲ ̲M̲a̲n̲u̲f̲a̲c̲t̲u̲r̲e̲r̲s̲
For communication between the local CR32 processors
and the existing UNIVAC 1100 host a UTS 4000 protocol
will be used.
In addition the following protocols are currently available:
- ASYNC
- BSC (IBM)
- SDLC (IBM)
- HLC
- X.25
- X.21
- CO2 (ICL)
- CO3 (ICL)
- TC500 (Burroughs).
Interface boards and software can be delivered to connect
different processors and operating systems to the CR32
via Ethernet.
The networked UNIX features can be provided for interconnection
to the following systems:
- IBM/PC under PC-DOS
- VAX under VMS and UNIX
- PDP-11 under RSX and UNIX
- CR16 under CP/M, MP/M and PC-DOS.
3.1.4.4.3 C̲o̲n̲n̲e̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲R̲e̲m̲o̲t̲e̲ ̲T̲e̲r̲m̲i̲n̲a̲l̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲S̲-̲9̲0̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲
Remote terminals of the type VT-100 in TTY-mode can
be connected via Modem. Terminals using V.24 interface
and X-on/X-off can be connected.
3.1.4.4.4 C̲o̲n̲n̲e̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲T̲e̲x̲t̲-̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲I̲m̲a̲g̲e̲p̲r̲o̲c̲e̲s̲s̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲s̲
For communication to other networks the 4-channel SCI
(Serial Communication Interface boards) with V.24,
X.21 and current loop is available.
Interface to the following networks:
- Telex
- Telefax via Datex
- Milex via Miltex-DCE.
for use of the electronic mail functions can be provided
by addition of software packages for Message Analysis
and Conversion, Message Transport and protocols. Those
packages can be developed according to specifications
from Forsvarets Materielverk by use of the vast experience
at Christian Rovsing A/S in the area of Corporate Networks
and Message Switching Systems.
Communication to the Videotex system can be provided
through a dedicated protocol to be developed for the
SCI. This development will be based on the existing
CR-Videotex system.
3.1.5 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲R̲e̲m̲o̲t̲e̲ ̲D̲i̲a̲g̲n̲o̲s̲t̲i̲c̲s̲
The CR32 computer supports remote diagnostics and software
update. From a remote location, a systems programmer
may call the CR32 using either a modem or the IEEE
802 Local Area Network. When logged into the CR32,
the systems programmer is free to update the software,
transfer new software to the CR32, or run any diagnostic
functions on the CR32.
3.2 G̲E̲N̲E̲R̲A̲L̲ ̲A̲D̲M̲I̲N̲I̲S̲T̲R̲A̲T̲I̲V̲E̲ ̲S̲U̲P̲P̲O̲R̲T̲ ̲S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲
Several support software systems are available on the
CR32 for general adminstrative use.
3.2.1 T̲e̲x̲t̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲c̲e̲s̲s̲i̲n̲g̲
A dedicated text processing system (Textmaster) is
offered on the CR32 providing easy and flexible document
preparation.
3.2.1.1 G̲e̲n̲e̲r̲a̲l̲
The user interface to Textmaster consists of menus,
function keys and the possibility of keying in commands
directly. In normal use, almost all functions are most
easily reached through function keys.
The command set, which is especially designed for ease
of use, makes Textmaster a user friendly system. Furthermore,
function key definitions can be shown on the keyboard.
The Textmaster setup allows a total of 15 different
text formats which are easily selected from a menu.
The maximum document size is only limited by the available
amount of disk space. The maximum number of pages to
be kept in main memory is only limited by the amount
of available memory.
Documents may be linked together for print-out, and
in this case the pages are automatically renumbered.
3.2.1.2 F̲o̲r̲m̲a̲t̲
Through a separate document format menu the user is
permitted to easily select the number of lines per
page, vertical and horizontal tabulation, top- and
bottom margins, placing of automatic page numbering
if desired, control of sheet feeder, etc. etc.
The user has the possibility of selecting through a
single command any of the 15 pre-defined formats for
print-out of the actual document. If no particular
format is selected, default values are used:
The format under which the document was originally
written.
3.2.1.3 S̲t̲o̲r̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲D̲i̲r̲e̲c̲t̲o̲r̲i̲e̲s̲ ̲A̲n̲d̲ ̲S̲e̲a̲r̲c̲h̲
All documents are stored under a unique name in the
system. Retrieval of the document is done with reference
to this name. A directory of the available files is
easily shown and can be dumped on a printer for hard
copy.
Search within a text can be done in several ways. A
"find"-command is provided for search of user specified
text strings in the document. A special stop marker
may be inserted in the document for fast access to
a specific point, and the top and bottom of the document
are quickly reached through use of function keys.
Scrolling is possible in page mode, i.e. one page backward
or forward at a time.
3.2.1.4 T̲y̲p̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲E̲d̲i̲t̲i̲n̲g̲
Several functions have been included in Textmaster
for advanced typing and editing facilities in combination
with ease of use.
For adjustment of right margin, a "hot-zone" technique
is used allowing the user to specify on which charcter
positions the line should end. A semi-automatic mechanism
is provided for word hyphenation: If a word on a given
line starts before the hot-zone and ends after the
right margin, the system asks the operator where the
hyphen is to be placed. This mechanism works independently
of any hyphens keyed in by the operator. These hyphens
are treated as normal characters.
A decimal tabulator function is also provided for Textmaster.
Parts of the document are easily deleted, moved or
changed by standard editing functions. Correct adjustment
of right margin is done semi-automatically using the
previously described hot-zone technique.
Text blocks may easily be copied into a given document.
Underlining of text is done by copying special markers
(start underline, end underline) into the document.
These markers are shown on the screen for operator
information. Using this technique, underlining automatically
follows the text when copying, moving and changing.
3.2.1.5, 3.2.1.6 P̲r̲i̲n̲t̲o̲u̲t̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲P̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲N̲u̲m̲b̲e̲r̲i̲n̲g̲
Page numbering may be done automatically, and the user
is free to decide the number of lines per page for
printout. The current number of lines per page is shown
in the format menu. In fact, any parameter in the previously
mentioned printout format menu may be changed to adjust
the text appearance. Printout of finished documents
and simultaneous entry of new documents is possible.
Exponents and index may be output on the printer if
the appropriate control codes are input in the document.
The screen will show the control characters for operator
information.
3.2.2 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲S̲t̲o̲r̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲R̲e̲g̲i̲s̲t̲e̲r̲s̲
System software to perform the functions described
under this point already exists on the CR32 computer:
The ORACLE Data Base. For a closer description of ORACLE,
see section 3.1.2.
3.2.3 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲F̲a̲c̲i̲l̲i̲t̲i̲e̲s̲ ̲f̲o̲r̲ ̲C̲a̲l̲c̲u̲l̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
For non-computer professionals and others without programming
knowledge, a very versatile and easy-to-use calculation
program is offered on the CR32: Unicalc.
Unicalc is a spreadsheet-type calculation program giving
the user complete freedom to design his calculation
tables within a 64 columns by 255 rows matrix.
Separate commands for loading and storing the matrix
on disk after any changes provide protection against
accidental erasure of data.
The user communicates with Unicale through a simple
and easy-to-learn command set. When moving the cursor
within the matrix the arrow keys on the terminal may
be used. Separate commands are provided for editing,
moving, inserting and deleting rows and columns, adjusting
formats and options, loading and storing complete or
parts of matrices, joining matrices, protect/unprotect
of fields, replication, and permission to perform normal
system functions.
A special help function is available.
Apart from the standard "pocket-calculator" functions,
a large library of mathematical functions (SIN, COS,
LOG, etc) is included in Unicalc together with logical
functions, averaging functions, conversion functions,
and interest calculation functions.
3.2.4 D̲i̲a̲r̲y̲ ̲A̲d̲m̲i̲n̲i̲s̲t̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
It is suggested to use the general database system
O̲r̲a̲c̲l̲e̲ for this purpose. It is a very simple matter
to create a database which permits registration of
diaries for personnel, and very flexible means for
reports and query functions exist.
3.2.5 C̲a̲l̲e̲n̲d̲a̲r̲,̲ ̲A̲d̲m̲i̲n̲i̲s̲t̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
The same remarks as for 3.2.4 above applies here.
3.2.6 E̲l̲e̲c̲t̲r̲o̲n̲i̲c̲ ̲M̲a̲i̲l̲
The standard UNIX System V operating system contains
an integrated electromic mail facility called Mail.
By use of the Mail-system, any user on a CR32 may send
messages to the individual mailboxes of all other users
on the computer.
Upon login, all users are informed if any mail is pending
in their mailboxes. Messages may be created in any
length within the normal UNIX file system.
The user has the possibility to
- Create and Edit messages.
- Remove messages.
- Read messages.
- Send messages.
- Distribute messages.
- Store messages.
- Dump messages on a printer.
- Check if a given message was sent.
The standard mail system works only within one node
when grouping CR32 computers in a network.
If desired, a dedicated multi-node mail system can
be designed for the CR32 computer providing message
forwarding between nodes. If desired, the system may
be extended to also handle MILTEX, telex and other
conventional communication nets.
Any message in the UNIX mail system contains information
on transmitter and receiver of the message together
with the time of transmission. Addressing is easily
done by naming the receiver of the message.
3.2.7 S̲i̲m̲p̲l̲e̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲g̲r̲a̲m̲m̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲A̲i̲d̲s̲
The CR32 computer is well suited for both computer
professionals and first-time programmers.
For the latter category, an interpreted BASIC language
is offered on the CR32 providing the best environment
to procure simple programs in a high-level language.
COMAL language is currently not available on the CR32.
If desired, COMAL may be transferred to run on the
CR32.
3.2.8 Q̲u̲e̲s̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲c̲e̲r̲n̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲G̲r̲a̲p̲h̲i̲c̲s̲
The possibility to provide a graphic presentation of
data in diagrams (Business Graphics) is provided as
a separate function in ORACLE, see section 3.1.2.
3.3 U̲S̲E̲R̲ ̲I̲N̲T̲E̲R̲F̲A̲C̲E̲
3.3.1 G̲e̲n̲e̲r̲a̲l̲
The interface between the UNIX System V operating system
and the user is the UNIX command interpreter C-shell
(abbreviated csh). Csh permits the user to execute
system commands, run compilers, access help functions,
etc. etc.
Among the most important features of the UNIX user
interface is the possibility of piping data in and
out of separate program modules (the UNIX "Toolbox"
principle).
If desired, any application program may be used as
initial user interface instead of Csh. As UNIX system
commands are also accessible from application programs,
a full integration between the standard UNIX user interface
and any application oriented user interface is possible.
3.3.2 L̲o̲g̲i̲n̲
To login, the operator is first requested to type his
account name. Then he is requested to type in his password,
which is not shown (echoed) on the screen. After login,
the UNIX Message-of-the-day is displayed together with
a message if any mail has been received. User programs
(see 3.1.1) may show their main menu at this point.
3.3.3 L̲o̲g̲o̲u̲t̲
To log out, the operator is requested to type a short
command (which may be stored in a programmable function
key on the terminal).
A short message will appear on the screen to tell the
operator that logout is in progress, and if desired
for security reasons, the entire screen may be erased
automatically.
3.3.4 D̲i̲a̲l̲o̲g̲u̲e̲
All application software delivered with the CR32 use
either a hierarchical menu technique for user communication
showing the user the exact possible choices, or permits
the user access through direct commands.
A part of the application software even permits the
user to choose freely between menus and direct commands.
The separate menu utility (Q-MENU) on the CR32 is described
under 3.1.3.1.
3.3.5 R̲e̲s̲p̲o̲n̲s̲e̲ ̲T̲i̲m̲e̲s̲
In general, simple commands will have a response time
of less than two seconds.
3.3.6 F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲K̲e̲y̲s̲
The function keys used in the system are all programmable.
The character sequences sent by the function keys can
be simulated by depressing combinations of standard
keys (including CTRL, SHIFT and ESC).
3.3.7 S̲c̲r̲e̲e̲n̲ ̲L̲a̲y̲o̲u̲t̲
The standard screen layout is 24 lines of 80 characters
plus one line for system information. In vertical mode,
the Facit Twist terminal displays 72 lines of 80 characters
each.
Application programs may dispose freely of screen space
within these limits.
3.3.8 L̲a̲n̲g̲u̲a̲g̲e̲
Application software will be made to communicate in
Swedish with the user. System Software, error messages
and other system information will be kept in English
to ensure compliance with standard UNIX. For application
software, the separate menu utility Q-MENU (see 3.1.3.1)
may be used
3.3.9 E̲r̲r̲o̲r̲ ̲H̲a̲n̲d̲l̲i̲n̲g̲
All system software displays error messages in plain
English.
3.3.10 H̲e̲l̲p̲ ̲F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
In connection with an error message as described above,
the system normally displays the correct syntax for
the operation.
If further documentation is needed concerning the UNIX
system and utility software, the complete UNIX manual
is on-line and easily accessible through keywords.
The application programs have similar help functions
for their different commands.
3.4 L̲I̲V̲-̲8̲5̲ ̲A̲P̲P̲L̲I̲C̲A̲T̲I̲O̲N̲ ̲P̲R̲O̲G̲R̲A̲M̲S̲
The consulting company Peter Matthiesen a-s is presently
engaged by CR to convert the PM production and Stockcontrol
system to CR32. The system will be owned and maintained
by CR with full rights to carry out modifications and
extensions.
The system is presently installed on PRIME minicomputers.
The administrative on-line part of the system is implemented
in PRIME's 4th generation system Information, which
is a relational databasesystem with data dictionary,
integrated screen design, macro-programming language
and reportgenerator modules. The planning module which
communicates on an ad hoc basis with the databasesystem
is programmed in FORTRAN-77 to ensure optimal performance.
The CR32 implementation will use O̲r̲a̲c̲l̲e̲ for the databasepart
and FORTRAN-77 for the planning model.
In the following we shall first describe the present
system and secondly comment on points where changes
are foreseen in order to meet the demands by LIV-85.
3.4.1 P̲r̲e̲s̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲.̲ ̲D̲e̲s̲c̲r̲i̲p̲t̲i̲o̲n̲s̲
Figure 3.4.1 below shows the modular structure of the
system.
Table 3.4.2 presents a list of keyed files.
O̲r̲d̲e̲r̲ ̲M̲a̲n̲a̲g̲e̲m̲e̲n̲t̲
Orders are registered on-line by referring to client-file
and if desired to a chosen historical order, which
can serve as a master for the new order.
Spare parts and other special materials needed for
a specific order is registered and transferred to the
purchasing system.
DATABASE SYSTEM
PURCHASING ORDER INVOICING
MANAGEMENT
INVENTORY PRODUCTION COST
CONTROL REGISTRATION CONTROL
AND INFORM.
INFORMATION TRANSFER MODULE
Actual stock levels Order plan inform.
Delivery times suppliers Machine plan inform.
Order information Planned stock
Process status Purchasing proposals
PRODUCTION PLANNING MODEL
Figure 3.4.1
CR Production System
F̲I̲L̲E̲ ̲D̲E̲S̲C̲R̲I̲P̲T̲I̲O̲N̲:
CLIENT Basic information about clients
SUPPLIER Basic information about subsuppliers
and materials suppliers
ORDERSTART Historical orders
ORDERS Current orders with all specifications
MACHINE Existing machinery and capacities
PROCESS Standard processes
MAINPROCESS Definition of standard sequences of processes
PRICE Price register with costprices for machines
etc.
PERSON Personnel file.
Table 3.4.2
Keyed Files
Item no. (order no.=
Description
Priority
Delivery time
F̲o̲r̲ ̲e̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲p̲r̲o̲c̲e̲s̲s̲:
- Identification of part
- Machine no.
- Description of operation
- Setup time
- Production time per unit manufactured
- Yield (%)
- Transittime
- Route no.
- Next route no.
Table 3.4.3
Production Information
Example of Network: Verbal presentation:
70 R̲o̲u̲t̲e̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲ ̲N̲e̲x̲t̲
̲R̲o̲u̲t̲e̲
10
0
20 50
60 25 50
30
0
40 60
50 40 50
0
60
0
70
0
20 25 30
10
Figure 3.4.4
Production network, example.
Information from this system about delivery times is
registered directly in the order file.
Information about the different manufacturing, assembly
and control operations are registered as shown in Table
3.4.3 and Figure 3.4.4 below.
The process identification or "route-number" must be
unique within each order. It only serves as a mean
to describe the production network.
The transittime is the minimum period after one process
is finished until the following is allowed to begin.
This period can be determined by physical factors like
internal transportation time, drying time, etc., or
it can be used as a buffer to allow for unexpected
changes or local decision-making of best sequence of
operations on each machine.
It is also possible to permit overlap in production,
please refer to Figure 3.4.5.
Order information can of course be altered as well
as deleted.
P̲u̲r̲c̲h̲a̲s̲i̲n̲g̲
This module operates with the following files:
1. Supplier's information
2. Stock layout
3. Stock file with physical amounts on stock and placements.
4. Stock transaction file, with records on all historical
changes in physical amounts.
5. Purchasing orders, not delivered.
6. Purchasing orders, delivered.
7. Planned stock profile and purchasing proposals
produced by the planning system.
Example 1. First process is shortest:
' …0e…1…0f… '
' …0e…2…0f… '
transittime
Example 2. Second process is shortest:
'
…0e…1…0f…
'
transittime
' …0e…2…0f… '
Figure 3.4.5
Examples of overlap in production
For order specific purchases the necessary specifications
are supplied by the order management system. Agreed
upon delivery times are either registered directly
in the production order file or communicated from the
file of purchasing orders not delivered.
Purchasing of items which go on general inventory are
registered on-line on screen, if desired by changing
a chosen master order from the file of historic orders.
The amounts ordered can be determined by the help of
the planning systems proposal combined with the record
of historical demand and delivery schedule as well
as the inventory on hand. Delivery times are put into
the planned inventory profile for each items.
I̲n̲v̲e̲n̲t̲o̲r̲y̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲t̲r̲o̲l̲
The inventory control module operates with the same
files as the purchasing module.
All changes of amounts on inventory (input and output
and corrections) are recorded and the information kept
in a transaction file.
For each item up to six parameters can be registered
controlling the calculation of proposed ordering amounts
f.ex.:
- Minimum order quantity
- Maximum order quantity
- Minimum days between orders
- Maximum days between orders
- Order only in amounts corresponding with exact need
- Security stocklevel.
The module delivers information on request about actual
amounts on stock and ordered supplies to the planning
system.
P̲r̲o̲d̲u̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲r̲e̲g̲i̲s̲t̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲i̲n̲f̲o̲r̲m̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
This module uses mainly the following files:
1) Orderfile with all process specifications
2) Machine file with information about machine capacities,
manning, individual production calendars etc.
3) Machineplan file with information initially produced
by the planning system with order sequence and
planned starting and ending times.
These planned times are also recorded under the
individual process in the order file.
4) Transaction file with records of production carried
out with reference to order and processnumber and
containing information about processtime, person,
production result, data, and possibly costs.
These figures are also recorded under the order
so that cost control of individual orders can be
done and used by the invoicing module. As soon
as a production is entered the status of the appropriate
process is altered.
The transaction file can be used as input file
for cost control on machine-level, personnel level
as calculation basis for salaries and wages and
orderlevel.
Thus, the production information module offers on-line
information on the orderlevel as well as machinelevel
of planned as well as fulfilled production.
I̲n̲v̲o̲i̲c̲i̲n̲g̲
This module extracts data from the orderfile and clientfile
and eventually for exports the currency exchange file.
Modifications can be made on-line.
The invoicing module can be linked to debitor and financial
accounting modules.
P̲r̲o̲d̲u̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲P̲l̲a̲n̲n̲i̲n̲g̲
The following general principles and ideas are incorporated
in this module:
- Program and file structure which ensures very short
calculation times even for complex planning problems.
- Planning for order - as well as series production
as well as combinations hereof.
- Integration of long-term planning with shorttermplanning.
- The planning method takes into account machine individual
production calendars and capacities, stock supply,
plan for production of parts, manning and status
of the current production. One of the objectives
is to minimize the overall throughput-time of the
production.
- The conditions and contraints on the production
plan can be changed in a user friendly way, thereby
permitting consequence calculations of alternative
plans. Parameters which can be changed are f.ex.
production efficiency, set-up times, capacity, policy
regarding items produced in series, policy stock
levels and purchasing, priority of orders and production
layout.
Figure 3.4.6 below shows the structure of the planning
system.
The module operates with two types of planning:
C̲a̲p̲a̲c̲i̲t̲y̲ ̲P̲l̲a̲n̲n̲i̲n̲g̲
Orders are planned "top down", i.e. the processes are
allocated to machines with the last process first taking
the desired delivery time as the ending point. The
relations in the productionsnetwork are taken into
account as well as the individual machine capacities.
For each order planned the situation can be regarded
as if this order was the first one to be produced,
i.e. the number of machines is considered unlimited.
The result is a plan, which for each order is the best
possible in terms of meeting the delivery time and
producing everything as late as possible.
Figure 3.4.7 shows an example of output from the capacity
planning for a group of machines per week.
M̲a̲c̲h̲i̲n̲e̲-̲p̲l̲a̲n̲n̲i̲n̲g̲
This method performs a detailed plan order by order
placing each process on the "best" machine on a time
scale or Gant chart.
…86…1 …02… …02……02… …02… …02…
The orders are dealt with in sequence according to
the latest starting time for the first process as calculated
by the capacity planning. This priority can if desired
be modified by an external priority for the individual
order.
For each order "bottom up" planning is done, for each
process finding the earliest hole on the desired machine,
which is long enough and placed not before a parameter-
controlled interval to latest starting time. In this
way we get the earliest possible finishing time for
the order. As a result we know the "critical path"
for the production network. The next step is to replan
the order but this time reversely, i.e. starting with
the last process. For each earlier process it is investigated
whether it can be carried out later without interfering
with the already planned later processes.
Figure 3.4.8 illustrates the principle.
The result is a detailed machineplan, where all processes
have been allocated to specific machines and the plan
for each order is the one which gives the shortest
overall production time and earliest delivery time.
Figures 3.4.9 to 3.4.11 give example of output from
the machineplan.
Figure 3.4.6
Planning Model
Figure 3.4.7
Capacity Plan
Figure 3.4.8
Planning Method
Figure 3.4.9. Machine Plan
Figure 3.4.10. Machine Plan
Figure 3.4.11
Orders with planned processes
…86…1 …02… …02……02… …02… …02…
3.4.2 L̲I̲V̲-̲8̲5̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲e̲n̲t̲s̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲M̲o̲d̲i̲f̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲s̲
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲1̲.̲ ̲ ̲O̲r̲d̲e̲r̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲D̲e̲t̲e̲r̲m̲i̲n̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲D̲e̲l̲i̲v̲e̲r̲y̲
̲T̲i̲m̲e̲
Orders can be registered in two ways:
1) Modification of Standard orders or historic orders
of similar structure
2) Registration by combining standard processes and
if necessary new processes.
The necessary modifications concern mainly layout of
screens and reports.
Delivery time can be determined on an ad hoc basis
for single orders by assuming that the existing plan
is fixed and then letting the planning model add the
new order as the last order and calculate how it best
can be filled in.
If there are many new orders or special demands the
production planning procedure should be executed i.e.
redoing the plan on basis of the present status of
the system. This will produce the overall best plan.
Finally just using the present plan's reports will
in most cases give enough information to give accurate
enough answers.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲2̲.̲ ̲ ̲P̲r̲e̲p̲a̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
The basic facilities do not differ from those of function
1. The integration with purchasing and stock control
modules are relevant here.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲3̲.̲ ̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲d̲u̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲P̲l̲a̲n̲n̲i̲n̲g̲
The production planning model can without changes carry
out the job taking into account capacity of machines
and men.
Normally one will run the machine plan module on a
longer time horizon than 1-2 weeks, perhaps one year.
Not because of interest in the detailed information
on the long term but to expose future bottlenecks due
to combinations of processes and to ensure the current
integration with capacity planning.
A program must be added, which from the machine plan
created by the planning model takes the processes for
the next 1-2 weeks and down loads the identification
in the timeregistration terminals for verification.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲4̲.̲ ̲ ̲T̲i̲m̲e̲r̲e̲g̲i̲s̲t̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
Special programs for off-line registration of production
transactions and arrival and departure hours for personnel
must be added.
The present system has facilities for on-line production
registration. There is no link to salary and wage system.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲5̲.̲ ̲ ̲R̲e̲g̲i̲s̲t̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲w̲o̲r̲k̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲h̲o̲u̲r̲s̲
A file with normal working hours and overtime intervals
must be added.
Each person must on a weekly basis be connected to
one of those standard working-hour schemes.
A start-stop registration is identified by person,
order no. and process no. The timeinterval is matched
with the normal working hours and overtime in different
categories is calculated. A cost of manhours is calculated
and accumulated on the orderfile for each order for
subsequent cost control.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲7̲.̲ ̲ ̲O̲r̲d̲e̲r̲i̲n̲f̲o̲r̲m̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
All production transactions related to orders will
be kept in a transaction file for subsequent cost control
but will also be related directly to the order.
Not foreseen operations on an order must be included
by changing the orderprescription.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲8̲.̲ ̲ ̲C̲o̲s̲t̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲t̲r̲o̲l̲
Finished orders are kept in a historic file with all
necessary information of used resources.
The level of detail must be agreed upon at a later
stage.
Finished orders are transmitted to central system.
This transfer program must be added.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲9̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲1̲0̲.̲ ̲ ̲S̲a̲l̲a̲r̲i̲e̲s̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲W̲a̲g̲e̲s̲
As mentioned in function 5 time registrations can be
related to persons for subsequent transfer to central
system for calculation of salaries and wages.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲1̲2̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲1̲3̲.̲ ̲ ̲C̲a̲p̲a̲c̲i̲t̲y̲ ̲P̲l̲a̲n̲n̲i̲n̲g̲
The planning system can be used for allocation and
budgetting of necessary resources in the long term,
6 months - 2 years f.ex.
Unauthorized budget orders are added to the system
by copying historic orders or generating new ones.
These budgetorders are planned with the model. Changes
can be made in prerequisitions as mentioned earlier
f.ex. concerning new machinery with different capacity,
personnel, layout, inventory, policy, order mix, standard,
costs, how subsuppliers are used, etc. The model permits
doing sensitivity analyses.
F̲u̲n̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲1̲4̲.̲ ̲ ̲C̲a̲p̲a̲c̲i̲t̲y̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲t̲r̲o̲l̲
The planning model can be used on a regional basis,
if desireable on an aggregated level treating each
of the production facilities as a single "machine",
with capacity according to local plans.
3.4.3 G̲e̲n̲e̲r̲a̲l̲ ̲R̲e̲m̲a̲r̲k̲s̲
The planning model is currently being used by industrial
companies in Denmark and by PM as:
1) Part of total production management systems
2) Tool for analysing alternative production systems/networks
and strategies.
As references can be mentioned:
Radiometer A/S, Copenhagen
Oc} Helioprint A/S, Kvistgaard
A/S Nordiske Kabel og Traad Fabrikker
Colon [st A/S
Skandinavisk Dybtryk Service A/S.
