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CAMPS
…02……02…CAMPS
C̲ ̲A̲ ̲M̲ ̲P̲ ̲S̲
C̲o̲m̲p̲u̲t̲e̲r̲ ̲A̲i̲d̲e̲d̲ ̲M̲e̲s̲s̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲c̲e̲s̲s̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲
G̲e̲r̲t̲ ̲J̲e̲n̲s̲e̲n̲
C̲h̲r̲i̲s̲t̲i̲a̲n̲ ̲R̲o̲v̲s̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲A̲/̲S̲
D̲e̲n̲m̲a̲r̲k̲
Christian Rovsing A/S have been active within data
communication since their founding in 1963. The specialized
field of Defense Data Processing and Communication
was entered in the mid-seventies and the company has
since dedicated a major part of its resources to the
design and implementation of data communication solutions
to both civil and military requirements.
Christian Rovsing A/S serve a market ranging from systems
analysis and design to installation and training, including
post-delivery maintenance and field support.
This places the Systems Division of Chriatian Rovsing
A/S in a unique position to provide every assistance
in solving any application requirements.
1 O̲B̲J̲E̲C̲T̲I̲V̲E̲S̲
CAMPS is a Computer Aided Message Processing System
with the objective of providing significant improvements
in communication to both strategic and tactical NATO
operations. Areas which will experience considerable
improvements are:
o time needed for preparation and reception of messages
is reduced
o manpower and cost are reduced
o message handling procedure commonality throughout
NATO is increased
o interoperability with other communication systems
is increased
o required levels of security is achieved with less
effort
o availability and accessibility of information is
increased
o errors and misunderstandings are reduced
o handling priorities are respected
Figure 1 shows the CAMPS operational environment.
The benefits resulting from the operation of CAMPS
are discussed in more detail in the next section.
2 B̲E̲N̲E̲F̲I̲T̲S̲
Manual message preparation is a slow and time consuming
process. A handwritten draft is first distributed manually
to other staff officers for coordination. These officers
then read the message perhaps making suggestions for
improvement. The draft-message may have to be retyped
one or more times before being finally …86…1 …02…
…02… …02… …02…
submitted to and individual with release authority,
who signs off and pass it to the communication center.Before
transmission a communication expert must ensure that
the message is in accordance with the ACP127 format
used by NATO, giving:
o recipient for action
o recipients official identification
o information only recepients
o urgency
o security classification
o other required attributes.
Message preparation, as described above, can take from
one hour to several days in a manual environment: CAMPS
reduces preparation time by at least a factor of 10,
so that a message can be prepared, coordinated and
transmitted within a few minutes or at most within
an hour in the case of extensive coordination.
On reception, manual procedures first call for a clerk
to look up the messages Subject Indicator Code (SIC)
in a table of standard distribution list for incoming
messages. The received message is then photo-copied
to provide enough copies for both action and information
recipients. Finally, physical distribution takes place.
These manual procedures give the opportunity for many
errors and exposures. For example there is always the
risk that a message is not handled according to priority
so that a very urgent message might be delayed for
hours and too many, photo-copies give the possibility
of information falling into the wrong hands.
The time required for message reception, as described
above, is from 1 hour up to a whole day: CAMPS reduces
the time needed to carry out the reception process
by a factor of almost 100. Manpower and its related
costs are saved as CAMPS automatically analyses the
Subject Indicator Code and distributes the message
quickly and accurately to the appropriate terminal(s).
In addition CAMPS handles priorities automatically,
ensuring that urgent messages are expedited. All these
procedures are done without human intervention - typically
in only a few seconds. Additionally CAMPS ensures that
only authorized personnel have access to the delivery
terminals, through log-on procedures including user
identification and passwords.
Figure 1
CAMPS OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENT
Tempest Certified Equipment in Background
The man-machine interface implemented in CAMPS is very
user-friendly and so easy to learn and use. The intelligent
visual display units and the computer system prompt
assist the user; after only a few hours training in
preparation and coordination of messages he is capable
of taking full advantage of the CAMPS capabilities.
This is in huge contrast to present demands for a highly
trained communications expert with a thorough knowledge
of ACP127 and procedural format requirements. CAMPS
yield great savings in cost and manpower.
Availability of information is enhanced by the filing
system of CAMPS, which is fully automatic. Without
moving from his workstation, a user can search the
CAMPS files for historical data - all messages sent
and received during the previous 30 days are retained.
Data needed for preparing new messages or data needed
for correct quotation can be retrieved via CAMPS. The
user-friendly retrieval system includes multiple search
keys. Users do not need to have exact message identification
to retrieve the message; a time window indicating when
the message was first filed - along with other optional
parameters - will narrow down the field, CAMPS will
then display a catalogue of all messages satisfying
the given parameters from which the user may choose
the specific message he requires.
CAMPS provides message handling commonality throughout
NATO. This ensures that messages prepared at any CAMPS
equipped headquarters will be interpreted correctly
at any other CAMP equipped headquarters. This will
save manpower and remove possible sources of error
and misunderstanding.
CAMPS ensures interoperability throughout NATO since
other communication systems can be interfaced via CAMPS.
In addition CAMPS' features are available as improvements
to these systems.
Aspects of security are accommodated to a very high
degree in CAMPS. Security features are implemented
in all sub-systems within CAMPS, both hardware and
software. The modular construction of the CAMPS computer
- with individual peripheral microprocessors …86…1
…02… …02… …02… …02…
for each discs, each terminal and each external line
- ensures separation of datastreams coming into and
going out of CAMPS. The design of system and application
software ensures that programs and data are completely
separate in memory: programs cannot be modified during
execution; only data can. In addition each program
can only address its own memory area. Address violation
is detected, and one program cannot alter another program's
code/data space.
Users are approved to different levels of classification
and they can only access data up to their level of
classification, never at higher levels. The same philosophy
extends to the relationship between software and classified
information. Security interogation and warnings are
used throughout to ensure that the personnel and the
environment is double-checked before revealing high
classified information of a terminal.
The time required for message preparation and reception
is illustrated in Figure 2, which shown the improvements
resulting from the use of CAMPS.
Figure 2
TIME FOR MESSAGE PREPARATION AND RECEPTION
Camps is much faster than current manual procedures
3 S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲ ̲F̲U̲N̲C̲T̲I̲O̲N̲S̲
E̲n̲v̲i̲r̲o̲n̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲I̲n̲t̲e̲r̲f̲a̲c̲e̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲C̲A̲M̲P̲S̲
CAMPS is a system which assists users in message preparation
and reception and which communicates with other user
systems, either directly or through a network. In this
context it can also function as a back up gateway for
other user systems which have lost connection to their
primary network.
A generic layout of the CAMPS Centers and the interconnecting
network is shown in Figure 3.
For CAMPS the primary network system will be a separate
system which utilizes a store and forward message transmission
system based on ACP127 procedures. This network transmission
system establishes a communication network between
all the NATO countries. It uses both terrestial and
satellite communication.
CAMPS is also interfaced to CCIS dataprocessing and
other message processing systems and is able to handle
traffic from these systems in case of temporary loss
of their primary networks.
CAMPS will play a very essential role in the information
gathering process of any Command and Control Information
System. CAMPS will assist the user in preparing reports
for CCIS by use of preformatted message using ADat-P3
procedures. The general message processing facilities
in CAMPS are extended by an ADat-P3 compiler, allowing
NATO to define specific message formats for all preformatted
reports. The compiler provides NATO with great flexibility
in the future because message formats can easily be
modified as a consequense of changes in requirements,
Figure 3
GENERIC LAYOUT OF CAMPS
Message Processing Centers in Europe and their
interconnecting network
ADat-P3 messages are highly structured. This structure
is programmed into CAMPS so that correct formats are
enforced by CAMPS. The structure is defined as subsets
or lines of fields within a message, and CAMPS will
ensure that the user does not omit any information.
When CAMPS has ensured that the message is correctly
entered, it can be processed automatically and a CCIS
database can be updated without human intervention.
Finally CAMPS interfaces to low speed communication
lines which are either point-to-point lines or lines
to TRC, Torn tape Relay Centers.
C̲A̲M̲P̲S̲ ̲C̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲t̲y̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲U̲s̲e̲r̲s̲
The system functions of CAMPS are provided for three
groups of users:
E̲n̲d̲ ̲U̲s̲e̲r̲s̲ are those persons who prepare and receive
messages through CAMPS. They are the persons who benefits
most from CAMPS implementation.
S̲u̲p̲e̲r̲v̲i̲s̲o̲r̲y̲ ̲p̲e̲r̲s̲o̲n̲n̲e̲l̲ are the communication center
personnel who assist CAMPS in providing its services
to the end users. The supervisor and his assistants
control all system tables within CAMPS. Security features
and addressing information such as directories of headquaters
are controlled by the supervisors.
The Message Distribution Control Operator (MDCO) one
of the supervisor assistants, will assist CAMPS in
distribution of incoming messages that can not be distributed
automatically. For example if a message has been prepared
outside a CAMPS without computer assistance it might
contain unrecoverable errors which makes it impossible
to derive the destination. The MDCO will insert a list
of suitable recipients and send for automatic distribution.
The MDCO can also initiate redistribution of messages,
if the original distribution was not appropriate.
The Message Service Operator (MSO), is another supervisor
assistant who assists CAMPS when incoming messages
cannot be processed automatically because of nonconformity
with the ACP127 rules. For example, certain required
information might be missing or misplaced. The MSO
will control the processing of those messages. The
MSO also assist the user in the preparation of outgoing
messages where there is uncertainly no addressing information.
S̲y̲s̲t̲e̲m̲ ̲O̲p̲e̲r̲a̲t̲o̲r̲. This person is responsible for maintenance,
engineering and configuration changes of the computer.
He controls all the elements of the flexible and modular
computer which is dualized in all vital areas.
M̲e̲s̲s̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲P̲r̲e̲p̲a̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
The user functions that CAMPS provides are primarily
message preparation at a visual display unit (VDU).
The VDU's are very user-friendly in that they provide
formatted screen layouts with keywords in front of
all required entry fields. This approach allows a user
to compose messages without detailed knowledge of the
ACP127 procedures.
The VDU in CAMPS is a highly intelligent device. Syntactical
checks are performed by the VDU to give rapid feedback
to the user. All data entry fields have specified attributes,
e.g. entry mandatory or optional, entry only numeric,
only alphabetic or both (alpha-numeric). Maximum field
length is also indicated. Figure 4 shows a typical
terminal display for message preparation.
After entry of the data, the user initiates transmission
of data to the main computer which performs semantic
checks. For example by means of a directory of all
headquaters, CAMPS can validate the addresses. The
user can also use an abbreviated numerical reference
instead of the long, plain language addresses of recipients
and so save valuable time during preparation.
If errors are discovered during validation of the entered
data, CAMPS provides error indications to assist the
user in correction.
When the message has been validated and accepted as
error-free by CAMPS, the user can submit it for coordination
to other users. In this way CAMPS provides the feature
of an electronic mail system. Messages submitted for
coordination by one terminal are queued at all other
nominated terminals.
The users requested to coordinate read the message
and prepare comments for the message drafter. A comment
is a free format message which can be drafted at one
terminal and sent to one or more terminals at the same
CAMPS site. Besides being used in connection with coordination
of messages, it can be used as a conferencing medium,
where two or more users via the CAMPS comment function
exchange information in an online environment.
The comments made by coordinators will be sent back
to the message drafter, who can then edit the original
message as necessary. A new coordination round might
be initiated or the message can be submitted for release
at a terminal position manned by a user with release
authority and special release capabilities.
Queuing of messages is performed on a priority basis,i.e.
level of urgency. This ensures that urgent message
are handled before routine messages. At the top of
the VDU screen there is a display of the number of
messages in each priority queue to help the user plan
his task priority.
After release, CAMPS performs the final conversion
of the message to ACP127 and selects an outgoing channel
to be used. This selection is based on information
in the message and table data in CAMPS. A vital point
in channel selection is the check between security
classification of the message and the security classification
of the channel. CAMPS can provide four alternate channels
to be checked for security levels for an outgoing message
before manual assistance will be necessary.
Figure 4
CAMPS MESSAGE PREPARATION
Reduction in errors due to ease of service
M̲e̲s̲s̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲R̲e̲c̲e̲p̲t̲i̲o̲n̲
Messages received at a CAMPS will be distributed automatically
if they are in accordance with the ACP127 procedures.
After validation CAMPS will use the Subject Indicator
Code (SIC) to derive which terminals should have a
copy of the message. This procedure is controlled by
internal tables maintained by the supervisor. First
the SIC is used as an entry to define the standard
distribution list to be applied. This list in turn
contains a number of action-recipients and information-recipients.
If the message does not contain a SIC or if the SIC
code is unknown, the system will queue the message
for manual assistance at the MDCO position. The MDCO
can redistribute a message in any case where the automatic
distribution scheme has proved insufficient.
CAMPS delivers messages to terminals by putting them
in queues, one queue for each of the 4 priority levels,
and updates the queue status information at the top
of the VDU screen.
When the user sets his terminal in reception mode he
can display the messages, one by one. He can either
delete them or let them remain in the queue for later
action by himself or another user. If he wants a hardcopy
of the message he can order this by asking for a PRINT.
This causes the message to be routed to a logically
associated printer unit. The printers can be shared
by several VDU's.
Instead of routing messages to VDU terminals with subsequent
user requested rerouting to a printer, CAMPS can also
route messages directly to a printer. For example,
copies intended for action-recipients might always
be printed, whereas copies intended for information
recipients are only sent to VDU's where the user then
subsequently decides if he wants a hardcopy. The distribution
mechanism is very flexible and it is easily adaptable
to the needs and circumstances at each installation.
4 E̲Q̲U̲I̲P̲M̲E̲N̲T̲ ̲D̲E̲S̲I̲G̲N̲
The CAMPS system is implemented on the CR80 family
of computers, produced by Christian Rovsing A/S. This
computer family is a very flexible, modular system
which allows many different computer configurations:
from small minicomputers intended for commercial systems
or front end processors; through extremely reliable
systems, like CAMPS, using redundant elements for back
up; to huge integrated complete systems, e.g. a CAMPS
integrated with a communication subsystem as a node
in a network. Evolutionary growth of a CAMPS with a
few CCIS features such as enforcement of timely reporting
of preformatted messages and automatic accumulation
of these reports to a later configuration where the
CCIS aspects are more dominant than the message processing
and switching aspects itself, is feasible.
The concept behind the modularity and flexibility of
CAMPS hardware can best be described in a hierachical
top down fashion. The building block at the top level
is the secure rack. One, two or many racks may be joined
together to form rack groups containing all the lower
level equipment. Groups of racks can also be interconnected
if the computer room layout so dictates.
The second level element is a crate. Several crates
may be installed in one rack. There are three different
types of crates, a processing unit, channel unit and
adapter unit.
The processing unit (PU) contains modules for CPU's
and memory plus interface adaptors and a power supply.
Integral with the crate itself, forming a backbone,
computer buses are installed which interconnect all
processing elements. The modularity and generality
of this concept is so flexible that the individual
modules may be put in the crates, as books are placed
on a bookshelf. A PU may contain from 1 to 5 CPUs
and up to 1 Megaword of memory.
If more than one PU is installed in a computer (in
CAMPS two PUs are included), they are interconnected
via fast transfer buses. The upper limitation for the
number of PUs in one computer is 16, so a CAMPS has
enough processor expansion capability for any imaginable
application. Performing the extension causes minimal
interferance to the operational CAMPS.
The channel unit (CU) contains modules for external
interfaces, i.e. communication lines and discs, etc.
Extension memory is installed here if 1 megaword of
memory for each PU is not sufficient. CU's can be added
as required to provide additional terminals, external
lines discs, tapes, etc.
The adaptor crate contains modules for special line
adaptors, e.g. adapters for low signaling levels and
optical multiplexors with transceivers.
CAMPS equipment is shown in Figure 5.
The level below the crate is that of individual modules,
all microprocessor based. This concept gives a highly
distributed system, where many functions are removed
from the CPU to the peripheral processors. This compartmentalization
principle also enforces security aspects because all
peripheral processors are physically separated.
Figure 5
CAMPS EQUIPMENT
A system including PU's, CU's and distribution equipment
S̲Y̲S̲T̲E̲M̲ ̲S̲E̲C̲U̲R̲I̲T̲Y̲
Modern Defense Communication require a high degree
of communication security. This has from the outset
been designed into CAMPS in form of physical security,
equipment security, and software security.
The highlights of the CAMPS security features are:
1. All visual display units, printers and other similar
devices are connected to the CAMPS central processing
system with fiber optic cables that preclude EMI
problems.
2. The CAMPS processing system itself is installed
in EMI shielded racks.
3. All power and electrical signalling cables enter
the system through special filter equipment.
4. The software has been designed in a hierachical
structure that eases verification and provides
well defined inter-program interfaces.
Access to all data areas and files are controlled
by secure operating system functions and a specially
developed memory mapping hardware module.
5. All users interfacing the system are controlled
by several security mechanisms:
- Physical locks.
- User authentication through use of sign-in
passwords and security interrogations.
- Authorization through use of operator clearance
levels combined with terminal and channel clearance
levels.
5 E̲X̲P̲A̲N̲D̲A̲B̲I̲L̲I̲T̲Y̲
The building block of the CR80 computer have been described
above. Because its modularity CAMPS is easily expandable
to cope with a changing environment.
One of the most likely reasons for expansion is change
in data and traffic quantities. If traffic flow increases,
additional CPUs can be added. Even if the increase
is considerable drastic, i.e. 100 % or more, extra
PUs can be installed to account for the extra demand
of processing power.
An increasing traffic flow may require more disc storage
which can easily be accomodated by providing additional
CUs. The most striking fact about this expansion is
that modules are not replaced by more powerful modules
hence making the old modules obsolete; in CAMPS new
modules are added in an incremental way making the
expansion costs as low as possible. Also, the modularity
of CAMPS ensures that expansion proceeds smoothly in
small steps rather than in very large and costly equipment
additions.
It is also a possibility to reduce a CAMPS configuration,
if traffic becomes less or if a new site is needed
where a user traffic flow is less than presently provided
for.
CAMPS has already been planned to become a gateway
between different systems. If it is found desirable
to interface CAMPS to public networks like the X.25/X.75
type of network, this can be done by adding another
rack with an interface processing element containing
a PU and a CU.
The capabilities of CAMPS to collect reports using
Adat-P3 formats have been described. These capabilities
can be expanded with manipulation and processing of
these reports and display of results on VDU's or graphic
consoles.
When experience has been gained by the military users,
larger files can be added to provide CAMPS hosted CCIS
databases with displays. At that stage, the primary
communication network, which is a store and forward
message switching network, may not be adequate. A more
generalized network system based on packet switching
or virtual circuits might then be desireable.
In this approach a general transport network can be
established and used for e.g. transmission of radar
data for remote display, or giving a user remote access
to all network subscribers (sources of data). Via this
remote access facility, sharing is made easier, for
example dedicated computers with spare part inventory
information, computers with special programs like human
language translaters, etc. can be used without human
intervention.
CAMPS expandability possibilities are illustrated in
Figure 6.
Figure 6
CAMPS EXPANDABILITY
Modular equipment allows cost effective
expansion.
