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CR80 HARDWARE
SYS/83-12-07
Page
#
L̲I̲S̲T̲ ̲O̲F̲ ̲C̲O̲N̲T̲E̲N̲T̲S̲
Page
1 CR80 HARDWARE ..................................
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................
1.2 OVERVIEW ...................................
2 CR 80 PROCESSING ELEMENT .......................
2.1 The Processor Units (PU) ...................
2.2 The Channel Units (CU) .....................
2.3 BUS STRUCTURE ..............................
3 WATCHDOG COMPUTER ..............................
4 CR80 DATA TRANSFER NETWORKS ....................
4.1 S-NET ......................................
4.2 TDX-BUS ....................................
4.3 X-NET ......................................
5 CR80 PACKAGING .................................
1̲ ̲ ̲C̲R̲8̲0̲ ̲H̲A̲R̲D̲W̲A̲R̲E̲
1.1 I̲N̲T̲R̲O̲D̲U̲C̲T̲I̲O̲N̲
The CR80 product line is extremely versatile. The computer
system proposed for XXXX, will be the very flexible
and modular CR80 computer, which has been used in many
military and commercial projects.
CR80 modules can be configured to meet specific costumer
requirements or delivered in standard configurations.
The configurations encompass a broad range of physical
characteristics to meet the requirements of the smaller
stand-alone user and those of the largest multi-
installation network applications. The configurations
offer
- a 80:1 range in processing power utilizing one
CPU or up to 16 interconnected multiprocessors
with a maximum of 5 CPUs each, providing instruction
rates of 0.6 mips to 30 mips.
- a 1000:1 range in memory capacity from 512 kilobytes
to 512 megabytes.
- a 400:1 range in connectivity through Peripheral
Controllers accommodating a variety of terminations
with as many as 960 peripherals or up to 4096 communication
lines.
Flexible variation in the size and structure of the
CR80 systems are permitted by the unusual degree of
hardware and software modularity. The hardware essentially
consists of fast transfer buses joined to each other
by adapters which allow units on one bus to access
those on another. Dualization at the internal level
and multiple redundancy at the system level provide
a CR80 hardware architecture which is exploited by
the DAMOS software operating system and programs to
survive functional failure of individual components.
Reliability, which is increasingly becoming of concern
in real-time and distributed network applications,
is achieved in the CR80 computer systems by applying
unique architectural concepts. The CR80 hardware/software
architecture treats all multiprocessors as equal elements
not absolutely dedicated to a specific role. Fault
tolerance and backup are achieved through a redundancy
scheme without preassignment of system functions to
specific processors. This is in marked contrast to
more common rigid dualized configurations with on-line
master/slave arrangements, hot standby, or off-line
backup with switchover facility.
1.2 O̲V̲E̲R̲V̲I̲E̲W̲
The CR80 System can consist of the following elements
depending on requirements:
o Processing Elements (PE), i.e.
- Processing Units (PU)
- Channel Units (CU)
o Data Transfer Networks, i.e.
- S-Net
- TDX-Bus
- X-Net
o Watchdog Computer
o Peripheral Equipment, e.g.
- Disc systems, tape systems, relational database
systems, communication lines, and communication
systems.
o Terminal Equipment, e.g.
- Alphanumeric displays, graphic displays, printers,
...
2̲ ̲ ̲C̲R̲8̲0̲ ̲P̲R̲O̲C̲E̲S̲S̲I̲N̲G̲ ̲E̲L̲E̲M̲E̲N̲T̲
A CR80 Processing Element (PE) comprises Processing
Units (PUs), Channel Units (CUs), and a supporting
bus structure, providing the user(s) with a virtual
memory multiprogram/multiprocessor computing system.
2.1 T̲h̲e̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲c̲e̲s̲s̲o̲r̲ ̲U̲n̲i̲t̲s̲ ̲(̲P̲U̲)̲
The PU is a multiprogrammable multiprocessor consiting
of up to 5 Central Processor Units, CPUs, utilizing
virtual memory and demand paging.
The PU is highly flexible, allowing selection of modules
to meet specific requirements. The modules are interfaced
via a dual bus structure for reduction of bus contention
as shown in figure 2.1-1.
Figure 2.1-1
2.2 T̲H̲E̲ ̲C̲H̲A̲N̲N̲E̲L̲ ̲U̲N̲I̲T̲S̲ ̲(̲C̲U̲)̲
The Channel Units contain the CR80 I/O controller modules
for interfacing towards peripheral equipment, communication
lines etc. The CU has an internal dual transfer bus
structure to ensure that no single failure can stop
operation of more than one I/O controller as shown
in figure 2.2-1.
Figure 2.2-1
The transfer buses, data bus A and data bus B, are
connected to two different PU's to ensure continuous
access to the controller modules. The characteristics
of data bus A and data bus B correspond to the internal
buses of the PU.
The CIA-modules constitute the interface between the
word oriented internal transfer buses and the byte
oriented data channels.
The I/O controller modules are all based on the same
principle for interfacing to the channel unit bus structure
and for the external interfaces as illustrated in figure
2.2-2.
Figure 2.2-2
The interface to the CR80 system employs a multiported
RAM memory through which the data is exchanged. The
program for the CPU of the controller module is either
resident in PROM chips or is downloaded from the CR80.
The DISK CTRL and PARALLEL CTRL modules employ PROM's
while the Line Termination Modules (LTU) used for control
of communication lines, terminals etc., are loaded
with programs from the CR80, meaning that different
protocols can be supported without hardware changes.
The physical interfaces to the peripherals, communication
lines etc., are adapter modules located at the rear
of the CU Crate. For interfacing to a communication
line, a line interface adapter module (LIA) is available.
An optional version of this module is able to select
a spare LTU module to be used instead of a failing
module. The spare LTU can be back up for a number of
active LTU's (n out of n+1 redundancy).
Not only is the internal bus structure dualized, th
power input is also taken from two separate sources
to ensure that a failure in one power source cannot
stop the CU from operating.
2.3 B̲U̲S̲ ̲S̲T̲R̲U̲C̲T̲U̲R̲E̲
A CR80 computing system is organized around several
buses, which are described in this section.
The interconnections of the different buses and units
are shown schematically in figure 2.3-1.
Figure 2.3-1
CR80 Bus Structure
3̲ ̲ ̲W̲A̲T̲C̲H̲D̲O̲G̲ ̲C̲O̲M̲P̲U̲T̲E̲R̲
The Watchdog computer, also called the Maintenance
and Configuration Processor (MPC) system, consists
or standard CR80 modules used in the monitoring and
control of the total CR80 system. As for the main elements,
PUs and CUs, the MPC can be configured to suit specific
requirements over and above the standard watchdog functions
shown here. The normal watchdog system structure is
shown in figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1
Watchdog System
The WD-CPU, positioned as a standard Peripheral Module
in the CU-Crate, is the central Maintenance and Configuration
Processor receiving status and control messages from
the CR80 Processing Elements through its dual interface
to two PE's of the CR80 system.
The WCA (Watchdog CPU Adapter) constitutes the interface
between the WD CPU and the configuration Bus and the
four available V24 communication ports. The V24 ports
are used for connection of one or two system consoles
and for connection to a communication port for remote
maintenance and diagnostics of the CR80 system.
The Daisy Chained Configuration Bus is a dualized serial
communication path between the WCA and the connected
CCA's (Crate Configuration Adapters). The CCA is a
standard CR80 adapter module designed for monitoring
and control of the PU and CU Crates. The functions
available are: monitoring of the DC voltages, switching
of LIA-S modules (switching a spare LTU to the lines
instead of a defect module), and monitoring of digital
and analogue inputs, and control of digital outputs.
The WD CPU and the WD Panel Controller utilize alternative
paths of the serial configuration bus for control and
monitoring of the attached crates and associated modules.
The serial configuration bus is therefore redundant,
with different parts of it being used in AUTO and MANUAL
mode.
A fail safe circuit is implemented between the WD CPU
and the WD Panel Controller, which performs automatic
switching to the manual settings of the WD Panel in
case of WD CPU failure or service. Similarly, replacement
of the WD Panel Controller can be done with the system
online and under control of the WD CPU (AUTO MODE).
Crates under control of the MCP system is galvanically
isolated by optocouplers from the serial configuration
bus and can be removed from the operational configuration
bus without electrical interference with the remaining
part of the system.
4̲ ̲ ̲C̲R̲8̲0̲ ̲D̲A̲T̲A̲ ̲T̲R̲A̲N̲S̲F̲E̲R̲ ̲N̲E̲T̲W̲O̲R̲K̲S̲
Network data transfer within CR80 Computer Systems
has three implementations:
o S-NET for high speed data transfer between processing
units
o TDX Bus for local area network access to a CR80
Processing element
o X-NET for full local area network services, connecting
terminals and computers within an area of several
square miles.
4.1 S̲-̲N̲E̲T̲
The S-Net (Intermemory Communication Network) provides
high-speed transport of data between Memory of Processing
Elements. Each Processing element interfaces to the
S-Net with from 1 to 32 coaxial twisted pair cables
(SUPRA-BUSES). Galvanic isolation via transformer interface
to the SUPRA/-TDX Interface (STI) DMA's avoids ground
loops between Processing Elements. The information
transfer is multiplexed on the twisted
-pair cables, each carrying 16 Megabits serial transmission
under packet protocol protection which ensures error
free transmission. The Processing Element interface
to the S-Net thus is modularly expandable, by adding
SUPRA BUSES, providing a port to up to 512 Megabits
of S-Net traffic (32 x 16 Megabit). The S-Net achieve
high system reliability and provides multiple redundancy,
in that traffic on a failed SUPRA BUS automatically
by the protocol is distributed to the other SUPRA BUSES.
A Processing Element can communicate with up to 15
other Processing Element via the S-Net. S-Net interconnection
of PEs is illustrated in figure 4.1-1.
Figure 4.1-1
PE Interconnection via S-Net,
transferring up to 512 Megabits/sec. of data.
4.2 T̲D̲X̲-̲B̲U̲S̲
The CR80 PE configuration allows connection of a front-end
network which provides integrated input facilities
for a wide range of terminals. Essential items of the
front-end network are:
o TIAs (Telecommunication Interface Adapters), interfacing
the front-end network to PUs (STI).
o TDX-Bus, providing serial data transfer at a rate
of 1.8432 Mbs.
o TDX-CTRL, controlling/monitoring data transfer;
the TDX-CTRL allocates the total bus bandwidth
among terminals attached to the network.
o LTUXs (Line Termination Units for eXtended network
implementations), providing V24/V28 communication
channels to interface terminals.
Figure 4.2-1 illustrates one of the many configurations
that are possible. In the configuration shown, access
to a TDX-Bus is from two separate PUs with output communication
channels (LTUXs) either assigned to an individual PU
or shared by both PUs. TDX-Bus dualization is also
possible, thus ensuring high availability.
Figure 4.2-1
4.3 X̲-̲N̲E̲T̲
X-Net is a Local Are Network (LAN), produced since
1978, for connecting up to several hundred terminals
(VDUs, printers, etc.) and one or more small and large
computers. X-Net is based on the TDX Bus, and replaces
separate circuits and cables to each terminal by a
single pair of cables common to all data equipment,
i.e. terminals, computers, text processing equipment,
etc. attached to X-Net. This is possible, within one
or more buildings, to place X-Net outlets on the walls
of every room as presently done for telephone and power
installations, allowing flexible placement of data
equipment.
A very important aspect of X-Net is the capability
for one terminal to work with any computer or any other
data equipment instead of only being able to work with
a single computer in the traditional manner of direct
connection. X-Net also allows for future extensions
and changes in terminal and computer installations
without having to move cables or install new ones.
Mainframe and terminal manufacturer independence is
achieved in X-Net ports that can provide conversion
between different interfaces, protocols and access-methods
of Computers, Terminals and Communication lines, making
distributed front-ending and protocol conversion possible.
Installation of X-Net cable and X-Net Wall outlets
in new or old buildings is very simple, being comparable
to installation of telephone outlets.
S-Net is a superstructure based on the X-Net building
blocks that interconnects up to 8 X-Net Local Area
Networks, yielding full connectivity between all terminals
and computers without impact on traffic speed or response
times. Coupling of X-Nets via S-Net extends the number
of terminals and computers handled to several thousands.
A full S-Net/X-Net implementation is illustrated in
figure 4.3-1.
A terminal is allocated a number of timeslots each
second on the TDX Bus, corresponding to its baudrate.
The timeslots allocated to each terminal does not overlap,
whereby, it is possible for many terminals to use the
common cable (Time divisioned multiplex).
The data rate on the X-Net of a terminal is adaptively
and dynamically changed, controlled by the actual datarate
of attached terminals and computers, thereby both allowing
for high speed transfer of a complete VDU-screen and
then return to low data rate for input from the keyboard.
X-NET consists of one or more controllers (XCT), X-Net
cable, Wall Outlets, Computer or Communication Line
Ports, and Terminal Adapters.
The Terminal Adapter (XTA) makes it possible to attach
existing terminals, printers etc. as well as older
terminals, which can be modified to modern protocols,
using the built-in micro-processor and buffer capacity
of the XTA.
Figure 4.3-1
S-Net/X-Net Connectivity,
providing up to 16 Mbs data rates.
5̲ ̲ ̲C̲R̲8̲0̲ ̲P̲A̲C̲K̲A̲G̲I̲N̲G̲
As for the processing system design, great emphasis
has been put on failure tolerance and modularity of
the packaging, cooling and Power Supply subsystems.
The CR80 modular fault tolerant computer system is
assembled using standard modules (printed circuit cards)
housed in Processor Units and Channel Units (Card Cages).
The Units are interfaced by galvanically isolated transfer
buses, structured as shown below (figure 5-1) and described
in the following.
Figure 5-1
Units are housed in 19" Crates (Card Magazines) for
installation in standard 19" Racks, as shown overleaf
(figure 5-2). A Crate contains a 25 slot Front Magazine
for insertion of up to 17 Printed circuit card modules
and 2 Power Supply modules, the two upper rows of connectors
are each interconnected by multilayer printed circuit
buses, while the lower row of connectors is connected
individually via flatcables to corresponding connectors
in the Rear Magazine. The 19 slot Rear Magazine, which
can be pivoted down for access to Crate internal cabling,
holds Adapter modules providing the interface and cabling
to external devices, e.g. S-Net, peripherals, for the
controlling front module. Also a number of slots is
provided outside the rear Magazine, at the rear of
the crate for insertion of bus termination cards and
interface cards to the Data Channel bus. Keeping all
external cabling at the rear of the Crate, allows all
front modules (CPU, RAM, Peripheral Modules etc.),
inclusive the plug-in Power Supplies, to be exchanged
quickly without use of special tools.
Below each crate (PU or CU) in the CR80 system is installed
an exchangeable fan unit, which by forced air cools
the modules in the crate. To ensure continuous air
flow, the fan unit is redundantly constructed with
the airstream being provided by two sets of blowers,
each being powered from different mains phases, and
each with a capacity sufficient for cooling the entire
crate over a prolonged period of time. This ensures
the failure tolerance of the fan unit, both against
a Mains phase falling out and mechanical breakdown
of a blower.
One, or two power supply modules operating in parallel,
are installed, in each PU crate dependent of the required
power consumption. A power supply failure in the PU
will cause the PE to stop processing, but it will not
influence the system operation, as processing of the
failed PE will be taken over by the remaining operating
PE's.
In each CU crate two Power Supplies are installed,
each backing up for the other in supplying the modules
power via two separate buses. This power scheme ensures
that a single power supply can fail without influencing
the operation of the modules in the CU crate due to
the special Power Supply ORing-circuit in each of the
modules. The power ORing-circuit contains a current
limiter which ensures that a short in a module will
not draw excess power from the power supplies, and
thereby interrupt the operation of other modules in
the crate.
A second function of the Power ORing-circuit is, in
combination with a slightly shorter pin in the interface
connector of any Peripheral Module and the buses, to
allow on-line replacement of a module in an operating
CU-crate. The shortened pin will disconnect first and
connect last, when a module is removed or inserted,
as this pin (via an integrating circuit) controls the
current limiter in the Power ORing-circuit, power to
the module is therefore removed, or applied without
spikes on crate-busses during module exchange. Also
because of the special bus driver/receivers used, which
have high impedance against the buses when the power
is removed, no interruption occurs in operation of
the Data busses during module exchange.
BIT (Built In Test) are found in most CR80 modules.
The test starts automatically when power is applied
to the module and lights the red TEST LED on the front
plate. When the internal test cycle, which lasts a
few seconds, has been run through successfully, the
TEST LED is estinguished to indicate this, otherwise
it will remain on.
Other built in test functions, which are not destructive
of the normal module function, are used for error detection
by the CR80 on-line diagnostics, during actual operation
of the computer.
Figure 5-2
