⟦3b93175fc⟧

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10 s
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953(of)X
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2402(of)X
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6 f
12 s
2421 6016(1)N

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%%Page: 2 3
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
14 s
576 832(1.2)N
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12 s
920 1028(On)N
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3804(a)X
2 f
3880(worm)X
1 f
4114(,)X
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1946(-)X
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3904(Propulsion)X
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720 2624(from)N
959(the)X
1129(Internet)X
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3125(the)X
3295(Defense)X
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2534(MILNET)X
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952(down)X
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2022([Eich89,)X
2390(Elme88].)X
2809(Ironically,)X
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3613(perhaps)X
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1087(do,)X
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2541(the)X
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3213(distributed)X
3673(via)X
3839(the)X
4005(network)X
720 3072([Eich89].)N
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1466(was)X
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2641(described)X
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3776(problem)X
4130(ever.)X
720 3324(The)N
896(worm)X
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2463(and)X
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2 f
720 3436(New)N
920(York)X
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1 f
1375(,)X
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1428(Wall)X
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1 f
2208(,)X
2 f
2261(Time)X
1 f
2498(and)X
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720 3548(tions,)N
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1368(Radio.)X
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2970(\256ve)X
3138(years)X
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3728(and)X
3892(a)X
3960($250,000)X
720 3996(\256ne)N
888([Schu90].)X
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6 f
14 s
576 4345(1.3)N
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1 f
12 s
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3406(unauthorized)X
3956(computer)X
720 4765(intruder)N
1059([Stol88,)X
1400(Stol89].)X
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3020(the)X
3173(holes)X
3411(the)X
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3904(was)X
4088(using,)X
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1193(administrator,)X
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2815(watch)X
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3249(intruder)X
3597(and)X
3779(document)X
4202(the)X
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1202(he)X
1327(exploited.)X
1768(Over)X
1994(the)X
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3034(watched)X
3390(the)X
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3883(attack)X
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901(computers)X
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2083(and)X
2259(successfully)X
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2996(about)X
3247(30.)X
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3615(computers)X
4053(broken)X
720 5213(into)N
894(were)X
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2324(bases,)X
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2743(defense)X
3061(contractors)X
3513([Stol88].)X
10 s
10 f
576 5309(h)N
592(hhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
1 f
656 5419(*)N
736(Sun-3)X
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9 s
2155(VAX)X
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2333(systems)X
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663(4.)X
2 f
(x)S
1 f
9 s
777(BSD)X
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6 f
12 s
2421 6016(2)N

3 p
%%Page: 3 4
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
920 832(Unlike)N
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2909(shuttle,)X
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3393(other)X
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3961(topics)X
4223(all)X
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2691(unclassi\256ed)X
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3574(it)X
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3836(highly)X
4112(prob-)X
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11 s
3350(FBI)X
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3487(,)X
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12 s
3688(,)X
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3970(in)X
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720 1756(over,)N
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3378(to)X
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11 s
3633(KGB)X
12 s
3818(.)X
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720 2204(\(Markus)N
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720 2428(tions)N
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2598 2371(.)N
2617(.)X
2645 2428(bner)N
2840(\(``Pengo''\),)X
3320(still)X
3489(faces)X
3711(trial)X
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3990(Berlin.)X
6 f
14 s
576 2777(1.4)N
824(OTHER)X
1246(BREAK-INS)X
1 f
12 s
920 2973(Numerous)N
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720 3085(ing)N
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3498(include)X
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11 s
720 3197(NASA)N
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958('s)X
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1062(SPAN)X
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1323(network)X
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11 s
2279(IBM)X
12 s
2482(``Christmas)X
2974(Virus'')X
3289([Risk87],)X
3687(a)X
3768(virus)X
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720 3309(Corp.)N
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1155(caused)X
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11 s
1607(MILNET)X
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1976(to)X
2087(be)X
2214(temporarily)X
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3259(other)X
3493(networks)X
3881([Risk88],)X
4277(a)X
720 3421(worm)N
984(that)X
1169(penetrated)X
11 s
1609(DECNET)X
12 s
1996(networks)X
2388([Risk89a],)X
2831(break-ins)X
3229(on)X
3365(U.)X
3499(S.)X
3617(banking)X
3968(networks)X
720 3533([Risk89b],)N
1157(and)X
1324(a)X
1395(multitude)X
1793(of)X
1901(viruses,)X
2225(worms,)X
2538(and)X
2705(trojan)X
2958(horses)X
3231(affecting)X
3602(personal)X
3956(computer)X
720 3645(users.)N
6 f
14 s
576 3994(1.5)N
824(SECURITY)X
1419(IS)X
1555(IMPORTANT)X
1 f
12 s
920 4190(As)N
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1232(previous)X
1607(stories)X
1902(demonstrate,)X
2441(computer)X
2849(security)X
3198(is)X
3307(an)X
3443(important)X
3863(topic.)X
4149(This)X
720 4302(document)N
1134(describes)X
1526(the)X
1678(security)X
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11 s
3011(UNIX)X
12 s
3262(operating)X
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2 f
(x)S
1 f
3322(of)X
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3701(,)X
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11 s
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967(sold)X
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11 s
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3659(``casual'')X
4053(system)X
720 4974(cracker,*)N
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2261(the)X
2403(sophisticated)X
2930(cracker)X
3238(to)X
3337(penetrate.)X
10 s
10 f
576 5070(h)N
592(hhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
1 f
656 5180(*)N
736(The)X
889(term)X
1064 0.3375(``hacker,'')AX
1435(as)X
1530(applied)X
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6 f
12 s
2421 6016(3)N

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5 p
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14 s
576 2177(2.1)N
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12 s
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14 s
576 3058(2.1.1)N
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1844(the)X
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720 5214(catenated)N
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1453(-)X
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1532(a)X
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2421 6016(5)N

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576 1293(2.1.1.1)N
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1378(use)X
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1402(use)X
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1381(use)X
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1261(use)X
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1269(use)X
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1 f
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1481(``IXdKKaspdd.'')X
10 f
920 5241(g)N
1 f
1120(Alternate)X
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3905(characters.)X
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3368(and)X
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3640(on.)X
10 f
920 5605(g)N
1 f
1120(Choose)X
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3481(``kid?goat.'')X
6 f
2421 6016(6)N

7 p
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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
920 832(The)N
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3033(rules)X
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3670(overemphasized.)X
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896(Internet)X
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3605(attempted)X
4011(to)X
4111(crack)X
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907(passwords.)X
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3367(an)X
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3523(words)X
3792(to)X
3902(try\).)X
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1172(the)X
1319(worm)X
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2 f
3235(/usr/dict/words)X
1 f
3833(,)X
3885(trying)X
4143(each)X
720 1504(word)N
951([Spaf88].)X
1369(The)X
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3318(guard)X
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5 f
14 s
576 1965(2.1.1.2)N
1010(Password)X
1532(Policies)X
1 f
12 s
920 2161(Although)N
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3568(security,)X
3923(by)X
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2164(form)X
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3063(policies)X
3387(that)X
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3677(users)X
3898(must)X
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720 2385(in)N
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920 2525(First)N
1124(and)X
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720 2637(in)N
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2304(never)X
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2990(down)X
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3371(desk)X
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2834(the)X
2992(computer)X
3396(must)X
3623(be)X
3755(prohibited.)X
4240(In)X
720 2861(either)N
967(case,)X
1184(by)X
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2506(a)X
2575(piece)X
2805(of)X
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3550(it)X
3630(in)X
3731(a)X
3800(\256le,)X
3973(the)X
4117(secu-)X
720 2973(rity)N
887(of)X
1000(the)X
1151(user's)X
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2839(security)X
3178(of)X
3292(the)X
3444(paper)X
3692(or)X
3806(\256le,)X
3987(which)X
4256(is)X
720 3085(usually)N
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1851(offered)X
2153(by)X
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2415(password)X
2801(encryption)X
3237(software.)X
920 3225(A)N
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3523(passwords)X
3954(to)X
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970(times,)X
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1941(is)X
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3637(in)X
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3965(to)X
4065(copy)X
4277(a)X
720 3449(\256le,)N
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720 3925(time)N
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11 s
3096(UNIX)X
12 s
3314(,)X
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720 4037(tations,)N
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3959(to)X
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720 4149(ment)N
953(this)X
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2258(when)X
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3460(person)X
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4042(organi-)X
720 4737(zation)N
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1199(the)X
1341(president)X
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1822(the)X
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5 f
14 s
576 5086(2.1.1.3)N
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2029(Security)X
1 f
12 s
920 5282(The)N
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720 5394(mented,)N
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1540(reduce)X
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3867(via)X
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4090(stolen)X
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2012(security)X
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2787(you)X
2975(as)X
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720 5618(periodically)N
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1468(to)X
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1887(that)X
2063(the)X
2212(policies)X
2543(and)X
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3315(being)X
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3896(to.)X
4050(One)X
4240(of)X
6 f
2421 6016(7)N

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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
720 832(the)N
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1667(of)X
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4277(a)X
720 1196(password-cracking)N
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2323(real)X
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3988(cracking)X
720 1308(any)N
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720 1644(from)N
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6 f
14 s
576 2105(2.1.2)N
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1 f
12 s
920 2301(Many)N
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720 3449(name)N
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720 4149(not)N
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720 4261(password)N
1115(\256le)X
1271(entry)X
1502(with)X
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1830(asterisk)X
2157(\(*\).)X
2350(This)X
2554(makes)X
2833(it)X
2920(impossible)X
3370(to)X
3477(log)X
3632(in)X
3739(to)X
3846(the)X
3996(account,)X
720 4373(yet)N
862(leaves)X
1127(the)X
1269(account)X
1593(available)X
1966(to)X
2065(be)X
2180(re-enabled)X
2611(on)X
2731(the)X
2873(user's)X
3126(return.)X
6 f
14 s
576 4722(2.1.3)N
917(Guest)X
1265(Accounts)X
1 f
12 s
920 4918(Guest)N
1177(accounts)X
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1522(always)X
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2025(by)X
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3852(machine)X
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2981(way)X
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3272(handle)X
3557(guest)X
3788(accounts)X
4153(is)X
4245(to)X
720 5254(install)N
986(them)X
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2547(them)X
2770(as)X
2880(soon)X
3091(as)X
3200(the)X
3347(people)X
3633(using)X
3870(them)X
4092(leave.)X
720 5366(Guest)N
975(accounts)X
1343(should)X
1630(never)X
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1997(given)X
2242(simple)X
2530(passwords)X
2960(such)X
3167(as)X
3278(``guest'')X
3640(or)X
3751(``visitor,'')X
4181(and)X
720 5478(should)N
1000(never)X
1238(be)X
1353(allowed)X
1682(to)X
1781(remain)X
2073(in)X
2172(the)X
2314(password)X
2700(\256le)X
2847(when)X
3079(they)X
3269(are)X
3411(not)X
3558(being)X
3796(used.)X
6 f
2421 6016(8)N

9 p
%%Page: 9 10
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
14 s
576 832(2.1.4)N
917(Accounts)X
1457(W)X
1563(ithout)X
1905(Passwords)X
1 f
12 s
920 1028(Some)N
1166(sites)X
1364(have)X
1574(installed)X
1929(accounts)X
2294(with)X
2493(names)X
2767(such)X
2971(as)X
3079(``who,'')X
3424(``date,'')X
3765(``lpq,'')X
4068(and)X
4235(so)X
720 1140(on)N
853(that)X
1034(execute)X
1365(simple)X
1658(commands.)X
2159(These)X
2425(accounts)X
2798(are)X
2952(intended)X
3320(to)X
3431(allow)X
3681(users)X
3914(to)X
4025(execute)X
720 1252(these)N
946(commands)X
1392(without)X
1715(having)X
2006(to)X
2110(log)X
2262(in)X
2366(to)X
2470(the)X
2617(machine.)X
3021(Typically)X
3420(these)X
3647(accounts)X
4013(have)X
4224(no)X
720 1364(password)N
1113(associated)X
1540(with)X
1742(them,)X
1990(and)X
2160(can)X
2324(thus)X
2514(be)X
2635(used)X
2841(by)X
2967(anyone.)X
3323(Many)X
3577(of)X
3687(the)X
3835(accounts)X
4202(are)X
720 1476(given)N
958(a)X
1025(user)X
1209(id)X
1308(of)X
1412(zero,)X
1626(so)X
1735(that)X
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2413(with)X
2608(super-user)X
3032(permissions.)X
920 1616(The)N
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1441(with)X
1637(these)X
1861(accounts)X
2224(is)X
2314(that)X
2485(they)X
2677(open)X
2890(potential)X
3254(security)X
3585(holes.)X
3862(By)X
4000(not)X
4149(hav-)X
720 1728(ing)N
884(passwords)X
1324(on)X
1460(them,)X
1717(and)X
1896(by)X
2032(having)X
2334(super-user)X
2774(permissions,)X
3297(these)X
3535(accounts)X
3912(practically)X
720 1840(invite)N
964(crackers)X
1309(to)X
1408(try)X
1539(to)X
1638(penetrate)X
2016(them.)X
2281(Usually,)X
2629(if)X
2713(the)X
2856(cracker)X
3165(can)X
3324(gain)X
3515(access)X
3786(to)X
3886(the)X
4029(system,)X
720 1952(penetrating)N
1180(these)X
1404(accounts)X
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2164(because)X
2494(each)X
2696(account)X
3021(executes)X
3378(a)X
3446(different)X
3803(command.)X
4256(If)X
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864(cracker)X
1174(can)X
1335(replace)X
1641(any)X
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1973(of)X
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2305(commands)X
2749(with)X
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3220(his)X
3359(own,)X
3575(he)X
3693(can)X
3854(then)X
4047(use)X
4202(the)X
720 2176(unprotected)N
1199(account)X
1523(to)X
1622(execute)X
1941(his)X
2077(program)X
2427(with)X
2622(super-user)X
3046(permissions.)X
920 2316(Simply)N
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1393(accounts)X
1754(without)X
2072(passwords)X
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2775(not)X
2922(be)X
3037(allowed)X
3366(on)X
3486(any)X
11 s
3647(UNIX)X
12 s
3889(system.)X
6 f
14 s
576 2665(2.1.5)N
917(Group)X
1283(Accounts)X
1823(and)X
2052(Groups)X
1 f
12 s
920 2861(Group)N
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2417(at)X
2515(many)X
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2980(but)X
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3277(actually)X
3611(a)X
3682(break-in)X
4031(waiting)X
720 2973(to)N
822(happen.)X
1175(A)X
1270(group)X
1520(account)X
1846(is)X
1936(a)X
2005(single)X
2261(account)X
2587(shared)X
2864(by)X
2986(several)X
3285(people,)X
3592(e.g.,)X
3781(by)X
3903(all)X
4026(the)X
4170(col-)X
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1134(on)X
1259(a)X
1332(project.)X
1678(As)X
1814(mentioned)X
2251(in)X
2356(the)X
2504(section)X
2807(on)X
2933(password)X
3325(security,)X
3684(users)X
3911(should)X
4197(not)X
720 3197(share)N
948(passwords)X
9 f
1372(-)X
1 f
1450(the)X
1593(group)X
1842(account)X
2167(concept)X
2492(directly)X
2812(violates)X
3136(this)X
3299(policy.)X
3612(The)X
3786(proper)X
4061(way)X
4245(to)X
720 3309(allow)N
963(users)X
1189(to)X
1293(share)X
1525(information,)X
2033(rather)X
2287(than)X
2482(giving)X
2757(them)X
2979(a)X
3051(group)X
3304(account)X
3633(to)X
3737(use,)X
3918(is)X
4011(to)X
4116(place)X
720 3421(these)N
951(users)X
1181(into)X
1364(a)X
1440(group.)X
1745(This)X
1949(is)X
2046(done)X
2266(by)X
2395(editing)X
2696(the)X
2846(group)X
3102(\256le,)X
2 f
3281(/etc/group)X
1 f
3725([Sun88a,)X
4101(1390;)X
720 3533(Sun88b,)N
1078(66],)X
1272(and)X
1453(creating)X
1806(a)X
1891(new)X
2093(group)X
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2732(users)X
2971(who)X
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3401(to)X
3518(collaborate)X
3989(listed)X
4240(as)X
720 3645(members.)N
920 3785(A)N
1013(line)X
1182(in)X
1281(the)X
1423(group)X
1671(\256le)X
1818(looks)X
2050(like)X
7 f
1008 3945 0.3830(groupname:password:groupid:user1,user2,user3,...)AN
1 f
720 4105(The)N
2 f
901(groupname)X
1 f
1386(is)X
1482(the)X
1632(name)X
1873(assigned)X
2236(to)X
2343(the)X
2493(group,)X
2773(much)X
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3271(login)X
3501(name.)X
3790(It)X
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4079(be)X
4202(the)X
720 4217(same)N
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1056(someone's)X
1496(login)X
1723(name,)X
1985(or)X
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2501(The)X
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3098(length)X
3367(of)X
3475(a)X
3546(group)X
3798(name)X
4035(is)X
4127(eight)X
720 4329(characters.)N
1187(The)X
1365(password)X
1755(\256eld)X
1954(is)X
2046(unused)X
2346(in)X
11 s
2448(BSD)X
12 s
2619(-derived)X
2969(versions)X
3318(of)X
11 s
3425(UNIX)X
12 s
3643(,)X
3696(and)X
3864(should)X
4149(con-)X
720 4441(tain)N
915(an)X
1056(asterisk)X
1400(\(*\).)X
1609(The)X
2 f
1808(groupid)X
1 f
2177(is)X
2290(a)X
2382(number)X
2725(from)X
2961(0)X
3058(to)X
3182(65535)X
3471(inclusive.)X
3916(Generally,)X
720 4553(numbers)N
1100(below)X
1384(10)X
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2071(for)X
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2963(but)X
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3543(choose)X
3859(any)X
4048(unused)X
720 4665(number.)N
1091(The)X
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1631(is)X
1723(a)X
1794(comma-separated)X
2502(\(no)X
2658(spaces\))X
2969(list)X
3115(of)X
3223(the)X
3369(login)X
3595(names)X
3869(of)X
3977(the)X
4123(users)X
720 4777(in)N
819(the)X
961(group.)X
1257(If)X
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1687(names)X
1957(are)X
2099(listed,)X
2357(then)X
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2691(group)X
2940(has)X
3093(no)X
3214(members.)X
3640(To)X
3772(create)X
4028(a)X
4096(group)X
720 4889(called)N
976(``hackers'')X
1422(with)X
1617(Huey,)X
1873(Duey,)X
2129(and)X
2292(Louie)X
2541(as)X
2645(members,)X
3046(you)X
3214(would)X
3478(add)X
3641(a)X
3708(line)X
3877(such)X
4077(as)X
4181(this)X
720 5001(to)N
819(the)X
961(group)X
1209(\256le:)X
7 f
1008 5161 0.3884(hackers:*:100:huey,duey,louie)AN
1 f
920 5349(After)N
1157(the)X
1309(group)X
1568(has)X
1731(been)X
1948(created,)X
2286(the)X
2439(\256les)X
2634(and)X
2808(directories)X
3250(the)X
3403(members)X
3791(wish)X
4007(to)X
4117(share)X
720 5461(can)N
884(then)X
1080(be)X
1201(changed)X
1552(so)X
1666(that)X
1840(they)X
2035(are)X
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2467(by)X
2592(this)X
2760(group,)X
3037(and)X
3205(the)X
3352(group)X
3605(permission)X
4056(bits)X
4224(on)X
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865(\256les)X
1052(and)X
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1652(can)X
1813(be)X
1931(set)X
2066(to)X
2169(allow)X
2411(sharing.)X
2770(Each)X
2991(user)X
3179(retains)X
3464(his)X
3604(own)X
3797(account,)X
4149(with)X
720 5685(his)N
856(own)X
1045(password,)X
1455(thus)X
1639(protecting)X
2054(the)X
2196(security)X
2525(of)X
2629(the)X
2771(system.)X
6 f
2421 6016(9)N

10 p
%%Page: 10 11
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
920 832(For)N
1086(example,)X
1470(to)X
1578(change)X
1884(Huey's)X
2194(``programs'')X
2718(directory)X
3099(to)X
3207(be)X
3331(owned)X
3620(by)X
3750(the)X
3902(new)X
4096(group)X
720 944(and)N
900(properly)X
1267(set)X
1415(up)X
1552(the)X
1711(permissions)X
2210(so)X
2335(that)X
2520(all)X
2657(members)X
3050(of)X
3170(the)X
3328(group)X
3592(may)X
3798(access)X
4084(it,)X
4202(the)X
2 f
720 1056(chgrp)N
1 f
984(and)X
2 f
1147(chmod)X
1 f
1443(commands)X
1884(would)X
2148(be)X
2263(used)X
2463(as)X
2567(follows)X
2879([Sun88a,)X
3247(63-66]:)X
7 f
1008 1216(#)N
8 f
1124(chgrp)X
1472(hackers)X
1936 0.4038(\304huey/programs)AX
7 f
1008 1328(#)N
8 f
1124(chmod)X
1472(-R)X
1646(g+rw)X
1936 0.4038(\304huey/programs)AX
6 f
14 s
576 1725(2.1.6)N
917(Yellow)X
1301(Pages)X
1 f
12 s
920 1921(The)N
1097(Sun)X
1273(Yellow)X
1583(Pages)X
1834(system)X
2128([Sun88b,)X
2504(349-374])X
2883(allows)X
3161(many)X
3402(hosts)X
3626(to)X
3728(share)X
3958(password)X
720 2033(\256les,)N
937(group)X
1194(\256les,)X
1411(and)X
1583(other)X
1814(\256les)X
2007(via)X
2158(the)X
2308(network,)X
2679(while)X
2925(the)X
3075(\256les)X
3267(are)X
3417(stored)X
3684(on)X
3812(only)X
4015(a)X
4090(single)X
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1540(Yellow)X
1847(Pages)X
2095(also)X
2274(contains)X
2619(a)X
2686(few)X
2854(potential)X
3216(security)X
3545(holes.)X
920 2285(The)N
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1491(way)X
1690(Yellow)X
2012(Pages)X
2275(works)X
2548(is)X
2652(to)X
2767(have)X
2989(a)X
3072(special)X
3380(line)X
3565(in)X
3680(the)X
3838(password)X
4240(or)X
720 2397(group)N
968(\256le)X
1115(that)X
1284(begins)X
1559(with)X
1754(a)X
1821(``+''.)X
2075(In)X
2179(the)X
2321(password)X
2707(\256le,)X
2878(this)X
3041(line)X
3210(looks)X
3442(like)X
7 f
1008 2557 0.4219(+::0:0:::)AN
1 f
720 2717(and)N
883(in)X
982(the)X
1124(group)X
1372(\256le,)X
1543(it)X
1621(looks)X
1853(like)X
7 f
1008 2877(+:)N
1 f
720 3037(These)N
975(lines)X
1182(should)X
1463(only)X
1659(be)X
1775(present)X
2078(in)X
2178(the)X
2321(\256les)X
2506(stored)X
2766(on)X
2887(Yellow)X
3195(Pages)X
3444(client)X
3684(machines.)X
4122(They)X
720 3149(should)N
1006(not)X
1159(be)X
1280(present)X
1588(in)X
1693(the)X
1841(\256les)X
2031(on)X
2157(the)X
2305(Yellow)X
2618(Pages)X
2872(master)X
3158(machine\(s\).)X
3663(When)X
3922(a)X
3994(program)X
720 3261(reads)N
955(the)X
1105(password)X
1499(or)X
1611(group)X
1867(\256le)X
2022(and)X
2193(encounters)X
2642(one)X
2813(of)X
2925(these)X
3155(lines,)X
3393(it)X
3479(goes)X
3687(through)X
4019(the)X
4170(net-)X
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944(and)X
1110(requests)X
1452(the)X
1596(information)X
2077(it)X
2157(wants)X
2407(from)X
2620(the)X
2764(Yellow)X
3073(Pages)X
3323(server)X
3584(instead)X
3883(of)X
3989(trying)X
4245(to)X
720 3485(\256nd)N
900(it)X
985(in)X
1091(the)X
1240(local)X
1459(\256le.)X
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1942(way,)X
2157(the)X
2306(data)X
2498(does)X
2705(not)X
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3072(to)X
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3762(on)X
3890(every)X
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1122(master)X
1414(machine)X
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2258(all)X
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3732(for)X
3879(this)X
4052(special)X
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988(be)X
1103(present)X
1405(there.)X
920 3849(Generally)N
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1732(the)X
1883(Yellow)X
2199(Pages)X
2456(service)X
2762(itself)X
2989(is)X
3087(reasonably)X
3538(secure.)X
3866(There)X
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4277(a)X
720 3961(few)N
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1281(that)X
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2717(cracker)X
3035(could)X
3283(exploit,)X
3609(but)X
3766(Sun)X
3949(is)X
4047(rapidly)X
720 4073(closing)N
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2338(Yellow)X
2650(Pages)X
2903(is)X
2996(the)X
3143(``+'')X
3354(line)X
3528(in)X
3633(the)X
3781(password)X
4173(\256le.)X
720 4185(If)N
814(the)X
962(``+'')X
1174(is)X
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1576(from)X
1792(the)X
1939(front)X
2155(of)X
2264(the)X
2411(line,)X
2609(then)X
2804(this)X
2972(line)X
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3367(its)X
3487(special)X
3784(Yellow)X
4096(Pages)X
720 4297(meaning.)N
1136(It)X
1231(instead)X
1540(becomes)X
1913(a)X
1992(regular)X
2301(password)X
2699(\256le)X
2858(line)X
3039(for)X
3187(an)X
3314(account)X
3650(with)X
3857(a)X
3936(null)X
4122(login)X
720 4409(name,)N
986(no)X
1115(password,)X
1534(and)X
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656 5408(*)N
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2395 6016(10)N

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14 s
576 832(2.2)N
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11 s
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6 f
14 s
576 2413(2.2.1)N
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11 s
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9 f
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1685(rlogin)X
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1936(\))X
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3294(\))X
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1835(,)X
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3442(hosts.equiv)X
1 f
3918(\256le,)X
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1886(\256le)X
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14 s
576 2285(2.2.1.2)N
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1976(.rhosts)X
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1556(hosts.equiv.)X
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2055(Unfortunately,)X
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994(hosts.equiv)X
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1901(.rhosts)X
1 f
2208(\256le)X
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2485(\256les)X
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2 f
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1 f
4197(\256le)X
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14 s
576 4202(2.2.2)N
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1 f
12 s
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2 f
2892(su)X
1 f
3030(command)X
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720 4734(however.\))N
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2 f
1515(/etc/ttytab)X
1 f
1955([Sun88a,)X
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720 4846(sidered)N
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2526(is)X
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10 f
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13 p
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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
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7 f
1008 880(console)N
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3850(secure)X
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3618(off)X
3850(secure)X
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3096(network)X
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1530(none)X
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3618(off)X
3850(secure)X
1 f
720 1600(The)N
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2 f
3451(su)X
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3594(command.)X
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14 s
576 3781(2.2.3)N
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4042(author-)X
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5 f
14 s
576 5362(2.2.3.1)N
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12 s
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1745([Sun88a,)X
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3919(mounting\))X
6 f
2395 6016(13)N

14 p
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1827(exports)X
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2157(\256le)X
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1008 1104(/usr)N
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720 3516(access=)N
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2521(\256le,)X
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1124(exportfs)X
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14 s
576 4437(2.2.3.2)N
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12 s
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2 f
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6 f
2395 6016(14)N

15 p
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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
7 f
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4091(.)X
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720 1824(AllSuns)N
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3947(A_Group)X
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883(B_Group)X
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2 f
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1057(\256eld)X
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3838(exports)X
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2584(.)X
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1402(and)X
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797(if)X
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576 4401(2.3.1)N
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864 3761(#)N
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980(chmod)X
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1560(directory)X
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14 s
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12 s
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1529(umask)X
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1825(value)X
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1752(chmod)X
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2063(command)X
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14 s
576 1501(2.3.5)N
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12 s
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1542(crypt)X
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1781(command)X
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2555(95])X
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3397(implements)X
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3259(crypt)X
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3499(have)X
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3970(program.)X
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14 s
576 4370(2.3.6)N
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1380(/dev/kmem)X
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2395 6016(23)N

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6 f
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14 s
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14 s
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6 f
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2395 6016(33)N

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1 f
1310(and)X
2 f
1473(ftp.uu.net)X
1 f
1853(.)X
2 f
776 1280(wsmr-simtel20.army.mil)N
1 f
1751(is)X
1841(a)X
11 s
1908(TOPS)X
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2123(-20)X
2277(machine)X
2630(operated)X
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3256(U.)X
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3480(Army)X
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3828(White)X
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898(Range,)X
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1997(directory)X
2 f
2384(pd2:<unix-c>)X
1 f
2986(contains)X
3346(a)X
3428(large)X
3659(amount)X
3986(of)X
11 s
4102(UNIX)X
12 s
576 1504(software,)N
973(primarily)X
1374(taken)X
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1854(the)X
2 f
2014(comp.sources)X
1 f
2597(newsgroups.)X
3146(The)X
3339(\256le)X
2 f
3505(000-master-index.txt)X
1 f
576 1616(contains)N
927(a)X
999(master)X
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1600(description)X
2057(of)X
2166(each)X
2372(piece)X
2605(of)X
2714(software)X
3074(available)X
3452(in)X
3556(the)X
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576 1728(\256le)N
2 f
754(000-intro-unix-sw.txt)X
1 f
1640(contains)X
2016(information)X
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2850(mailing)X
3200(list)X
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3735(announce)X
4160(new)X
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955(and)X
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1500(the)X
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3292(the)X
3434(archive)X
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11 s
3935(FTP)X
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4087(.)X
2 f
776 1980(ftp.uu.net)N
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1184(is)X
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11 s
1758(UUNET)X
12 s
2083(Communications)X
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3425(Falls)X
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782(company)X
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1711(and)X
11 s
1883(USENET)X
12 s
2255(access)X
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2644(sites)X
2849(all)X
2980(over)X
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3665(\(and)X
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1743(the)X
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11 s
2289(USENET)X
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2654(source)X
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3419(is)X
3511(stored)X
3774(here,)X
3992(in)X
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814(of)X
918(the)X
1060(same)X
1282(name:)X
864 2476(comp.sources.games)N
864 2588(comp.sources.misc)N
864 2700(comp.sources.sun)N
864 2812(comp.sources.unix)N
864 2924(comp.sources.x)N
576 3084(Numerous)N
1012(other)X
1246(distributions,)X
1788(such)X
2001(as)X
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2252(the)X
2407(freely)X
2669(distributable)X
3188(Berkeley)X
11 s
3571(UNIX)X
12 s
3826(source)X
4114(code,)X
576 3196(Internet)N
900(Request)X
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1370(Comments)X
1811(\()X
11 s
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2010(s\),)X
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6 f
14 s
576 3545(4.1.4)N
917(Vendors)X
1 f
12 s
776 3741(Many)N
1042(vendors)X
1388(make)X
1639(\256xes)X
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2242(in)X
2360(their)X
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3346 0.2500(electronically,)AX
3939(either)X
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896(lists)X
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11 s
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1942(.)X
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923(and)X
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1154(\(see)X
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14 s
576 4538(4.2)N
824(THE)X
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1 f
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2 f
955(npasswd)X
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1330(command,)X
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1968(the)X
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11 s
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2 f
12 s
2712(passwd)X
1 f
3038(command)X
3446([Sun88a,)X
3818(379],)X
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700(the)X
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2 f
1055(yppasswd)X
1 f
1488(command)X
1912([Sun88a,)X
2300(611].)X
2 f
2568(npasswd)X
1 f
2958(makes)X
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919(to)X
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2 f
576 5182(npasswd)N
1 f
922(:)X
10 f
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1 f
976(Con\256gurable)X
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10 f
776 5462(g)N
1 f
976(Con\256gurable)X
1502(to)X
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10 f
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1 f
976(Checking)X
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6 f
2395 6016(37)N

38 p
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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
10 f
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1 f
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10 f
776 972(g)N
1 f
976(Checking)X
1369(against)X
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10 f
776 1112(g)N
1 f
976(Checking)X
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1505(words)X
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1862(various)X
2169(dictionaries,)X
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2 f
971(npasswd)X
1 f
1362(distribution)X
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1960(available)X
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2513(anonymous)X
11 s
3000(FTP)X
12 s
3198(from)X
2 f
3431(emx.utexas.edu)X
1 f
4081(in)X
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576 1364(directory)N
2 f
948(pub/npasswd)X
1 f
1465(.)X
6 f
14 s
576 1713(4.3)N
824(THE)X
1078(COPS)X
1425(PACKAGE)X
1 f
12 s
776 2021(COPS)N
1043(is)X
1135(a)X
1207(security)X
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1720(for)X
1861(system)X
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2911(checks)X
3202(for)X
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3751(common)X
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737(problems)X
1122(on)X
11 s
1243(UNIX)X
12 s
1488(systems,)X
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3384(in)X
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3650(document.)X
11 s
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12 s
576 2245(is)N
665(a)X
733(collection)X
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1244(shell)X
1451(scripts)X
1727(and)X
1891(C)X
1980(programs)X
2368(that)X
2538(can)X
2697(easily)X
2947(be)X
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3216(on)X
3338(almost)X
3621(any)X
11 s
3784(UNIX)X
12 s
4028(variant.)X
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889(other)X
1112(things,)X
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2695(sends)X
2932(the)X
3074(results)X
3349(to)X
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3881(administra-)X
576 2469(tor:)N
10 f
776 2609(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
2 f
1283(/dev/kmem)X
1 f
1735(and)X
1898(other)X
2120(devices)X
2433(for)X
2569(world)X
2817 0.1953(read/writability.)AX
10 f
776 2749(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283 0.2109(special/important)AX
1977(\256les)X
2161(and)X
2324(directories)X
2755(for)X
2891(``bad'')X
3182(modes)X
3457(\(world)X
3737(writable,)X
4101(etc.\).)X
10 f
776 2889(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283(for)X
1419(easily)X
1668(guessed)X
1996(passwords.)X
10 f
776 3029(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283(for)X
1419(duplicate)X
1797(user)X
1981(ids,)X
2141(invalid)X
2433(\256elds)X
2665(in)X
2764(the)X
2906(password)X
3292(\256le,)X
3463(etc.)X
10 f
776 3169(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283(for)X
1419(duplicate)X
1797(group)X
2045(ids,)X
2205(invalid)X
2497(\256elds)X
2729(in)X
2828(the)X
2970(group)X
3218(\256le,)X
3389(etc.)X
10 f
776 3309(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1290(all)X
1418(users')X
1678(home)X
1923(directories)X
2361(and)X
2531(their)X
2 f
2739(.cshrc)X
1 f
2987(,)X
2 f
3042(.login)X
1 f
3280(,)X
2 f
3336(.pro\256le)X
1 f
3627(,)X
3683(and)X
2 f
3854(.rhosts)X
1 f
4160(\256les)X
976 3421(for)N
1112(security)X
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10 f
776 3561(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1284(all)X
1406(commands)X
1848(in)X
1948(the)X
2 f
2091(/etc/rc)X
1 f
2379(\256les)X
2564([Sun88a,)X
2933(1724-1725])X
3407(and)X
2 f
3572(cron)X
1 f
3790(\256les)X
3976([Sun88a,)X
976 3673(1606-1607])N
1448(for)X
1584(world)X
1832(writability.)X
10 f
776 3813(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283(for)X
1419(bad)X
1582(``root'')X
1889(paths,)X
11 s
2138(NFS)X
12 s
2323(\256le)X
2470(system)X
2761(exported)X
3122(to)X
3221(the)X
3363(world,)X
3635(etc.)X
10 f
776 3953(g)N
1 f
976(Includes)X
1334(an)X
1457(expert)X
1730(system)X
2029(that)X
2206(checks)X
2500(to)X
2607(see)X
2763(if)X
2855(a)X
2931(given)X
3178(user)X
3371(\(usually)X
3714(``root''\))X
4062(can)X
4229(be)X
976 4065(compromised,)N
1548(given)X
1786(that)X
1955(certain)X
2242(rules)X
2453(are)X
2595(true.)X
10 f
776 4205(g)N
1 f
976(Checks)X
1283(for)X
2 f
1419(changes)X
1 f
1774(in)X
1873(the)X
2015(setuid)X
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2512(of)X
2616(programs)X
3003(on)X
3123(the)X
3265(system.)X
776 4345(The)N
11 s
951(COPS)X
12 s
1198(package)X
1541(is)X
1633(available)X
2010(from)X
2225(the)X
2 f
2371(comp.sources.unix)X
1 f
3130(archive)X
3442(on)X
2 f
3566(ftp.uu.net)X
1 f
3946(,)X
3998(and)X
4165(also)X
576 4457(from)N
787(the)X
929(repository)X
1343(on)X
2 f
1463(wsmr-simtel20.army.mil)X
1 f
2412(.)X
6 f
14 s
576 4806(4.4)N
824(SUN)X
1091(C2)X
1265(SECURITY)X
1860(FEATURES)X
1 f
12 s
776 5002(With)N
998(the)X
1145(release)X
1442(of)X
1551(Sun)X
11 s
1700(OS)X
12 s
1841(4.0,)X
2014(Sun)X
2192(has)X
2349(included)X
2711(security)X
3046(features)X
3381(that)X
3556(allow)X
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3948(system)X
4245(to)X
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885(at)X
980(a)X
1048(higher)X
1319(level)X
1532(of)X
1637(security,)X
1991(patterned)X
2375(after)X
2577(the)X
2720(C2*)X
2905(classi\256cation.)X
3482(These)X
3738(features)X
4069(can)X
4229(be)X
576 5226(installed)N
948(as)X
1073(one)X
1257(of)X
1382(the)X
1544(options)X
1871(when)X
2123(installing)X
2526(the)X
2688(system)X
2999(from)X
3230(the)X
3392(distribution)X
3880(tapes.)X
4170(The)X
10 s
10 f
576 5322(h)N
592(hhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
1 f
656 5432(*)N
736(C2)X
850(is)X
924(one)X
1061(of)X
1149(several)X
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1673(classi\256cations)X
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2400(by)X
2501(the)X
2620(National)X
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3258(Security)X
3546(Center,)X
3801(and)X
3938(is)X
4012(described)X
576 5528(in)N
658([NCSC85],)X
1040(the)X
1158(``orange)X
1451(book.'')X
6 f
12 s
2395 6016(38)N

39 p
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12 s 0 xH 0 xS 6 f
1 f
576 832(security)N
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10 f
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1 f
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2794(times,)X
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3768(administrative)X
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1441(and)X
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2249(privileged)X
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10 f
776 1224(g)N
1 f
976(A)X
1091(more)X
1335(secure)X
1627(password)X
2035(\256le)X
2205(mechanism)X
2691(\(``shadow)X
3127(password)X
3536(\256le''\))X
3802(that)X
3994(prevents)X
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1920(a)X
1987(list)X
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2233(the)X
2375(encrypted)X
2779(passwords.)X
10 f
776 1476(g)N
11 s
1 f
976(DES)X
12 s
1166(encryption)X
1602(capability.)X
10 f
776 1616(g)N
1 f
976(A)X
1077(\(more\))X
1371(secure)X
11 s
1647(NFS)X
12 s
1840 0.2548(implementation)AX
2479(that)X
2657(uses)X
2855(public-key)X
3300(encryption)X
3745(to)X
3853 0.2841(authenticate)AX
976 1728(the)N
1128(users)X
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1922(and)X
2094(the)X
2245(hosts)X
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2604(the)X
2755(network,)X
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3235(be)X
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3751(really)X
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4155(who)X
976 1840(they)N
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1405(to)X
1504(be.)X
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830(security)X
1159(features)X
1488(are)X
1630(described)X
2023(in)X
2122(detail)X
2361(in)X
2460([Sun88c].)X
6 f
14 s
576 2329(4.5)N
824(KERBEROS)X
1 f
12 s
776 2525(Kerberos)N
1156([Stei88])X
1494(is)X
1586(an)X
1705 0.2356(authentication)AX
2280(system)X
2575(developed)X
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3269(Athena)X
3575(Project)X
3877(at)X
3976(the)X
4123(Mas-)X
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1362(of)X
1482(Technology.)X
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2422(is)X
2526(a)X
2609(third-party)X
3060 0.2356(authentication)AX
3646(service,)X
3982(which)X
4256(is)X
576 2749(trusted)N
863(by)X
984(other)X
1207(network)X
1547(services.)X
1930(When)X
2185(a)X
2253(user)X
2438(logs)X
2623(in,)X
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3124(authenticates)X
3654(that)X
3825(user)X
4011(\(using)X
4277(a)X
576 2861(password\),)N
1020(and)X
1185(provides)X
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2067(a)X
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3455(servers)X
3752(and)X
3916(hosts)X
4138(scat-)X
576 2973(tered)N
793(around)X
1084(the)X
1226(network.)X
776 3113(This)N
972 0.2356(authentication)AX
1544(is)X
1633(then)X
1824(used)X
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2146(programs)X
2534(such)X
2735(as)X
2 f
2840(rlogin)X
1 f
3116([Sun88a,)X
3485(418-419])X
3862(to)X
3962(allow)X
4202(the)X
576 3225(user)N
763(to)X
865(log)X
1015(in)X
1117(to)X
1219(other)X
1444(hosts)X
1668(without)X
1989(a)X
2059(password)X
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12 s
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14 s
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12 s
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14 s
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14 s
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12 s
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12 s
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4213(To)X
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1813(sun-spots-request@rice.edu)X
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1904(.)X
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2 f
3745(sun-managers-)X
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6 f
14 s
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1 f
12 s
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7 f
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2 f
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1 f
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817(address)X
2 f
1129 0.0970(listserv%lehiibm1.bitnet@mitvma.mit.edu)AX
1 f
2765(.)X
6 f
2395 6016(43)N

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2 f
11 s
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12 s
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1 f
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6 f
2395 6016(45)N

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(BSD)S
1606(UNIX)X
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2 f
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1 f
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2395 6016(46)N

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976(Network)X
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10 f
776 2164(g)N
1 f
976(File)X
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1894(\256xes,)X
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2 f
1172(can)X
1 f
1351(make)X
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6 f
2395 6016(47)N

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3184(.)X
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3478(,)X
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3098(Today!)X
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1786(-823.)X
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4296(.)X
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12 s
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1764(The)X
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2490(.)X
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1996(System)X
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3488(,)X
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10 f
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DataMuseum.dk

DKUUG/EUUG Conference tapes

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