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2828 y(7)p eop
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bop 56 45 a Fk(1.)22 b(End-systems)12 b(can)h(protect)g(themselv)o(es)f(at)g
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o(y)g(\(transp)q(ort)114 102 y(la)o(y)o(er)17 b(b)q(eing)i(the)g(most)f
(applicable\).)29 b(Of)19 b(course,)g(this)f(only)g(holds)h(for)f(the)g(reac)
o(hable)h(end-systems)114 158 y(that)14 b(are)h(su\016cien)o(tly)g(equipp)q
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(the)g(rest)f(of)g(the)h(stub)g(AD)f(net)o(w)o(ork)g(resources)h(are)f
(protected)214 306 y(b)o(y)16 b(the)g(b)q(order)g(routers)g(as)f(discussed)i
(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)22 b(Since)17 b(ADs)f(in)o(terconnect)g(at)f(the)h(net)o(w)o
(ork)f(la)o(y)o(er)214 362 y(and)g(the)h Fg(net)o(w)o(ork-la)o(y)o(er)f(pac)o
(k)o(et-forw)o(arding)f Fk(proto)q(col)g(is)h(the)h(highest)f(la)o(y)o(er)g
(with)f(resp)q(ect)214 418 y(to)20 b(these)h(resources,)i(it)d(is)h(the)g
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214 475 y(restrictions)13 b(to)i(unequipp)q(ed)i(end-systems.)130
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(unlik)o(e)214 658 y(stub)g(AD)h(p)q(olicies,)f(transit)g(AD)g(p)q(olicies)g
(ma)o(y)g(prev)o(en)o(t)h(comm)o(unication)e(ev)o(en)i(when)g(a)g(viable)214
715 y(route)e(exists.)24 b(If)17 b(a)f(stub)h(AD's)f(p)q(olicy)g(disallo)o
(ws)f(comm)o(unication,)g(the)i(user)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(incon)o(v)o(e-)214
771 y(nienced.)j(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(the)g(p)q(olicy)h(is)f(ha)o(ving)g
(its)g(desired)h(a\013ect.)k(On)d(the)e(other)h(hand,)g(transit)e(AD)214
828 y(p)q(olicies)17 b(ha)o(v)o(e)g(more)g(far-reac)o(hing)g(impact.)27
b(The)18 b(shortest)f(route)g(computed)h(b)o(y)g(a)f(traditional)214
884 y(routing)12 b(algorithm)g(ma)o(y)h(not)h(b)q(e)g(usable)g(b)o(y)g(a)f
(particular)g(source)h(due)g(to)f(a)h(p)q(olicy)f(of)h(one)f(of)h(the)214
940 y(transit)g(ADs.)23 b(Without)15 b(access)h(to)f(transit)g(p)q(olicy)h
(information,)e(the)i(routing)f(proto)q(col)g(has)h(no)214
997 y(means)f(of)g(\014nding)g(an)g(alternativ)o(e,)e(p)q(erhaps)j
Fl(longer)p Fk(,)e(route)h(for)g(that)f(source.)214 1060 y(As)h(a)h(result,)e
(transit)h(ADs)g(can)h(not)f(simply)g(enforce)h(p)q(olicy)f(restrictions)f
(on)i(a)f(unilateral)g(basis)214 1117 y(at)f(pac)o(k)o(et)g(forw)o(arding)g
(time.)19 b(Instead,)c(p)q(olicies)f(p)q(ertaining)g(to)h(transit)e(AD)i(net)
o(w)o(ork)f(resources)214 1173 y(m)o(ust)i(b)q(e)h(either)g(implicit)e(in)i
(the)g(top)q(ology)e(of)i(an)f(in)o(ternet)o(w)o(ork,)f(or)i(adv)o(ertised)f
(to)g(the)h(an)o(tici-)214 1230 y(pated)e(resource)g(users)g(as)g(part)g(of)g
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1213 y Ff(3)56 1321 y Fk(3.)22 b(Route)11 b(selection)f(p)q(olicies)g(are)g
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b(In)11 b(route)g(serv)o(ers,)114 1377 y(the)18 b(enforcemen)o(t)f(proto)q
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(computes)h(in)o(ternet)o(w)o(ork)114 1434 y(routes)g(and)i(distributes)e
(them)h(to)g(appropriate)f(end-systems.)32 b(In)20 b(addition,)f(Border)g
(routers)f(ha)o(v)o(e)114 1490 y(to)d(v)m(alidate)h(route)g(selection)f(made)
h(b)o(y)h(the)f(route)g(serv)o(ers)f(at)h(pac)o(k)o(et)g(forw)o(arding)e
(time.)22 b(This)16 b(latter)114 1547 y(function)f(needs)h(to)e(tak)o(e)h
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h(is)f(p)q(ermitted)h(to)f(access,)0 1888 y(or)k(is)g(restricted)g(from)g
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(ets.)27 b(Whereas)18 b(pac)o(k)o(ets)f(routinely)g(include)h(end-system)g
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g(AD)h(addresses)h(through)f(existing)f(mec)o(hanisms.)56 2409
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(lev)o(el,)g(the)f(c)o(hoice)h(of)f(principal)g(gran)o(ularit)o(y)e(dep)q
(ends)114 2465 y(on)i(the)g(proto)q(col)g(la)o(y)o(er.)25 b(Since)17
b(end-systems)h(can)g(implemen)o(t)e(con)o(trols)g(at)h(sev)o(eral)f(proto)q
(col)h(la)o(y)o(ers,)114 2522 y(principals)11 b(of)i(di\013eren)o(t)e(gran)o
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b(example,)g(end-systems)h(at)f(the)h(transp)q(ort)114 2578
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2828 y Fk(8)p eop
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bop 56 45 a Fk(2.)22 b(The)16 b(ends-p)q(oin)o(ts)h(of)f(in)o(ter-AD)f(comm)o
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(are)114 102 y(the)c(end-p)q(oin)o(t)i(stub)e(ADs)h(This)f(implies)g(that)g
(the)h(principal)f(gran)o(ularit)o(y)e(for)i(stub)h(AD)f(access)h(con)o(trol)
114 158 y(should)e(b)q(e)i(at)d(the)i(lev)o(el)f(of)g(ADs)h(or)f(user)g
(classes.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)11 b(as)g(men)o(tioned)g(b)q(efore,)h(net)o
(w)o(ork)f(resources)114 214 y(of)h(stub)i(ADs)f(include)g(the)g
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(end-system)h(destination)114 327 y(address.)h(Therefore,)15
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(resources)h(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(end-system)114 384 y(as)d(w)o(ell)h(as)f(AD.)56
478 y(3.)22 b(Since)11 b(transit)e(ADs)h(pro)o(vide)h(comm)o(unication)e
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(imprac-)114 534 y(tical)16 b(for)h(their)h(resource)f(usage)h(p)q(olicy)f
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1930 518 y Ff(4)114 591 y Fk(Therefore,)h(the)h(sub)s(jects)f(of)f(transit)g
(resource)i(p)q(olicy)f(enforcemen)o(t)g(are)g(exp)q(ected)h(to)f(b)q(e)h
(ADs)f(and)114 647 y(user)d(classes.)56 741 y(4.)22 b(F)l(or)16
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o(ularities)d(of)i(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(end-p)q(oin)o(t)i(\(source)114
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(the)f(same)f(\(e.g.,)i(a)e(single)h(route)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(a)f(pair)114
854 y(of)c(ADs\))h(or)f(they)i(ma)o(y)e(di\013er,)h(e.g.,)g(a)g(p)q(olicy)g
(ma)o(y)f(prescrib)q(e)i(a)f(sp)q(eci\014c)h(route)e(for)h(a)g(giv)o(en)f
Fc(f)p Fl(end-)114 910 y(system,destination-AD)p Fc(g)g Fk(pair.)31
b(It)19 b(is)g(exp)q(ected)h(that)f(most)f(route)h(selection)g(p)q(olicies)f
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(and)i(destination)e(AD.)0 1128 y Fh(3.5)56 b(Comm)n(unication)18
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(ciation)d(\(i.e.,)h(connec-)0 1365 y(tion\),)k(and)h(p)q(er)h(AD)f(asso)q
(ciation.)k(W)l(e)c(also)g(consider)g(the)g(appropriateness)g(of)g(using)g(a)
g(priori)f(\(prev)o(en)o(tiv)o(e\))0 1422 y(or)e(p)q(ost)h(facto)f(\(accoun)o
(ting\))g(detection,)h(of)g(unauthorized)g(resource)g(use,)g(in)g(the)g(con)o
(text)g(of)f(di\013eren)o(t)g(p)q(olicy)0 1478 y(ob)s(jects)j(and)g(securit)o
(y)g(services.)56 1611 y(1.)22 b(A)o(t)10 b(the)h(end-systems,)h(the)g(gran)o
(ularit)o(y)c(of)j(con)o(trolled)f(comm)o(unication)g(units)h(dep)q(ends)h
(on)f(their)g(reac)o(h-)114 1668 y(abilit)o(y)l(.)18 b(F)l(or)d(the)g(reac)o
(hable)g(end-systems,)g(gran)o(ularit)o(y)e(dep)q(ends)k(up)q(on)f(the)f
(particular)f(enforcemen)o(t)114 1724 y(proto)q(col.)27 b(F)l(or)17
b(example,)h(p)q(er-pac)o(k)o(et)g(at)f(the)i(net)o(w)o(ork)d(la)o(y)o(er,)h
(and)i(p)q(er)f(end-system)g(asso)q(ciation)f(at)114 1781 y(the)c(transp)q
(ort)f(la)o(y)o(er.)18 b(Regardless)13 b(of)g(the)g(proto)q(col,)f(the)h(mo)q
(de)h(of)e(enforcemen)o(t)h(has)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(prev)o(en)o(tiv)o(e)114
1837 y(\(at)g(real-time\))g(since)h(end-system)h(disruption)e(can)h(not)g
(usually)g(b)q(e)h(tolerated.)114 1912 y(Access)h(con)o(trol)f(for)g
(unequipp)q(ed)i(end-systems)g(has)e(to)h(b)q(e)g(done)g(on)g(a)g(p)q(er)g
(pac)o(k)o(et)f(prev)o(en)o(tiv)o(e)h(basis)114 1969 y(in)g(b)q(order)h
(routers.)28 b(This)17 b(is)g(b)q(ecause)i(ev)o(en)f(a)g(single)f(pac)o(k)o
(et)g(can)h(disrupt)g(these)g(unprotected)g(end-)114 2025 y(systems.)56
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h(appropriate)f(basis)g(for)g(protection)f(of)i(other)f(stub)114
2175 y(AD)c(net)o(w)o(ork)g(resources.)25 b(If)17 b(reac)o(hable)g
(end-systems)g(implemen)o(t)f(con)o(trols,)g(and)h(external)f(tra\016c)h(to)
114 2232 y(unequipp)q(ed)g(end-systems)e(is)g(prev)o(en)o(ted)g(at)g(AD)f(b)q
(oundaries,)h(the)h(only)e(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(for)h(unauthorized)114
2288 y(use)21 b(of)f(stub)h(AD)f(net)o(w)o(ork)g(resources)g(is)h(the)f
(compromised)h(tra\016c)f(addressed)h(to)f(reac)o(hable)g(end-)114
2345 y(systems.)32 b(Suc)o(h)20 b(tra\016c)f(consumes)h(net)o(w)o(ork)e
(resources)i Fl(en)f(r)n(oute)1313 2328 y Ff(5)1334 2345 y
Fk(.)33 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19 b(authen)o(ticating)f(the)114
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(ery)g(incoming)g(pac)o(k)o(et)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(exp)q(ensiv)o(e)g(in)g
(terms)e(of)114 2458 y(p)q(erformance)13 b(and)h(implemen)o(tation.)j(Th)o
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(unauthorized)114 2514 y(resource)g(usage)f(of)h(this)f(sort)g(in)h(return)g
(for)f(faster)g(pac)o(k)o(et)h(switc)o(hing)f(in)g(b)q(order)i(routers,)e
(while)g(others)114 2571 y(ma)o(y)h(go)h(to)g(the)g(trouble)g(of)g
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(of)f(compromised)p 0 2610 780 2 v 52 2637 a Fe(4)69 2653 y
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(protected.)964 2828 y Fk(9)p eop
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bop 114 45 a Fk(tra\016c.)23 b(In)17 b(summary)l(,)f(for)g(net)o(w)o(ork)g
(resources)h(other)f(than)g(end-systems,)h(b)q(oth)g(real-time)e(and)i(p)q
(ost)114 102 y(facto)d(\(accoun)o(ting-based\))g(detection)h(metho)q(ds)h
(can)f(b)q(e)h(used.)56 195 y(3.)22 b(F)l(or)d(transit)f(AD)i(net)o(w)o(ork)f
(resources,)i(the)f(comm)o(unication)e(unit)i(gran)o(ularit)o(y)d(is)j(dep)q
(enden)o(t)h(up)q(on)114 252 y(the)c(particular)e(securit)o(y)i(service.)25
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(of)h(pac)o(k)o(ets)f(or)114 308 y(end-system)f(asso)q(ciations)f(due)i(to)f
(p)q(oten)o(tially)f(large)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)i(of)f(them.)21
b(It)15 b(is)g(more)g(manageable)g(to)114 365 y(apply)e(enforcemen)o(t)h(to)g
(stub)g(AD)f(asso)q(ciations.)18 b(Because)d(AD-pair)e(asso)q(ciations)f(are)
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