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	@(#)ps.1	2.1	7/1/84
	@(#)Copyright (C) 1983 by National Semiconductor Corp.
..
.TH PS 1
.UC 4
.SH NAME
ps \- process status
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ps
.B [acegklstuvwx#]
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Ps
prints information about processes.  Normally, only 
your processes , except
.I ps
itself, 
are candidates to be printed by
.I ps.
By specifying 'a', other user's processes become 
candidates to be printedd in addition to your processes. Note that 'a'
also causes
.I ps
itself to be printed, since in G\s-2ENIX\s0 'ps's effective id is 'root'. By
specifying
.B x
, processes without control terminals are also placed
in the candidate pool.
.PP
All output formats include, for each process, the 
process id PID, control terminal of the process 
.B TT,
cpu time used by the process
.B TIME (this includes both user and system time), the stat 
.B STAT
of the process, and an indication of the 
.B COMMAND
which is running.  The state is given by a sequence 
of four letters,
e.g. 
.B "RWNA".
The first letter indicates the runnability of 
the process:
.B R
for runnable processes, 
.B T
for stopped processes,
.B P
for processes in page wait,
.B D
for those in disk (or other short term) waits,
.B S
for those sleeping for less than about 20 
seconds, and
.B I
for idle (sleeping longer than about 20 seconds) 
processes.  The second letter indicates whether 
a process is swapped out, showing
.B W
if it is, or a blank if it is loaded (in core); 
a process which has specified a soft limit on 
memory requirements and which is exceeding that 
limit shows >; such a process 
is (necessarily) not swapped.  The third letter 
indicates whether a process is running with altered
.B CPU
scheduling priority (nice); if the processes 
priority is reduced, a
.B N
is shown, if the process priority has been 
artificially raised then a '<' is shown; process 
running without special treatment have just a 
blank.  The final letter indicates any special 
treatment of the process for virtual memory 
replacement; the letters correspond to
options to the 
.I vadvise
(2) call; currently the possibilities are 
.B A
standing for 
.B VA_ANOM,
.B S
for 
.B VA_SEQL
and blank for 
.B VA_NORM
; an 
.B A
typically represents a 
.I lisp
(1) in garbage collection,
.B S
is typical of large image processing programs 
which are using virtual memory to sequentially 
address voluminous data.
.PP
Here are the options:
.TP 
.B a
asks for information about all processes with 
terminals (ordinarily only one's own processes 
are displayed).
.TP 
.B c
prints the command name, as stored internally in 
the system for purposes of accounting, rather than 
the command arguments, which are kept in the 
process' address space.  This is more reliable, if
less informative, since the process is free to 
destroy the latter information.
.TP
.B e
asks for the environment to be printed as well 
as the arguments to the command.
.TP
.B g
asks for all processes.  Without this option, 
.I ps
only prints "interesting" processes.  Processes 
are deemed to be uninteresting if they are 
process group leaders.  This normally
eliminates top\-level command interpreters and 
processes waiting for users to login on free 
terminals.
.TP
.B k
causes the file /
.I vmcore
is used in place of /
.I "dev/kmen"
and 
.I "/dev/men".
This is used for post\-mortem system debugging.
.TP
.B l
asks for a long listing, with fields PPID, CP, 
PRI, NI, ADDR, SIZE, RSS and WCHAN as described below.
.TP
.B S
adds the size SSIZ of the kernel stack of 
each process (for use by system maintainers) 
to the basic output format.
.TP
.BI tx
restricts output to processes whose controlling tty is 
.I x
(which should be specified as printed by
.I ps,
e.g.
.I t3
for tty3,
.I tco
for console,
.I td0
for ttyd0,
.I t?
for processes with no tty, etc).  This option 
must be the last one given.
.TP
.B u
A user oriented output is produced.  This 
includes fields USER, %CPU, NICE, SIZE, 
and RSS as described below.
.TP
.B v
A version of the output containing virtual 
memory statistics is output.  This includes 
fields RE, SL, PAGEIN, SIZE, RSS,
LIM, TSIZ, TRS, %CPU and %MEM, described below.
.TP
.B w
Use a wide output format (132 columns rather 
than 80); if repeated, e.g. ww, use arbitrarily 
wide output.  This information is used to decide 
how much of long commands print.
.TP
.B x
asks even about processes with no terminal.
.TP
.B #
A process number may be given, (indicated here
by #), in which case the output is restricted to 
that process.  This option must also be last.
.PP
A second argument tells 
.I ps
where to look for
.I core
if the 
.B k
option is given, instead of /vmcore.  A third 
argument is the name of a swap file to use instead
of the default /dev/drum.  If a fourth argument
is given, it is taken to be the file containing
the system's namelist.  Otherwise, /vmunix is used.
.PP
Fields which are not common to all output formats:
.TP 10
.B USER
name of the owner of the process
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B "%CPU"
cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying 
average over up to a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed
varies (since processes may be very young)
it is possible for the sum of all 
.B "%CPU"
fields to exceed 100%.
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B NICE
(or
.B NI)
process scheduling increment (see
.I nice(2))
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B SIZE
vitual size of the process (in 1024 byte unites)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B RSS
real memory (resident set) size of the process
(in 1024 byte unites)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B LIM
soft limit on memory used,
specified via a call to
.I vlimit(2);
if no limit has been specified then shown as 
.I xx
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B TSIZ
size of text (shared program) image
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B TRS
size of resident (real memory) set of text.
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B "%MEM"
percentage of real memory used by this process.
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B RE
residency time of the process (seconds in core)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B SL
sleep time of the process (seconds blocked)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B PAGEIN
number of disk i/o's resulting from references by
the process to pages not to loaded in core.
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B UID
numerical user-id of process owner
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B PPID
numerical id of parent of process
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B CP
short-term cpu utilization factor (used in scheduling)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B PRI
process priority (non-positive when in 
non\-interruptible wait)
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B ADDR
swap address of the process
.br
.br
.ns
.TP 10
.B WCHAN
event on which process is waiting (an address in
the system), with the initial part of the address
trimmed off e.g. 80004000 prints as 4000.
.TP 10
.B F
flags associated with process as in /usr/include/sys/proc.h:
.RS
.PD 0
.ns
.TP 12
.B SLOAD
000001 in core 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SSYS
000002 scheduling process 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SLOCK
000004 process cannot be swapped 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SSWAP
000010 process is being swapped out 
.ns
.TP 12
.B STRC
000020 process is being traced 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SWTED
000040 another tracing flag 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SVFORK
000100 fork created by vfork 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SNUSIG
000200 using new signal mechanism 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SDETACH
000400 detached inherited by init 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SWEXIT
001000 working on exiting 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SPAGE
002000 process in page wait state 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SGRCGVN 
004000 CPU grace time has been given once 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SFPU
010000 floating point instructions enabled 
.ns
.TP 12
.B SMMU
020000 mmu debug block enabled 
.PD
.RE
.LP
A process that has exited and has a parent, but has 
not yet been waited for by the parent is
marked <defunct>; a process which is blocked 
trying to exit is marked <exiting>;
.I Ps
makes an educated guess as to the file name and 
arguments given when the process was created by 
examining memory or the swap area.  The method
is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any
event a process is entitled to destroy this
information, so the names cannot be counted
on too much.
.SH FILES
.ta \w'/dev/kmen\ \ 'u
/vmunix	system namelist
.br
/dev/kmem	kernel memory
.br
/dev/drum	swap device
.br
/vmcore	core file
.br
/dev	searched to find swap device and tty names
.br
.SH "SEE ALSO"
kill(1), w(1)
.SH BUGS
Things can change while ps is running; the
picture it gives is only a close 
approximation to reality.
DataMuseum.dk

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