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.ig
	@(#)ld.1	2.1	7/1/84
	@(#)Copyright (C) 1983 by National Semiconductor Corp.
..
.if t .ds U _\ 
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.TH LD 1 
.SH NAME
ld \- \fISeries 32000\fP link editor (nmeld for cross-support)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ld
[ option ] ...
.I module ...
.sp 1
.B nmeld
[ option ] ...
.I module ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Ld
combines several
object modules into one and resolves external
references.
In the simplest case several object
.I modules
are given, and
.I ld
combines them, producing
an 
.I a.out 
file which is ready for execution.
The output of
.I ld
is left on the file
.IR a.out .
This file is deleted
if errors occurred during the load.
.PP
The argument modules are concatenated in the order
specified.  The entry point of the output is the
symbol 
.B start
(unless the \f3\-e\fP option is specified).
Module zero is unused.
.PP
The resulting image consists of the module table, followed by each module's
program and link table.
The link table for a module begins after
the program segment for that module.  Finally, the static base segment 
for each module is concatenated at the end of the image.
Each segment
begins on a 32 bit boundary except for the first static base segment, which
begins on a 1024 byte boundary if the user has not specified the 
.B \-p
option.
.PP
If common symbols are left unresolved,
.I ld
exports them and allocates space for them.
These symbols are defined in the %initfun module (see below).
Common symbols are aligned on 32 bit boundaries.
.PP
Symbols with the special name 
.B %initfun 
are coalesced  into one %initfun module.
.I Ld
makes each unique by appending
relative mod number and creating a dummy module containing calls to
all %initfun entry points.
This feature is currently used by the compilers 
for initializing run-time addresses.
.PP
The symbols
.BR \*Uetext ,
.BR \*Uedata ,
and
.BR \*Uend ,
are defined as follows:
.B \*Uetext
is the first address past the text segment;
.B \*Uedata
is the first address past the last static base area;
.B \*Uend
is the first address past the end of the bss area.
.PP
.I Ld
understands several options.
Options should be specified upon invocation barring -l. 
All options
should be specified before any
.I module.
Otherwise errors may result that the loader will not bring to
your attention. These errors will manifest themselves during
program execution.
.TP
.SM
.B "\-R \*S\f2address module"
Exclude program segment of
the text segment of the
.I module
from the image.
.B \-R
assumes that
.I module
is already in shared memory or is present in ROM at
.I address.
Program relative exports are computed accordingly.
This option ensures that the 
.I module's
link table is retained.
The value of 
.I address
is the address of the 
.I module's
text segment.
.TP 
.SM
.B "\-T \*S\f2base-address"
Load entire image at
.IR base-address .
(Note:  This option is only supported on a \fISeries 32000\fP Development Board.)
.TP
.I "-number"
Where 0 \(<= number \(<= 4095.
Leave this number of blank module table entries at the beginning of the
table in the 
.I a.out
file.  Default is 2.
.TP
.B \-w
Disable warnings.
Presently, warnings are issued when
a static, base relative symbol is imported
as an external procedure descriptor.
.TP
.B "\-e \f2symbol"
Obtain the transfer address from the value of
.IR symbol .
.TP
.B \-v
List the utilities
.I ld
calls and their arguments on standard output.
Information produced by the verbose 
.B \-v
flag is useful for debugging.
.TP 
.B "\-o \f2filename"
Use
.I filename
instead of
.I a.out
for output.
.TP
.B \-m
Print a load map on the file
.BR ldmap .
.TP
.B "\-m\\f2 mapfilename"
Print a load map on the file
.I mapfilename
instead of on 
.BR ldmap .
.TP
.SM
.B \-M
Produce a primitive load map on standard output, listing the names
of the files which will be loaded.
.TP
.B \-p
Do not page-align the static base segment.
This saves space if it is going into a ROM.
.TP
.B \-r
Allow the output file of 
.I ld
to be ``re-linked,'' i.e. to be the input to
another run of 
.IR ld .
.I Ld
will not define any common symbols and does not give 
error messages 
for undefined symbols.
The -T option should 
.B not
be specified together with the -r option, as they are mutually
exclusive.
.TP
.B \-l\f2 libname
Search the library (/usr/lib/lib<libname>.a)
for all unresolved symbols and load the
necessary object files.
If no
.B \-e
option is given, the start address of the image will be 
the symbol
.BR start .
Upon invocation, ensure that all options, barring -l,
are specified before any module is named, as errors
may result, which the loader will \f3not\fP echo to
the screen. These errors will show up
during execution.
.IP
.I Ld
searches a library when it encounters the library name in the
option line so the placement of the 
.B \-l
switch is significant (especially when more than one
.B \-l
is used), and it should probably go at the end of the 
.I ld
command.
.IP
If an archive file is given to the loader, it assumes that the file is
a library.
.IP
Library searches are multipass operations, continuing until no
furthur symbols can be resolved from that library.  All libraries must be
archive libraries created with
.IR ranlib (1)
and contain a _\*U.SYMDEF file as the first file in the library.
.TP
.B \-s
Strip the symbol table and string table from the output file.
.TP
.B \-am
.IR address
specifies the starting address of the module table.
.TP
.B \-as
.IR address
specifies the starting address for the static area.
.SH FILES
.nr aa \w'/usr/lib/lib*.a'
.ta \n(aau+(3n) 
.br
/usr/lib/lib*.a	libraries
.br
a.out	default output file
.SH "SEE ALSO"
as(1), ar(1), cc(1), ranlib(1)
.SH "CROSS-SUPPORT"
In a cross-support environment, 
.I ld
is called
.IR nmeld , 
and the default output file is 
.IR a16.out .  
.B Nmeld
locates 
libraries under the
.B -l
flag in /usr/NSC/lib.  The file that
.I nmeld
builds is not executable.
.SH BUGS
Many flags that are defined in
.I ld
in the Berkeley version of the
command are not yet supported fully.  Some of these flags will be
supported in the future.
Unsupported flags are currently ignored, but cause a message to be printed
out explaining that the features are not implemented.  These flags
are:
.BR "\-S \-x \-X \-y \-z \-n \-N \-t \-A \-D \-d" .
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