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Names: »DBASEMSG.TXE«
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*DBASE
HELP TEXT FILE DBASEMSG.TXT
VERSION 1.17 FOR dBASE II v2.4
Copyright 1983 Ashton-Tate and RSP, Inc.
Written by Wayne Ratliff, Jim Taylor, and Howard Dickler
INTRODUCTION
This entry is intended to give you on-line information about
your dBASE II Database Management System. It explains the disk
files you have received, and gives suggestions on tapping the
power now available to you for data management. Using the on-line
HELP in conjunction with your Manual, you will soon be creating
databases and writing command procedures to do your work.
>>>>>>> type any key to continue <<<<<<<
HOW TO USE THE 'HELP' FACILITY
Information about your dBASE II system can be obtained by
typing HELP and the name of a dBASE II command or HELP and any of
the following key words.
UTILITIES FULL SCREEN LIMITS INSTALL
NEW ERRORS EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
DBASE HELP GLOSSARY RUNTIME
>Note: Entire key words need not be entered.
dBASE will then look up the entry for the key word and display
it. If there is no information on the subject then dBASE will say
"NO HELP MESSAGES FOUND". When there is more text to display
beyond what's shown, then you will see the word WAITING (like
this).
>>>>>>> type any key to continue <<<<<<<
The essential dBASE II files on this disk are:
DBASE.CMD -- main system program file
DBASEOVR.COM -- all overlays and system messages
DBASEMSG.TXT -- this HELP file (only necessary if you use HELP)
INSTALL.CMD -- terminal installation program (not necessary
after terminal is installed).
Other files on the disk (or on other disks included with the
system) are not essential, but are useful as described below:
*UTILITIES
UTILITY FILES TO WORK WITH YOUR dBASE II SYSTEM:
STARTUP.PRG -- this command file is intended to help you deter-
mine if your terminal is properly installed. Type DO STARTUP
after bringing up dBASE.
SETS.PRG -- this command file will restore dBASE to all the
default values of the SET parameters. You may modify this
file to restore your own list of parameters.
LABELS.PRG -- this command file prints mailing labels.
NAMES.DBF -- database used by LABELS.
CREATE.PRG -- this command file creates a command file with the
usual and suggested command file documentation.
DATER.PRG -- this command file will convert calendar date to
julian date and vice-versa.
VIP.CMD -- a program called from your operating system which will
speed up the creation of customized formats for data input
and display. (Ashton-Tate will send you VIP.CMD upon receipt
of dBASE II license agreement.)
*EXAMPLES
Some files that are present with dBASE II are EXAMPLE files
(occassionally on a separate disk). These files are intended to
be useful as they are, and are internally documented well enough
for you to customize them to suit your own purposes. Each suite
of programs listed is progressively more involved, so you can
start at a level comfortable to you and work up. The master
program of each group is marked with a '>'.
TICKLE FILE MANAGEMENT FILES (CARDFILE)
> CMAIN.PRG TEXT.DBF CPRINT.PRG KEYWORD.NDX
APPECARD.PRG TICKLE.NDX TICKLE.FRM EDITCARD.FMT
CHECKBOOK MANAGEMENT FILES
> CHXMENU.PRG CHXINPUT.FMT CHXDEPOS.FMT CHXBOOK.MEM
CHECKS.DBF DEPOSITS.DBF
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT FILES
> IMAIN.PRG INVENT.DBF ISETUP.PRG I'BYNMBR.NDX
INVMAINT.PRG I'BYDESC.NDX INVQUAN.PRG INV'CONS.FRM
INVREAD.PRG INV'PRTR.FRM INVRPRT.PRG
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT FILES
> EMAIN.PRG EMPLOYEE.DBF ESETUP.PRG EMPSCRN.FMT
EMP-ENTR.PRG EMP-UPD.FMT EMP-UPD.PRG EMP-PRT.FRM
EMP-TERM.PRG EMP-CONS.PRG EMP-RPRT.PRG E'BYNMBR.NDX
EMPLOYEE.MEM E'BYNAME.NDX
*EXIT
*FULL SCREEN
FULL-SCREEN CURSOR MOVEMENT CODES -- ALL COMMANDS
ctrl-X moves cursor DOWN to the next field (also ctrl-F)
ctrl-E moves cursor UP to the previous field (also ctrl-A)
ctrl-D moves cursor AHEAD one character
ctrl-S moves cursor BACK one character
ctrl-G deletes character under cursor
<Rubout> or <DEL> deletes character to left of cursor
ctrl-Y blanks out current field to right of cursor
ctrl-V toggles between overwrite and INSERT modes
ctrl-W save changes and returns to "." prompt
IN EDIT MODE
ctrl-U toggles the record DELETE mark on and off
ctrl-C writes current record to disk and ADVANCES to next record
ctrl-R writes current record to disk and BACKS to previous record
ctrl-Q ignores changes to current record and returns to "." prompt
ctrl-W writes all changes to disk and returns to "." prompt
IN BROWSE MODE
ctrl-B pans the window RIGHT one field
ctrl-Z pans the window LEFT one field
IN MODIFY MODE
ctrl-T DELETES current line, moves all lower lines up
ctrl-N INSERTS new line at cursor position
ctrl-C scrolls down a half page
ctrl-W writes all changes to disk and returns to "." prompt
ctrl-Q ignores all changes and returns
IN APPEND MODE
<enter> terminates APPEND when cursor is in first position of
first field
ctrl-W writes record to disk and moves to next record
ctrl-Q ignores current record and returns to "." prompt
CONTROL KEY STROKES OPERABLE WHEN NOT IN FULL SCREEN
ctrl-P toggles your printer ON and OFF
ctrl-R repeats last executed command
ctrl-X clears the command line without executing command
ctrl-H backspace
ctrl-M emulates a carriage return
ctrl-S starts/stops CPU operation
*INSTALL
In order to use dBASE II's Full-screen editing facility, your
terminal must be properly installed. Many dBASE formats are pre-
installed. If yours is not your screen will appear jumbled when
you attempt to perform such full screen operations as APPEND or
EDIT. To correct this you must install dBASE II by running the
dBASE II installation program, INSTALL.CMD, called from your
system as INSTALL. Since you may diagnose your terminal's status
at any time by running STARTUP.PRG (called from the dBASE II "."
prompt by entering the command DO STARTUP), you would be wise to
use it before attempting to INSTALL dBASE II. It will tell you
if you need to run the installation program, and can be used
later to check the results if you do.
*EXIT
*NEW
> New commands and changes to dBASE II
New commands:
HELP -- user aid command.
REINDEX -- realigns and updates existing index file.
SET F<n> -- sets value of function key on IBM PC, Victor, TI
Professional, and IBM PC compatible terminals.
SET COLOR -- alters display color on terminals listed above.
TEXT -- displays multiple lines of text, terminated by ENDTEXT.
UNLOCK -- releases a LOCKed record. (Command operable with
concurrent CP/M-86 only.)
LOCK( ) -- function permits user to LOCK onto record so that he
or she may manipulate it without interference from other
users. (LOCK function operable with concurrent CP/-86 only.)
RANK( ) -- function returns ASCII value of first character.
TEST( ) -- function determines validity of <exp>
Supplemented Commands:
APPEND,INSERT,EDIT,CREATE -- can now use a format file for screen
control.
BROWSE -- can now be given a list of fields to work with.
DISPLAY STATUS -- shows databases and indexes in use and SET
settings.
READ & REPLACE -- can be directed not to perform disk accesses
when non-key data is changed.
RELEASE -- can now release subsets of memory variables.
RESTORE -- can restore additively to existing memory variables.
SAVE -- can now save subsets of memory variables.
SET RAW ON -- eliminates extra spaces in DISPLAY and ? commands.
UPDATE -- replace clause can now include WITH phrases.
*EXIT
*GLOSSARY
dBASE II TERMINOLOGY
<commands> or <statements> - any valid dBASE command or function.
<cstring> -- character string(s). In most instances must be
delimited with single quotes (''), double quotes (""), or
brackets (ÆÅ).
<cstring exp> -- an <exp> whose content is defined as Character
in type. May be a cstring, a memvar or field of type C or
any combination of these items concatenated with the dBASE
operators.
<delimiter> -- any non-alphanumeric character used to demarcate
data, e.g., single quotes (''), double quotes (""), brackets
(ÆÅ), colons (::), commas (,,), etc.
<exp> or <expression> -- an item or group of items and operators
whose value can be determined by dBASE. <exp>s may be defin-
ed as C,N, or L depending on the "type" of data they contain.
<exp list> -- a list of expressions delimited with commas.
<field> -- a record field name.
<field list> -- a list of field names delimited with commas.
<file> -- name of file you wish to create or access.
<index file> -- name of index file you wish to create or access.
<key> -- list of field(s) or portion(s) thereof used to create
index files or sorted databases.
<memvar> -- the name of a memory variable.
<memvar list> -- list of memory variables delimited with commas.
<n> -- a number which dBASE regards as a literal value.
<numeric exp> -- an <exp> whose content is defined as Numeric.
<scope> -- command option specifies range of records dBASE must
treat in executing command. <scope> has three possible
values: ALL records in file; NEXT <n> records in file; and
RECORD <n>. Default value varies from command to command.
<skeleton> -- allows batch manipulation of files of same type
and/or with matching characters in filename using operating
system "wild cards," ? and *. Also allows batch manipulation
of groups of <memvars> with matching characters in name.
<variable> -- the name of a database field or <memvar>.
*EXIT
*?
*??
> ? -- Evaluates and displays the value of an expression. In
command files (and elsewhere) can be used without expression
to space down a line at output.
. ? 6/3
2
. ? 'CITY'
CITY
. ? CITY (field of file in use)
Managua
> ?? -- Same as ?, but displays result on same line as entry.
*EXIT
*@
> @ -- Displays user formatted data on screen or printer at spec-
ified x,y coordinates (x=line,y=column).
Syntax:
@ <coords> ÆSAY <exp> ÆUSING '<picture>'ÅÅ ÆGET <variable>
ÆPICTURE '<picture>'ÅÅ
Examples:
@ 3,23 SAY AMOUNT * 1.06 USING '$$$,$$$.99'
@ 14,23 SAY "ENTER PHONE" GET PHONE PICTURE '(###)###-####'
@ LINE+2,45 SAY TOTAL USING '99999.99'
*EXIT
*ACCEPT
> ACCEPT -- Prompts user to enter character string information
into a designated memory variable.
Syntax: ACCEPT Æ'<prompt cstring>'Å TO <memvar>
Example:. ACCEPT "What is your name?" to NAME
What is your name?: Æuser's response stored to SINÅ
. ? NAME
Æuser's response displayedÅ
*EXIT
*APPEND
> APPEND FROM <file> ÆFOR <exp>Å or APPEND FROM <file> ÆSDFÅ
ÆDELIMITEDÅ ÆFOR <exp>Å -- appends data FROM a database or
file in System Data Format file to the database in use.
Records marked for deletion in FROM <file> will not be
appended.
e.g., APPEND FROM MAILLIST FOR NAME='N'
APPEND FROM TEST.TXT DELIMITED
> APPEND BLANK -- appends a blank record to file in use.
> APPEND -- allows user to add new records to database in use.
(If index is also in use, the index file is automatically
updated).
*EXIT
*BROWSE
> BROWSE ÆFIELDS <field list>Å -- Brings up Full-screen viewing
and editing of the database in use.
*EXIT
*CANCEL
> CANCEL -- In a command file, stops command file execution and
returns user to dBASE "." prompt.
Command file fragment:
ACCEPT "What should this humble machine do next?" to NEXT
IF NEXT = 'Q'
CANCEL
ENDIF
*EXIT
*CHANGE
> CHANGE -- Permits Non-Full-Screen editing of database in use by
field. Hit ESCape key to terminate CHANGE mode.
Syntax: CHANGE Æ<scope>Å FIELD <list> ÆFOR <exp>Å
Example: CHANGE ALL FIELD ZIP FOR ZIP = '90045'
RECORD: 00001
ZIP: 90045
CHANGE?
(Enter the characters to be changed and hit return. Add new
data at the TO prompt, or hit return to go to the next appro-
priate record.)
*EXIT
*CLEAR
> CLEAR -- closes all database in use, releases all memory vari-
ables, and Selects Primary work area.
> CLEAR GETS -- commands dBASE to forget all GET statements still
active without erasing the screen.
*EXIT
*COPY
> COPY -- Copies the database in use or only its structure TO
another file. COPY will create the TO <file> if it does not
yet exist, but will destroy an already existing file of
that name. Will not copy records marked for deletion.
Command has three forms:
COPY TO <file> Æ<scope>Å ÆFIELD <list>Å ÆFOR <exp>Å
COPY TO <file> ÆSDFÅ ÆDELIMITED ÆWITH <delimiter>ÅÅ ÆFOR <exp>Å
COPY TO <file> STRUCTURE ÆFIELD <list>Å
> COPY TO <file> STRUCTURE EXTENDED -- special form of COPY
creates database whose records represent the structure of
file in use.
*EXIT
*COUNT
> COUNT -- Counts the number of records in database in use which
satisfy specified criteria. Default value is COUNT all
records.
Syntax: COUNT ÆscopeÅ ÆFOR <exp>Å ÆTO <memvar>Å
Example: COUNT NEXT 25 FOR GRADE > 'B-' TO DEANLST
*EXIT
*CREATE
> CREATE Æ<filename>Å -- Creates a new database. User will be
prompted for file structure.
> CREATE <newfile> FROM <oldfile> EXTENDED -- creates database
whose structure is determined by the data contained in
the records of <oldfile>. (Used with COPY STRUCTURE
EXTENDED.)
*EXIT
*DELETE
> DELETE FILE <file> -- deletes specified file.
> DELETE Æ<scope>Å ÆFOR <exp>Å -- marks record(s) for deletion.
Records marked for deletion (with *) will not be erased
until the PACK command is given. Records may also be
marked for deletion by record number.
Examples: DELETE ALL FOR COMPANY = 'ZMB'
DELETE RECORD 15
*EXIT
*DISPLAY
> DISPLAY FILES ÆON <disk drive>Å ÆLIKE <skeleton>Å -- lists
files on drive. For example, DISPLAY FILES ON B LIKE *.PRG.
> DISPLAY Æ<scope>ÅÆ<field list>ÅÆFOR<exp list>ÅÆOFFÅ -- displays
records of file in use.
> DISPLAY STRUCTURE -- displays field names, types, lengths, and
decimals (structure) of file in use.
> DISPLAY MEMORY -- display names,types, and values of all cur-
rently defined memory variables.
> DISPLAY STATUS -- lists databases in use, system date, indexes
in use, and current parameters SET.
*EXIT
*DO
*ENDCASE
*ENDDO
*LOOP
> DO <file> -- opens and executes specified command file.
> DO WHILE <exp> -- used in command files to open a structured
loop. Commands in between are executed so long as the DO
WHILE <exp> is found to be true.
Syntax: DO WHILE <exp> Example: USE MAILLIST
<commands> DO WHILE .NOT. EOF
ÆLOOPÅ ? NAME
<commands> ? PHONE
ENDDO SKIP
ENDDO
> LOOP -- causes command file to jump processing back to the DO
WHILE command.
Example: USE MAILLIST
DO WHILE .NOT. EOF
IF ZIP = '90005'
SKIP
LOOP
ENDIF
? NAME
? PHONE
SKIP
ENDDO
*CASE
> DO CASE -- used in command file to choose one and only one of
several possible execution paths. OTHERWISE clause optional,
and executes when no CASE is true. ENDCASE is needed to
close command.
Example: USE MAILLIST
ACCEPT "WHICH MENU OPTION DO YOU PREFER?" to Choice
DO CASE
CASE Choice = '1'
DO Clabels
CASE Choice = '2'
DO Cappend
CASE Choice = '3'
DO Cedit
OTHERWISE
Return
ENDCASE
*EXIT
*EDIT
> EDIT Æ<record number>Å -- enables selective editing of database
in use by record number. Requests record number if not
supplied. When edit of particular record has been com-
pleted, ctrl-W brings back EDIT's record number prompt
(ENTER RECORD #:). To terminate EDIT mode, answer
record number query with a return.
*EXIT
*EJECT
> EJECT -- causes printer to do a form feed (page eject) if PRINT
is SET ON or FORMAT is SET TO PRINT. When using @ SAY
commands for direct page formatting, EJECT will zero out
line and column counters.
*EXIT
*ERASE
> ERASE -- clears the screen. In interactive mode, "." prompt
will appear at top left corner of screen.
*EXIT
*FIND
> FIND <cstring> -- when using indexed files, positions to first
record indexed by <cstring>.
*EXIT
*GO
*GOTO
> GO or GOTO -- positions to a specific record or place in the
database in use. Also positions to record number contained
in memory variable.
Syntax: GO or GOTO ÆRECORD <n>Å,<n>,ÆTOPÅ,ÆBOTTOMÅ, or <memvar>
*EXIT
*HELP
dBASE II ON-LINE HELP FACILITY
Below you will find a list of all dBASE commands. Each entry in
this list corresponds to an entry in the HELP file proper. In
the latter, you will find a brief synopsis of each command as
well as a picture of that command's correct syntax. Please
remember, however, that HELP file information is limited, and is
only meant to cut down on the number of trips you will have to
make to the dBASE II Manual.
To access the entry for the dBASE command (or other Help File
entry) you wish to review, simply respond to the dBASE "."
prompt by entering HELP <name of command> and a return (e.g. HELP
CREATE <cr>). dBASE will access the information you wish to see,
and then return you to the "." prompt so you can go right back
to work. In some cases the entry will take up more space than is
provided by a single screen. (This is one of them.) To bring up
the next screen of information, just hit any console character:
this will tell dBASE to stop "WAITING."
If you wish to exit the HELP file before viewing an entire entry,
simply hit ESCape.
>>>> Type 'HELP dBASE' for other <<<<<<
>>>>> important information <<<<<
> ? -- displays an expression, variable, or field.
> ?? -- displays an expression list without a preceeding line
feed.
> @ -- displays user formatted data on screen or printer.
> ACCEPT -- allows input of character strings into memory vari-
ables.
> APPEND -- append information from another dBASE II database or
files in Delimited or System Data format.
> BROWSE -- full screen window viewing and editing of database.
> CANCEL -- cancels command file execution.
> CHANGE -- Non-Full-Screen edit of fields of database.
> CLEAR -- closes databases in use and releases current memory
variables.
> CONTINUE -- continue the searching action of a LOCATE command.
> COPY -- creates a copy of an existing database.
> COUNT -- counts the number of records in file which meet some
criteria.
> CREATE -- creates new database.
> DELETE -- deletes a file or marks records for deletion.
> DISPLAY -- display files, database records or structure, memory
variables, or status.
> DO -- executes command files or structured loops in same.
> EDIT -- initiates edit of records in a database.
> EJECT -- ejects a page on the printer.
> ELSE -- alternate path of command execution within IF.
> ENDCASE -- terminates a CASE command.
> ENDDO -- terminates DO WHILE command.
> ENDIF -- terminates an IF command.
> ENDTEXT -- terminates a TEXT command.
> ERASE -- clears the screen.
> FIND -- positions to record corresponding to key in index file.
> GO or GOTO -- positions to specific record or place in file.
> HELP -- access help file overview or specific help file entry.
> IF -- allows conditional execution of commands.
> INDEX -- creates an index file.
> INPUT -- allows input of expressions into memory variables.
> INSERT -- insert new record in database.
> JOIN -- joins output of two databases.
> LIST -- lists files, database records or structure, memory
variables, and status.
> LOCATE -- find a record that fits a condition.
> LOOP -- skips to beginning of DO WHILE command.
> MODIFY -- create and/or edit command file or modify structure
of existing database.
> NOTE or * -- allows insertion of comments in command file.
> PACK -- erases records marked for deletion.
> QUIT -- exits dBASE and returns to operating system.
> READ -- initiates full-screen editing of formatted screen by
accepting input into variables accessed with @ GET.
> RECALL -- erases mark for deletion.
> REINDEX -- update existing index file.
> RELEASE -- eliminates unwanted memory variables and releases
memory space.
> REMARK -- permits display of any characters.
> RENAME -- rename a file.
> REPLACE -- change information in record(s) or entire database
field by field.
> REPORT -- format and display a report of information.
> RESET - reset operating system after placing new disk in drive.
> RESTORE -- retrieves memory variables stored in MEM file.
> RETURN -- ends a command file.
> SAVE -- copies current memory variables to disk file.
> SELECT -- switches between USE files in PRIMARY and SECONDARY
areas.
> SET -- sets dBASE control parameters.
> SKIP -- position forwards or backwards in database.
> SORT - write copy of database sorted on one of the data fields.
> STORE -- creates memory variables.
> SUM -- compute and display the sum of database field(s).
> TEXT -- allows output of block of text from a command file.
> TOTAL -- creates summary copy of database combining information
from specified fields of records meeting some criteria.
> UNLOCK -- releases a record secured from use by other operators
with the LOCK() function. (Concurrent CP/M-86 only.)
> UPDATE -- allows batch updates of a database.
> USE -- specifies database to USE until next USE command is
issued.
> WAIT -- suspends command file processing until user input
received.
>>>>> Other key words <<<<<
(e.g. type 'HELP EXAMPLES' )
UTILITIES FULL SCREEN LIMITS INSTALL NEW ERRORS
GLOSSARY EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS DBASE HELP RUNTIME
*EXIT
*IF
*ELSE
*ENDIF
> IF -- in command file, IF structure permits conditional exe-
cution of commands. ELSE clause is optional.
Syntax: IF <exp> Example: IF STATE = 'CA'
<any statements> DO INSTATE (CMD file)
ÆELSE ELSE
<any statements>Å DO OUTSTATE (CMD file)
ENDIF ENDIF
*EXIT
*INDEX
> INDEX ON <exp> TO <index file> -- creates an index file for
database in use based upon content of field(s) or portion(s)
of field(s) specified by the <exp> or index <key>.
*EXIT
*INPUT
> INPUT Æ"<cstring prompt>"Å TO <memvar> -- prompts user to enter
numeric or logical information into the designated memory
variable.
Example: INPUT 'Prompt user for input' TO X
Prompt user for input: 12 <cr>
Æuser input, 12, stored to XÅ
. ? X
12
*EXIT
*INSERT
> INSERT ÆÆBEFOREÅ ÆBLANKÅÅ -- inserts a record into the database
in use immediately after or -- with BEFORE -- before the
current record. Presents user with data entry format
for use file unless BLANK record is requested.
*EXIT
*JOIN
> JOIN -- creates a new database by combining the records of
files in use in Primary and Secondary areas. Records are
added where FOR <exp> evaluates as True. Command must be
executed from primary area. Default value for FIELD <list>
is ALL.
Syntax: JOIN TO <file> FOR <exp> ÆFIELDS <field list>Å
Example: . USE NAMES
. SELECT SECONDARY
. USE MAILLIST
. SELECT PRIMARY
. JOIN TO NAMEJ FOR LAST <> S.LAST
*EXIT
*LIST
> LIST FILES ÆON <disk drive>Å ÆLIKE <skeleton>Å -- lists all
files on designated disk. Default to logged disk.
Example: LIST FILES ON C LIKE *.PRG
> LIST Æ<scope>ÅÆ<field list>Å ÆFOR <exp list>ÅÆOFFÅ -- displays
records of file in use. Default value is ALL records.
Example: LIST NEXT 25 NAME, PHONE FOR CONTRIB > 100
(i.e., NAME and PHONE of next 25 who contributed more than
$100.)
> LIST STRUCTURE -- displays structure of database in use.
> LIST MEMORY -- lists names and values of all currently defined
memory variables.
> LIST STATUS -- lists databases open, indexes in use, system
date, and current parameters SET.
*EXIT
*LOCATE
*CONTINUE
> LOCATE Æ<scope>Å FOR <exp> -- finds first record of database
for which FOR <exp> is True. Use CONTINUE to find next
such record. (User may manipulate record before resuming
search with CONTINUE.)
. LOCATE ALL FOR ZIP >= '95000' .AND. ZIP < '96000'
RECORD: 00123
. DISPLAY
. CONTINUE
RECORD: 00232
*EXIT
*MODIFY
> MODIFY STRUCTURE -- allows user to alter the structure of
database in use. This command will destroy all data in the
file in use. (To alter structure without loss of data, use
COPY STRUCTURE, USE, and APPEND as illustrated below.)
. USE NAMES
. COPY STRUCTURE TO TEMP
. USE TEMP
. MODIFY STRUCTURE -- no data lost since file is empty
. APPEND FROM NAMES -- brings data into modified database
. DELETE FILE NAMES
. USE -- close TEMP in order to:
. RENAME TEMP TO NAMES
> MODIFY COMMAND <file> -- calls dBASE's text editor and brings
up or creates designated file. Primarily used for creating
and editing command (.PRG), text (.TXT), and format (.FMT)
files, but may be employed as a simple full screen word
processor.
*EXIT
*NOTE
> NOTE or * -- permits the insertion of comments into a command
file. Comments following NOTE or * will not be read when
file is executed.
*EXIT
*PACK
> PACK -- erases records marked for deletion in database in use.
If index files are in use, they will be automatically
updated.
*EXIT
*QUIT
> QUIT ÆTO <com file list>Å -- terminates dBASE and returns
control to operating system. Optionally calls programs
from system level.
*EXIT
*READ
> READ -- initiates full-screen mode for entry or editing of
variables. The Full-screen prompts and window are created
by @ SAY commands with GET phrases.
Command file fragment:
STORE ' ' TO name
STORE ' ' TO phone
@ 4,4 SAY 'Name' GET name
@ 6,4 SAY 'Phone' GET phone PICTURE '(###)###-####'
READ
*EXIT
*RECALL
> RECALL Æ<scope>Å ÆFOR <exp>Å -- reinstates record(s) marked for
deletion within use file. Default value is current record.
*EXIT
*REINDEX
> REINDEX -- allows update of index files not automatically
'reindexed' after alteration of database file.
Example: . USE MAILLIST INDEX INDEXA
. APPEND
Æappend operations performedÅ
. SET INDEX TO INDEXB,INDEXC
. REINDEX
*EXIT
*RELEASE
> RELEASE -- erases unwanted memory variables and opens memory
space for further use. (<skeleton> uses ? to mask any
single character, * to mask all remaining characters.
Syntax: RELEASE Æ<memvar list>Å, or ÆALLÅ
RELEASE ALL LIKE <skeleton>
RELEASE ALL EXCEPT <skeleton>
Examples (where N, N1, N2, N10, V7 are variables in use):
RELEASE ALL LIKE N? ÆN10 and V7 will remainÅ
RELEASE ALL LIKE N?? ÆV7 will remainÅ
RELEASE ALL EXCEPT ?1* ÆN1 and N10 will remainÅ
*EXIT
*REMARK
> REMARK -- permits the display of any characters. In command
file character entry is output.
Example: . REMARK abracadabara!!!
abracadabara!!!
*EXIT
*RENAME
> RENAME <file> TO <new filename> -- renames file in operating
system directory. Unless otherwise indicated, dBASE
assumes that file type is DBF.
Example: . RENAME REVIEW.PRG TO REVIEW2.PRG
*EXIT
*REPLACE
> REPLACE -- allows user to replace contents of specified fields
of database in use. If index file is keyed on field targeted
for update, index in use will be automatically updated.
Default <scope> is current record.
Syntax: REPLACE Æ<scope>Å <field> WITH <exp> Æ,<field2> WITH
<exp2>ÅÆFOR <exp>Å
Example: . USE MXPROJ
. REPLACE ALL COST WITH COST * 6.1 FOR ITEM = 'ELEC'
*EXIT
*REPORT
> REPORT -- used for creating a Report Form File (FRM) for dis-
playing specified information from a database in a user-
defined format. Outputs results to screen or printed page.
Syntax: REPORT ÆFORM <form file>Å Æ<scope>ÅÆTO PRINTÅ
ÆFOR <exp>Å ÆPLAINÅ
*EXIT
*RESET
> RESET Æ<drive>Å -- use this command after changing disks on any
drive other than that containing dBASE. Command resets
operating system bit map, allowing uninterrupted operation
of dBASE program. Close all files before issuing a RESET.
*EXIT
*RESTORE
> RESTORE FROM <file> ÆADDITIVEÅ -- retrieves and activates the
set of memory variables previously SAVEd to a memory file.
ADDITIVE allows you to keep currently defined variables
intact; otherwise they are lost.
*EXIT
*RETURN
> RETURN -- may be used in a command file to return control to
the command file which called it or to dBASE "." prompt if
user called it.
*EXIT
*SAVE
> SAVE TO <file> ÆALL LIKE <skeleton>Å or ÆALL EXCEPT <skeleton>Å
-- copies all memory variables currently in use, or only
those specified by <skeleton>, to designated memory (MEM)
file. <skeleton> uses ? to mask any single characters and
* to mask all remaining characters.
Examples (where N1, N2, N10, V1, V2, V10 are current variables):
. SAVE TO NUMBER ALL LIKE N* Æsaves N1, N2, N10Å
. SAVE TO NUMBER ALL LIKE N? Æsaves N1, N2Å
. SAVE TO NUMBER ALL EXCEPT ?1* Æsaves N2, V2Å
*EXIT
*SELECT
*PRIMARY
*SECONDARY
> SELECT ÆPRIMARY / secondaryÅ -- allows user to move between the
two work areas dBASE provides, thus permitting user to
work with two databases simultaneously and maintain record
pointers in both. Primary area is active upon bringing up
dBASE.
*EXIT
*SET
> SET -- sets dBASE control parameters.
Syntax: SET <parameter> ÆON or OFFÅ
SET <parameter> TO <option>
All SET commands are listed below in alphabetic order: NOTE that
some SETs are of the (ON/OFF) type, and others require some user
option to be given. Default value of ON/OFF SET commands is
indicated by uppercase of ON or OFF in each listing.
Example: SET BELL ÆON/offÅ - default value is ON.
> SET ALTERNATE ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON sends all screen output (except
full-screen) to a disk file. (Must be preceeded by SET
ALTERNATE TO <file> command). OFF shuts off output to
file.
> SET BELL ÆON/offÅ -- ON rings when invalid data is entered or
data field boundary is passed. OFF suspends ringing.
> SET CARRY ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON repeats data in current record from
previous record when using APPEND in Full-screen mode. OFF
leaves field blank.
> SET COLON ÆON/offÅ -- ON displays colons to bound input vari-
ables when using Full-screen display. OFF suspends
display of colons.
> SET CONFIRM ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON disables automatic skipping to next
field when current field is filled while in Full-screen
mode. OFF requires a wait for <return> before going to
next field.
> SET CONSOLE ÆON/offÅ -- ON sends all output to screen. OFF
suspends all output to screen. System will appear dead.
> SET DEBUG ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON sends output created by ECHO and STEP
options to printer. OFF sends this output to the screen.
> SET DELETED ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON disables dBASE from FINDing or
processing records marked for deletion with any command
allowing a <scope>, e.g., LIST, DISPLAY, COUNT. OFF
enables dBASE to see all records.
> SET ECHO ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON enables monitoring of command file
execution by echoing all commands to screen. OFF sends no
report on execution.
> SET EJECT ÆON/offÅ -- ON causes REPORT command to perform a
form-feed (page eject) before sending report output to
printer. OFF disables the page eject.
> SET ESCAPE ÆON/offÅ -- ON allows user to abort execution of
command file by hitting ESCape key. OFF disables ESC key
interrupt.
> SET EXACT ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON requires exact matches in any compari-
son of character strings (in FOR <exp>, FIND commands,
etc.). OFF allows matches between character strings of
different lengths (in this order): 'ABCDEF'= 'ABC'.
> SET INTENSITY ÆON/offÅ -- ON enables inverse video or dual
intensity in Full-screen operations (if allowed by hard-
ware). OFF disables these features.
> SET LINKAGE ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON enables movement of record pointers
in both PRIMARY and SECONDARY areas, by commands which
allow a <scope>, i.e., downward movement only. OFF
suspends pointer linkage.
> SET PRINT ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON sends output to printer. OFF stops
printer output.
> SET RAW ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON DISPLAYs and LISTs records without
inserting spaces between fields; OFF inserts an extra
space between fields.
> SET SCREEN ÆON/offÅ -- ON enables Full-screen operation for
APPEND, EDIT, INSERT, READ, and CREATE commands.
> SET STEP ÆOFF/onÅ -- ON aids debugging of command file by
halting execution after dBASE performs each command. OFF
does not halt execution.
> SET TALK ÆON/offÅ -- ON sends results of command execution to
screen. OFF suppresses additional screen output.
> SET ALTERNATE TO Æ<file>Å -- creates a disk file with .TXT
extension for saving screen output. SET ALTERNATE TO
closes the .TXT file.
> SET DATE TO <xx/xx/xx> -- stores a string to system date, but
does not perform date validation.
> SET COLOR TO <n1,n2> -- sets color or CRT attribute of terminal
output on IBMPC, Victor, TI Professional, and IBMPC compa-
tible terminals. <n1> indicates desired color or attri-
bute of dim/reverse video, <n2> the desired color or
attribute of normal display. For possible <n> values, see
addenda to "Change Summary."
> SET DEFAULT TO <drive> -- makes specified drive the drive where
dBASE will look for files when instructed.
> SET F<n> TO <'new value'> -- stores 'new value' in buffer of
function key <n> of IBM PC, TI Professional, Victor, and
IBM PC compatible terminals. See "Change Summary" addenda
for default values.
> SET FORMAT TO <SCREEN/print> -- SCREEN sends output from @ SAY
commands to screen. PRINT sends formatted output to
printer.
> SET FORMAT TO Æ<format file>Å -- opens .FMT file which dBASE
will use to format screen for READ, APPEND, EDIT, INSERT,
CREATE, @ SAY commands. SET FORMAT TO closes any open .FMT
file.
> SET HEADING TO <cstring> -- saves <cstring> internally and
prints it as the Report header line.
> SET INDEX TO <index file list> -- sets up index files for use
with corresponding database. First .NDX file in list will
be engaged as the active index; all other index files will
be automatically updated to reflect any changes to the
database.
> SET MARGIN TO <n> -- sets left hand margin of printer to <n>
columns.
*EXIT
*SKIP
> SKIP Æ-Å Æ<n>Å -- moves record pointer up or down <n> records
within the use file. Default value is +1.
*EXIT
*SORT
> SORT ON <field> TO <file> ÆASCENDING / descendingÅ -- writes a
new copy of the database in use with all records arranged
in order. Uses ASCII value to determine the order (gener-
ally Spaces, Numbers, Uppercase, Lowercase, then Symbols).
SORT will not copy records marked for deletion. Default
order is ASCENDING.
Example: . USE MAILLIST
. SORT ON ZIP TO MAILZIP DESCENDING
*EXIT
*STORE
> STORE <exp> TO <memvar> -- takes the value of an expression and
stores it to a memory variable.
Example: . STORE 3 to NUMBER
3
. STORE NUMBER + 9 TO NUMBER2
12
. STORE 'HOWARD' TO NAME
HOWARD
. ? NUMBER+NUMBER2, ' ', NAME
15 HOWARD
*EXIT
*SUM
> SUM -- computes and displays the sums of numeric field(s) of
database in use. The <scope> option permits selection of
the range of records to sum; FOR <exp> allows summation on
particular criteria; TO <memvar> stores sums to the desig-
nated memory variables. Default value of <scope> is ALL
non-deleted records.
Syntax: SUM <field> Æ,<field2>ÅÆ<scope>ÅÆTO <memvar list>Å
ÆFOR <exp>Å
Examples:
. USE SHOPLIST Æfields are ITEM, NUMBER purchased, COST of itemÅ
. SUM COST * NUMBER FOR ITEM = 'food'
. SUM NUMBER FOR ITEM = 'hardware' TO HARD
. SUM NUMBER, NUMBER*COST FOR ITEM = 'hardware' .AND. COST >9.00
*EXIT
*TEXT
> TEXT -- in command files, allows the output of text information
without use of the @ SAY or ? commands. dBASE will read
everything as text until it encounters an ENDTEXT command.
*EXIT
*TOTAL
> TOTAL -- creates a summary version of an indexed or pre-sorted
database by copying only records with a unique <key>.
Specified <key> must be key to the index or the key upon
which database is already sorted.) Records with duplicate
keys are removed. All records with the same <key> can
have their numeric fields totalled in the TO database by
using the FIELDS option.
Syntax: TOTAL TO <file> ON <key> ÆFIELDS <field list>Å
*EXIT
*UNLOCK
*LOCK
> LOCK() -- lock function (for concurrent CP/M-86) locks user
onto the current record so that he or she may manipulate
it without interference from other operators. No entry
should be placed between ()s, since # is assumed. LOCK
may be activated with commands "?" and "IF." (Function
returns a logical True if record was available and conse-
quently locked by command; returns a False if record was
already locked by another user.)
> UNLOCK - releases a record that has been LOCKed to use by other
operators.
Example (command file fragment):
IF LOCK()
<commands>
UNLOCK
ELSE
<alternative commands>
ENDIF
*EXIT
*UPDATE
> UPDATE -- allows batch update of presorted or indexed database
by drawing information FROM designated database (pre-
sorted on same <key>). Keys of records in USE and FROM
databases are compared for match. dBASE can then ADD the
numeric fields of the FROM database to corresponding
fields in the USE database. It can also REPLACE character
or numeric fields of USE database with the contents of
corresponding fields of the FROM file.
Syntax: UPDATE FROM <file> ON <key> ÆADD <field list>ÅÆREPLACE
<field list> or <field> WITH <field list>ÅÆRANDOMÅ
*EXIT
*USE
> USE <file> ÆINDEX <index file list>Å -- specifies the database
to be used for all succeeding operations. USE automatic-
ally closes previous file in USE. INDEX option overlays
the database with an index to give it an apparent order.
Other indexes named will be kept current.
*EXIT
*WAIT
> WAIT ÆTO <memvar>Å -- used in command files to suspend dBASE
operation until keyboard input of a single character.
WAIT TO <memvar> will automatically store keyboard input
into a memory variable, and may thus be used to direct the
action of a command file process.
*EXIT
*FUNCTIONS
> @ -- @(<cstring1>,<cstring2>) -- AT function yields an integer
whose value is the character number in <cstring2>
which begins a substring identical to <cstring1>.
> * -- deleted record function evaluates as a logical True if
current record has been marked for deletion.
> # -- record number function reports value of integer corres-
ponding to current record number.
> ! -- !(<cstring>) -- uppercase function yields <cstring> in
uppercase characters.
> $ -- $(<cstring>,<start>,<length>) -- substring function forms
a character string from the specified part of another
string.
> CHR -- CHR(<numeric exp>) -- yields the ASCII character equi-
valent of the <numeric exp>. e.g., ? CHR(7) rings the
bell.
> DATE() -- returns the character string that contains the System
Date in format xx/xx/xx.
> EOF -- end-of-file function evaluates as True if an attempt has
been made to go past the last record in a database.
> FILE -- FILE(<file>) -- existence function evaluates as a logi-
cal True if <file> exists on the default drive, and as a
logical False if it does not.
> INT -- INT (<numeric exp>) -- integer function truncates every-
thing to right of decimal to form an integer.
> LEN -- LEN(<cstring>) -- length function returns the number of
characters in <cstring>. ? LEN('HELLO')
> LOCK -- LOCK() -- lock function locks user onto the current
record so that he or she may manipulate it without inter-
ference from other operators. No entry should be placed
between ()s, since # is assumed. Effect countered by
UNLOCK. Used with concurrent CP/M-86 only. See 'HELP
UNLOCK'.
> RANK -- RANK(<cstring>) -- returns the (ASCII numeric) value of
the leftmost character of <cstring>.
> STR -- STR (<numeric exp>, <width> Æ,<decimals>Å) -- string
function converts a numeric expression into a character
string.
> TEST -- TEST(<exp>) -- used with ? and IF, test function
determines if <exp> is valid and parsable. A valid <exp>
returns a value # 0; an invalid <exp> a value of 0.
> TRIM -- TRIM(<cstring>) - trim function removes trailing blanks
from <c-string>. ? TRIM(FIRST) + ' ' + LAST.
> TYPE -- TYPE(<exp>) -- function yields a one-character string
that contains a 'C','N','L', or 'U' if the <exp> is of
type Character, Numeric, Logical, or Undefined.
> VAL -- VAL(<cstring>) -- value function converts a character
string made of numerals into a numeric expression.
*EXIT
*LIMITS
LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
number fields/record 32 max
number chars/record 1000 max
number records/database 65535 max
number chars/cstring 254 max
accuracy numeric fields 10 digits
largest number 1.8 x 10**63 approx
smallest number 1.0 x 10**-63 approx
number current memvars 64 max
number chars/command line 254 max
number <exp>s in SUM command 5 max
number chars in REPORT header 254 max
number fields in REPORT 24 max
number chars in index key 99 max
number of pending GETS 64 max
number of files open at one time 16 max
length of .CMD file unlimited
*EXIT
*ERRORS
BAD DECIMAL WIDTH FIELD -- Re-enter decimal part of field defin-
ition.
BAD FILE NAME -- Syntax error in filename.
BAD NAME FIELD -- Redefine field name while in CREATE.
BAD TYPE FIELD -- Must be C (character), N (numeric), or
L (logical).
BAD WIDTH FIELD -- Redefine size of data field between 1 and 255.
*** BEYOND STRING -- Rewrite substring ($) with correct parameter.
CANNOT INSERT - THERE ARE NO RECORDS IN DATABASE FILE -- Use the
APPEND command instead.
CANNOT OPEN FILE -- Check the existence or integrity of MEM or
HEX file.
COMMAND FILE CANNOT BE FOUND -- Check spelling and default drive.
DATA ITEM NOT FOUND -- Rewrite REPLACE command, or check file
structure for correct field name.
DATABASE IN USE IS NOT INDEXED -- FIND is permitted only on
indexed databases.
DIRECTORY IS FULL -- The operating system's directory cannot hold
anymore files.
DISK IS FULL -- No space left on disk. Use DELETE FILE to erase
some unneeded files.
END OF FILE FOUND UNEXPECTEDLY -- The database in USE is not in
the correct format. dBASE isn't sure that file is a DBF file.
"FIELD" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite CHANGE command line.
FILE ALREADY EXISTS -- Delete the unwanted file before RENAME.
FILE DOES NOT EXIST -- Use DISPLAY FILE LIKE *.* to be sure the
file exists.
FILE IS CURRENTLY OPEN -- Type a USE or CLEAR command to close
the file.
FORMAT FILE CANNOT BE OPENED -- Check the integrity of FMT file.
FORMAT FILE HAS NOT BEEN SET -- Set the appropriate FMT file.
ILLEGAL DATA TYPE -- SORT cannot sort on a logical field.
ILLEGAL GOTO VALUE -- Record addressed must be > 0 and < 65535.
ILLEGAL VARIABLE NAME -- Only alphanumerics and colons are
allowed in variable and field names. Redefine variable or
field name.
INDEX DOES NOT MATCH DATABASE -- dBASE cannot match the index key
with the database. Try another index file.
INDEX FILE CANNOT BE OPENED -- Check spelling or index the data-
base.
JOIN ATTEMPTED TO GENERATE MORE THAN 65,534 RECORDS -- The FOR
clause allows too many joined output records. Make it more
stringent.
KEYS ARE NOT THE SAME LENGTH -- UPDATE command requires identical
keys.
MACRO IS NOT A CHARACTER STRING -- Variables expanded by a macro
(&) must be character (C) in content.
MORE THAN 5 FIELDS TO SUM - SUM is limited to 5 fields at a time.
MORE THAN 7 INDEX FILES SELECTED -- Maximum number of index files
open is seven. Fewer will give faster performance.
LIMIT VIOLATION EXCEEDED -- Cannot have more than 16
command files open at once.
NO EXPRESSION TO SUM -- SUM command needs a numeric expression to
sum.
NO "FOR" PHRASE -- Rewrite JOIN command with correct syntax.
NO "FROM" PHRASE -- Rewrite UPDATE command with correct syntax.
NO FIND - More a diagnostic than an error message. dBASE couldn't
find the key. Record # has been set to 0.
NON-NUMERIC EXPRESSION -- SUM command needs a numeric expression
to sum.
NOT A dBASE II DATABASE -- DBF file opened was not created by
dBASE.
"ON" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite UPDATE or INDEX command with
correct syntax.
OUT OF MEMORY FOR MEMORY VARIABLES -- Reduce the number or size
of memory variables.
RECORD LENGTH EXCEEDS MAXIMUM SIZE (OF 1000) -- Reduce size of
some fields or create a second database on a common key.
RECORD NOT IN INDEX -- Index file was not updated after a record
was added. Reindex the file.
RECORD OUT OF RANGE -- Record number was called that is greater
than number of records in database. If the index file is not
current, reindex the file.
SORTER INTERNAL ERROR, NOTIFY SCDP -- Internal error, contact
ASHTON-TATE for support.
SOURCE AND DESTINATION DATA TYPES ARE DIFFERENT - Check that data
types are both numeric, both character, or both logical.
*** SYNTAX ERROR *** -- dBASE doesn't understand the command.
SYNTAX ERROR IN FORMAT SPECIFICATION -- @ SAY GET PICTURE command
is improperly set up.
SYNTAX ERROR, RE-ENTER -- INPUT, ACCEPT, REPORT require syntacti-
cally correct entry. May expect a different data type.
"TO" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite command with correct syntax.
TOO MANY CHARACTERS -- (Non-Full-Screen only.) Data entered
exceeds allotted length of field.
TOO MANY FILES ARE OPEN -- Only 16 files of all types (Command,
FMT, NDX) may be open at one time.
TOO MANY MEMORY VARIABLES -- There is a maximum of 64 current
memory variables.
TOO MANY RETURNS ENCOUNTERED -- Probably an error in the
structure of a command file. Check the number and location
of RETURNs.
"WITH" PHRASE NOT FOUND -- Rewrite REPLACE command with correct
syntax.
UNASSIGNED FILE NUMBER -- Internal error. Contact ASHTON-TATE for
support. If HELP was used, DBASEMSG.TXT file may be missing
from drive.
*** UNKNOWN COMMAND -- Check spelling. dBASE doesn't understand
command.
VARIABLE CANNOT BE FOUND -- Need to create the variable, or check
the spelling of the field name in database structure.
***ZERO DIVIDE -- There was an attempt to divide a <numeric exp>
by zero.
*EXIT
*RUNTIME
A new Ashton-Tate product, dBASE II RunTime, has been designed to
help applications developers market software packages written in
dBASE II.
dBASE II RunTime will allow end-users to run programs written in
dBASE II without having access to the source code. Thus, combined
with RunTime, you can market your dBASE II applications without
fear of having your program altered in any way by those who
purchase it.
Moreover, Ashton-Tate is prepared to help you reach the market-
place: Ashton-Tate publishes a catalog of existing dBASE II
applications, and now provides software developers with a variety
of other services which will help you in your marketing efforts.
If you develop a dBASE II application you wish to market, contact
Ashton-Tate's RunTime Coordinator for information about how to
proceed. For information about applications that will run on
your dBASE II system right now, ask for the Application
Marketing Referral Service.
*EXIT
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