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6M_A_T_R_I_X_ _M_A_N_I_P_U_L_A_T_I_O_N_
6.1M_a_t_r_i_x_ _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s_
RC BASIC includes a special set of statements which allows the
user to manipulate two-dimensional arrays (see Ch. 2) as
matrices. Among the available matrix operations are the
following:
Addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
Scalar multiplication.
Formation of a zero matrix (all elements set to 0).
Formation of a constant matrix (all elements set to 1).
Formation of an identity matrix (major diagonal elements set
to 1, remaining elements set to 0).
Calculation of the inverse of a matrix.
Calculation of the determinant of a matrix.
Transposition of a matrix.
Input/output of a matrix via the user"s terminal.
All of the above operations are described in the present
chapter, while matrix file input/output statements are described
in Chapter 8.
A_l_l_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_s_ _i_n_v_o_l_v_i_n_g_ _m_a_t_r_i_x_ _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s_ _a_r_e_ _i_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_e_d_ _b_y_ _t_h_e_
r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d_ _w_o_r_d_ _M_A_T_._
6.2D_i_m_e_n_s_i_o_n_i_n_g_ _m_a_t_r_i_c_e_s_
A matrix is dimensioned as a two-dimensional array by means of
the DIM statement (see Ch. 3). Thus the statement
10 DIM MATRIXA(10,20)
defines a matrix variable named MATRIXA, which has 10 rows and\f
20 columns (or a total of 10 x 20 = 200 elements).
A previously dimensioned matrix may be redimensioned by means of
a new DIM statement, provided that the total number of elements
does not exceed the previously declared total number of
elements.
Matrix elements are stored by rows in ascending memory
locations.
As a one-dimensional array containing i elements is considered
a l x i matrix, t_h_e_ _m_a_t_r_i_x_ _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s_ _d_e_s_c_r_i_b_e_d_ _i_n_ _t_h_e_ _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g_
s_e_c_t_i_o_n_s_ _a_l_s_o_ _a_p_p_l_y_ _t_o_ _o_n_e_-_d_i_m_e_n_s_i_o_n_a_l_ _a_r_r_a_y_s_._
T_6.3M_a_t_r_i_x_ _a_s_s_i_g_n_m_e_n_t_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar1' = mvar2'
mvar1, mvar2': matrix variables.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to copy the elements of one matrix to
another matrix.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. The number of elements in mvar2' must not exceed the number
of elements in mvar1'.
3. After the assignment, mvar1' will have the same dimensions
and values as mvar2'.
\f
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(2,3)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 NEXT J
0060 NEXT I
0070 PRINT "MATA : "
0080 MAT PRINT MATA
0090 PRINT "13'10'MATB : "
0100 MAT PRINT MATB
0110 MAT MATB=MATA
0120 PRINT "13'10'NEW MATB : "
0130 MAT PRINT MATB
MATA :
11 12
21 22
31 32
MATB :
0 0 0
0 0 0
NEW MATB : Note that the dimensions of
11 12 MATB have been changed.
21 22
&_ 31 32
T_ 6.4M_a_t_r_i_x_ _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_/_s_u_b_t_r_a_c_t_i_o_n_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
+
MAT mvar1' = mvar2' - mvar3'
mvar1, mvar2, mvar3' : matrix variables.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to perform the scalar addition or
subtraction of two matrices.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. mvar2' and mvar3' must have the same dimensions.
3. The number of elements in mvar2' (and mvar3') must not
exceed the number of elements in mvar1'.
4. The arithmetic is performed element by element with the
resultant value assigned to the element in mvar1'.
5. mvar1' may appear on both sides of the equal sign.
6. After the addition or subtraction, mvar1' will have the same
dimensions as mvar2' (and mvar3').
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(3,2)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 LET MATB(I,J)=2*(I*10+J)
0060 NEXT J
0070 NEXT I
0080 PRINT "MATA : "
0090 MAT PRINT MATA
0100 PRINT "13'10'MATB : "
0110 MAT PRINT MATB
0120 MAT MATB=MATA+MATB MATB appears on both sides
0130 PRINT "13'10'MATA + MATB :" of the equal sign.
&_0140 MAT PRINT MATB
\f
T_MATA :
11 12
21 22
31 32
MATB :
22 24
42 44
62 64
MATA + MATB :
33 36 The addition of MATA and
63 66 MATB is performed element
&_ 93 96 by element.
T_ 6.5M_a_t_r_i_x_ _m_u_l_t_i_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
mvar2'
MAT mvar1' = (expr') * mvar3'
mvar1, mvar2, mvar3': matrix variables.
expr': a numeric expression
(parenthesized).
&_
T_U_s_e_
As a statement or command to perform the multiplication of one
matrix either by another matrix or by a scalar (the value of a
numeric expression).
&_
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. The number of columns in mvar2' must match the number of
rows in mvar3'.
3. If mvar2' is an n x p matrix (i.e. with n rows and p
columns) and mvar3' is a p x m matrix, then mvar1' will be
an n x m matrix.
\f
4. mvar1' may not appear on the right-hand side of the equal
sign, unless it is a scalar multiplication.
5. mvar2' and mvar3' may represent the same matrix (i.e. a
square matrix, in which the number of rows matches the
number of columns).
6. The product of mvar2' and mvar3' is calculated as follows:
Each row of mvar2' is multiplied by each column of mvar3'
such that the corresponding elements are multiplied and their
products added together to provide the resultant value
assigned to the element in mvar1' (see Example).
Row number i of mvar2' * column number j of mvar3' will,
accordingly, result in element number (i,j) of mvar1'.
7. If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, each element in mvar3'
is multiplied by expr' to give the corresponding element
value in mvar1'. In this case, the number of elements in
mvar3' must not exceed the number of elements in mvar1'.
After the multiplication, mvar1' will have the same dimen-
sions as mvar3'.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(2,3),MATC(3,3)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 LET MATB(J,I)=I*20+J
0060 NEXT J
0070 NEXT I
0080 PRINT "MATA : "
0090 MAT PRINT MATA
0100 PRINT "13'10'MATB : "
0110 MAT PRINT MATB
0120 MAT MATC=MATA*MATB
0130 PRINT "13'10'MATA * MATB :"
0140 MAT PRINT MATC
&_ \f
T_MATA :C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
11 12
21 22
31 32
MATB :
21 41 61
22 42 62
MATA * MATB : DDD21UUU
495 955 1415 495 = (11 12) x DDD22UUU
925 1785 2645
1355 2615 3875 = (11 x 21) + (12 x 22)
&_
T_6.6D_E_T_(_X_)_ _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
var' = DET(expr')
var': a numeric variable.
expr': a numeric expression (required, but not used).
&_
U_s_e_
As a function to return the determinant of the last matrix
inverted by a MAT INV statement (see Sect. 6.10).
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The DET(X) function requires an argument, although the
argument does not affect the resulting determinant and the
function does not affect the argument.
2. For calculation of the determinant of a matrix, see Section
6.10.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
See the MAT INV statement (Sect. 6.10).
&_ \f
T_6.7M_A_T_ _C_O_N_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar' = CON
mvar': a matrix variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to initialize a matrix such that all
elements are set to one.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrix must have been dimensioned before the statement is
executed.
2. All elements of mvar' are set to one regardless of any
previously assigned values.
3. The resulting matrix is often called a constant matrix.
\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 NEXT J
0060 NEXT I
0070 PRINT "MATA : "
0080 MAT PRINT MATA
0090 MAT MATA=CON
0100 PRINT "13'10'NEW MATA :"
0110 MAT PRINT MATA
MATA :
11 12
21 22
31 32
NEW MATA :
1 1
1 1
1 1
&_
T_6.8M_A_T_ _I_D_N_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar' = IDN
mvar': a matrix variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to initialize a matrix such that all
elements (i,i) are set to one and the remaining elements are set
to zero.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrix must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. If mvar' is an n x p matrix (i.e. with n rows and p\f
columns), then all elements (i,i), 1 = i = minimum (n,p),
are set to one and the remaining elements are set to zero
(see Example).
3. If mvar' is a square matrix (i.e. where n = p), then the
resulting matrix will be the identity matrix, in which all
elements of the major diagonal are set to one and the
remaining elements are set to zero (see Example).
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(6,6)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 NEXT J
0060 NEXT I
0070 PRINT "MATA : "
0080 MAT PRINT MATA
0090 MAT MATA=IDN
0100 PRINT "13'10'NEW MATA :"
0110 MAT PRINT MATA
0120 MAT MATB=IDN
0130 PRINT "13'10'MATB :"
0140 MAT PRINT MATB;
&_
T_MATA :
11 12
21 22
31 32
NEW MATA :
1 0
0 1
0 0
MATB :
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
&_ 0 0 0 0 0 1
\f
T_ 6.9M_A_T_ _I_N_P_U_T_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT INPUT mvar1' ,mvar2', ... ,mvar-n'
mvar1, mvar2, mvar-n': matrix variables.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to assign numeric values entered from
the user"s terminal during program execution to the elements of
one or more matrices.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. When a MAT INPUT statement is executed, the system outputs a
question mark (?) as an initial prompt.
3. The user responds by typing a list of numeric data items,
each of which is separated from the next by a comma. The last
item is followed by a carriage return.
4. If the data list is terminated (by pressing the RETURN key)
before values have been assigned to all of the matrix
elements, the system will output / ? as a prompt, indicating
that further items are expected.
T_6.10M_A_T_ _I_N_V_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar1' = INV(mvar2')
mvar1, mvar2': matrix variables.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to invert a matrix and assign the
resultant element values to another matrix.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. The inverse, B, of a matrix, A, is defined such that the
products of A x B and B x A are both equal to the identity
matrix.
3. mvar2' must be a square matrix.
4. The determinant (see Remark 6) of mvar2' must not equal
zero.
5. After the inversion of a matrix, the determinant of that
matrix can be obtained by means of the DET(X) function (see
Sect. 6.6).
6. M_a_t_r_i_x_ _d_e_t_e_r_m_i_n_a_n_t_s_
In order to calculate the inverse of a matrix, one must first
calculate the determinant of that matrix.
The calculation of the determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix is
described in the following. For larger matrices, consult a
mathematics text.
The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix
a b a b
c d is written as c d .
The determinant is the scalar
(a x d) - (b x c)
i.e. multiplication along the diagonals and subtraction of
the product of the second diagonal from the product of the
major diagonal.
&_\f
T_ 6.11M_A_T_ _P_R_I_N_T_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
;
MAT PRINT mvar' , mvar' ... ;
mvar': a matrix variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to output the values of the elements
of one or more matrices on the user"s terminal.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. If a semicolon is used after a matrix variable in the
argument list, the elements of that matrix will be output
with c_o_m_p_a_c_t_ _s_p_a_c_i_n_g_, i.e. each element will be output
starting from the next character position. (N_o_t_e_: A blank
space is always printed after an element and a blank space is
reserved for the plus sign, even though this sign is not
printed).
3. If a comma or carriage return is used after a matrix variable
in the argument list, the elements of that matrix will be
output with z_o_n_e_ _s_p_a_c_i_n_g_, i.e. each element will be output
starting from the leftmost position of a print zone. The
width of the print zones can be set by means of the TAB
command (see Ch. 9).
4. The values of the elements are output by rows in ascending
order. If a row cannot be contained on a single print line, a
carriage return and line feed are output and the row is
continued on the next print line.
\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_
0010 TAB=10
0020 PAGE=72
0030 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(2,3),ARRAY(10)
0040 FOR I=1 TO 3
0050 FOR J=1 TO 2
0060 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0070 LET MATB(J,I)=J*10+I
0080 NEXT J
0090 NEXT I
0100 PRINT "13'10'"
0110 MAT PRINT MATA,MATB
0120 PRINT "13'10'"
0130 MAT PRINT MATA;MATB;
0140 PRINT "13'10'"
0150 MAT PRINT MATA,MATB;
0155 TAB=5
0160 PRINT "13'10'"
0170 MAT PRINT ARRAY
0180 MAT ARRAY=CON
0190 PRINT "13'10'"
0200 MAT PRINT ARRAY;
&_
T_ 11 12 Statement 110.
21 22 Zone spacing
31 32 is used (comma
or carriage
11 12 13return as sepa-
21 22 23rator).
11 12 Statement 130.
21 22 Compact spacing
31 32 is used (semi-
colon as sepa-
11 12 13rator).
&_ 21 22 23
T_ 11 12 Statement 150.
21 22
31 32
11 12 13
&_ 21 22 23
T_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Statement 170.
&_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Statement 200. \f
T_ 6.12M_A_T_ _R_E_A_D_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT READ mvar' ,mvar' ...
mvar': a matrix variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to read in numeric values from the
list defined by one or more DATA statements (see Ch. 3) and to
assign the values to the elements of one or more matrices.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. Values are assigned to matrix elements by rows in ascending
order.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2),MATB(2,3)
0020 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
0030 MAT READ MATA
0040 PRINT "MATA :"
0050 MAT PRINT MATA
0060 RESTORE
0070 MAT READ MATB
0080 PRINT "13'10'MATB :"
0090 MAT PRINT MATB
&_
T_MATA :
1 2
3 4
5 6
MATB :
1 2 3
4 5 6
&_ \f
T_6.13M_A_T_ _T_R_N_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar1' = TRN(mvar2')
mvar1, mvar2': matrix variables.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to transpose a matrix and assign the
resultant element values to another matrix.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed.
2. A matrix is transposed by reversing the row and column
assignments of the matrix elements, i.e. row number 1 in
mvar2' becomes column number 1 in mvar1' and column number
1 in mvar2' becomes row number 1 in mvar1'.
3. If mvar2' is an n x m matrix, mvar1' will be an m x n
matrix.
4. mvar1' and mvar2' must be two distinct matrices.
T_6.14M_A_T_ _Z_E_R_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT mvar' = ZER
mvar': a matrix variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to initialize a matrix such that all
elements are set to zero.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrix must have been dimensioned before the statement is
executed.
2. All elements of mvar' are set to zero regardless of any
previously assigned values.
3. The resulting matrix is often called a zero matrix.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 DIM MATA(3,2)
0020 FOR I=1 TO 3
0030 FOR J=1 TO 2
0040 LET MATA(I,J)=I*10+J
0050 NEXT J
0060 NEXT I
0070 PRINT "MATA : "
0080 MAT PRINT MATA
0090 MAT MATA=ZER
0100 PRINT "13'10'NEW MATA :"
0110 MAT PRINT MATA
MATA :
11 12
21 22
31 32
NEW MATA :
0 0
0 0
0 0
&_
F_\f
7L_O_G_I_C_A_L_ _D_I_S_C_S_ _A_N_D_ _R_E_L_A_T_E_D_ _C_O_M_M_A_N_D_S_
7.1I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n_
An RC BASIC d_i_s_c_ _f_i_l_e_ (see the introduction to Chapter 8)
comprises a number of consecutive blocks in a l_o_g_i_c_a_l_ _d_i_s_c_.
Any system device may in principle contain logical discs, but in
practice only such read/write devices as flexible discs and
moving-head disc files are used for this purpose. (Note that
here a moving-head disc file is considered a device).
Logical discs are created in a device by means of a s_p_e_c_i_a_l_
f_o_r_m_a_t_t_i_n_g_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ (described in the separate publication
RC BASIC System Logical Disc Formatting Program Operating
Guide).
A device, i.e. a flexible disc or moving-head disc file,
containing logical discs (LD"s) is structured as follows:
device formatted with logical discs
block 1 n
LD LD LD
subcatalogs main catalog
The m_a_i_n_ _c_a_t_a_l_o_g_ describes the l_o_g_i_c_a_l_ _d_i_s_c_s_ contained in the
device. Each main catalog entry has the following structure:
\f
T_
USERS Number of logical disc users.
KEY Protection key of the logical disc.
Not used.
LENGTH Number of blocks allocated to the
logical disc.
NAME Name of the logical disc (1 to 8
&_ characters).
The s_u_b_c_a_t_a_l_o_g_ in each logical disc describes the f_i_l_e_s_
contained in that logical disc. Each subcatalog entry has the
following structure:
T_ USERS Number of file users.
Last block written in the file
LAST BLOCK (sequential access)or number of records
in the file (random access).
Last byte written in the last block
LAST BYTE (sequential access) or record length in
bytes (random access).
LENGTH Number of blocks allocated to the file.
NAME Name of the file (1 to 8 characters).
&
A subcatalog always contains an entry in which NAME is <_F_R_E_E_ and
LENGTH indicates the number of unused blocks in the logical
T_disc, for example:
LD
user file free blocks <FREE entry
number indicated subcatalog
by LENGTH field
&_ in <FREE entry entry describing user file \f
A user can connect his terminal to o_n_e_ _l_o_g_i_c_a_l_ _d_i_s_c_ at a time.
This is done by means of the CONNECT command, which gives him
r_e_a_d_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_, possibly together with other users, to the files in
that logical disc.
If, however, the user correctly specifies the p_r_o_t_e_c_t_i_o_n_ _k_e_y_ of
a logical disc in the CONNECT command, the logical disc is
reserved for writing and he becomes its e_x_c_l_u_s_i_v_e_ _u_s_e_r_. He may
now CREATE, DELETE, RENAME, or write to files in that logical
disc, and no other user may connect his terminal to it.
CONNECT and other commands related to the use of logical discs
are described in the remaining sections of this chapter, while
CREATE, DELETE, RENAME, and other statements related to the use
of files are described in Chapter 8.
T_7.2 C_O_N_N_E_C_T_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
CONNECT ldname' ,expr'
ldname': a logical disc expressed as a string literal or
by means of a variable.
xpr': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
protection key.
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to connect the user"s terminal to a
logical disc.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If the user CONNECTs without specifying a protection key, he
may only read from the logical disc ldname'.
2. If the user specifies a protection key and the value is
correct, he becomes the exclusive user of ldname' and may
now write to as well as read from ldname', whereas no other
user may CONNECT his terminal to ldname'.
3. If a CONNECT command is given from a terminal which is
already connected to a logical disc, a RELEASE command (see
Sect. 7.7) will be automatically executed. \f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_
* CONNECT "DISC1"
* CONNECT "SUBAREA",637
10 CONNECT LDNAME<,KEY
&_
T_
7.3C_O_P_Y_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
COPY "ldname':filename1'","filename2'"
ldname': a logical disc.
filename1': a file in ldname' to be copied.
filename2': a file in the logical disc to which the
terminal is connected.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to copy a file from any logical disc to a file in
the logical disc to which the user"s terminal is connected.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. A file can be copied to a logical disc only if the user
correctly specified the protection key of that logical disc
in the CONNECT command (see Sect. 7.2).
2. The COPY command copies the file filename1' in the logical
disc ldname' (provided that ldname' is not reserved for
writing by another user) to a file, filename2', in the
logical disc to which the terminal is connected.
3. If filename2' does not exist, a file will be created with
the name filename2'.
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
* COPY "LIB:PROG1","PROG2"
&_ \f
T_7.4I_N_I_T_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
INIT device'
device': a device expressed as a string literal.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to initialize the main catalog in a device
containing logical discs.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The INIT command can only be given from the master terminal.
2. Users may CONNECT their terminals to logical discs in device'
as soon as the INIT command has been executed.
3. When the INIT command is executed, the UNIT ID is output on
the master terminal. (For a description of the UNIT ID, see
the NEW function in the separate publication RC BASIC System
Logical Disc Formatting Program Operating Guide.)
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* INIT "<FD0"
FORMATTING EXAMPLE 77.02.09 UNIT ID.
&_
T_7.5 L_O_C_K_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
LOCK device'
device': a device expressed as a string literal.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to lock a device, when changing discs or closing
down the system, so that no user can CONNECT his terminal to a
logical disc in that device.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The LOCK command can only be given from the master terminal.
2. When the LOCK command has been executed, no user can CONNECT
his terminal to a logical disc in device'. Connected users
may continue to access device' until they RELEASE their
terminals (see Sect. 7.7).
3. When the LOCK command is executed, a 4-digit number is output
on the master terminal indicating the number of users whose
terminals are still connected to logical discs in device'.
4. IMPORTANT: The device, i.e. the flexible or moving-head disc
that contains the logical discs, must n_e_v_e_r_ be removed from
its drive unit until it has been LOCKed and the number of
users is 0.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LOCK "<FD0" Do not remove the disc from drive
0001 unit 0, as the number of device
users is 1.
Ask the user who is still
connected to RELEASE his terminal
and then LOCK the device once more
before removing the disc.
&_
T_ 7.6 L_O_O_K_U_P_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
LOOKUP "<LPT"
U_s_e_
As a command to return a listing of the files (names and
attributes) in the logical disc, if any, to which the user"s
terminal is connected at the moment. \f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The first column in the listing contains the name of each
file.
2. The second column indicates whether the file is a sequential
access file (S) or a random access file (R).
3. The third column gives the number of the last block written
in the file (sequential access) or the number of records in
the file (random access).
4. The fourth column gives the number of the last byte written
in the last block (sequential access file) or the record
length in bytes (random access file).
5. The fifth column indicates the number of blocks allocated to
the file. The number of bytes per block will depend on the
device that contains the logical disc. If the device is a
flexible disc, there are 128 bytes per block. If the device
is a moving-head disc file, there are 512 bytes per block.
6. The listing will always include the file <FREE, where the
fifth column indicates the number of unused blocks in the
logical disc.
7. If the LOOKUP "<LPT" form of the command is used, the listing
will be output with headings on the line printer.
8. The listing will be interrupted, if the user presses the
ESCape key.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LOOKUP
SORT.SR S 00006 00077 00006
SORT.SV S 00005 00080 00010 The length in u_s_e_d_ _b_y_t_e_s_
INDATA S 00002 00040 00002 of the file SORT.SV is
LAES.SV S 00002 00008 00002 (5-1) x 128 + 80.
DATA.BN S 00001 00061 00030
<FREE 65479 00000 00444
&_ \f
T_7.7 R_E_L_E_A_S_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
RELEASE
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to disconnect the user"s terminal from
the logical disc, if any, to which it is connected.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If the terminal is not connected to a logical disc, the
RELEASE command will have no effect.
2. If a CONNECT command (see Sect. 7.2) is given from a terminal
which is already connected to a logical disc, a RELEASE
command will be automatically executed.
3. If any of the files in the logical disc are open, the error
message 0115: OPEN FILES ON LD will be output and the
terminal will not be disconnected.
E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
* RELEASE
100 RELEASE
&_
T_7.8 U_S_E_R_S_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
USERS device'
device': a device expressed as a string literal.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to return the number of users whose terminals are
connected to any logical disc in a device at the moment.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The USERS command is intended as an aid in closing down the
system (see the LOCK command, Sect. 7.5).
2. If the number of device users is 0, device' can be LOCKed
and the disc containing device' can be removed from its
drive unit.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* USERS "<FD0" See the LOCK command.
0001
&_ \f
8F_I_L_E_S_ _A_N_D_ _R_E_L_A_T_E_D_ _S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_S_
8.1 I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n_
The present section describes the file concept itself, while
statements related to the use of files are described in the
remaining sections of this chapter. For the catalog structure
in RC BASIC, i.e. l_o_g_i_c_a_l_ _d_i_s_c_s_, see the introduction to
Chapter 7.
8.1.1 D_i_s_c_ _f_i_l_e_s_ _a_n_d_ _d_e_v_i_c_e_s_
Several of the statements described in the following sections
have filename' as an argument. A filename may be the name of a
disc file or the name of a device. In many respects, a disc file
and a device are one and the same, and most of the explanations
in this chapter apply to both. Devices, however, cannot be
CREATEd, DELETEd, or RENAMEd. A device, moreover, is used either
for input or for output, whereas a disc file can be used for
both.
8.1.2 S_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_ _d_e_v_i_c_e_s_ _a_n_d_ _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d_ _n_a_m_e_s_
The system devices which can be used in RC BASIC are listed
below. The names in parentheses should be used when the device
is referenced as a file.
Line printer (<LPT)
Paper tape punch (<PTP)
Paper tape reader (<PTR)
Card reader (<CDR or <MCDR)
Flexible disc (<FD0, <FD1)
The card reader has two names, as it can be used in two
different ways.
The flexible disc is referenced directly when the INIT, LOCK,
and USERS commands are executed (see Ch. 7); otherwise, discs
are only referenced indirectly, by a d_i_s_c_ filename.
\f
b_T_8.1.3 B_l_o_c_k_ _s_i_z_e_s_e
An RC BASIC disc file comprises a number of consecutive blocks
in a logical disc. Each disc file is described separately by an
entry in the subcatalog of the logical disc (see Ch. 7). The
size of the blocks in the file depends on the type of device
&_used to contain the logical disc and, hence, the file. If the
device is a flexible disc, the block size is 128 bytes. If the
device is a moving-head disc file, the block size is 512 bytes.
One byte (8 bits) corresponds to one character, so that a string
containing 10 characters will occupy 10 bytes, whereas numeric
data will occupy 4 bytes per item.
b_8.1.4 F_i_l_e_n_a_m_e_s_ _a_n_d_ _f_i_l_e_ _s_i_z_e_s_e
A disc file can be CREATEd with a name and a size. A filename
may contain from 1 to 8 characters. All characters are legal,
but the first character in a d_i_s_c_ filename must not be a dollar
sign (<). The size of a file is the number of blocks allocated
to the file, expressed as a number greater than or equal to
zero.
A disc file can also be DELETEd or RENAMEd.
b_8.1.5 H_o_w_ _f_i_l_e_s_ _a_r_e_ _u_s_e_d_e
Files can be used for many purposes. The user can SAVE/LOAD/
CHAIN/RUN or LIST/ENTER a program to or from a file (see Chs. 3
and 9).
A file can also be used for data. In order to read data from or
write data to a file, the user must first OPEN the file. The
data can be in binary or ASCII (character) format. When the file
is OPENed, the user must specify one of the following modes:
Mode 0 for binary input from or binary output to a random
access file (READ FILE or WRITE FILE statement).
Mode 1 for binary input from a sequential access file
(READ FILE statement).
Mode 2 for binary output to a sequential access file,
when data is to be appended to previously written
data (WRITE FILE statement).
Mode 3 for binary output to a sequential access file
(WRITE FILE statement).
\f
Mode 4 for binary input (only) from a random access file
(READ FILE statement).
Mode 9 for ASCII input from a sequential access file (INPUT
FILE statement).
Mode 11 for ASCII output to a sequential access file
(PRINT FILE statement).
When the user no longer needs to access a file, he should CLOSE
it.
b_8.1.6 R_a_n_d_o_m_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_s_e
The data in a random access file is organized in individual
records, which can be accessed directly. If a random access file
is to be used for both reading and writing, it must be OPENed in
mode 0. This can be done only if the user correctly specified
the protection key of the logical disc in the CONNECT command
(see Ch. 7). If a random access file is to be used for reading
only, it can be OPENed in mode 4. In this case, the user does
not have to specify the protection key of the logical disc in
the CONNECT command.
b_8.1.7 S_e_q_u_e_n_t_i_a_l_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_s_e
The data in a sequential access file can only be accessed in a
sequential manner. When a sequential access file is OPENed, the
system positions to the beginning of the file and the data is
read or written starting from there. If, however, a sequential
access file is OPENed in mode 2, the system will position after
the last item written to the file, so that data can be appended
to previously written data. Sequential access files can be
OPENed in mode 1, 2, 3, 9, or 11.
If a file is OPENed for reading (writing), it must be CLOSEd and
OPENed again before it can be used for writing (reading).
b_8.1.8 W_r_i_t_e_ _p_r_o_t_e_c_t_i_o_n_e
A d_i_s_c_ file can be accessed only if the user has CONNECTed his
terminal to the logical disc that contains the file (see Ch. 7).
If a disc file is to be CREATEd, DELETEd, RENAMEd, or written
to, the user must correctly specify the protection key of the
logical disc in the CONNECT command.
The remaining sections of this chapter contain separate
descriptions of the CREATE, DELETE, and RENAME statements,\f
statements related to file input/output, and the EOF(X)
function.
For the use of these statements as keyboard commands, see
Appendix C.
CONNECT and other commands related to the use of logical discs
are described in Chapter 7.
T_ 8.2 C_L_O_S_E_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
CLOSE FILE(file')
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to a user
file number that was previously associated with a
filename in an OPEN FILE statement (see Sect.
8.11).
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to dissociate a filename and a user
file number so that the file no longer can be referenced.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The CLOSE FILE statement may be used to close a file so that
it can be re-opened by an OPEN FILE statement with a new mode
argument.
2. The CLOSE form of the statement closes all open files.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_
100 CLOSE FILE(1)
200 CLOSE FILE(X+3)
300 CLOSE
&_ \f
T_8.3 C_R_E_A_T_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
&_CREATE filename',size',recl'
filename': the name (1 to 8 characters) of the disc file
to be created, expressed as a string literal
or by means of a variable.
size': a numeric expression specifying either the
length of the file in blocks (sequential
access file) or the number of records in the
file (random access file).
recl': a numeric expression specifying the record
length in bytes. recl' should be specified
if, and only if, the file is to be used as a
random access file.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to create a file in the logical disc
to which the user"s terminal is connected.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. A file can be created only if the user correctly specified
the protection key of the logical disc in the CONNECT command
(see Ch. 7).
2. For files created in a logical disc contained in a flexible
disc, the block size is 128 bytes. For files created in a
logical disc contained in a moving-head disc file, the block
size is 512 bytes.
3. If the user does not know how large a file will be, he can
specify size' equal to 0 when he creates it. This will re-
serve the remainder of the logical disc to which the terminal
is connected. The file can then be used for output, and when
it is CLOSEd (see Sect. 8.2), the system will truncate it.
size' must be positive, if the file is a random access file.
4. No more than one file created with size' equal to 0 can be
used, unless the files in question have already been CLOSEd
once.\f
5. If recl' is specified, the file can (only) be used as a
random access file. (See also the OPEN FILE, READ FILE, and
WRITE FILE statements.) recl' must be positive and less than
or equal to the block size of the device (i.e. flexible disc
or moving-head disc file) containing the logical disc in
which the file is created.
6. A random access file will be organized such that each
physical block in the device will contain an integral number
of records.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
120 LET NAME<="PROC1.SR"
130 CREATE NAME<,17
140 CREATE "PROC2.SR",0 CREATE used as a statement.
&_
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
* CREATE "DATAFILE",15,52 CREATE used as a command.
&_
T_8.4 D_E_L_E_T_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
DELETE filename'
filename': the name of the disc file to be deleted,
expressed as a string literal or by means of a
variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to delete a file in the logical disc
to which the user"s terminal is connected.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. A file can be deleted only if the user correctly specified
the protection key of the logical disc in the CONNECT command
(see Ch. 7).
2. A file can be deleted only if all other files in the logical
disc are closed.\f
3. N_o_t_e_: The deletion of a file may require some time.
The figure below shows a logical disc containing four files.
FILE 1 was created first and FILE 4 was created last.
If, for example, FILE 2 is deleted, then FILE 3 and FILE 4
will be moved so that there will be no gaps in the logical
disc.
If the user wishes to delete more than one file, he should
always delete starting with the file most recently created,
as this will minimize the time required to move the files.
T_
FILE 1 FILE 2 FILE 3 FILE 4
T_8.5 E_O_F_(_X_)_ _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
EOF(file')
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the number
of a user file opened for reading (i.e. in mode
1 or 9).
&_
U_s_e_
As a function to detect the end of data when transferring data
from a file.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The EOF(X) function returns an integer indicating whether or
not the last READ FILE or INPUT FILE statement included an
end of file delimiter.
2. If an end of file condition was detected, the function
returns a value of +1; otherwise, a value of 0 is returned.
E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
See the examples under READ FILE (Sect. 8.14).\f
T_8.6 I_N_P_U_T_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
var'var'
INPUT FILE(file') , svar' ,svar' ...
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
&_ number of a user file opened in mode 9.
var, svar': a list of one or more numeric or string
variables which are assigned values read from
a sequential access file.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to read data in ASCII format from a
s_e_q_u_e_n_t_i_a_l_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_ for the variables in the argument list.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. Each variable in the argument list must be of the same type
(numeric or string) as the corresponding data item in the
data file.
2. The data file must be formatted such that commas or carriage
returns are used to separate numeric data items and quotation
marks or carriage returns are used to separate string data
items.
3. If the length of a string in the data file is greater than
the length of the corresponding string variable in the
argument list, the last part of the string will be skipped.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
40 OPEN FILE(1,9)"INFILE"
.
.
70 INPUT FILE(1)Z,Y,X,A<,B<
&_ \f
T_8.7 M_A_T_ _I_N_P_U_T_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
&_MAT INPUT FILE(file') , mvar' ,mvar' ...
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the number
of a user file opened in mode 9.
mvar': a matrix variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to read data in ASCII format from a
s_e_q_u_e_n_t_i_a_l_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_ for the matrix variables in the argument
list.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed (see Ch. 6).
2. Values are assigned to the matrix elements by rows in
ascendingorder.
3. The data file must be formatted such that commas or carriage
returns are used to separate the data items.
T_8.8 M_A_T_ _P_R_I_N_T_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
&_MAT PRINT FILE(file') , mvar' ,mvar' ...
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the number
of a user file opened in mode 11.
mvar': a matrix variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to write matrix data in ASCII format
to a s_e_q_u_e_n_t_i_a_l_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_._\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
See the MAT PRINT statement (Ch. 6).
T_8.9 M_A_T_ _R_E_A_D_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT READ FILE(file',recno') , mvar' ,mvar' ...
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number of a user file opened in mode 0, 1, or 4.
recno': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number (' 0) of a record to be read from a
random access file.
mvar': a matrix variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to read data in binary format from a
sequential access file or record of a random access file for the
matrix variables in the argument list.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed (see Ch. 6).
2. Values are assigned to the matrix elements by rows in
ascending order.
3. If the attempt is made to read a record (from a random access
file) which is longer than the record length specified for
the file, the error message 0117: RECORD TOO LONG will
appear.
F_ \f
T_ 8.10 M_A_T_ _W_R_I_T_E_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
MAT WRITE FILE(file',recno') , mvar' ,mvar' ...
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number of a user file opened in mode 0 or 3.
recno': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number (' 0) of a record to be written to a
random access file.
mvar': a matrix variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to write matrix data in binary format
to a sequential access file or record of a random access file.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The matrices must have been dimensioned before the statement
is executed (see Ch. 6).
2. The values of the matrix elements are output by rows in
ascending order.
3. If the attempt is made to write a record (to a random access
file) which is longer than the record length specified for
the file, the error message 0117: RECORD TOO LONG will
appear.
T_8.11 O_P_E_N_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
OPEN FILE(file',mode') , filename'
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to a
number in the range 0 to 7 (the number of a
user file). This number is associated with
filename' and used whenever the file is
referenced in other file input/output
&_ statements.
\f
mode': a numeric expression which evaluates to a
number and specifies how the file is to be
used (see Remarks).
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal or by means of a variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to associate a disc file or a device
with a user file number and to specify how the file is to be
used.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. One of the following modes must be specified:
Mode 0 for binary input from or binary output to a random
access file (READ FILE or WRITE FILE statement).
Mode 1 for binary input from a sequential access file
(READ FILE statement).
Mode 2 for binary output to a sequential access file,
when data is to be appended to previously written
data (WRITE FILE statement)
Mode 3 for binary output to a sequential access file
(WRITE FILE statement).
Mode 4 for binary input (only) from a random access file
(READ FILE statement).
Mode 9 for ASCII input from a sequential access file
(INPUT FILE statement).
Mode 11 for ASCII output to a sequential access file
(PRINT FILE or PRINT FILE USING statement).
2. A disc file must have been CREATEd (see Sect. 8.3) before it
can be opened.
3. Random access files can only be opened in mode 0 or 4.
4. When a sequential access file is opened in mode 1, 3, 9, or
11, the system will position to the beginning of the file.
When a sequential access file is opened in mode 2, the system\f
will position after the last item written to the file, so
that data can be appended to previously written data.
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
10 NAME<="DATA1"
20 OPEN FILE(0,0)NAME<
30 OPEN FILE(1,11)"DATA2" OPEN FILE used as a statement.
&_
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
* OPEN FILE(6,9)"<PTR" OPEN FILE used as a command.
&_
T_8.12 P_R_I_N_T_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
expr' , expr' ,
PRINT FILE(file') , slit' ; slit' ... ;
svar' svar'
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates
to the number of a user file opened
in mode 11.
expr, slit, svar':a list of one or more numeric or rela-
tional expressions, string literals,
or string variables the values of
which are written to a sequential
access file.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to write data in ASCII format to a
s_e_q_u_e_n_t_i_a_l_ _a_c_c_e_s_s_ _f_i_l_e_.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The PRINT FILE statement is used to output data to an ASCII
device, such as a line printer, or to a disc file for
subsequent off-line printing.
2. Each item in the argument list must be separated from the
next item by a comma or a semicolon. The argument list itself
must be terminated by a carriage return.
\f
3. Output formatting is the same as that described under the
PRINT statement (see Ch. 3).
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
10 OPEN FILE(2,11)"DATAFILE"
20 PRINT FILE(2)"RESULTS:"
30 PRINT FILE(2)X 2,X 3,X 4
&_
T_8.13 P_R_I_N_T_ _F_I_L_E_ _U_S_I_N_G_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
expr' expr'
PRINT FILE(file') , USING format', slit' , slit' ...,
svar' ; svar' ;
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number of a user file opened in mode 11.
format': a string literal or string variable that
specifies the format (see Remarks) forout-
putting the items in the argument list.
expr': a numeric or relational expression.
slit': a string literal.
svar': a string variable.
U_s_e_
As a statement to output the values of items in the argument
list using a specified format.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
See the PRINT FILE statement (Sect. 8.12) and the PRINT USING
statement (Ch. 3).
\f
T_8.14 R_E_A_D_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
var'var'
READ FILE(file',recno'), svar' , svar' ...
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number of a user file opened in mode 0, 1, or 4.
recno': a numeric expression which evaluates to the
number (' 0) of a record to be read from a
random access file.
var, svar':a list of one or more numeric or string
variables which are assigned values read
sequentially from a randomly accessed record
or sequentially from a file.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to read data in binary format from a
sequential access file or record of a random access file for the
variables in the argument list.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. Each variable in the argument list must be of the same type
(numeric or string) as the corresponding data item in the
data file.
2. One can, however, read string data items into numeric
variables. (For each numeric variable, four bytes will be
read.) This facility can be used to copy a file (see Ex. 2).
N_o_t_e_: If the total number of bytes in the file is not
divisible by 4, the error message 0107: END OF FILE may
appear.
3. The EOF(X) function (see Sect. 8.5) can be used to detect an
end of file condition in the file (see Examples).
4. If the attempt is made to read a record (from a random access
file) which is longer than the record length specified for
the file, the error message 0117: RECORD TOO LONG will
appear. \f
E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
0010 OPEN FILE(0,1)"DATA" This program uses the file
0020 DIM TEXT<(25) DATA, which is created in
0030 READ FILE(0)TEXT< the program shown as an
0040 PRINT TEXT< example of the WRITE FILE
0050 READ FILE(0)A statement (see Sect. 8.16).
0060 WHILE NOT EOF(0) DO
0070 PRINT A;
0080 READ FILE(0)A
0090 ENDWHILE
0100 CLOSE
THIS IS A DATA FILE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
&_
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
0010 CREATE "DATA1",5 This program copies the file
0020 OPEN FILE(0,1)"DATA" DATA to a new file, DATA1.
0030 OPEN FILE(1,3)"DATA1"
0035 READ FILE(0)A
0040 WHILE NOT EOF(0) DO
0050 WRITE FILE(1)A
0060 READ FILE(0)A
0070 ENDWHILE
0080 CLOSE
&_
T_8.15 R_E_N_A_M_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
&_RENAME filename1',filename2'
&_
filename1': the name of the disc file to be renamed.
filename2': the new name of filename1'.
Both arguments are expressed as string literals or
by means of variables.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to rename a file in the logical disc
to which the user"s terminal is connected.\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
A file can be renamed only if the user correctly specified the
protection key of the logical disc in the CONNECT command (see
Ch. 7).
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
20 RENAME NAME<,"PROC3.SR" RENAME used as a statement.
&_
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
* RENAME "DATAFILE","FILE-3" RENAME used as a command.
&_
T_8.16 W_R_I_T_E_ _F_I_L_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
expr' expr'
WRITE FILE(file',recno') , slit' , slit' ...
svar' svar'
&_
file': a numeric expression which evaluates
to the number of a user file opened in
mode 0 or 3.
recno': a numeric expression which evaluates
to the number (' 0) of a record to be
written to a random access file.
expr, slit, svar': a list of one or more numeric or
relational expressions, string
literals, or string variables the
values of which are written
sequentially to a randomly accessed
record or sequentially to a file.
U_s_e_
As a statement or command to write data in binary format to a
sequential access file or record of a random access file. \f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. A_ _n_u_m_e_r_i_c_ _d_a_t_a_ _i_t_e_m_ _i_s_ _w_r_i_t_t_e_n_ _a_s_ _f_o_u_r_ _b_y_t_e_s_._ _A_ _s_t_r_i_n_g_ _d_a_t_a_
i_t_e_m_ _i_s_ _w_r_i_t_t_e_n_ _a_s_ _a_ _n_u_m_b_e_r_ _o_f_ _b_y_t_e_s_ _c_o_r_r_e_s_p_o_n_d_i_n_g_ _t_o_ _t_h_e_
l_e_n_g_t_h_ _o_f_ _t_h_e_ _s_t_r_i_n_g_._ _T_h_e_ _s_t_r_i_n_g_ _i_s_ _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_t_e_d_ _b_y_ _a_ _N_U_L_
c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_ _(_s_e_e_ _A_p_p_._ _D_)_._
2. The result of a relational expression is written as one
numeric item, the value of which is 1, if the expression is
true (e.g. 3 ' 0), or 0, if the expression is false
(e.g. 0 ' 3).
3. If the attempt is made to write a record (to a random access
file) which is longer than the record length specified for
the file, the error message 0117: RECORD TOO LONG will
appear.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
0010 CREATE "DATA",5
0020 OPEN FILE(1,3)"DATA"
0030 WRITE FILE(1)"THIS IS A DATA FILE"
0040 FOR I=1 TO 10
0050 WRITE FILE(1)I
0060 NEXT I
&_0070 CLOSE FILE(1)
F_\f
9S_Y_S_T_E_M_ _C_O_M_M_A_N_D_S_
9.1I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n_
The statements and functions that are used for writing programs
in RC BASIC are described in preceding chapters. RC BASIC, how-
ever, may also be used interactively to perform such functions
as:
Maintenance of RC BASIC source programs
Desk calculator functions
Dynamic program debugging
File input/output
The present chapter describes commands for program development
and execution.
Commands derived from RC BASIC statements, for desk calculator
functions, program debugging, and file input/output, are
described in Appendix C.
Commands used in conjunction with batch mode are described in
Appendix B.
9.2C_o_m_m_a_n_d_ _t_o_ _d_e_l_e_t_e_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_s_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
line n1',line n2'
line n1'
line n1',
,line n2'
line n1': the first statement to be deleted.
line n2': the last statement to be deleted.
U_s_e_
As a command to delete one or more statements in a program.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
The variations of the command have the following effects:
line n1',line n2' Deletes all lines with
line n1' = line number =
line n2'.
line n1' Deletes only the single line
with line number = line n1'.
line n1', Deletes all lines with
line n1' = line number.
,line n2' Deletes all lines with
line number = line n2'.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LIST
0010 PRINT
0020 PRINT
0030 PRINT
0040 PRINT
0050 PRINT
0060 PRINT
0070 PRINT
0080 PRINT
0090 PRINT
0100 PRINT
* 20,40 Lines 20-40 (= 20, 30, 40)
* LIST are deleted.
0010 PRINT
0050 PRINT
0060 PRINT
0070 PRINT
0080 PRINT
0090 PRINT
0100 PRINT
&_ \f
T_* 60 Line 60 is deleted.
* LIST
0010 PRINT
0050 PRINT
0070 PRINT
0080 PRINT
0090 PRINT
&_0100 PRINT
T_ * 90, Lines 90-9999 (= 90, 100)
* LIST are deleted.
0010 PRINT
0050 PRINT
0070 PRINT
0080 PRINT
* ,70 Lines 1-70 (= 10, 50, 70)
* LIST are deleted.
0080 PRINT
*
&_
T_ 9.3A_U_T_O_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
line n1'
STEP
AUTO , line n2'
STEP
line n1' , line n2'
line n1': the initial line number in a program.
line n2': the increment between line numbers in a program.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to provide automatic line numbers in a program,
thereby making it easier to enter programs from a terminal.
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The terminal is released from AUTO mode by pressing the
ESCape key.
2. AUTO can be used as a command for a file that contains
statements; the statements can then be read into the current
program storage area by means of the ENTER command (see Sect.
9.7).
3. The variations of the command have the following effects:
AUTO Assigns numbers to a program
starting with the default line
number 0010 and with a default
increment of 10 between line
numbers.
AUTO line n1' Assigns numbers to a program
starting with line number line
n1' and incrementing by line n1'
between line numbers.
STEP
AUTO , line n2' Assigns numbers to a program
starting with the default line
number 0010 and incrementing by
line n2' between line numbers.
STEP
AUTO line n1' , line n2'Assigns numbers to a program
starting with line number line
n1' and incrementing by line n2'
between line numbers. \f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* AUTO
0010 LET I=1
0020 An empty line is ignored.
0020 LET TOOLONGNAME=5
ERR : 0011
NAME TOO LONG
0020 LET Y=X If an error occurs, the line is
0030 repeated.
&_*
T_9.4B_A_T_C_H_/_B_A_T_C_H_ _"_<_L_P_T_"_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
BATCH "<LPT"
&
U_s_e_
As a command to place the terminal in batch mode and cause the
system to start reading cards from the mark-sense card reader.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. Output from the jobs executed, i.e. listings, output from
PRINT statements (see Ch. 3), and error messages, will appear
on the terminal or, if the BATCH "<LPT" form of the command
is used, on the line printer.
2. For a complete description of the batch mode of operation,
see Appendix B.
T_9.5B_Y_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
BYE
&_
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to log the terminal off the system. \f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
Accounting information is output prior to the log-off.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* BYE
TERMINAL 00 LOGGED OFF
TIME USED: 00.00.11
77.03.17, 09.06.45: TERMINAL 00 IDLE The now idle terminal can
be re-activated by pres-
sing the ESCape key.
&_
T_9.6C_O_N_/_C_O_N_L_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
CON
CONL
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to continue execution of the current program after
the execution of a STOP statement (see Ch. 3) in the program,
after the ESCape key has been pressed, or after an error has
occurred.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. Output from PRINT statements (see Ch. 3) will appear on the
terminal or, if the CONL form of the command is used, on the
line printer.
2. The CON/CONL command is equivalent to a RUN/RUNL line no.'
command (see Sect. 9.15) where line no.' is equivalent to
the statement immediately following the statement at which
the program stopped.
3. If a run-time error is encountered in the program, the user
may correct the error and then give a CON/CONL command to
begin execution from the statement where the error occurred.
\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LIST
0010 DEF FNF(X)=2 X+2*X+2
0020 DATA 5,6,0
0030 PRINT " X ";"FNF(X)"
0040 READ X
0050 WHILE X'0 DO
0060 PRINT X;FNF(X)
0070 READ X
0080 ENDWHILE
0090 PRINT "13'10'SUPPLY NEW DATA (LINE 20)"
0100 STOP
0110 RESTORE 0020
0120 GOTO 0030
&_
T_* RUN
X FNF(X)
5 44
6 78
SUPPLY NEW DATA (LINE 20)
STOP
AT 0100
* 20 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 New data is
* CON supplied to the
X FNF(X) program before
1 6execution con-
2 10 tinues.
3 16
4 26
5 44
6 78
7 144
8 274
9 532
SUPPLY NEW DATA (LINE 20)
STOP
AT 0100
&_*
\f
T_9.7E_N_T_E_R_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
ENTER filename'
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal or by means of a variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to merge the statement lines from the
disc file or the device specified by filename' into the current
program storage area.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If an error is detected during the reading of a statement,
the statement will be echoed on the terminal and an error
message output (see App. A).
2. Only those statements in the current program that have line
numbers equivalent to the line numbers of the ENTERed
statements will be deleted. If, therefore, the current
program (or a part of it) is not to be used, a NEW command
(see Sect. 9.11) should be given prior to the ENTER command.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
* NEW The user"s program storage area is
* ENTER "<PTR" cleared. The program on paper tape
* ENTER "PROG.SR" and the program in file PROG.SR
* LIST "<PTP" are merged. The resulting program
is listed on paper tape.
&_ \f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
* LIST The current program and the
0010 PRINT program on paper tape are merged.
0020 PRINT
0030 PRINT
0040 PRINT
* ENTER "<PTR"
* LIST
0010 PRINT I
0015 PRINT I
0020 PRINT
0025 PRINT I
0030 PRINT
0040 PRINT I
0050 PRINT I
*
&_
T_9.8E_O_J_
Used only in batch mode. For description, see Appendix B.
&_
T_9.9L_I_S_T_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
line n1'
TO
LIST , line n2' filename'
TO
line n1' , line n2'
line n1': the first statement to be listed.
line n2': the last statement to be listed.
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal.
&_ \f
U_s_e_
As a command to output part or all of the currently loaded
program in ASCII to the disc file or the device specified by
filename' or, if filename' is not specified, to the terminal.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The variations of the command have the following effects:
LIST Lists the entire program
starting from the lowest
numbered statement.
LIST line n1' Lists only the single
statement at line
number line n1'.
TO
LIST , line n2' Lists from the lowest
numbered statement
through line number line n2'.
TO
LIST line n1' , line n2' Lists from line number line
n1' through line number
line n2'.
2. When the filename' argument is included, the LIST command
causes the specified lines to be written to the disc file or
the device named filename'.
3. A file of statements created by the LIST command can be read
back into the current program storage area by means of the
ENTER command (see Sect. 9.7).
4. If the statements are listed to a disc file, a new file named
filename' is created in the logical disc to which the
terminal is connected (see Ch. 8). If filename' already
exists, the statements are written to this file. If filename'
is too small, the error message 0107: END OF FILE will be
output when the end of medium condition is detected.
5. If no program is currently loaded, the LIST command will not
cause an error message, but the output of a prompt (*) on the\f
terminal.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_
* LIST The entire program will be listed
on the terminal.
* LIST "<LPT" The entire program will be listed
on the line printer.
* LIST 100,500 "PROG1.SR" Lines 100 through 500 will be
listed to the file PROG1.SR.
* LIST 50 Line 50 will be listed on the
terminal.
&_
T_9.10L_O_A_D_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
LOAD filename'
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to load a previously SAVEd program in binary format
from the disc file or the device specified by filename' into
the user"s program storage area.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The LOAD command executes an implicit NEW command (see Sect.
9.11), thereby clearing any currently loaded program from
core memory.
2. When a previously SAVEd program (see Sect. 9.16) has been
LOADed, it can be LISTed (see Sect. 9.9), modified, or RUN
(see Sect. 9.15).
\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_
* LOAD "<PTR" filename' is a device
(paper tape reader).
* LOAD "PROG1.SV" filename' is a disc file.
&_
T_ 9.11N_E_W_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
NEW
&_
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to clear all currently stored program
statements and variables from core memory and to close any open
files (see Ch. 8).
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The user should clear his program storage area by means of a
NEW command(or statement) before entering a new program so
that statement lines from previous programs will not be
executed along with the new program.
2. A NEW statement may appear as the last executable statement
in a program, thereby clearing the program from core memory
after program execution.
3. When used with an ON-ERR or ON-ESC statement (see Ch. 3), the
NEW statement can be used to prevent unauthorized access to a
program. \f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LIST
0010 LET NUMBER=5; I=0
0020 WHILE I=NUMBER DO
0030 PRINT NUMBER;
0040 LET NUMBER=NUMBER+1; I=I+2
0050 ENDWHILE
0060 NEW NEW used as a statement.
* RUN
5 6 7 8 9 10
END
AT 0060
* LIST This LIST command shows that
the program has been cleared.
&_*
T_ 9.12P_A_G_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
PAGE=expr'
expr': a numeric expression in the range 0 = expr'
= 132.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to set the right-hand margin of the
terminal.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The default page width (length of a print line) is 72
columns.
2. If the page width is set to zero, the system will regard the
length of the print line as infinite and consequently not out-
put an automatic carriage return and line feed in PRINTstate-
ments (see Ch. 3). The user may find this advantageous when
using the X-Y addressing facilities of a video terminal.\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LIST
0010 FOR I=1 TO 10
0020 PRINT I;
0030 NEXT I
* PAGE=30
* RUN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The system outputs a carriage
10 return and line feed when the
END page width (length of the
AT 0030 print line) is exceeded.
* PAGE=20
&_
T_ * RUN
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
END
AT 0030
&_*
T_ 9.13P_U_N_C_H_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
line n1'
TO
PUNCH , line n2'
TO
line n1' , line n2'
line n1': the first statement to be punched.
line n2': the last statement to be punched.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to output part or all of the currently loaded
program in ASCII to the terminal punch (when present).
\f
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. A PUNCHed listing is preceded by a leader and followed by a
trailer, each containing 120 NUL characters (see App. D).
2. As the PUNCH command does not turn the terminal punch on and
off, the following procedure is required:
a. Type the desired PUNCH command, press the RETURN key, and
immediately press the ON button on the punch.
b. A NUL leader will be punched, followed by a listing of the
desired lines of the current program, followed by a NUL
trailer.
c. When punching is completed, press the OFF button on the
punch.
3. When part or all of a program is PUNCHed, a listing is output
on theterminal simultaneously.
4. The variations of the command have the following effects:
PUNCH Punches the entire program
starting from the lowest
numbered statement.
PUNCH line n1' Punches only the single
statement at line number
line n1'.
TO
PUNCH , line n2' Punches from the lowest
numbered statement through
line numberline n2'.
TO
PUNCH line n1' , line n2' Punches from line number
line n1' through line
number line n2'.
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* PUNCH 200 TO 500 Lines 200 through 500 will
&_ be punched. \f
T_ 9.14R_E_N_U_M_B_E_R_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
line n1'
STEP
RENUMBER , line n2'
STEP
line n1' , line n2'
line n1': the initial line number in the current program.
line n2': the increment between line numbers in the
current program.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to renumber the statements in the current program.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The variations of the command have the following effects:
RENUMBER Renumbers the current
program starting with the
default line number 0010
and with a default incre-
ment of 10 between line
numbers.
RENUMBER line n1' Renumbers the current
program starting with line
number line n1' and
incrementing by line n1'
between line numbers.
STEP
RENUMBER , line n2' Renumbers the current
program starting with the
default line number 0010and
incrementing by line n2'
between line numbers.
STEP
RENUMBER line n1' , line n2'Renumbers the current\f
program starting with line
number line n1' and
incrementing by line n2'
between line numbers.
2. Line numbers are limited to four digits. If a RENUMBER
command causes a line number to be greater than 9999, the
command will be re-executed as:
RENUMBER 1 STEP 1
3. The RENUMBER command will also modify the line numbers in
GOSUB, GOTO, ON-GOTO/GOSUB, and RESTORE statements (see Ch.
3) to agree with the new line numbers assigned to the current
program.
4. References to non-existent lines are changed to 0000.
\f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_
* LIST
0001 LET NUMBER=5; I=0
0002 REPEAT
0004 PRINT NUMBER*I;
0007 LET I=I+1
0010 UNTIL I=NUMBER
* RENUMBER The default values ofline
n1',line n2' are 10,10.
* LIST
0010 LET NUMBER=5; I=0
0020 REPEAT
0030 PRINT NUMBER*I;
0040 LET I=I+1
0050 UNTIL I=NUMBER
* RENUMBER ,5
*LIST
0010 LET NUMBER=5; I=0
0015 REPEAT
0020 PRINT NUMBER*I;
0025 LET I=I+1
0030 UNTIL I=NUMBER
&_*
T_ 9.15R_U_N_/_R_U_N_L_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
RUN line no.'
RUNL filename'
line no.': the line number in the current program from
which execution is to begin.
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal.
&_
\f
U_s_e_
As a command to execute the current program, either from the
lowest numbered statement or from the line number specified by
line no.', or to load and execute a previously SAVEd program as
the current program.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. Output from PRINT statements (see Ch. 3) will appear on the
terminal or, if the RUNL form of the command is used, on the
line printer.
2. The variations of the command have the following effects:
RUN/RUNL Clears all variables; undimensions
all arrays and string variables;
executes an implicit RESTORE
command (see Ch. 3); resets the
random number generator; runsthe
c_u_r_r_e_n_t_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ from the lowest
numbered statement.
RUN/RUNL line no.' Retains all existing information,
e.g. the values of variables and
dimensioning, resulting from a
previous execution of the current
program; runs the c_u_r_r_e_n_t_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_
from the line number specified by
line no.'.
This variation of the command
allows program execution to be
resumed retaining the current
values of all variables and para-
meters. It may be used after the
execution of a STOP statement
(see Ch. 3) in the program, after
the ESCape key has been pressed,
or after an error has occurred,
and will incorporate any changes
made in the program after the
program was stopped.
RUN/RUNL filename' LOADs a previously SAVEd program
from the disc file or the device
specified by filename' (see Sect.\f
9.10), thereby clearing any
currently loaded program from core
memory; runs the previously S_A_V_E_d_
p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ from the lowest numbered
statement.
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_
* RUN Runs the current program from the
lowest numbered statement.
* RUNL 50 Runs the current program starting
at line 50; output will appear on
the line printer.
* RUN "<PTR" Loads a program from paper tape
and runs it from the lowest
numbered statement.
* RUNL "PROG.SV" Loads a program from the file
PROG.SV and runs it from the
lowest numbered statement; output
will appear on the line printer.
&_
T_ 9.16S_A_V_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
SAVE filename'
filename': a disc file or a device expressed as a string
literal or by means of a variable.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to write the currently loaded program,
including the current values of all variables and parameters, in
binary format to the disc file or the device specified by
filename'.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If the program is written to a disc file, a new file named
filename' is created in the logical disc to which the
terminal is connected (see Ch. 8). If filename' already \f
exists, the program is written to this file. If an end of
file condition is detected during the SAVEing operation, the
error message 0107: END OF FILE will be output.
2. In the interests of conserving space on a SAVE device,
one should add the statement
1 STOP
to the program and RUN it before it is SAVEd. This will cause
the core memory area which is used for variables during
program execution to be truncated. The 1 STOP statement may
then be deleted, before the program is SAVEd (see Ex. 2).
3. A SAVEd program can be LOADed, CHAINed, or RUN (see,
respectively, Sect. 9.10, Ch. 3, and Sect. 9.15).
4. SAVEing, rather than LISTing (see Sect. 9.9), is a more
efficient way to store large programs. The size of a program
in binary format can be determined by means of the SIZE
command (see Sect. 9.18). If the indicated size is less than
the number of ASCII characters in the program, which may be
ascertained by looking at the program, then SAVE should be
used rather than LIST.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _1_ C_o_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_1_)_
* SAVE "<PTP" SAVE commands.
* SAVE "PROG1.SV"
200 SAVE "<PTP" SAVE statements.
200 SAVE "PROG1.SV"
&_ \f
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_ _2_ Co_m_m_e_n_t_ _(_2_)_
* LIST Shows how one can save space
0010 DIM A(100) when SAVEing a program.
0020 FOR I=1 TO 100
0030 LET A(I)=I
0040 NEXT I
* SIZE
00422 BYTES USED Size before execution.
04578 BYTES LEFT
* RUN
END
AT 0040
* SIZE
00836 BYTES USED Size after execution.
04164 BYTES LEFT
* 1 STOP 1 STOP statement inserted.
* RUN
STOP
AT 0001
* SIZE
00428 BYTES USED Size after second
04572 BYTES LEFT execution.
* 1 1 STOP statement deleted.
* SIZE
00422 BYTES USED
04578 BYTES LEFT
* SAVE "<PTP" Program SAVEd on paper
* tape.
&_
T_ 9.17S_C_R_A_T_C_H_
Used only in batch mode. For description, see Appendix B.
&_ \f
T_ 9.18S_I_Z_E_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
SIZE
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to return the number of bytes used by the current
program and the numbers of bytes left.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
Even though no program is present, the SIZE command will
indicate that approximately 350 bytes have been used, as these
are always required to administer the execution of running
programs.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
* SIZE
&_00836 BYTES USED
04164 BYTES LEFT
T_ 9.19T_A_B_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
TAB=expr'
expr': a numeric expression in the range
&_ 1 = expr' = page width specified by the PAGE
command.
U_s_e_
As a command or statement to set the zone spacing between the
print elements output by PRINT statements (see Ch. 3).
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The default zone spacing (width of a print zone) is 14
columns. This spacing allows five print zones per 72
character print line.
\f
2. Since the maximum range of zone spacing depends on the PAGE
command setting (see Sect. 9.12), it is wise to specify the
page width (length of the print line) first and then specify
the setting of the tabulation zones.
T_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
* LIST
0010 FOR I=1 TO 10
0020 PRINT I,
0030 NEXT I
* PAGE=30
* TAB=10
* RUN
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10
END
AT 0030
* TAB=5
* RUN
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
END
AT 0030
&_*
T_ 9.20T_I_M_E_
Used only in batch mode. For description, see Appendix B.
&_ \f
A E_R_R_O_R_ _M_E_S_S_A_G_E_S_
A.1 I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n_
The errors that can occur during use of the RC BASIC system fall
into three categories.
1) E_r_r_o_r_s_ _d_e_t_e_c_t_e_d_ _d_u_r_i_n_g_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ _e_n_t_r_y_ _o_r_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_ _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n_
If an error is detected when an RC BASIC statement is entered or
when a command is executed, an error message will be output in
the following form:
ERR : xxxx'
text'
xxxx': a decimal error code less than 0100.
text': a brief description of the error.
If an error is detected while a program is being read from a
file, RC BASIC will output the erroneous statement followed by
the above error message on the current output device.
2) E_r_r_o_r_s_ _d_e_t_e_c_t_e_d_ _d_u_r_i_n_g_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n_
If an error is detected during the execution of a program, an
error message will be output in the following form:
AT yyyy' :
ERR : xxxx'
text'
yyyy': the line number of the erroneous statement.
xxxx': a decimal error code less than 0100.
text': a brief description of the error.
3) E_r_r_o_r_s_ _d_e_t_e_c_t_e_d_ _d_u_r_i_n_g_ _f_i_l_e_ _o_p_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s_
If an error is detected during an input/output operation, an
error message will be output in a form similar to that of the
messages output for errors of the first or second category;
however, the text IOERR will replace the text ERR and the\f
decimal error code, xxxx', will be greater than or equal to
0100.
E_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_,_ i.e. messages for errors detected during program
entry or command execution as well as those detected during
program execution, are listed and explained in numerical order
in Section A.2.
I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_,_ i.e. messages for errors detected during
file operations, are listed and explained in numerical order in
Section A.3.
T_A.2 E_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_
0000: ILLEGAL COMBINATION OF RELATIONAL OPERATORS
&_
The legal combinations are: , =, =, =, '=, =', ',
and '.
0001: CHARACTER UNKNOWN
A character not used in RC BASIC was input. This
message may appear as the result of a transmission
error.
0002: SYNTAX ERROR
The structure of an RC BASIC statement is incorrect.
0003: NO CORE
No core memory is available for additional terminals
at the moment.
0004: ILLEGAL KEY
The protection key specified in a CONNECT command must
be in the interval 0,65535.
0005: ILLEGAL STATEMENT NUMBER
A statement number must be in the inverval 1,9999.
An illegal statement number may occur as the result of
an overflow when the AUTO command is used. \f
0006: TOO MANY NAMES
Too many names (variables and procedures) have been
declared. The maximum number allowed is 93. The number
of names can be reduced by means of the following
commands:
* LIST filename'
* NEW
* ENTER filename'
0007: COMMAND NOT EXECUTABLE FROM DEVICE
This error will occur, for example, if an ENTER file
contains a command or if the attempt was made to
execute BYE (and certain other commands) in batch
mode.
0008: ILLEGAL PAGE/TAB COMMAND
The following rule applies to the two commands PAGE=
expr1' and TAB=expr2':
0 = expr1' = 132 and 1 = expr2' = expr1'
0009: LINE TOO LONG
A program line (when translated to internal form) is
too long.
0010: TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED
The time limit specified for a batch job has been
exceeded.
0011: NAME TOO LONG
A name (variable or procedure name) may not exceed a
length of 8 characters.
0012: ILLEGAL COMMAND
Attempt to use an RC BASIC statement as a command, but
the statement is meaningful only within the context of
a program. \f
0013: LINE NUMBER DOES NOT EXIST
A line number that was referenced, e.g. by LIST or
RUN, does not exist in the program.
0014: PROGRAM TOO LARGE
Available core memory is insufficient for the program
(statements). Program size may be reduced by deleting
REM statements and other nonessentials.
0015: NO MORE DATA FOR READ
The last element in the last DATA statement has been
read, but the system attempted to execute READ once
more.
0016: ARITHMETIC ERROR
Either division by 0 or overflow.
0017: UNDEFINED VARIABLE
Attempt to use a variable in an expression, but the
variable has not been defined, e.g. by LET or DIM.
0018: GOSUB-RETURN DEPTH
Nested subroutines (GOSUB statements) or procedures
(EXEC statements) may not exceed a depth of 7 levels.
0019: RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB
A RETURN or ENDPROC statement was encountered without
the previous execution of a GOSUB or EXEC statement.
0020: FOR-NEXT DEPTH
Nested FOR-NEXT loops may not exceed a depth of 7
levels.
0021: FOR WITHOUT NEXT
Every FOR statement must have a corresponding NEXT
statement.\f
0022: NEXT WITHOUT FOR
A NEXT statement was encountered without the previous
execution of the corresponding FOR statement.
0023: NO MORE ROOM FOR VARIABLES
No more core memory is available to assign space for
variables. Program size may be reduced by deleting REM
statements and other nonessentials.
0024: ILLEGAL USE OF
The character may be used in a string literal only
in connection with the indication of a decimal value
to represent a non-printing or special character. Thus
the ASCII character Carriage Return, for example, is
represented as 13'. If the character itself is to
appear as a character in a text string, it must be
represented as 60'.
0025: NOT IMPLEMENTED
This message will appear, for example, if the user
attempts to execute a BATCH command and the system has
no card reader.
0026: ONLY ALLOWED FROM MASTER TERMINAL
INIT, LOCK, and certain other commands can only be
given from the master terminal.
0027: ILLEGAL FILE NUMBER
A user file number must be in the interval 0,7.
0028: ORIGINAL DIMENSIONING EXCEEDED
Attempt to dimension an array previously dimensioned
to a smaller number of elements.
0029: EXPRESSION TOO COMPLEX
An expression contains too many parentheses.\f
0030: ILLEGAL FILE LENGTH
The specified length of a sequential access file in
blocks or the specified number of records in a random
access file must be greater than or equal to 0.
0031: SUBSCRIPT ERROR
A subscript of a dimensioned variable exceeds the
upper bound of the dimension for the array or is less
than 1.
0032: UNDEFINED FUNCTION
A user function, i.e. FNa(d), has not been defined in
a DEF statement.
0033: Not used.
0034: ILLEGAL FUNCTION ARGUMENT
A function containing an illegal argument was called.
0035: FORMAT ERROR IN PRINT USING
The format of a PRINT USING statement is incorrect.
0036: PRINT ELEMENT TOO LONG
A print element contains more characters than the
print line can hold. (The length of the print line can
be set by means of the PAGE command.)
0037: DETERMINANT IS ZERO
A matrix cannot be inverted if its determinant is
equal to zero.
0038: VARIABLE NOT DIMENSIONED
A variable which has not been declared was used in the
form name'(subscript').
\f
0039: SAME MATRIX ON BOTH SIDES OF EQUAL SIGN
Certain matrix operations, such as multiplication,
cannot be performed if the same matrix appears on both
sides of the equal sign.
0040: DIMENSIONAL ERROR IN MATRIX OPERATION
a) In matrix addition or subtraction, the two matrices
on the right-hand side of the equal sign must have
the same dimensions.
b) In matrix multiplication, the rules set forth in
Chapter 6, Section 5, must be respected.
c) The total number of elements in the matrix on the
left-hand side of the equal sign must not be less
than the number of elements in the matrix which is
the result of the matrix operation on the right-
hand side of the equal sign.
0041: MATRIX NOT SQUARE
Only square matrices can be inverted.
0042: FILE ALREADY OPEN
Attempt to open a user file (numbered from 0 to 7)
which is already open.
0043: Not used.
0044: FILE NOT OPENED
Attempt to reference a user file which has not been
opened.
0045: PROC WITHOUT ENDPROC
A procedure (which is introduced by a PROC statement)
does not end with an ENDPROC statement.
0046: PROCEDURE DOES NOT EXIST
A procedure which was called by means of an EXEC
statement does not exist in the program.\f
0047: Not used.
0048: NOT A SAVE FILE
A LOAD command was given specifying the name of a file
that does not contain a SAVEd program.
0049: Not used.
0050: IF-ENDIF DEPTH
Nested IF-ENDIF constructions may not exceed a depth
of 7 levels.
0051: ELSE WITHOUT IF
An ELSE statement was encountered without the previous
execution of an IF statement.
0052: IF/ELSE WITHOUT ENDIF
An IF/ELSE statement must have a corresponding ENDIF
statement.
0053: WHILE WITHOUT ENDWHILE
Every WHILE statement must have a corresponding
ENDWHILE statement.
0054: WHILE-ENDWHILE DEPTH
Nested WHILE-ENDWHILE loops may not exceed a depth of
7 levels.
0055: ENDWHILE WITHOUT WHILE
An ENDWHILE statement was encountered without the
previous execution of the corresponding WHILE
statement.
0056: ENDIF WITHOUT IF
An ENDIF statement was encountered without the
previous execution of an IF statement.\f
0057: REPEAT-UNTIL DEPTH
Nested REPEAT-UNTIL loops may not exceed a depth of 7
levels.
0058: UNTIL WITHOUT REPEAT
An UNTIL statement was encountered without the
previous execution of the corresponding REPEAT
statement.
0059: CASE WITHOUT WHEN, CASE ERROR
A CASE expr' OF statement must either be matched by at
least one WHEN expr' statement or, if no match is
found between the expression in the CASE statement and
an expression in a WHEN statement, be followed
immediately by one or more statements.
0060: CASE WITHOUT ENDCASE
A CASE statement must have a corresponding ENDCASE
statement.
0061: ENDCASE WITHOUT CASE
An ENDCASE statement was encountered without the
previous execution of a CASE statement.
0062: WHEN WITHOUT CASE
A WHEN statement was encountered without the previous
execution of a CASE statement.
0063: CASE DEPTH
This message will appear when there is a programming
error in the user"s program, viz. a loop that causes
CASE expr' OF, but not ENDCASE, to be executed.
0064: NOT A DIMENSIONED VARIABLE
A simple variable has been used in the form name'
(subscript').\f
0065: ILLEGAL TYPE
An expression is of the wrong type.
0066: TYPE CONFLICT
A variable is not of the same type as that with which
the user attempted to equate it.
Error codes 0067 through 0076 are all accompanied by the text
SYSTEM ERROR. If a SYSTEM ERROR message appears, please fill out
an RC Error Report, stating the error code.
Error codes 0077 through 0099 are not used.
T_ A.3 I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_
I/O errors, i.e. errors detected during file operations, are
divided into two groups.
&_
T_1) I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_ _0_1_0_0_ _t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ _0_1_1_9_,_ _1_3_5_,_ _a_n_d_ _1_3_6_
This group comprises errors recognized by RC BASIC.
&_
T_2) I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_ _0_1_2_0_ _t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ _0_1_3_4_
This group comprises errors recognized by the MUS or DOMUS
operating system.
&_
The two groups are described in Sections A.3.1 and A.3.2,
respectively.
T_b_A.3.1 I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_ _0_1_0_0_ _t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ _0_1_1_9_,_ _1_3_5_,_ _a_n_d_ _1_3_6_e
0100: FILE UNKNOWN
Attempt to reference a non-existent file.
&_
0101: FILE OPENED INCORRECTLY
A file was opened in the wrong mode, e.g. the line
printer cannot be opened in a read mode. \f
0102: FILE IN USE
Attempt to reference a file already in use.
0103: ILLEGAL FILENAME
A d_i_s_c_ filename begins with the illegal character <.
0104: NOT CONNECTED TO LD
Attempt to reference a disc file, but the user"s
terminal was not connected to a logical disc.
0105: ILLEGAL COMMAND TO LD
Attempt to create, delete, rename, copy, or write to a
disc file, but the user did not specify the protection
key of the logical disc in the CONNECT command.
0106: ILLEGAL FILE OPERATION
Attempt to reference an unopened file.
0107: END OF FILE
Attempt to read or write outside a file.
0108: FILE TOO LONG
The number of free blocks in the logical disc is not
sufficient for creation of a file of the specified
size.
0109: FILE EXISTS
Attempt to create a file that already exists in the
logical disc.
0110: LD UNKNOWN
The user attempted to connect his terminal to a
non-existent logical disc.
0111: DEVICE UNKNOWN
Attempt to access a non-existent device.\f
0112: DEVICE INITIALIZED
The main catalog in the specified device has already
been intialized.
0113: LD RESERVED
The user attempted to connect his terminal to a
logical disc which another user has reserved for
writing.
0114: WRONG KEY
The user specified the wrong protection key for a
logical disc.
0115: OPEN FILES ON LD
The user attempted to release his terminal from a
logical disc, but one or more files were open.
0116: LD RESERVED ON DEVICE
The main catalog in the device on the specified drive
unit cannot be initialized because the device was not
locked properly when the disc containing the device
was last removed from the drive unit.
This device must now be r_e_s_e_t_ _u_s_i_n_g_ _t_h_e_ _s_p_e_c_i_a_l_
f_o_r_m_a_t_t_i_n_g_ _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ (see the separate publication RC
BASIC System Logical Disc Formatting Program Operating
Guide).
0117: RECORD TOO LONG
Attempt to read or write a record (from or to a random
access file) which was longer than the record length
specified for the file.
0118: NO MORE FILE DESCRIPTORS
Every system configuration has a fixed number of file
descriptors, corresponding to the total number of disc
files which can be open at one time.
One or more disc files must therefore be closed before
the file in question can be opened.\f
0119: ILLEGAL RECORDNO
The number of a record to be read from or written to a
random access file is larger than the total number of
records in the file or less than 1.
0135: SYSTEM ERROR
Please fill out an RC Error Report, stating the error
code.
0136: LD IN USE ON DEVICE
Attempt to initialize a device while a logical disc in
the device was in use. The logical disc in question
must be released before the device can be initialized.
T_b_A.3.2 I_/_O_ _e_r_r_o_r_ _m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s_ _0_1_2_0_ _t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ _0_1_3_4_e
Messages for I/O errors0120 through 0134 do not include a
&_descriptive text, as the meanings of the error codes, which are
explained below, depend on the device causing the error. None of
the devices makes use of all of the error codes.
T_L_i_n_e_ _p_r_i_n_t_e_r_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0120: Unit disconnected.
&_
0121: Unit off line.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0128: Paper fault. For Charaband printer: Overwriting of a
line has occurred more than 8 times.
0129: Unit not ready.
0130: Error in paper movement control character. For
Charaband printer: Parity error during the loading or
printing of a line.
0131: Paper low. End of paper.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Paper runaway.\f
T_P_a_p_e_r_ _t_a_p_e_ _p_u_n_c_h_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
&_
0128: Record format conflict.
0131: End of tape.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Unit not ready.
T_P_a_p_e_r_ _t_a_p_e_ _r_e_a_d_e_r_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0123: Defective tape. Wrong number of channels.
&_
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0128: Record format conflict.
0130: Parity error.
0131: End of tape. Reader empty.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
T_C_a_r_d_ _r_e_a_d_e_r_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0121: Unit not ready. (Check the indicators.)
&_
0122: Feed error.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0129: Data channel overrun.
0130: Parity error. Data error.
0131: Hopper empty.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Hardware trouble.\f
T_F_l_e_x_i_b_l_e_ _d_i_s_c_ _d_r_i_v_e_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0120: Unit disconnected.
&_
0121: Unit off line.
0123: Address field parity error.
0124: Disc write-protected.
0125: Output: Disc write-protected.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0127: End of file.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0130: Parity error.
0131: End of medium.
0132: Position error.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Time out.
T_M_o_v_i_n_g_-_h_e_a_d_ _d_i_s_c_ _d_r_i_v_e_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0120: Unit disconnected.
&_
0121: Unit off line.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0129: Data channel overrun.
0130: Parity error.
0131: End of medium.
0132: Position error. Seek failure.\f
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Time out.
T_I_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l_ _p_l_o_t_t_e_r_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
&_
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Time out.
T_C_a_r_d_ _r_e_a_d_e_r_ _p_u_n_c_h_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0121: Unit not ready: Off line, stopped, disconnected, or in
error. (Check the indicators.)
&_
0122: Feed error.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0127: Secondary hopper empty.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0129: Data channel overrun.
0130: Parity error. Data error.
0131: Primary hopper empty.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Hardware trouble.
T_M_a_g_n_e_t_i_c_ _t_a_p_e_ _u_n_i_t_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0121: Unit off line.
&_
0122: Unit rewinding.
0123: Input: Byte limit conflict. Noise record.\f
0125: Output: Write ring not mounted.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0127: Input: End of file mark.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0129: Data channel overrun.
0130: Parity error.
0131: Output: End of tape sensed.
0132: Position error.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Blank tape. Position error. Wrong density.
T_C_a_s_s_e_t_t_e_ _t_a_p_e_ _u_n_i_t_ _e_r_r_o_r_s_
0121: Unit off line or disconnected. Cassette released.
&_
0122: Unit not ready. Rewinding or position to beginning of
tape.
0126: Illegal operation. Unit reserved by another process.
0127: Input: End of file mark.
0128: Block size error. Record format conflict.
0129: Buffer overflow. Data late.
0130: Parity or block check error.
0131: Output: End of tape sensed.
0132: Position error.
0133: Driver process not loaded.
0134: Time out. Output: Write-enable plugs removed.\f
BB_A_T_C_H_ _M_O_D_E_ _A_N_D_ _P_R_O_G_R_A_M_M_I_N_G_ _O_N_ _M_A_R_K_-_S_E_N_S_E_ _C_A_R_D_S_
B.1B_a_t_c_h_ _j_o_b_s_
The batch mode of operation permits the user to enter and run
one or more complete jobs from the mark-sense card reader (when
present).
RC BASIC source programs, written on mark-sense cards, are
placed in the reader; when the BATCH/BATCH "<LPT" command is
given from a terminal, the system starts reading the cards.
The cards, t_h_e_ _c_o_n_t_e_n_t_s_ _o_f_ _w_h_i_c_h_ _a_r_e_ _i_n_t_e_r_p_r_e_t_e_d_ _e_x_a_c_t_l_y_ _a_s_ _i_f_
t_h_e_y_ _h_a_d_ _b_e_e_n_ _e_n_t_e_r_e_d_ _f_r_o_m_ _a_ _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l_, can contain all of the RC
BASIC statements and commands with few exceptions.
A stack of cards for batch entry is typically divided into
several jobs.
Each job is initiated by a card containing a SCRATCH command
(see Sect. B.5) and terminated by a card containing the EOJ
command (see Sect. B.4).
Between the SCRATCH command and the EOJ command there can be an
RC BASIC source program on cards, each of which contains one
statement, and following the program there can be one or more
cards containing one command each, e.g. LIST and RUN.
A RUN command may be followed by cards containing data for the
program, which is read by means of INPUT statements (see Ch. 3)
in the program. Such data cards are marked only in the FORMULA
section of the card (see Sect. B.2).
The figure below shows a card stack containing two batch jobs.
\f
T___ _________________________________________
_ _ _ _E_O_J_ _____________________________________
____R_U_N_ _____________________________________
____L_I_S_T_ ____________________________________
_______________________________p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ _c_a_r_d_s_
___5_ _R_E_M_ _P_R_O_G_R_A_M_ _F_I_N_D_S_ _1_0_0_ _P_R_I_M_E_ _N_U_M_B_E_R_S_ ___
___S_C_R_A_T_C_H_ _ _W_I_L_K_I_N_S_ _M_I_C_A_W_B_E_R_ _ _7_ _C_ __________
___E_O_J_ _____________________________________
__________________________________d_a_t_a_ _c_a_r_d_s_
___4_,_ _-_5_,_ _7_ ________________________________
___R_U_N__ ____________________________________
____L_I_S_T_ ____________________________________
________________________________p_r_o_g_r_a_m_ _c_a_r_d_s_
____1_0_ _R_E_M_ _P_R_O_G_R_A_M_ _F_O_R_ _2_N_D_ _D_E_G_R_E_E_ _E_Q_U_A_T_I_O_N_ ___
SCRATCH EMMA MICAWBER 7 C
&_
________________________________________________\f
T_ B.2M_a_r_k_-_s_e_n_s_e_ _c_a_r_d_s_
The cards used for batch jobs are 37 column mark-sense
programming cards. The RC BASIC mark-sense card looks like this:
S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _2_
F_O_R_M_U_L_A_
S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _1_
S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _N_U_M_B_E_R_
&_ \f
T_ The mark-sense card is not punched; instead, information is
written on it simply by marking one or more fields with a_ _s_o_f_t_
p_e_n_c_i_l_, e.g. No. 2.
As may be seen from the figure on the preceding page, the
RC BASIC mark-sense card is divided into four sections, from
left to right:
STATEMENT NUMBER section (columns 1-4)
STATEMENT 1 section (columns 5-7)
FORMULA section (columns 8-36)
STATEMENT 2 section (column 37)
&_
b_ B.2.1 S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _N_U_M_B_E_R_e_
The STATEMENT NUMBER section (columns 1-4) is used for statement
numbers.
An RC BASIC program consists of statements, each of which begins
with a statement number in the range 1 to 9999. A statement
number is written by making at the most one mark in each of the
columns 1 to 4.
\f
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_
10 : 1987:
&_
T_ b_ B.2.2 S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _1_ e_
The STATEMENT 1 section (columns 5-7) permits the user to write
one or more RC BASIC words simply by marking one field for each
word.
&_
None of the three columns in this section may contain more than
one mark. Some of the RC BASIC words are commands, e.g. LIST or
RUN, and may not be preceded by a line number. Other words, e.g.
ENTER or CLOSE, may be used with or without a line number, i.e.
either as statements or commands. Still other words can be used
only with a line number, e.g. PROC or ENDPROC.
Whether a word must have, may have, or may not have a line
number can be seen from the statement and command descriptions
found in Chapters 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
\f
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s_
10 OPEN FILE : LIST :
&_
T_b_B.2.3S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _2_e_
The STATEMENT 2 section (column 37) is used as follows:
&_
The C_O_N_T_ _f_i_e_l_d_ should be marked whenever an RC BASIC statement
fills more than one card. The system will then continue reading
from the next card, s_k_i_p_p_i_n_g_ _t_h_e_ _S_T_A_T_E_M_E_N_T_ _N_U_M_B_E_R_ _s_e_c_t_i_o_n_ _o_f_
t_h_a_t_ _c_a_r_d_._ A statement can theoreticallybe continued on any
number of cards.
When the E_O_J_ _f_i_e_l_d_ is marked, the system will terminate the job.
No other fields on the card should be marked.
The T_H_E_N_,_ _O_F_,_ _a_n_d_ _D_O_ _f_i_e_l_d_s_ are used in conjunction with the
words IF, CASE, and WHILE, respectively.
E_N_D_P_R_O_C_,_ _R_E_T_U_R_N_,_ _S_T_O_P_,_ _E_N_D_,_ _a_n_d_ _R_A_N_D_O_M_I_Z_E_ are normal RC BASIC
statements.
\f
T_ The STATEMENT 2
section looks
like this:
T_ b_ B.2.4 F_O_R_M_U_L_A_ e_
&_ The FORMULA section (columns 8-36) is used for that part of an
RC BASIC statement which cannot be written in the STATEMENT 1
and STATEMENT 2 sections.
Each of the columns 8 to 36 contains twelve vertical fields.
The first field from the top is field number 12, the second
field from the top is field number 11, and the remaining fields
are numbered 0 to 9.
T_ B.2.4.1 E_v_e_n_ _n_u_m_b_e_r_e_d_ _c_o_l_u_m_n_s_._ Columns with even numbers (i.e. 8, 10,
&_ ..., 36) are used for the letters A to Z, the digits 0 to 9, and
the following special characters:
= (field 12)
, (field 11)
. (field 9)
T_B.2.4.2O_d_d_ _n_u_m_b_e_r_e_d_ _c_o_l_u_m_n_s_._ Columns with odd numbers (i.e. 9, 11,
..., 35) are used for the digits 0 to 9 and the following
characters:\f
( (field 12)
) (field 11)
+ - * (field 1)
/ ; (field 2)
' # (field 3)
" : < (field 4)
? % Æ (field 5)
& ! SP (field 6)
@ Ø Å (field 7)
CR " (field 8)
= , . (field 9)
N_o_t_e_: SP is the space character. CR outputs positioning to the
leftmost character position on the print line a_n_d_ _a_ _l_i_n_e_ _f_e_e_d_
(see App. D). @, Ø, and Å are letters of the Danish alphabet.
T_ B.2.4.3 W_r_i_t_i_n_g_ _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s_._ The following characters are (or may be)
written by marking only one field:
= (field 12, even numbered columns)
( (field 12, odd numbered columns)
, (field 11, even numbered columns)
) (field 11, odd numbered columns)
&_ 0 to 9 (fields 0 to 9, respectively)
All other characters are written by marking two fields:
The f_i_r_s_t_ _f_i_e_l_d_ to be marked is the field in which the
character itself appears on the card.
\f
The s_e_c_o_n_d_ _f_i_e_l_d_ to be marked is field 12, 11, or 0.
Which second field to mark is determined by the position of
the character in the first field, for example:
T________
A
B 1
_C______
&_
The characters A, B, and C all appear in field 1.
Since the character A has the t_o_p_ _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_ in field 1, it is
written by marking field 1 a_n_d_ _f_i_e_l_d_ _1_2_.
Since the character B has the m_i_d_d_l_e_ _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_ in field 1, it
is written by marking field 1 a_n_d_ _f_i_e_l_d_ _1_1_.
Since the character C has the b_o_t_t_o_m_ _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_ in field 1, it
is written by marking field 1 a_n_d_ _f_i_e_l_d_ _0_.
\f
T_ E_x_a_m_p_l_e_
The statement
105 PRINT A,B,NAME<
is written by marking a card as follows:
- < (4 + 0)
- E (2 + 11)
- M (5 + 12)
- A (1 + 12)
- N (5 + 11)
- , (11)
- B (1 + 11)
- , (11)
- A (1 + 12)
- PRINT
- 5
- 0
- 1\f
N_o_t_e_
1. Blank spaces must be marked explicitly (the character SP).
Columns having no marks whatsoever will be skipped by the
card reader.
2. If a column contains more than the legal number of marks, the
column will be skipped. (This can be utilized to skip a
column containing an incorrectly marked field). Columns 1-7
may contain only one mark. Columns 8-36 may contain two
marks. Column 37 may contain a mark in the CONT field and one
other mark.
3. RC BASIC words not found in the STATEMENT sections can be
written using the FORMULA section.
T_B.3B_a_t_c_h_ _m_o_d_e_
b_B.3.1B_A_T_C_H_/_B_A_T_C_H_ _"_<_L_P_T_"_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_e
A terminal can be placed in batch mode by giving the command
&_BATCH or BATCH "<LPT". Before the command is given, the cards
should be placed in the card reader and the reader should be
ready, as the system will start reading cards at once.
If the BATCH form of the command is used, all output from the
jobs executed, i.e. listings, output from PRINT statements (see
Ch. 3), and error messages, will appear on the terminal.
If the BATCH "<LPT" form of the command is used, job output will
be directed to the line printer.
T_b_B.3.2I_l_l_e_g_a_l_ _s_t_a_t_e_m_e_n_t_s_ _a_n_d_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s_e
&_As stated in Section B.1, there are a few RC BASIC statements
and commands which cannot be used in batch mode. They are:
INIT AUTO
LOCK BATCH/BATCH "<LPT"
USERS BYE \f
b_B.3.3T_i_m_e_ _l_i_m_i_t_ _o_n_ _j_o_b_s_e
A time limit can be placed on a job, so that when the job has
run for a specified number of seconds, it will be interrupted.
&_
The error message 0010: TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED will then be output
and the next job started.
The next job is assumed to begin with a SCRATCH command.
When a job is started, the time limit is set by default to
60 seconds. This time limit can be changed by means of the TIME
command (see Sect. B.6).
T_b_ B.3.4 E_S_C_a_p_e_ _k_e_y_ e
The ESCape key has a special function when the terminal is in
batch mode.
&_
When the ESCape key is pressed, the system will interrupt all
current activity and output the following message on the
terminal:
NEXT JOB(1), END OF BATCH(2), CONTINUE(3):
Here, the user should respond by typing one of the numbers
(i.e. 1, 2, or 3) and pressing the RETURN key.
All according to the user"s response, the following will now
occur:
1 Cards will be read and skipped until
a SCRATCH command is encountered or the
reader is empty.
2 The terminal will be placed in
interactive mode.
3 The next card will be read and its
contents interpreted.
b_B.3.5 R_e_t_u_r_n_ _t_o_ _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e_ _m_o_d_e_e
When the BATCH/BATCH "<LPT" command has been given, theterminal
will remain in batch mode until one of the following occurs:
\f
1. The card reader becomes empty.
2. The user presses the ESCape key and then
types the number 2.
3. An I/O error on the card reader is detected.
T_B.4 E_O_J_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
&_ EOJ
U_s_e_
As a command to terminate a job.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. The EOJ command executes an implicit NEW command (see Ch. 9).
2. Any logical disc that was connected by the job will be
RELEASEd (see Ch. 7).
3. A card containing the EOJ command should always be the last
card in a job.
T_B.5 S_C_R_A_T_C_H_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
SCRATCH text'
text': a text, i.e. a number of characters, which will
be output as a heading.
&_
U_s_e_
As a command to initiate a new job.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If the command BATCH (see Sect. B.3) has been given, the\f
SCRATCH command will clear the display screen on the RC 822
or RC 823 terminal; if the command BATCH "<LPT" has been
given, SCRATCH will cause the output of a form feed (see App.
D) on the line printer.
2. If text' is specified, text' will be output as the first
line displayed on the terminal or the first line on the new
line printer page.
3. The job time limit is set to 60 seconds. This time limit can
be changed by means of the TIME command (see Sect. B.6).
4. An implicit NEW command is executed (see Ch. 9).
5. Any logical disc that was connected by the previous job is
RELEASEd (see Ch. 7).
6. A card containing a SCRATCH command should always be the
first card in a job.
T_ B.6T_I_M_E_ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_
F_o_r_m_a_t_
TIME=val'
val': a numeric constant (expressing seconds).
U_s_e_
As a command to specify how many seconds a job may run.
R_e_m_a_r_k_s_
1. If the TIME command is not used, the system will interrupt
the job in 60 seconds, starting from the execution of the
SCRATCH command (see Sect. B.5).
2. The maximum specifiable time limit is 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. The time allotted to a job is real time, i.e. the amount of
central processing unit time which the job actually receives
will depend on how many programs are being run at the same
time from terminals in interactive mode. \f
i
T_A_B_L_E_ _O_F_ _C_O_N_T_E_N_T_S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_A_G_E_
1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................
2. DOMUS UTILITY PROGRAMS ................................
3. CODEPROCEDURES ........................................
3.1 Getparams ........................................
3.2 Connectfile ......................................
3.3 Splitshare .......................................
3.4 Getname ..........................................
3.5 Geterror .........................................
3.6 Finis ............................................
A. REFERENCES ............................................
B. EXAMPLE OF A DOMUS UTILITY PROGRAM ....................
\f
ii
\f
1_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I_N_T_R_O_D_U_C_T_I_O_N_ 1.
This manual gives some information to the MUSIL programmes about
the conventions for DOMUS utility programs.
The reader must be familiar to the MUSIL language.
\f
F_ 2_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _D_O_M_U_S_ _U_T_I_L_I_T_Y_ _P_R_O_G_R_A_M_S_ 2.
A DOMUS utility program is an ordinary MUSIL program, which ful-
fils certain conditions:
1) Runtime parameters are transferred to the program in connec-
tion with the call of the program.
2) Use of peripheral devices is done by means of device descrip-
tors, which are catalog entries containing information about
device name, giveupmask, kind, mode, file, and block.
3) Whenever output to a printer is produced, the program will
start with a >top of form> command. A >top of form> is not
output, when the printout is finished.
4) When a program terminates its execution, all resources used
(i.e. workfiles, area processes) must be released.
5) When the program has finished its execution, it sends an in-
ternal request to the father process in order to be removed
from memory.
6) Any runtime error during program will result in fetch of an
error message from the DOMUS message file. This text is output
to the operator console, and the program execution is termi-
nated. This means that interactive operator communication is
not used.
In order to ease the programming, a number of codeprocedures have
been developed. They are described in chapter 3 of this manual.
\f
F_ 3_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _C_O_D_E_P_R_O_C_E_D_U_R_E_S_ 3.
3_._1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _G_e_t_p_a_r_a_m_s_ 3.1
Declaration:
procedure GETPARAMS ( descr: string (1);
init: string (1);
par: string (1);
catalog: string (6);
var key: integer);
codebody p0260;
Place the parameters to the utility program in the string >par>.
The parameters are syntax checked according to the string
>descr>. If a parameter is not specified, a default value is
fetched from the string >init>. Furthermore the name of the
current catalog and the key that has been used in the
CONNECT-command are delivered in the string >catalog> and the
integer >key>.
The constant string >descr> describes the parameters and must
meet the following syntax:
DESCR= ><5 bytes parameter name'<type byte'
.
.
.
.
<5 bytes parameter name'<type byte'
<255'>,
In case a parameter name is less than 5 characters, zero bytes
must be inserted in the end of the parameter name. The
>type byte> describes the type of the actual parameter described
by the name placed in front of the line.
The last byte in the description string is 255, terminating the
parameter list.
\f
Five values of parameter types exist:
<128 text (STRING(value))
129 Boolean (STRING (1))
The string equals <255' if parameter is yes, and <0'
if parameter is no.
130 Integer (INTEGER)
134 Name (STRING (6))
140 Filename (STRING (12))
or as an example:
CONST
DESCR= >TX<0'<0'<10'
COUNT<130'
DEV<0'<0'<134'
IN<0'<0'<0'<140'
OP<0'<0'<0'<129'
<255'>,
Here five parameters are defined.
The first parameter has the name TX and is defined as a string of
length 10 bytes.
The second parameter has the name COUNT and is defined as an in-
teger.
The third parameter has the name DEV and is defined as a name,
which is contained in a string of length 6 bytes.
The fourth parameter has the name IN and is defined as a file-
name, which is contained in a string of length 12 bytes.
The fifth parameter has the name OP and is defined as a boolean.
Parameter type >filename> has three possible formats, which will
be stored in the string in the MUSIL program as described below.
Not used positions in the string are set to binary zero.
\f
1) <name'
The name is stored from the seventh byte and on.
2) <name':<number'
The name is stored from the seventh byte and on. The value of
the number, which must not exceed 255 is inserted in the
twelfth byte.
3) <name'/<name'
The first name is stored from the first byte and on, and the
second name is stored from the seventh name and on.
This parameter type is normally used to point out a certain
catalog entry and then has the following interpretation:
Byte 1-5 : Catalog name (if not specified, the main catalog)
Byte 6 : Not used
Byte 7-11 : Entry name
Byte 12 : Unit number (if not specified, zero)
It is not possible to specify both a catalog name and a unit
number.
The second parameter to the procedure is a constant string defi-
ning the default of all defined parameters. These values are ta-
ken if some of the parameters are not defined in the utility
call.
Example of definition of default values:
INIT= >HEADLINE<0'<0'>,
<2'<128'
MT0<0'<0'<0'
<0'<0'<0'<0'<0'<0'<PTRN<0'
<255'>,
The parameters are the same as defined above.
\f
The default values are:
TX: >HEADLINE<0'<0'>
COUNT: 640 (= 2*256+128)
DEV: MT0
IN: PTRN
OP: YES
Note that the default value of the parameter COUNT must be com-
puted from two bytes, the first byte giving the 8 leftmost bits,
and the second giving the 8 rightmost bits.
The third parameter is a variable string, which after call holds
the parameters typed by the operator, or the assigned default
value if the parameter is skipped by the operator. It can be
built as a record in MUSIL, and must as the first element contain
a string (6), which is set to the loadname of the utility
program.
Example:
VAR
PAR: RECORD
LNAME: STRING(6);
TX: STRING(10);
COUNT: INTEGER;
DEV: STRING(6);
INCAT: STRING(6);
INNAME: STRING(5);
INUNIT: STRING(1);
OP: STRING(1);
END;
Notice, that the parameter IN has been split into three smaller
pieces to ease the access to the fields.
The fourth parameter is a variable string of six bytes, in which
the name of the current catalog at call time is delivered. If no
CONNECT-command has been executed, the name will be
>CAT<0'<0'<0'.
\f
The fifth parameter is an integer, which after call contains the
value of the protection key given in the last CONNECT-command. If
no key was given or if current catalog is the main catalog, the
value is zero.
3_._2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _C_o_n_n_e_c_t_f_i_l_e_ 3.2
Declaration:
Procedure CONNECTFILE (file f;
const mode: integer;
ident: string(2);
var key: integer);
codebody p0261;
This codeprocedure looks up the catalog entry given by the call
parameter >ident>, which consists of 12 bytes, where the first 6
bytes is the name of a catalog, the next 5 bytes is an entry
name, and the last byte is a unit number. If the catalog name is
empty (consists of 6 binary zeroes), the main catalog is used. If
a catalog name is specified, the unit number must be zero.
Depending of the entry and the parameter >mode>, different things
will happen.
1) The entry is an ordinary disc file, and the mode is input:
The disc file will be opened with the given mode, kind=8>36
and positioned at first segment.
2) The entry does not exist, and the mode is output:
A disc file with the given name will be created in the given
catalog. The file will be opened in the given mode, kind=8>36
and positioned at first segment.
In this case the parameter >key> is used. It must be set to
the key of the used catalog (key:=0 if main catalog is used).
\f
In case of incorrect key, the MUSIL giveup procedure will be
called with 1b3+1b6.
3) The entry does not exist, and the mode is input:
The giveup procedure in the MUSIL program is called.
4) The entry is an ordinary disc file, and the mode is output:
The MUSIL giveup procedure is called with 1b3+1b11 in order to
prevent overwrite of existing data.
5) The entry is a devicedescriptor (attribute bit 13 and 14 set):
The information of device name, mode, kind, file, block, and
giveupmask is transferred from the entry to the zone
variables. The mode of the zone is set to the or>ed value of
the mode specified in the call and the mode from the entry.
Then the zone is opened in this mode and positioned at the
given file and block.
The format of a devicedescriptor is:
Byte 0-5 Entry name
6-11 Optional 1 (Reserved for future use)
12-13 Attribute = 2>110 (+ evt. permanent, writeprotect)
14-15 Giveupmask
16-17 Segment number (set by CAT)
18-19 Reserved length (set by CAT)
20-25 Device name
26-27 Device kind
28-29 Device mode
30 Device file
31 Device block
An error in one of the catalog operations performed will result
in a call of the giveup procedure in the MUSIL program. If at
this time zone.zname is empty, the error had occurred at the at-
tempt to make a call of NEWCAT. Otherwise the error comes from
LOOKUPENTRY, CREATEENTRY, OPEN, or SETPOSITION.
\f
If the giveup procedure is called, the zone is left in a neutral
state.
Note: The parameter >key> is always changed at return from the
procedure.
3_._3_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S_p_l_i_t_s_h_a_r_e_ 3.3
Declaration:
procedure SPLITSHARE (file f);
codebody P0262;
This procedure divides the share of a zone into four to get
multibuffering.
The zone must be declared with only one share with sharelength
512 bytes. A call of this procedure will change the share into
four new shares with sharelength 90 bytes. Four extra message
buffers will be allocated too.
The division will only take place if the zone is declared with
kind bit 15 (character oriented) set, otherwise a call of the
procedure has no effect.
The procedure is to be used in DOMUS Utility Programs, just after
a call of CONNECTFILE.
3_._4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _G_e_t_n_a_m_e_ 3.4
Declaration:
procedure GETNAME (catalog: string(6);
name: string(6);
text: string(18);
codebody p0263;
\f
The procedure builds a text string in parameter >text> from the
two call parameters >catalog> and >name>. The procedure can be
used in connection with procedure Geterror as an easy way to
write error messages on the operator console.
If parameter >catalog> contains anything different from binary
zero in the first byte, the catalog name is inserted in the
string >text> followed by a slash (/). After this the first five
bytes of parameter >name> are inserted. If the sixth byte of
>name> is nonzero, a colon (:) is inserted followed by the value
of this byte as three decimal digits.
The unused part of string >text> is filled with binary zeroes.
Examples:
catalog name text
<0'<0'<0'<0'<0'<0' PIP<0'<0'<0' PIP
<0'<0'<0'<0'<0'<0' PIP<0'<0'<1' PIP:001
SUB<0'<0'<0' PIP<0'<0'<0' SUB/PIP
SUB<0'<0'<0' PIP<0'<0'<1' SUB/PIP:001 not used
3_._5_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _G_e_t_e_r_r_o_r_ 3.5
Declaration:
procedure GETERROR (file f;
const error: integer
text: string(1));
codebody p0264;
This procedure will fetch a message from the DOMUS message file
and output it on the operator console followed by the text string
given in parameter >text>.
\f
The zone must be declared with sharelength 512 bytes. The zone
variables will be destroyed.
The parameter >error> is a call parameter defining the DOMUS
message number.
The string >text> must be terminated by a binary zero byte. It
might be produced by codeprocedure Getname.
3_._6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _F_i_n_i_s_ 3.6
Declaration:
procedure FINIS (const result: integer);
codebody p0084;
A call of this procedure will result in a removal of the calling
process, and thereby a release of the core area reserved. The
calling process is defined as the one which executes the call of
FINIS. The procedure must be called, when the utility program has
terminated its execution and released all its ressources. The
call parameter >result> is used to give information to the father
process about the job execution. A simple convention exists:
result <' 0 : job execution OK
result = 0 : job execution n_o_t_ OK
This information is not used by the DOMUS operating system, but
it is used by other programs using internal commands (e.g. EXEC).
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\f
A_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _R_E_F_E_R_E_N_C_E_S_ A
1. RCSL No
DOMUS User>s Guide, Part 1.
2. RCSL No
DOMUS System, Programmer>s Guide.
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B_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E_X_A_M_P_L_E_ _O_F_ _A_ _D_O_M_U_S_ _U_T_I_L_I_T_Y_ _P_R_O_G_R_A_M_ B
\f
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eksempler.\f
eksempler.\f
eksempler.\f
eksempler.\f
eksempler.\f
eksempler.\f
«eof»