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%%Title: Ventura Publisher Document
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% Copyright (C) Ventura Software, Inc. 1986, 1987. All rights reserved.
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%%EndProlog
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525 2892 1617 12 (Rose M.T. and Cass D. E., The ISO Development Environment at NRTC: User's)fjt
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525 2718 1593 9 (ISO TC97/SC21 WG4 N 2684, Information Processing Systems, Open Systems)fjt
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525 2601 886 4 (Information, Washington output April 1988.)fjt
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525 2310 1518 8 (Management Information Service Definition - Part 2 Common Management)fjt
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457 1724 374 3 (Figure 7 Microscope Screen)fjt
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375 2952 1750 13 (These are textual displays which are updated dynamically. They are designed to give an)fjt
375 2893 1809 14 (operator "at a glance" information on OSI activity. Two displays are supported: type A has)fjt
375 2835 1859 15 (entries for each of the monitored systems; type B has entries for each transport connection on)fjt
375 2777 1744 14 (a particular system. Type B entries are more detailed and include traffic counts for each)fjt
375 2719 433 2 (transport connection. )fjt
375 2602 1532 13 (On start-up, a SSD must contact the appropriate SMA\(s\) and add itself to the)fjt
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375 2544 495 0 (ReportDestinationLists)fjt
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869 2544 1187 13 (  for the events of which it wishes to be notified. The CMIS)fjt
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375 2486 500 1 (M-CONFIRMED-SET )fjt
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874 2486 246 2 (primitive in )fjt
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1120 2486 81 0 (add)fjt
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1200 2486 919 9 ( mode is used for this purpose. In practice, the)fjt
375 2427 1862 14 (defined events of interest are the connect and disconnect events which are associated with the)fjt
375 2369 1847 15 (T-Entity and the TPDU threshold event associated with the T-CEP which is used by the type)fjt
375 2311 1620 15 (B display. For the type B display the sequence of events on start-up is as follows:)fjt
375 2194 30 0 (i\))fjt
525 2194 1225 11 (Obtain the name of the system to be monitored from the user.)fjt
375 2078 44 0 (ii\))fjt
525 2078 1204 6 (Derive the corresponding SMA entity title \(algorithmically\).)fjt
375 1961 58 0 (iii\))fjt
525 1961 1236 9 (Use the directory service to obtain the SMA's P-SAP address.)fjt
375 1845 55 0 (iv\))fjt
525 1845 174 2 (Issue an )fjt
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699 1845 293 0 (M-INITIATE)fjt
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992 1845 1183 10 ( request to the P-SAP address to establish a management as)fjt
2174 1845 17 0 (-)fjt
525 1787 192 0 (sociation.)fjt
375 1670 42 0 (v\))fjt
525 1670 159 1 (Direct a)fjt
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683 1670 511 1 ( M-CONFIRMED-GET)fjt
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1194 1670 1041 9 ( request at the T-Subsystem managed object so as to)fjt
525 1612 1652 11 (read the list of subordinate identifiers. The possible sub-ordinates are T-Entities; in)fjt
525 1554 1224 11 (practice for the Prototype MIB there will be just one of these.)fjt
375 1437 55 0 (vi\))fjt
525 1437 1682 14 (Repeat v\) for the T-Entity to get another list of subordinate identifiers. These will be)fjt
525 1379 1122 6 (for T-Entity-Invocations and for Report Control objects.)fjt
375 1262 69 0 (vii\))fjt
525 1262 171 2 (Direct a )fjt
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1183 1262 29 1 ( \()fjt
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1211 1262 81 0 (add)fjt
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1292 1262 870 9 ( mode\) at the Report Control object so as to)fjt
525 1204 1104 9 (add the identifier for this association to the appropriate )fjt
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1629 1204 475 0 (ReportDestinationList)fjt
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2104 1204 114 1 (. This)fjt
525 1146 1590 11 (ensures that subsequent event reports are sent via the existing association which)fjt
525 1088 1262 9 (guarantees that they are received by the correct remote process.)fjt
375 971 1785 13 (The displays make use of the Unix "Curses" package for screen management. This means)fjt
375 913 1749 15 (that they can be run on a very large range of cursor addressable terminals. Versions will)fjt
375 855 1832 15 (probably be developed in the future based on the X-Windows standard; these will be able to)fjt
375 796 1486 11 (make use of the graphical capabilities available from bit-mapped screens.  )fjt
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375 606 1719 12 (It is clear that the information structures manipulated by network management and the)fjt
375 548 1761 13 (directory are very similar. Both are tree structured and reference attributes by name. The)fjt
375 489 1804 13 (Microscope is based on an interface which was originally developed for the INCA QUIPU)fjt
375 431 1783 13 (directory service [6]. It allows the navigation of the management information tree and the)fjt
375 373 1777 11 (flexible manipulation of attribute values. The interface uses the SUNview package which)fjt
375 315 1849 14 (provides a set of tools for designing WIMP style interfaces with buttons and slide-bars under)fjt
375 256 309 2 (mouse control. )fjt
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375 3009 1757 10 (disconnects occur, and whenever traffic counts on individual connections exceed rolling)fjt
375 2951 1838 15 (thresholds. One consequence of this scheme is that the view of the system obtainable via the)fjt
375 2892 1761 14 (MIS always lags some distance behind reality. This is unfortunate but difficult to avoid. )fjt
375 2776 1842 16 (A second consequence is that it is difficult to "write" the copies of attribute values which are)fjt
375 2718 1804 12 (maintained in protocol implementations' data spaces. Such writes would have to wait until)fjt
375 2659 1846 13 (the protocol implementation next generated a report; they could then be piggy-backed on the)fjt
375 2601 1384 12 (reply. In practice this difficulty has been avoided by ensuring that all )fjt
375 2485 1810 13 (writable attributes are held exclusively within the SMA's own data space. In particular this)fjt
375 2426 1826 14 (applies to thresholds, which are maintained wholly by the SMA. Naturally a lower bound is)fjt
375 2368 1823 14 (imposed on the granularity of such thresholds by the frequency of reports from the protocol)fjt
375 2310 344 0 (implementations.)fjt
375 2193 1712 13 (The SMA represents managed objects internally as a series of 'C' structures linked by)fjt
375 2135 1804 15 (pointers to reflect the hierarchical relationships. All data is kept in main memory - the data)fjt
375 2077 1838 16 (volume is such that this is unlikely to cause difficulties. In any case, experience with the UC)fjt
2213 2077 31 0 (L)fjt
375 2019 1843 11 (QUIPU directory implementation suggests that the UNIX paging algorithm would cope well)fjt
375 1960 1805 11 (should it be necessary. Clearly the hierarchical relationships between managed objects, the)fjt
375 1902 1790 15 (operations which may be performed upon them, and the way in which they are named has)fjt
375 1844 1780 13 (close parallels with the directory. The SMA data management software owes much to the)fjt
375 1786 1541 8 (experience gained from the QUIPU Directory System Agent implementation.)fjt
375 1669 1825 16 (Any attribute in the MIB may be accessed - there is currently no access control. In particula)fjt
2200 1669 17 0 (r)fjt
375 1611 1840 13 (the attributes specifying the names of subordinate managed objects may be read, this facility)fjt
375 1553 1824 10 (allows remote management processes to navigate the management information tree through)fjt
375 1494 279 4 (the use of the )fjt
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1152 1494 1031 8 ( primitive. As noted previously, there are no special)fjt
375 1436 1330 10 (tree search primitives parallelling those defined for the Directory.  )fjt
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375 1246 1699 11 (The Event Collection Process \(ECP\) exists to provide long-term statistics on network)fjt
375 1187 1828 11 (operation. By default, all SMAs report transport connects \(successful and unsuccessful\) and)fjt
375 1129 1782 14 (disconnects to the ECP - the disconnect report includes a statistical summary of activity o)fjt
2157 1129 25 0 (n)fjt
375 1071 1835 13 (the connection. Unusual events and error conditions are also reported by default. In addition)fjt
2210 1071 13 0 (,)fjt
375 1013 1714 14 (the Microscope may be used to increase the level of reporting by setting thresholds on)fjt
375 954 1328 11 (counters etc., and arranging that reports should be sent to the ECP.)fjt
375 838 1863 12 (By its nature, the ECP has to handle multiple simultaneous management associations. System)fjt
375 780 1768 14 (factors impose a limit on the number of these. The current implementation is designed to)fjt
375 721 1581 12 (resolve this difficulty by breaking the least recently used association in order to)fjt
375 663 1784 15 (accommodate new ones. In practice, this facility is not needed with the present size of the)fjt
375 605 325 0 (implementation.)fjt
375 488 1857 16 (The information collected by the ECP is dumped to daily Unix files and may be displayed on)fjt
375 430 1731 15 (a screen in real-time. Version 2 of the ECP will dump hourly summaries in the QUIPU)fjt
375 372 358 2 (directory service. )fjt
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375 3009 1796 17 (The system has a static configuration, which consists of a set of SMAs and an ECP, this is)fjt
375 2951 1823 14 (managed via the directory service. Thus the directory contains entries for the SMAs and for)fjt
375 2892 1485 13 (the ECP which enable these components to locate each other at boot time. )fjt
375 2776 1777 13 (The other components \(SSD and Microscope\) are initiated via human action as and when)fjt
375 2718 1845 16 (needed; there may be multiple instances of each of these. Again the directory is used to locat)fjt
2219 2718 22 0 (e)fjt
375 2659 391 2 (the required SMAs.)fjt
375 2543 1837 13 (The implementation environment is Unix 4.2BSD running on a variety of hardware with the)fjt
375 2485 1737 12 (OSI infrastructure being supplied by ISODE. All implementation is in 'C'. The ISODE)fjt
375 2426 1446 10 (presentation layer toolkit has been used to assist with ASN.1 processing.)fjt
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375 2236 1823 14 (Eventually the MIB will cover all protocol layers and implementations on a Unix system. It)fjt
375 2178 1852 14 (was decided that this could best be achieved by incorporating a specialised Unix process into)fjt
375 2119 1785 15 (each system. This would enable OSI MIS implementation to be kept in one place, and the)fjt
375 2061 1865 13 (process could be designed so as to keep the impact of additional management communication)fjt
375 2003 1060 7 (on existing protocol implementations to a minimum. )fjt
375 1886 1782 17 (The ISO standards make it clear that the MIB is only visible through the use of CMIS; no)fjt
375 1828 1813 11 (particular implementation style or data organisation is implied. In the INCA implementatio)fjt
2188 1828 38 0 (n,)fjt
375 1770 1800 13 (management information is partly in the data spaces of the processes which implement the)fjt
375 1712 1805 16 (protocols, and partly within the data space of the SMA. It is the latter information which is)fjt
375 1653 1737 17 (accessible via CMIS; it is one of the tasks of the SMA to ensure that this information is)fjt
375 1595 1577 10 (adequately up-to-date with respect to the information in the protocol processes.)fjt
375 1479 1377 12 (The tasks to be performed by a SMA may be summarised as follows:)fjt
525 1362 1538 6 (Internal communication with processes executing communications protocols.)fjt
525 1246 1714 12 (Provision of those attributes of managed objects not available directly from within the)fjt
525 1187 1594 9 (protocol implementations. For example the SMA accumulates statistics on layer)fjt
525 1129 1621 12 (activity as a whole whilst the protocol implementation only has knowledge of the)fjt
525 1071 741 5 (activity within a single Unix process.)fjt
525 954 1425 10 (Enabling of remote access to managed object attributes through CMIS. )fjt
525 838 1612 10 (Enabling the external control of management functions within managed objects -)fjt
525 780 647 5 (such as the setting of thresholds.)fjt
525 663 1501 11 (The detection of significant events and the exceeding of thresholds, and the)fjt
525 605 784 4 (consequent generation of event reports.)fjt
375 488 1791 14 (The ISODE transport layer was chosen as the management target. This runs in user space,)fjt
375 430 1817 14 (thus some form of IPC must be used for communication with the SMA; currently datagram)fjt
375 372 1819 13 (sockets are used. All IPC is initiated by the protocol implementations; this avoids problems)fjt
375 314 1587 9 (associated with the asynchronous interruption of protocol activity. The protocol)fjt
375 255 1771 12 (implementations make reports to the SMA when significant events, such as connects and)fjt
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375 3009 1661 11 (The toolset which has been implemented by UCL supports the following functions:)fjt
525 2892 954 7 (The logging of event reports for future analysis.)fjt
525 2776 951 7 (The maintenance of displays of network status. )fjt
525 2659 1538 14 (The provision of a human user interface to an MIB on a system which allows)fjt
525 2601 1525 11 (browsing through the tree of managed objects and the direct manipulation of)fjt
525 2543 197 0 (attributes.)fjt
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375 2237 1724 10 (This section describes how the functionality specified above is distributedbetween real)fjt
375 2179 1553 11 (software components. The major components are shown in Figure 6, they are:)fjt
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525 2062 603 2 (System Management Agents)fjt
525 2004 163 0 (\(SMAs\))fjt
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688 2004 440 5 (. There is one of these)fjt
525 1946 580 3 (on each participating system.)fjt
525 1887 541 5 (Their purpose is to work in)fjt
525 1829 567 2 (conjunctionwith the existing)fjt
525 1771 575 2 (communications software on)fjt
525 1713 561 4 (the system to implement the)fjt
525 1654 585 5 (MIB and to provide access to)fjt
525 1596 380 4 (it via the OSI MIS.)fjt
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525 1480 470 2 (System Status Display)fjt
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525 1247 437 4 (given system or set of)fjt
525 1188 182 1 (systems. )fjt
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525 1072 525 2 (Event Collection Process)fjt
525 1014 145 0 (\(ECP\).)fjt
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670 1014 427 3 ( This receives reports)fjt
525 955 577 4 (from the SMAs, filters these,)fjt
525 897 413 3 (and records them for)fjt
525 839 419 2 (subsequent analysis. )fjt
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525 722 246 0 (Microscope)fjt
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525 548 588 3 (used for trouble-shooting and)fjt
525 489 516 3 (the direct manipulation of)fjt
525 431 551 3 (management values such as)fjt
525 373 217 0 (thresholds.)fjt
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1256 490 772 6 (Figure 6 UCL Network Management System Components)fjt
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375 2819 1822 13 (A MIB is implemented on each participating system. Information is partitioned in the naive)fjt
375 2761 1807 14 (way, with each MIB containing only information about the system on which it is mounted.)fjt
375 2703 1694 12 (The MIB communicates with the outside world through the ISO CMIS and Common)fjt
375 2645 1354 5 (Management Information Protocol \(CMIP\)[4][5]. Facilities include:)fjt
525 2528 1508 11 (The ability to both read and write specific managed object attributes \(CMIS)fjt
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1606 2470 359 3 ( in replace mode\).)fjt
525 2353 1555 10 (The ability to add and remove elements to/from "set-valued" attributes \(CMIS)fjt
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1012 2295 501 3 ( with add/remove mode\).)fjt
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2031 2179 29 0 (\).)fjt
525 2062 1440 8 (The management of associations with remote manager processes \(CMIS)fjt
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870 2004 97 2 ( and )fjt
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1338 2004 29 1 (\) )fjt
375 1887 1811 13 (The managed object tree for a system varies as network activity varies; the implementation)fjt
375 1829 1827 12 (reflects this with objects being created and destroyed as necessary. Creation and destruction)fjt
375 1771 967 8 (is triggered solely by internal stimuli; the CMIS )fjt
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1697 1771 278 1 ( M-DELETE)fjt
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1975 1771 220 1 ( operations)fjt
375 1713 1830 15 (are not supported. As noted in Section 2.4, every object includes amongst its attributes a list)fjt
375 1654 1803 14 (of the names of its subordinates. This list is automatically updated as subordinates are crea)fjt
2177 1654 61 0 (ted)fjt
375 1596 303 2 (and destroyed. )fjt
375 1480 1812 13 (A MIB is more than just a passive database. The implementation supports "defined events")fjt
375 1421 1692 13 (which specify actions to be taken when specific network incidents occur. In the UCL)fjt
375 1363 1763 13 (implementation, the action is always the sending of a report. Thresholds on counters and)fjt
375 1305 1809 16 (gauges are also supported; exceeding a threshold may thus cause a report to be generated.  )fjt
375 1188 1824 14 (The MIB is supported by a single Unix process called the "Systems Management Agent" as)fjt
375 1130 504 4 (described in Section 4.2. )fjt
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375 940 1813 13 (The MIB, CMIS, and CMIP provide the infrastructure on which the management system is)fjt
375 881 1766 14 (built. The value of this infrastructure lies in the fact that it enables effective management)fjt
375 823 1774 14 (tools to be built easily. These tools can be powerful since: firstly, the information availab)fjt
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375 765 1853 15 (from the MIB is rich; secondly, they will work equally well with components from a mixture)fjt
375 707 351 1 (of manufacturers.)fjt
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375 3009 1787 16 (are specified in these two ways, an association is established the first time a report is sent,)fjt
375 2951 1331 12 (and is then used for all subsequent reports to the same destination. )fjt
375 2834 1844 16 (There is a problem when the association is initiated by a remote process which then wants to)fjt
375 2776 1799 14 (receive event reports across the same association. Inserting its AET in the list of destinatio)fjt
2174 2776 44 0 (ns)fjt
375 2718 1836 18 (does not work, as it will cause a new association to be established. A solution is to allow the)fjt
375 2659 1688 12 (destination to be referenced by the "association identifier", which is a local reference)fjt
375 2601 1823 15 (allocated by the responder when the association is initiated. However, as this is a purely loc)fjt
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375 2543 1752 14 (reference it will not be known to the initiator. The UCL implementation includes a third)fjt
375 2485 1746 11 (method of destination specification which alleviates the difficulty. This allows a special)fjt
375 2426 1551 12 (symbol to be supplied as the destination which implies "use this association". )fjt
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375 2236 1620 12 (An ASN.1 Macro has been defined for the definition of Managed Object Classes.)fjt
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975 896 1121 7 (-- must be an attribute type from MIB-AttributeDefs)fjt
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375 663 1758 11 (Use of this macro ensures that ManagedObjectIds are correctly allocated and establishes)fjt
375 605 1406 12 (constraints on the position of the object in the containment hierarchy.  )fjt
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375 3009 1790 13 (settable on an individual T-CEP basis. This allowed this Report Control information to be)fjt
375 2951 1830 14 (associated with the T-Entity. Clearly some penalty in flexibility is paid, since it is no-longer)fjt
375 2892 1867 13 (possible to direct reports generated by one connection differently from the others. However, a)fjt
375 2834 1821 13 (measure of control can still be obtained by allowing thresholds to be settable independently)fjt
375 2776 552 4 (on individual connections.  )fjt
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375 2585 1063 8 (In summary, the set of CMIS primitives supported is:)fjt
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862 1886 895 8 ( allows the replace, add, and remove modes. )fjt
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641 1828 1388 11 ( are not supported; all creation and deletion of objects is spontaneous.)fjt
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375 1638 1867 14 (When an event is triggered, an event report is generated and dispatched. Strictly speaking, the)fjt
375 1579 1724 13 (format of the reports is governed by the directives defined within the various "Specific)fjt
375 1521 1694 12 (Management Functional Areas", however they are included in the ASN.1 of the MIB)fjt
375 1463 1847 14 (definition. In order to make the implementation more efficient, the reports and the MIB have)fjt
375 1405 1746 15 (been designed so that most of the information required for a report is available from the)fjt
375 1346 1292 7 (managed object which includes the corresponding defined event.)fjt
375 1230 1828 11 (The destination of reports is governed a ReportDestinationList contained in "report control")fjt
375 1172 346 1 (managed objects.)fjt
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525 1055 1168 6 (ReportDestinationList  ::=  SET OF ReportDestination)fjt
525 939 756 8 (ReportDestination  ::=  CHOICE    )fjt
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375 473 1755 15 (The SMI document says that this information may be supplied as a P-SAP address or an)fjt
375 414 1739 13 (Application Entity Title \(AET\), i.e. a Distinguished Name; and these are allowed in the)fjt
375 356 1690 13 (Prototype MIB. No guidance is given as to whether event reports should use existing)fjt
375 298 1864 11 (management associations or create new ones. In the UCL implementation, where destinations)fjt
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375 3009 1690 14 (In the main, the attributes of object classes were chosen with three purposes in mind:)fjt
375 2892 30 0 (i\))fjt
525 2892 1487 13 (To enable a picture to be obtained of current activity in a managed system.)fjt
525 2776 1505 11 (Thus, there are gauges showing the number of active entity invocations and)fjt
525 2718 1539 10 (connection end-points, and records of the source and destination addresses of)fjt
525 2659 250 0 (connections.)fjt
375 2543 44 0 (ii\))fjt
525 2543 1716 14 (To enable statistics on the performance of a managed system to be collected for future)fjt
525 2485 173 0 (analysis.)fjt
525 2368 1561 12 (Thus, there are counters for both errors and normal protocol activity and event)fjt
525 2310 1576 10 (reports which deliver these to a collection process whenever connections close.)fjt
375 2193 58 0 (iii\))fjt
525 2193 772 6 (To enable faults to be readily detected.)fjt
525 2077 1510 12 (Thus there are thresholds which may be applied to error counters which can)fjt
525 2019 774 5 (trigger event reports and hence alarms.)fjt
375 1902 1714 9 (The threshold/event reporting mechanism involves several levels of indirection. Some)fjt
375 1844 1662 11 (relationships between attributes and objects are given at start-time. These are called)fjt
375 1786 1820 10 ("specification properties" in [2]. Others are dynamic relationships determined by "pointers")fjt
375 1727 896 10 (which may be set and re-set by means of the )fjt
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1757 1727 494 5 ( operation, see Figure 5. )fjt
375 782 1865 13 (In the Prototype MIB, these "specification properties" are indicated by means of comments in)fjt
375 723 1759 13 (the ASN.1. This is unsatisfactory in the long run. The specification of such relationships)fjt
375 665 1345 14 (within the MIB is a subject we hope to pursue further in the future. )fjt
375 549 1778 14 (For some object classes, there may be many concurrent instances - for example there will)fjt
375 490 1807 13 (normally be several T-CEP object instances at any one time. Certain attributes which seem)fjt
375 432 1729 17 (naturally to belong to the T-CEP will in fact have the same value in all instances of the)fjt
375 374 1810 17 (T-CEP. Where this is the case, the attribute has been moved from the T-CEP and tied to an)fjt
375 316 1849 13 (object higher in the containment hierarchy; thus avoiding the duplication. For example, it wa)fjt
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375 257 1787 12 (decided that Report Control information relating to T-CEP threshold events should not be)fjt
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457 947 525 3 (Figure 5 Attribute/Object Relationships)fjt
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457 1938 568 4 (Figure 4 Complete Containment Hierarchy)fjt
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375 822 1761 14 (satisfy the needs of the management system itself. These are the threshold and the report)fjt
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457 695 409 4 (Figure 3 Managed Object Tree)fjt
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457 870 570 5 (Figure 2 Specific Managed Object Schema)fjt
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2042 2310 17 0 (-)fjt
525 2252 1513 13 (ing as single Unix processes, which implement all the layers down to and in)fjt
2037 2252 17 0 (-)fjt
525 2193 1557 9 (cluding the transport layer. Often, such applications operate multiple transport)fjt
525 2135 1520 8 (connections both consecutively and concurrently. Thus the entity invocation)fjt
525 2077 1510 11 (encapsulates the total transport layer activity for an invocation of an applica)fjt
2035 2077 17 0 (-)fjt
525 2019 1561 12 (tion. For this reason, the entity invocation was retained for the prototype MIB.)fjt
375 1902 42 0 (d\))fjt
525 1902 177 0 (\(N\)-SAP)fjt
525 1786 1511 12 (Since it is at the \(N\)-SAP that the de-multiplexing of incoming calls occurs,)fjt
525 1727 1509 12 (the \(N\)-SAP also, can encapsulate the activity of a single application. In the)fjt
525 1669 1568 10 (UCL case this function is being performed by the \(N\)-Entity-Invocation object)fjt
525 1611 1567 12 (as explained above. There seemed little to be gained by including the \(N\)-SAP)fjt
525 1553 152 1 (as well.)fjt
375 1436 1748 15 (In addition to the object classes given in the table above, there are several object classes)fjt
375 1378 1825 13 (which exist solely for management purposes. Examples of these are the threshold and event)fjt
375 1320 1766 14 (report control object classes. There are detailed differences in the way in which these are)fjt
375 1261 1597 14 (used in the two MIBs. Prototype MIB usage of these is described in Section 2.5.)fjt
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( )25 (2)13 (.)25 (2)0 4 375 1128 fet
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375 1071 1754 14 (The classes specified above are towards the top of the class "inheritance" hierarchy. It is)fjt
375 1013 1840 14 (more useful to define sub-classes of these, which inherit the properties of their parents. Thus)fjt
375 954 1755 13 (for the Prototype MIB. sub-classes have been defined which are specific to the transport)fjt
375 896 199 1 (layer, viz:)fjt
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825 780 277 0 (T-Subsystem)fjt
825 663 183 0 (T-Entity)fjt
825 547 439 1 (T-Entity-Invocation )fjt
825 430 150 0 (T-CEP)fjt
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375 2952 1840 15 (As described in [2] the MIB is structured into a set of "Managed Objects". Managed Objects)fjt
375 2893 1801 13 (are instances of Managed Object Classes \(MOC\). In what follows, the terms "object class")fjt
375 2835 1702 12 (and "managed object" are used to imply "managed object class" and "managed object)fjt
375 2777 1278 8 (instance" respectively, so long as no ambiguities are introduced.)fjt
375 2660 1825 13 (Object classes define the attributes of their member objects. These attributes are the counter)fjt
2200 2660 32 0 (s,)fjt
375 2602 1786 13 (gauges, etc. which may be accessed via the MIS. The managed objects themselves should)fjt
375 2544 1799 12 (correspond to important architectural features from the OSI Reference Model. This, at any)fjt
375 2486 1699 18 (rate, has been implicit in the ISO work so far - though there is yet to be agreement on)fjt
375 2427 937 7 (precisely what the managed objects should be. )fjt
375 2311 1692 13 (The following table gives a comparison of the INCA MIB and the prototype version:)fjt
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525 2194 648 2 (MANAGED OBJECT CLASS)fjt
1275 2194 239 1 (INCA MIB)fjt
1574 2194 322 1 (Prototype MIB)fjt
525 2078 364 1 (Managed System)fjt
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1275 2078 66 0 (yes)fjt
1574 2078 79 1 (yes )fjt
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525 1961 312 0 (\(N\)-Subsystem)fjt
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1275 1961 50 0 (no)fjt
1574 1961 66 0 (yes)fjt
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525 1845 218 0 (\(N\)-Entity)fjt
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1275 1845 66 0 (yes)fjt
1574 1845 66 0 (yes)fjt
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525 1728 343 0 (\(N\)-Entity-Type)fjt
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1275 1728 66 0 (yes)fjt
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525 1612 17 0 (\()fjt
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541 1612 441 1 (N\)-Entity Invocation)fjt
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1275 1612 50 0 (no)fjt
1574 1612 66 0 (yes)fjt
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525 1495 180 0 (\(N\)-SAP)fjt
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1275 1495 66 0 (yes)fjt
1574 1495 50 0 (no)fjt
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525 1379 185 0 (\(N\)-CEP)fjt
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1275 1379 66 0 (yes)fjt
1574 1379 66 0 (yes)fjt
375 1262 1840 15 (The reasoning behind the choices made for the objects classes in the Prototype MIB is given)fjt
375 1204 136 0 (below:)fjt
375 1088 39 0 (a\))fjt
525 1088 314 1 (\(N\)-Subsystem )fjt
525 971 1540 13 (This class was included mainly for its role in the naming of managed objects.)fjt
525 913 500 4 (See Sections 2.3 and 2.4.)fjt
375 796 42 0 (b\))fjt
525 796 326 0 (\(N\)-Entity-Type)fjt
525 680 1562 14 (The need for this object class was not perceived at the time the Prototype MIB)fjt
525 622 1559 14 (was designed. In any case, it is only relevant where many different types of en)fjt
2084 622 17 0 (-)fjt
525 563 1542 14 (tity co-exist in a layer. This is not the case in the UCL implementation, hence)fjt
525 505 883 6 (its omission implies no loss of functionality.)fjt
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375 2909 1631 11 (Project INCA is partially funded by the European Commission under the ESPRIT)fjt
375 2850 1859 14 (programme. It has carried out studies, and begun implementation, of a set of integrated office)fjt
375 2792 1173 8 (services operating above a set of interconnected networks. )fjt
375 2676 1797 13 (As part of their studies, the INCA partners have considered the management of OSI-based)fjt
375 2617 1772 11 (networks. This has culminated in the specification of a Management Information Service)fjt
375 2559 1660 11 (\(MIS\) and Management Information Base \(MIB\) based on the current ISO network)fjt
375 2501 1802 13 (management standard proposals. During the course of the design work, it was decided that)fjt
375 2443 1794 13 (early implementation would be beneficial. This would enable both the INCA, and the ISO)fjt
375 2384 1730 13 (network management proposals to be evaluated in support of the management of a real)fjt
375 2326 188 1 (network. )fjt
375 2210 1737 12 (International standards for network management are still far from stable, and the INCA)fjt
375 2151 1705 11 (versions have only been available quite recently. The current implementations are not)fjt
375 2093 1856 11 (claimed to provide a complete management system. In fact, implementation has concentrated)fjt
375 2035 1807 12 (exclusively on the management of the transport layer \(specifically the ISODE [1] transport)fjt
375 1977 1762 13 (layer\), with emphasis on the needs of performance and fault management. There are two)fjt
375 1918 1868 17 (main reasons for this: firstly, the ISODE transport layer is in user space and the sources of the)fjt
375 1860 1796 13 (code were available to us - this simplifies experimentation; secondly, the transport layer is)fjt
375 1802 1719 15 (especially important in the context of an integrated network, as it is the lowest layer to)fjt
375 1744 1682 12 (provide an end to end service. The implementations should be viewed as prototypes,)fjt
375 1685 1832 15 (designed to verify the utility of the MIS, and to assist in assessing the management facilities)fjt
375 1627 166 1 (needed. )fjt
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375 1410 1848 12 (Design of the management system implementation began in mid-1987 when work within the)fjt
375 1352 1859 14 (INCA Network Management Technical Group on the design of the INCA MIS still had some)fjt
375 1294 1756 14 (way to go. In particular, the design of the Management Information Base \(MIB\) - which)fjt
375 1236 1802 13 (specifies the structure and content of management information - was far from complete. In)fjt
375 1177 1815 14 (order that some implementation could proceed, a version of the MIB reflecting the work so)fjt
375 1119 1865 14 (far was developed at UCL. This was geared specifically to the needs of early implementation,)fjt
375 1061 1836 13 (and reflected the structure of the UCL OSI implementations rather than aiming for complete)fjt
375 1003 1616 14 (generality as was the objective with the main INCA MIB. The MIB on which the)fjt
375 944 1754 14 (implementations are based is referred to as the "Prototype MIB" in the remainder of this)fjt
375 886 1181 10 (document; the final MIB is referred to as the "INCA MIB".)fjt
375 770 1706 14 (During the course of the system design, the Prototype MIB went through a number of)fjt
375 711 1723 10 (iterations to accommodate emerging requirements. Whilst some of these changes were)fjt
375 653 1839 14 (reflected in the INCA MIB design; inevitably, the two MIBs diverged to some extent. These)fjt
375 595 1801 14 (divergencies are most evident in the choices of "managed object classes" made for the two)fjt
375 537 1814 14 (versions, and in the hierarchy used for naming managed objects. These are discussed in the)fjt
375 478 283 2 (next sections. )fjt
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(M)48 (E)49 (T)40 (S)52 (Y)40 (S)18 ( )47 (T)52 (N)49 (E)69 (M)49 (E)56 (G)53 (A)52 (N)53 (A)69 (M)17 ( )57 (K)53 (R)56 (O)74 (W)48 (T)49 (E)52 (N)18 ( )27 (I)40 (S)57 (O)17 ( )53 (N)52 (A)0 32 548 2336 fet
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841 2243 949 5 (Graham Knight, George Pavlou, Simon Walton)fjt
983 2127 665 3 (Department of Computer Science)fjt
1046 2068 539 2 (University College London)fjt
1178 1952 276 1 (October 1988)fjt
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375 1100 395 2 (INCA Participants: )fjt
525 1041 571 2 (Modcomp Computer GMbH)fjt
525 983 389 3 (GEC Research Ltd )fjt
525 925 401 2 (Nixdorf Computers )fjt
525 867 164 1 (Olivetti )fjt
525 539 545 2 (University College London)fjt
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375 438 1259 15 (The copyright of this document is reserved on behalf of the collaborating bodies by University )fjt
1634 438 606 6 (College London. The contents may neither be)fjt
375 400 1329 13 (copied nor disclosed outside the Commission of the European Economic Community or the collabor)fjt
1704 400 494 5 (ating bodies without the prior written)fjt
375 361 305 3 (consent of the College.)fjt
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375 283 43 1 (\275 )fjt
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418 283 453 4 (1988. University College London )fjt
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