⟦4e891374b⟧

TextFile

.TH GAWK 1 "August 24 1989" "Free Software Foundation"
.SH NAME
gawk \- pattern scanning and processing language
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B gawk
.ig
[
.B \-d
] [
.B \-D
]
..
[
.B \-a
] [
.B \-e
] [
.B \-c
] [
.B \-C
] [
.B \-V
] [
.BI \-F\^ fs
] [
.B \-v
.IR var = val
]
.B \-f
.I program-file
[
.B \-\^\-
] file .\^.\^.
.br
.B gawk
.ig
[
.B \-d
] [
.B \-D
]
..
[
.B \-a
] [
.B \-e
] [
.B \-c
] [
.B \-C
] [
.B \-V
] [
.BI \-F\^ fs
] [
.B \-v
.IR var = val
] [
.B \-\^\-
]
.I program-text
file .\^.\^.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Gawk
is the GNU Project's implementation of the AWK programming language.
It conforms to the definition and description of the language in
.IR "The AWK Programming Language" ,
by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger,
with the additional features defined in the System V Release 4 version
of \s-1UNIX\s+1
.IR awk ,
and some GNU-specific extensions.
.PP
The command line consists of options to
.I gawk
itself, the AWK program text (if not supplied via the
.B \-f
option), and values to be made
available in the
.B ARGC
and
.B ARGV
pre-defined AWK variables.
.PP
.I Gawk
accepts the following options, which should be available on any implementation
of the AWK language.
.TP
.BI \-F fs
Use
.I fs
for the input field separator (the value of the
.B FS
predefined
variable).
.TP
\fB\-v\fI var\fR\^=\^\fIval\fR
Assign the value
.IR val ,
to the variable
.IR var ,
before execution of the program begins.
Such variable values are available to the
.B BEGIN
block of an AWK program.
.TP
.BI \-f " program-file"
Read the AWK program source from the file
.IR program-file ,
instead of from the first command line argument.
Multiple
.B \-f
options may be used.
.TP
.B \-\^\-
Signal the end of options. This is useful to allow further arguments to the
AWK program itself to start with a ``\-''.
This is mainly for consistency with the argument parsing convention used
by most other System V programs.
.PP
The following options are specific to the GNU implementation.
.TP
.B \-a
Use AWK style regular expressions as described in the book.
This is the current default, but may not be when the POSIX P1003.2
standard is finalized.
It is orthogonal to
.BR \-c .
.TP
.B \-e
Use
.IR egrep (1)
style regular expressions as described in POSIX standard.
This may become the default when the POSIX P1003.2
standard is finalized.
It is orthogonal to
.BR \-c .
.TP
.B \-c
Run in
.I compatibility
mode.  In compatibility mode,
.I gawk
behaves identically to \s-1UNIX\s+1
.IR awk ;
none of the GNU-specific extensions are recognized.
.TP
.B \-C
Print the short version of the GNU copyright information message on
the error output.
This option may disappear in a future version of
.IR gawk .
.TP
.B \-V
Print version information for this particular copy of
.I gawk
on the error output.
This is useful mainly for knowing if the current copy of
.I gawk
on your system
is up to date with respect to whatever the Free Software Foundation
is distributing.
This option may disappear in a future version of
.IR gawk .
.PP
Any other options are flagged as illegal, but are otherwise ignored.
.PP
An AWK program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements
and optional function definitions.
.RS
.PP
\fIpattern\fB	{ \fIaction statements\fB }\fR
.br
\fBfunction \fIname\fB(\fIparameter list\fB) { \fIstatements\fB }\fR
.RE
.PP
.I Gawk
first reads the program source from the
.IR program-file (s)
if specified, or from the first non-option argument on the command line.
The
.B \-f
option may be used multiple times on the command line.
.I Gawk
will read the program text as if all the
.IR program-file s
had been concatenated together.  This is useful for building libraries
of AWK functions, without having to include them in each new AWK
program that uses them.  To use a library function in a file from a
program typed in on the command line, specify
.B /dev/tty
as one of the
.IR program-file s,
type your program, and end it with a
.B ^D
(control-d).
.PP
The environment variable
.B AWKPATH
specifies a search path to use when finding source files named with
the 
.B \-f
option.  If this variable does not exist, the default path is
\fB".:/usr/lib/awk:/usr/local/lib/awk"\fR.
If a file name given to the
.B \-f
option contains a ``/'' character, no path search is performed.
.PP
.I Gawk
compiles the program into an internal form,
executes the code in the
.B BEGIN
block(s) (if any),
and then proceeds to read
each file named in the
.B ARGV
array.
If there are no files named on the command line,
.I gawk
reads the standard input.
.PP
If a ``file'' named on the command line has the form
.IB var = val
it is treated as a variable assignment. The variable
.I var
will be assigned the value
.IR val .
This is most useful for dynamically assigning values to the variables
AWK uses to control how input is broken into fields and records. It
is also useful for controlling state if multiple passes are needed over
a single data file.
.PP
For each line in the input,
.I gawk
tests to see if it matches any
.I pattern
in the AWK program.
For each pattern that the line matches, the associated
.I action
is executed.
.SH VARIABLES AND FIELDS
AWK variables are dynamic; they come into existence when they are
first used. Their values are either floating-point numbers or strings,
depending upon how they are used. AWK also has one dimension
arrays; multiply dimensioned arrays may be simulated.
There are several pre-defined variables that AWK sets as a program
runs; these will be described as needed and summarized below.
.SS Fields
.PP
As each input line is read,
.I gawk
splits the line into
.IR fields ,
using the value of the
.B FS
variable as the field separator.
If
.B FS
is a single character, fields are separated by that character.
Otherwise,
.B FS
is expected to be a full regular expression.
In the special case that
.B FS
is a single blank, fields are separated
by runs of blanks and/or tabs.
Note that the value of
.B IGNORECASE
(see below) will also affect how fields are split when
.B FS
is a regular expression.
.PP
Each field in the input line may be referenced by its position,
.BR $1 ,
.BR $2 ,
and so on.
.B $0
is the whole line. The value of a field may be assigned to as well.
Fields need not be referenced by constants:
.RS
.PP
.ft B
n = 5
.br
print $n
.ft R
.RE
.PP
prints the fifth field in the input line.
The variable
.B NF
is set to the total number of fields in the input line.
.PP
References to non-existent fields (i.e. fields after
.BR $NF ),
produce the null-string. However, assigning to a non-existent field
(e.g., 
.BR "$(NF+2) = 5" )
will increase the value of
.BR NF ,
create any intervening fields with the null string as their value, and
cause the value of
.B $0
to be recomputed, with the fields being separated by the value of
.BR OFS .
.SS Built-in Variables
.PP
AWK's built-in variables are:
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B ARGC
the number of command line arguments (does not include options to
.IR gawk ,
or the program source).
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B ARGV
array of command line arguments. The array is indexed from
0 to
.B ARGC
\- 1.
Dynamically changing the contents of
.B ARGV
can control the files used for data.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B ENVIRON
An array containing the values of the current environment.
The array is indexed by the environment variables, each element being
the value of that variable (e.g., \fBENVIRON["HOME"]\fP might be
.BR /u/arnold ).
Changing this array does not affect the environment seen by programs which
.I gawk
spawns via redirection or the
.B system
function.
(This may change in a future version of
.IR gawk .)
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B FILENAME
the name of the current input file.
If no files are specified on the command line, the value of
.B FILENAME
is ``\-''.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B FNR
the input record number in the current input file.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B FS
the input field separator, a blank by default.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B IGNORECASE
Controls the case-sensitivity of all regular expression operations. If
.B IGNORECASE
has a non-zero value, then pattern matching in rules,
field splitting with
.BR FS ,
regular expression
matching with
.B ~
and
.BR !~ ,
and the
.BR gsub() ,
.BR index() ,
.BR match() ,
.BR split() ,
and
.B sub()
pre-defined functions will all ignore case when doing regular expression
operations.  Thus, if
.B IGNORECASE
is not equal to zero,
.B /aB/
matches all of the strings \fB"ab"\fP, \fB"aB"\fP, \fB"Ab"\fP,
and \fB"AB"\fP.
As with all AWK variables, the initial value of
.B IGNORECASE
is zero, so all regular expression operations are normally case-sensitive.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B NF
the number of fields in the current input record.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B NR
the total number of input records seen so far.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B OFMT
the output format for numbers,
.B %.6g
by default.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B OFS
the output field separator, a blank by default.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B ORS
the output record separator, by default a newline.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B RS
the input record separator, by default a newline.
.B RS
is exceptional in that only the first character of its string
value is used for separating records. If
.B RS
is set to the null string, then records are separated by
blank lines.
When
.B RS
is set to the null string, then the newline character always acts as
a field separator, in addition to whatever value
.B FS
may have.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B RSTART
the index of the first character matched by
.BR match() ;
0 if no match.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B RLENGTH
the length of the string matched by
.BR match() ;
\-1 if no match.
.TP \l'\fBIGNORECASE\fR'
.B SUBSEP
the character used to separate multiple subscripts in array
elements, by default \fB"\e034"\fR.
.RE
.SS Arrays
.PP
Arrays are subscripted with an expression between square brackets
.RB ( [ " and " ] ).
If the expression is an expression list
.RI ( expr ", " expr " ...)"
then the array subscript is a string consisting of the
concatenation of the (string) value of each expression,
separated by the value of the
.B SUBSEP
variable.
This facility is used to simulate multiply dimensioned
arrays. For example:
.PP
.RS
.ft B
i = "A" ;\^ j = "B" ;\^ k = "C"
.br
x[i, j, k] = "hello, world\en"
.ft R
.RE
.PP
assigns the string \fB"hello, world\en"\fR to the element of the array
.B x
which is indexed by the string \fB"A\e034B\e034C"\fR. All arrays in AWK
are associative, i.e. indexed by string values.
.PP
The special operator
.B in
may be used in an
.B if
or
.B while
statement to see if an array has an index consisting of a particular
value.
.PP
.RS
.ft B
.nf
if (val in array)
	print array[val]
.fi
.ft
.RE
.PP
If the array has multiple subscripts, use
.BR "(i, j) in array" .
.PP
The
.B in
construct may also be used in a
.B for
loop to iterate over all the elements of an array.
.PP
An element may be deleted from an array using the
.B delete
statement.
.SS Variable Typing
.PP
Variables and fields
may be (floating point) numbers, or strings, or both. How the
value of a variable is interpreted depends upon its context. If used in
a numeric expression, it will be treated as a number, if used as a string
it will be treated as a string.
.PP
To force a variable to be treated as a number, add 0 to it; to force it
to be treated as a string, concatenate it with the null string.
.PP
The AWK language defines comparisons as being done numerically if
possible, otherwise one or both operands are converted to strings and
a string comparison is performed.
.PP
Uninitialized variables have the numeric value 0 and the string value ""
(the null, or empty, string).
.SH PATTERNS AND ACTIONS
AWK is a line oriented language. The pattern comes first, and then the
action. Action statements are enclosed in
.B {
and
.BR } .
Either the pattern may be missing, or the action may be missing, but,
of course, not both. If the pattern is missing, the action will be
executed for every single line of input.
A missing action is equivalent to
.RS
.PP
.B "{ print }"
.RE
.PP
which prints the entire line.
.PP
Comments begin with the ``#'' character, and continue until the
end of the line.
Blank lines may be used to separate statements.
Normally, a statement ends with a newline, however, this is not the
case for lines ending in
a ``,'', ``{'', ``?'', ``:'', ``&&'', or ``||''.
Lines ending in
.B do
or
.B else
also have their statements automatically continued on the following line.
In other cases, a line can be continued by ending it with a ``\e'',
in which case the newline will be ignored.
.PP
Multiple statements may
be put on one line by separating them with a ``;''.
This applies to both the statements within the action part of a
pattern-action pair (the usual case),
and to the pattern-action statements themselves.
.SS Patterns
AWK patterns may be one of the following:
.PP
.RS
.nf
.B BEGIN
.B END
.BI / "regular expression" /
.I "relational expression"
.IB pattern " && " pattern
.IB pattern " || " pattern
.IB pattern " ? " pattern " : " pattern
.BI ( pattern )
.BI ! " pattern"
.IB pattern1 ", " pattern2"
.fi
.RE
.PP
.B BEGIN
and
.B END
are two special kinds of patterns which are not tested against
the input.
The action parts of all
.B BEGIN
patterns are merged as if all the statements had
been written in a single
.B BEGIN
block. They are executed before any
of the input is read. Similarly, all the
.B END
blocks are merged,
and executed when all the input is exhausted (or when an
.B exit
statement is executed).
.B BEGIN
and
.B END
patterns cannot be combined with other patterns in pattern expressions.
.B BEGIN
and
.B END
patterns cannot have missing action parts.
.PP
For
.BI / "regular expression" /
patterns, the associated statement is executed for each input line that matches
the regular expression.
Regular expressions are the same as those in
.IR egrep (1),
and are summarized below.
.PP
A
.I "relational expression"
may use any of the operators defined below in the section on actions.
These generally test whether certain fields match certain regular expressions.
.PP
The
.BR && ,
.BR || ,
and
.B !
operators are logical AND, logical OR, and logical NOT, respectively, as in C.
They do short-circuit evaluation, also as in C, and are used for combining
more primitive pattern expressions. As in most languages, parentheses
may be used to change the order of evaluation.
.PP
The
.B ?\^:
operator is like the same operator in C. If the first pattern is true
then the pattern used for testing is the second pattern, otherwise it is
the third. Only one of the second and third patterns is evaluated.
.PP
The 
.IB pattern1 ", " pattern2"
form of an expression is called a range pattern.
It matches all input lines starting with a line that matches
.IR pattern1 ,
and continuing until a line that matches
.IR pattern2 ,
inclusive. It does not combine with any other sort of pattern expression.
.SS Regular Expressions
Regular expressions are the extended kind found in
.IR egrep .
They are composed of characters as follows:
.RS
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.I c
matches the non-metacharacter
.IR c .
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.I \ec
matches the literal character
.IR c .
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.B .
matches any character except newline.
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.B ^
matches the beginning of a line or a string.
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.B $
matches the end of a line or a string.
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.BI [ abc... ]
character class, matches any of the characters
.IR abc... .
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.BI [^ abc... ]
negated character class, matches any character except
.I abc...
and newline.
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.IB r1 | r2
alternation: matches either
.I r1
or
.IR r2 .
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.I r1r2
concatenation: matches
.IR r1 ,
and then
.IR r2 .
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.IB r +
matches one or more
.IR r 's. 
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.IB r *
matches zero or more
.IR r 's. 
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.IB r ?
matches zero or one
.IR r 's. 
.TP \l'[^abc...]'
.BI ( r )
grouping: matches
.IR r .
.RE
The escape sequences that are valid in string constants (see below)
are also legal in regular expressions.
.SS Actions
Action statements are enclosed in braces,
.B {
and
.BR } .
Action statements consist of the usual assignment, conditional, and looping
statements found in most languages. The operators, control statements,
and input/output statements
available are patterned after those in C.
.SS Operators
.PP
The operators in AWK, in order of increasing precedence, are
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "= += \-= *= /= %= ^="
Assignment. Both absolute assignment
.BI ( var " = " value )
and operator-assignment (the other forms) are supported.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B ?:
The C conditional expression. This has the form
.IB expr1 " ? " expr2 " : " expr3\c
\&. If
.I expr1
is true, the value of the expression is
.IR expr2 ,
otherwise it is
.IR expr3 .
Only one of
.I expr2
and
.I expr3
is evaluated.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B ||
logical OR.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B &&
logical AND.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "~ !~"
regular expression match, negated match.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "< <= > >= != =="
the regular relational operators.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.I blank
string concatenation.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "+ \-"
addition and subtraction.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "* / %"
multiplication, division, and modulus.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "+ \- !"
unary plus, unary minus, and logical negation.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B ^
exponentiation (\fB**\fR may also be used, and \fB**=\fR for
the assignment operator).
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B "++ \-\^\-"
increment and decrement, both prefix and postfix.
.TP \l'\fB= += \-= *= /= %= ^=\fR'
.B $
field reference.
.RE
.SS Control Statements
.PP
The control statements are
as follows:
.PP
.RS
.nf
\fBif (\fIcondition\fB) \fIstatement\fR [ \fBelse\fI statement \fR]
\fBwhile (\fIcondition\fB) \fIstatement \fR
\fBdo \fIstatement \fBwhile (\fIcondition\fB)\fR
\fBfor (\fIexpr1\fB; \fIexpr2\fB; \fIexpr3\fB) \fIstatement\fR
\fBfor (\fIvar \fBin\fI array\fB) \fIstatement\fR
\fBbreak\fR
\fBcontinue\fR
\fBdelete \fIarray\^\fB[\^\fIindex\^\fB]\fR
\fBexit\fR [ \fIexpression\fR ]
\fB{ \fIstatements \fB}
.fi
.RE
.SS "I/O Statements"
.PP
The input/output statements are as follows:
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI close( filename )
close file (or pipe, see below).
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.B getline
set
.B $0
from next input record; set
.BR NF ,
.BR NR ,
.BR FNR .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI "getline <" file
set
.B $0
from next record of
.IR file ;
set
.BR NF .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI getline " var"
set
.I var
from next input record; set
.BR NF ,
.BR FNR .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI getline " var" " <" file
set
.I var
from next record of
.IR file .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.B next
Stop processing the current input record. The next input record
is read and processing starts over with the first pattern in the
AWK program. If the end of the input data is reached, the
.B END
block(s), if any, are executed.
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.B print
prints the current record.
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI print " expr-list"
prints expressions.
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI print " expr-list" " >" file
prints expressions on
.IR file .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI printf " fmt, expr-list"
format and print.
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI printf " fmt, expr-list" " >" file
format and print on
.IR file .
.TP \l'\fBprintf \fIfmt, expr-list\fR'
.BI system( cmd-line )
execute the command
.IR cmd-line ,
and return the exit status.
(This may not be available on 
systems besides \s-1UNIX\s+1 and \s-1GNU\s+1.)
.RE
.PP
Other input/output redirections are also allowed. For
.B print
and
.BR printf ,
.BI >> file
appends output to the
.IR file ,
while
.BI | " command"
writes on a pipe.
In a similar fashion,
.IB command " | getline"
pipes into
.BR getline .
.BR Getline
will return 0 on end of file, and \-1 on an error.
.SS The \fIprintf\fP Statement
.PP
The AWK versions of the
.B printf
and
.B sprintf
(see below)
functions accept the following conversion specification formats:
.RS
.TP
.B %c
An ASCII character.
If the argument used for
.B %c
is numeric, it is treated as a character and printed.
Otherwise, the argument is assumed to be a string, and the only first
character of that string is printed.
.TP
.B %d
A decimal number (the integer part).
.TP
.B %i
Just like
.BR %d .
.TP
.B %e
A floating point number of the form
.BR [\-]d.ddddddE[+\^\-]dd .
.TP
.B %f
A floating point number of the form
.BR [\-]ddd.dddddd .
.TP
.B %g
Use
.B e
or
.B f
conversion, whichever is shorter, with nonsignificant zeros suppressed.
.TP
.B %o
An unsigned octal number (again, an integer).
.TP
.B %s
A character string.
.TP
.B %x
An unsigned hexadecimal number (an integer).
.TP
.B %X
Like
.BR %x ,
but using
.B ABCDEF
instead of
.BR abcdef .
.TP
.B %%
A single
.B %
character; no argument is converted.
.RE
.PP
There are optional, additional parameters that may lie between the
.B %
and the control letter:
.RS
.TP
.B \-
The expression should be left-justified within its field.
.TP
.I width
The field should be padded to this width. If the number has a leading
zero, then the field will be padded with zeros.
Otherwise it is padded with blanks.
.TP
.BI . prec
A number indicating the maximum width of strings or digits to the right
of the decimal point.
.RE
.PP
The dynamic
.I width
and
.I prec
capabilities of the C library
.B printf
routines are not supported.
However, they may be simulated by using
the AWK concatenation operation to build up
a format specification dynamically.
.SS Special File Names
.PP
When doing I/O redirection from either
.B print
or
.B printf
into a file,
or via
.B getline
from a file,
.I gawk
recognizes certain special filenames internally.  These filenames
allow access to open file descriptors inherited from
.IR gawk 's
parent process (usually the shell).  The filenames are:
.RS
.TP
.B /dev/stdin
The standard input.
.TP
.B /dev/stdout
The standard output.
.TP
.B /dev/stderr
The standard error output.
.TP
.BI /dev/fd/\^ n
The file denoted by the open file descriptor
.IR n .
.RE
.PP
These are particularly useful for error messages. For example:
.PP
.RS
.ft B
print "You blew it!" > "/dev/stderr"
.ft R
.RE
.PP
whereas you would otherwise have to use
.PP
.RS
.ft B
print "You blew it!" | "cat 1>&2"
.ft R
.RE
.PP
These file names may also be used on the command line to name data files.
.SS Numeric Functions
.PP
AWK has the following pre-defined arithmetic functions:
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI atan2( y , " x" )
returns the arctangent of
.I y/x
in radians.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI cos( expr )
returns the cosine in radians.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI exp( expr )
the exponential function.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI int( expr )
truncates to integer.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI log( expr )
the natural logarithm function.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.B rand()
returns a random number between 0 and 1.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI sin( expr )
returns the sine in radians.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI sqrt( expr )
the square root function.
.TP \l'\fBsrand(\fIexpr\fB)\fR'
.BI srand( expr )
use
.I expr
as a new seed for the random number generator. If no
.I expr
is provided, the time of day will be used.
The return value is the previous seed for the random
number generator.
.RE
.SS String Functions
.PP
AWK has the following pre-defined string functions:
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
\fBgsub(\fIr\fB, \fIs\fB, \fIt\fB)\fR
for each substring matching the regular expression
.I r
in the string
.IR t ,
substitute the string
.IR s ,
and return the number of substitutions.
If
.I t
is not supplied, use
.BR $0 .
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI index( s , " t" )
returns the index of the string
.I t
in the string
.IR s ,
or 0 if
.I t
is not present.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI length( s )
returns the length of the string
.IR s .
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI match( s , " r" )
returns the position in
.I s
where the regular expression
.I r
occurs, or 0 if
.I r
is not present, and sets the values of
.B RSTART
and
.BR RLENGTH .
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
\fBsplit(\fIs\fB, \fIa\fB, \fIr\fB)\fR
splits the string
.I s
into the array
.I a
on the regular expression
.IR r ,
and returns the number of fields. If
.I r
is omitted,
.B FS
is used instead.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI sprintf( fmt , " expr-list" )
prints
.I expr-list
according to
.IR fmt ,
and returns the resulting string.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
\fBsub(\fIr\fB, \fIs\fB, \fIt\fB)\fR
this is just like
.BR gsub ,
but only the first matching substring is replaced.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
\fBsubstr(\fIs\fB, \fIi\fB, \fIn\fB)\fR
returns the
.IR n -character
substring of
.I s
starting at
.IR i .
If
.I n
is omitted, the rest of
.I s
is used.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI tolower( str )
returns a copy of the string
.IR str ,
with all the upper-case characters in
.I str
translated to their corresponding lower-case counterparts.
Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.
.TP \l'\fBsprintf(\fIfmt\fB, \fIexpr-list\fB)\fR'
.BI toupper( str )
returns a copy of the string
.IR str ,
with all the lower-case characters in
.I str
translated to their corresponding upper-case counterparts.
Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.
.RE
.SS String Constants
.PP
String constants in AWK are sequences of characters enclosed
between double quotes (\fB"\fR). Within strings, certain
.I "escape sequences"
are recognized, as in C. These are:
.PP
.RS
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \e\e
A literal backslash.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \ea
The ``alert'' character; usually the ASCII BEL character.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \eb
backspace.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \ef
form-feed.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \en
new line.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \er
carriage return.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \et
horizontal tab.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.B \ev
vertical tab.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.BI \ex "\^hex digits"
The character represented by the string of hexadecimal digits following
the
.BR \ex .
As in ANSI C, all following hexadecimal digits are considered part of
the escape sequence.
(This feature should tell us something about language design by committee.)
E.g., "\ex1B" is the ASCII ESC (escape) character.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.BI \e ddd
The character represented by the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit sequence of octal
digits. E.g. "\e033" is the ASCII ESC (escape) character.
.TP \l'\fB\e\fIddd\fR'
.BI \e c
The literal character
.IR c\^ .
.RE
.PP
The escape sequences may also be used inside constant regular expressions
(e.g.,
.B "/[\ \et\ef\en\er\ev]/"
matches whitespace characters).
.SH FUNCTIONS
Functions in AWK are defined as follows:
.PP
.RS
\fBfunction \fIname\fB(\fIparameter list\fB) { \fIstatements \fB}\fR
.RE
.PP
Functions are executed when called from within the action parts of regular
pattern-action statements. Actual parameters supplied in the function
call are used to instantiate the formal parameters declared in the function.
Arrays are passed by reference, other variables are passed by value.
.PP
Since functions were not originally part of the AWK language, the provision
for local variables is rather clumsy: they are declared as extra parameters
in the parameter list. The convention is to separate local variables from
real parameters by extra spaces in the parameter list. For example:
.PP
.RS
.ft B
.nf
function  f(p, q,     a, b) {	# a & b are local
			..... }

/abc/	{ ... ; f(1, 2) ; ... }
.fi
.ft R
.RE
.PP
The left parenthesis in a function call is required
to immediately follow the function name,
without any intervening white space.
This is to avoid a syntactic ambiguity with the concatenation operator.
This restriction does not apply to the built-in functions listed above.
.PP
Functions may call each other and may be recursive.
Function parameters used as local variables are initialized
to the null string and the number zero upon function invocation.
.PP
The word
.B func
may be used in place of
.BR function .
.SH EXAMPLES
.nf
Print and sort the login names of all users:

.ft B
	BEGIN	{ FS = ":" }
		{ print $1 | "sort" }

.ft R
Count lines in a file:

.ft B
		{ nlines++ }
	END	{ print nlines }

.ft R
Precede each line by its number in the file:

.ft B
	{ print FNR, $0 }

.ft R
Concatenate and line number (a variation on a theme):

.ft B
	{ print NR, $0 }
.ft R
.fi
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR egrep (1)
.PP
.IR "The AWK Programming Language" ,
Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, Peter J. Weinberger,
Addison-Wesley, 1988. ISBN 0-201-07981-X.
.PP
.IR "The GAWK Manual" ,
published by the Free Software Foundation, 1989.
.SH SYSTEM V RELEASE 4 COMPATIBILITY
A primary goal for
.I gawk
is compatibility with the latest version of \s-1UNIX\s+1
.IR awk .
To this end,
.I gawk
incorporates the following user visible
features which are not described in the AWK book,
but are part of
.I awk
in System V Release 4.
.PP
The
.B \-v
option for assigning variables before program execution starts is new.
The book indicates that command line variable assignment happens when
.I awk
would otherwise open the argument as a file, which is after the
.B BEGIN
block is executed.  However, in earlier implementations, when such an
assignment appeared before any file names, the assignment would happen
.I before
the
.B BEGIN
block was run.  Applications came to depend on this ``feature.''
When
.I awk
was changed to match its documentation, this option was added to
accomodate applications that depended upon the old behaviour.
.PP
When processing arguments,
.I gawk
uses the special option ``\fB\-\^\-\fP'' to signal the end of
arguments, and warns about, but otherwise ignores, undefined options.
.PP
The AWK book does not define the return value of
.BR srand() .
The System V Release 4 version of \s-1UNIX\s+1
.I awk
has it return the seed it was using, to allow keeping track
of random number sequences. Therefore
.B srand()
in
.I gawk
also returns its current seed.
.PP
Other new features are:
The use of multiple
.B \-f
options; the
.B ENVIRON
array; the
.BR \ea ,
and
.BR \ev ,
.B \ex
escape sequences; the
.B tolower
and
.B toupper
built-in functions; and the ANSI C conversion specifications in
.BR printf .
.SH GNU EXTENSIONS
.I Gawk
has some extensions to System V
.IR awk .
They are described in this section.  All the extensions described here
can be disabled by compiling
.I gawk
with
.BR \-DSTRICT ,
or by invoking
.I gawk
with the
.B \-c
option.
If the underlying operating system supports the
.B /dev/fd
directory and corresponding files, then
.I gawk
can be compiled with
.B \-DNO_DEV_FD
to disable the special filename processing.
.PP
The following features of
.I gawk
are not available in
System V
.IR awk .
.RS
.TP \l'\(bu'
\(bu
The special file names available for I/O redirection are not recognized.
.TP \l'\(bu'
\(bu
The
.B IGNORECASE
variable and its side-effects are not available.
.TP \l'\(bu'
\(bu
No path search is performed for files named via the
.B \-f
option.  Therefore the
.B AWKPATH
environment variable is not special.
.TP \l'\(bu'
\(bu
The
.BR \-a ,
.BR \-e ,
.BR \-c ,
.BR \-C ,
and
.B \-V
command line options.
.RE
.PP
The AWK book does not define the return value of the
.B close
function.
.IR Gawk\^ 's
.B close
returns the value from
.IR fclose (3),
or
.IR pclose (3),
when closing a file or pipe, respectively.
.PP
When
.I gawk
is invoked with the
.B \-c
option,
if the
.I fs
argument to the
.B \-F
option is ``t'', then
.B FS
will be set to the tab character.
Since this is a rather ugly special case, it is not the default behavior.
.ig
.PP
The rest of the features described in this section may change at some time in
the future, or may go away entirely.
You should not write programs that depend upon them.
.PP
.I Gawk
accepts the following additional options:
.TP
.B \-D
Turn on general debugging and turn on
.IR yacc (1)
or
.IR bison (1)
debugging output during program parsing.
This option should only be of interest to the
.I gawk
maintainers, and may not even be compiled into
.IR gawk .
.TP
.B \-d
Turn on general debugging and print the
.I gawk
internal tree as the program is executed.
This option should only be of interest to the
.I gawk
maintainers, and may not even be compiled into
.IR gawk .
..
.SH BUGS
The
.B \-F
option is not necessary given the command line variable assignment feature;
it remains only for backwards compatibility.
.PP
There are now too many options.
Fortunately, most of them are rarely needed.
.SH AUTHORS
The original version of \s-1UNIX\s+1
.I awk
was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho,
Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of AT&T Bell Labs. Brian Kernighan
continues to maintain and enhance it.
.PP
Paul Rubin and Jay Fenlason,
of the Free Software Foundation, wrote
.IR gawk ,
to be compatible with the original version of
.I awk
distributed in Seventh Edition \s-1UNIX\s+1.
John Woods contributed a number of bug fixes.
David Trueman of Dalhousie University, with contributions
from Arnold Robbins at Emory University, made
.I gawk
compatible with the new version of \s-1UNIX\s+1
.IR awk .
.SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs
provided valuable assistance during testing and debugging.
We thank him.
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