⟦6f327a40f⟧

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% -*- LaTeX -*-		(really SLiTeX)

\f

\begin{bwslide}
\part	{UNDERLYING SERVICES}\bf

\begin{nrtc}
\item	ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)

\item	THE REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE

\item	THE BINDING SERVICE

\item	A DISCIPLINE FOR MEAL PREPARATION
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{note}\em
this part of the presentation corresponds to
the definition of abstract syntax notation one ([ISO~8824])
and both the old- and new-style ros
(namely [X.410] and [ISO~9072/1]),
along with chapter~3 of The Applications Cookbook
\end{note}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\part*	{ABSTRACT SYNTAX NOTATION ONE (ASN.1)}\bf

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE DATA WITH STRONG TYPING

\item	RICH, EXTENSIBLE SYNTAX

\item	USEFUL FOR SPECIFICATION OF NEW PROTOCOLS
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	``CLEAR TO READ'' SPECIFICATIONS (ha!)

    \item	NOT TIED TO MACHINE-ORIENTED STRUCTURES AND RESTRICTIONS
    \end{nrtc}

\item	REPRESENTATION CURRENTLY USED BY ALL OSI APPLICATIONS
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SYNTAX}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	FORMAT OF A MODULE:
\begin{verbatim}
<<module>> DEFINITIONS ::=
BEGIN

<<linkage>>

<<declarations>>

END
\end{verbatim}

\item	LINKAGE IS USED TO REFERENCE DECLARATIONS IN OTHER MODULES

\item	THREE KINDS OF DECLARATIONS
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	TYPES: DATA STRUCTURES	

    \item	VALUES: INSTANCES OF TYPES

    \item	MACROS: LANGUAGE EXTENSION
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ LINKAGE}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
MTSAbstractService {
    joint-iso-ccitt mhs-motis(6) mts(3) modules(0)
        mts-abstract-service(3)
} DEFINITIONS ::=

BEGIN
    IMPORTS OBJECT, PORT FROM AbstractServiceNotation {
        joint-iso-ccitt mhs-motis(6) asdc(2) modules(0)
            notation(1)
    }

...

END
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
Multiple-defined-contexts ::=
    BOOLEAN

simple Multiple-defined-contexts ::=
    FALSE    -- or TRUE

ContentLength ::=
    INTEGER

RegistrationMailType ::=
    INTEGER {
        non-registered-mail (0),
        registered-mail (1),
        registered-mail-to-addressee-in-person (2)
    }

mymail RegistrationMailType ::=
    registered-mail    --or 1
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
RandomNumber ::=
    BIT STRING

Attribute-Groups ::=
    BITSTRING {
        storage(0), security(1), private(2)
    }

groups Attribute-Groups ::=
    { storage, private }    -- or '101'B
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
Content ::=
    OCTET STRING

NULL

SEQUENCE

SET

BilateralInfo ::=
    ANY
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
Name ::=
    SEQUENCE OF
        ISO8571-FADU.Node-Name

SecurityContext ::=
    SET OF SecurityLabel

MessageDeliveryEnvelope ::=
    SEQUENCE {
        message-delivery-identifier
            MessageDeliveryIdentifier,

        message-delivery-time
            MessageDeliveryTime,

        other-fields
            OtherMessageDeliveryFields
    }
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
MessagesWaiting ::=
    SET {
        urgent[0]
            DeliveryQueue,

        normal[1]
            DeliveryQueue,

        nonUrgent[2]
            DeliveryQueue,
    }

queue MessagesWaiting ::=
    {
        urgent { ... }, normal { ... }, nonUrgent { ... }
    }
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}\small

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
PerMessageSubmissionFields ::=
    SET {
	...

        content-type
            ContentType,

        content-identifier
            ContentIdentifier
            OPTIONAL,

        priority
            Priority
            DEFAULT normal,

        per-message-indicators
            PerMessageIndicators
            DEFAULT {},

	...
    }
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ TYPES AND VALUES (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
PDU ::=
    CHOICE {
        FTAM-Regime-PDU,
        File-PDU,
        Bulk-Data-PDU
    }

SecurityPolicyIdentifier ::=
    OBJECT IDENTIFIER

ISO8571-FADU.Node-Name
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{SOME EXAMPLES:\\ MACROS}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
OPERATION MACRO ::=
    BEGIN
    TYPE NOTATION  ::= "ARGUMENT" NamedType Result Errors | empty
    VALUE NOTATION ::= value (VALUE INTEGER)
    Result         ::= "RESULT" NamedType | empty
    Errors         ::= "ERRORS" { ErrorNames } | empty

    NamedType      ::= identifier type | type    
    ErrorNames     ::= IdentifierList | empty
    IdentifierList ::= identifier | IdentifierList "," identifier
    END

users OPERATION
        RESULT       IA5List
        ERRORS       { congested, unableToOpenFile }
        ::=          2
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {SOME EXAMPLES:\\ MACROS (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
ERROR MACRO ::=
    BEGIN
    TYPE NOTATION  ::= "PARAMETER" NamedType | empty
    VALUE NOTATION ::= value (VALUE INTEGER)

    NamedType      ::= identifier type | type
    END

unableToOpenFile
        ERROR
        PARAMETER    IA5List
        ::=          2
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\part*	{THE REMOTE OPERATIONS SERVICE}\bf

\begin{nrtc}
\item	STANDARDIZED OSI MECHANISM FOR SPECIFYING TRANSACTIONS

\item	CURRENTLY ONLY CONNECTION-ORIENTED\\
	(i.e., ONLY CO-ROS IS DEFINED)

\item	TERMINOLOGY: ROS-USER, ROS-PROVIDER
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{EXAMPLE INTERACTIONS:\\ INVOKE}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure25}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{EXAMPLE INTERACTIONS:\\ RESULT}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure26}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{EXAMPLE INTERACTIONS:\\ ERROR}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure27}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{EXAMPLE INTERACTIONS:\\ USER REJECTION}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure28}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{EXAMPLE INTERACTIONS:\\ PROVIDER REJECTION}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure29}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RO-INVOKE SERVICE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-INVOKE.REQUEST, RO-INVOKE.INDICATION

\item	PARAMETERS
\[\begin{tabular}{ll}
    OPERATION NUMBER&		integer\\
    OPERATION CLASS&		(a)synchronous (local)\\
    \ \ \ (optional)&		\\
    ARGUMENT&			asn.1 type (APDU)\\
    INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&	integer\\
    LINKED-INVOCATION ID&	integer\\
    PRIORITY (optional)&	integer (local)
\end{tabular}\]

\item	ARGUMENT IS OPTIONAL IN NEW-STYLE ROS

\item	THE LINKED-INVOCATION IDENTIFIER IS NOT PRESENT IN OLD-STYLE ROS

\item	APDU IS THE USER-SUPPLIED DATA STRUCTURE, AN APPLICATION PROTOCOL DATA
	UNIT
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RO-RESULT SERVICE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-RESULT.REQUEST, RO-RESULT.INDICATION

\item	PARAMETERS
\[\begin{tabular}{ll}
    INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&	integer\\
    RESULT&			asn.1 type (APDU)\\
    PRIORITY (optional)&	integer (local)
\end{tabular}\]

\item	RESULT IS OPTIONAL IN NEW-STYLE ROS
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RO-ERROR SERVICE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-ERROR.REQUEST, RO-ERROR.INDICATION

\item	PARAMETERS
\[\begin{tabular}{ll}
    INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&	integer\\
    ERROR NUMBER&		integer\\
    PARAMETER (optional)&	asn.1 type (APDU)\\
    PRIORITY (optional)&	integer (local)
\end{tabular}\]
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RO-U-REJECT SERVICE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNCONFIRMED SERVICE:\\ RO-U-REJECT.REQUEST, RO-U-REJECT.INDICATION

\item	PARAMETERS
\[\begin{tabular}{ll}
    INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&	integer\\
    REASON&			integer\\

    PRIORITY (optional)&	integer (local)
\end{tabular}\]
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RO-P-REJECT SERVICE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	PROVIDER-INITIATED SERVICE:\\ RO-P-REJECT.INDICATION

\item	PARAMETERS
\[\begin{tabular}{ll}
    INVOCATION IDENTIFIER&	integer\\
    \ \ \ (optional)&		\\
    REASON&			integer\\
    APDU (optional)&		asn.1 type\\
\end{tabular}\]

\item	INVOCATION IDENTIFIER MAY NOT BE PRESENT IF:
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	PROBLEM IS NOT RELATED TO A PARTICULAR INVOCATION, OR

    \item	THE INFORMATION IS UNAVAILABLE
    \end{nrtc}

\item	IF THE LOCAL PROVIDER COULD NOT SEND AN INVOCATION (OR RESULT OR ERROR)
	THEN APDU IS THE ASSOCIATED USER-SUPPLIED ARGUMENT
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{REASONS FOR REJECTIONS}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	FOUR CLASSES OF REJECTIONS
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	GENERAL PROBLEMS

    \item	INVOKE PROBLEMS

    \item	RETURN RESULT PROBLEMS

    \item	RETURN ERROR PROBLEMS
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{GENERAL PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROS-PROVIDER}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNRECOGNIZED APDU

\item	MISTYPED APDU

\item	BADLY STRUCTURED APDU   
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{INVOKE PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROS-USER}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	DUPLICATE INVOCATION

\item	UNRECOGNIZED OPERATION

\item	MISTYPED ARGUMENT

\item	RESOURCE LIMITATION

\item	INITIATOR RELEASING\footnote{not allowed in old-style ros}

\item	UNRECOGNIZED LINKED ID$^*$

\item	LINKED RESPONSE UNEXPECTED$^*$

\item	UNEXPECTED CHILD OPERATION$^*$
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RETURN RESULT PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROS-USER}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNRECOGNIZED INVOCATION

\item	RESULT RESPONSE UNEXPECTED

\item	MISTYPED RESULT
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RETURN ERROR PROBLEMS:\\ DETECTED BY THE ROS-USER}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	UNRECOGNIZED INVOCATION

\item	ERROR RESPONSE UNEXPECTED

\item	UNRECOGNIZED ERROR

\item	UNEXPECTED ERROR

\item	MISTYPED PARAMETER
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{REMOTE OPERATION MACROS}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	THE DEFINITIONS FOR REMOTE OPERATIONS USE THE ASN.1 MACRO FACILITY

\item	ALTHOUGH PROBLEMATIC FOR PARSERS, IT RESULTS IN VASTLY SIMPLIFIED
	SPECIFICATIONS
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{AN EXAMPLE}

\vskip.5in
\begin{verbatim}
finger  OPERATION
        ARGUMENT        IA5List
        RESULT          IA5List
        ERRORS          { congested, unableToAccessFile,
                          unableToPipe, unableToFork,
                          errorReading }
        ::=             5

congested
        ERROR
        ::=             0
\end{verbatim}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{REMOTE OPERATION MACROS (cont.)}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	USING THE \verb"LINKED" CLAUSE, AN OPERATION CAN DEFINE LINKED
	OPERATIONS

\item	AN OPERATION OR ERROR VALUE CAN ALSO TAKE A GLOBAL VALUE
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	AN OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS USED IN ADDITION TO THE
		OPERATION OR ERROR CODE    
    \end{nrtc}

\item	THE \verb"BIND" AND \verb"UNBIND" MACROS ARE USED TO DEFINE BINDING
	INFORMATION
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\part*	{THE BINDING SERVICE}\bf

\begin{nrtc}
\item	OLD- AND NEW-STYLE ROS USE DIFFERENT METHODS FOR BINDING

\item	FOR OUR PURPOSES, THE METHOD OF BINDING IS UNIMPORTANT

\item	BUT WE'LL BRIEFLY REVIEW THEM ANYWAY FOR COMPLETENESS
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{OLD-STYLE BINDING}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	IN OLD-STYLE ROS, BINDING WAS DONE IN ONE OF TWO WAYS:
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	BY USING AN EXISTING RELIABLE TRANSFER SERVICE ASSOCIATION

    \item	BY USING THE RO-BEGIN AND RO-END SERVICE ([ECMA~TR/31] ONLY)
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{OLD-STYLE BINDING (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure7}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{NEW-STYLE BINDING}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	IN NEW-STYLE ROS, BINDING IS ALSO DONE IN ONE OF TWO WAYS:
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	BY USING AN EXISTING RELIABLE TRANSFER SERVICE ASSOCIATION

    \item	BY USING ASSOCIATION CONTROL
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{NEW-STYLE BINDING (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure8}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\part*	{A DISCIPLINE FOR MEAL PREPARATION}\bf

\begin{nrtc}
\item	WE HAVE INTRODUCED
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	A MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS, AND

    \item	THE SERVICES AVAILABLE TO THE APPLICATION TO REALIZE THIS
    \end{nrtc}

\item	WHAT WE NEED IS THE ``DISCIPLINE'' TO FOCUS OUR ENERGIES
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{INITIATORS}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	IN GENERAL, THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF INITIATOR IMPLEMENTATIONS

\item	INTERACTIVE
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	A USER RUNS A PROGRAM AND INTERACTIVELY DIRECTS THE
		INVOCATION OF OPERATIONS
    \end{nrtc}

\item	EMBEDDED
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	A PROGRAM CAUSES AN ASSOCIATION TO BE AUTOMATICALLY FORMED
		AND OPERATIONS TO BE INVOKED
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{RESPONDERS}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	IN GENERAL, THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF RESPONDER IMPLEMENTATIONS,
	DEPENDING ON HOW ASSOCIATIONS ARE GIVEN TO THE PROGRAM WHICH
	IMPLEMENTS THE SERVICE

\item	SINGLE ASSOCIATION (a.k.a. THE DYNAMIC APPROACH)
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	EACH TIME THE SERVICE IS REQUESTED, A NEW INSTANCE OF
		THE PROGRAM IS EXECUTED
    \end{nrtc}

\item	MULTIPLE ASSOCIATION (a.k.a. THE STATIC APPROACH)
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	EACH TIME THE SERVICE IS REQUESTED, THE REQUEST IS GIVEN TO A
		SINGLE, ALREADY EXECUTING, INSTANCE OF THE PROGRAM
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{GENERAL ORGANIZATION}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	AT COMPILE-TIME:
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	USE RO-SPECIFICATION TO GENERATE SUPPORT FACILITIES
    \end{nrtc}

\item	AT RUN-TIME:
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	USE DIRECTORY SERVICES TO LOCATE/REGISTER SERVICES

    \item	USE ASSOCIATION CONTROL TO BIND/UNBIND APPLICATIONS

    \item	USE REMOTE OPERATIONS TO INVOKE TRANSACTIONS
    \end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{STATIC (COMPILE-TIME) ORGANIZATION}

\vskip.15in
\diagram[p]{figure9}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{DYNAMIC (RUN-TIME) ORGANIZATION}

\vskip.15in
\diagram[p]{figure10}
\end{bwslide}


\f

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{IN PERSPECTIVE}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	\emph{THE COOKBOOK} PRESENTS \emph{ONE} POSSIBLE METHOD
	FOR REALIZING THE MODEL USING THE UNDERLYING FACILITIES

\item	MANY MORE ARE POSSIBLE\\
    \begin{nrtc}
    \item	AND SOME WILL BE VASTLY SUPERIOR
    \end{nrtc}

\item	THE APPROACH TAKEN BY \emph{THE COOKBOOK} ATTEMPTS TO BALANCE
	SIMPLICTY AND EXTENSIBILITY

\item	HENCE, IT MAY STILL BE UNDERDONE FOR SOME CHEFS AND OVERDONE FOR
	OTHERS
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}
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