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DataMuseum.dkPresents historical artifacts from the history of: DKUUG/EUUG Conference tapes |
This is an automatic "excavation" of a thematic subset of
See our Wiki for more about DKUUG/EUUG Conference tapes Excavated with: AutoArchaeologist - Free & Open Source Software. |
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Length: 489243 (0x7771b) Types: TextFile Notes: Uncompressed file
└─⟦4f9d7c866⟧ Bits:30007245 EUUGD6: Sikkerheds distributionen └─⟦7e43db095⟧ »./papers/Routing_security/secureprj.ps.Z« └─⟦this⟧
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31.133] 89 @dc [<FFF00FC0FFF03FE00F007C300F00FC300F00F8000F00F8000F00F8000F00F0000F00F0000F00F0000F00E0000F01E0000F03 C0000FFF80000FFFE0000F01F0000F0078000F003C000F003E000F003E000F003E000F003E000F003E000F003C000F007800 0F01F000FFFFE000FFFF0000> 32 28 -2 0 30.556] 82 @dc cmti10.300-28 @sf [<FFFFC000FFFFF0000780FC0007803E0007801E0007801F0003C00F8003C00F8003C00F8003C00F8001E00F8001E00F8001E0 0F0001E03E0000FFFC0000FFFE0000F01F0000F00780007807C0007803E0007803E0007801E0003C01E0003C01E0003C03E0 003C03C001FFFF8001FFFF00> 32 28 -2 0 29.218] 66 @dc [<01FC100007FF30000F81F8001E00F8003C0078007800780078003C00F8003C00F8003C00F8003C00F803FF80F803FFC0F800 0000F80000007C0000007C0000007C0000003E0003003E0003801E0001800F0001800780038007C003C003E003C000F007C0 007E0DC0001FF8E00003F020> 32 28 -6 0 32.112] 71 @dc cmr10.300-25 @sf [<00000F0000001F8000003FC000003FC000003FE0000038600000702000006020003FE02001FFF00003F0F80007B0FC000F31 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28 -2 0 28.711] 76 @dc [<0030006001C00380038007000E001E001E003C003C003C00780078007800F800F800F800F800F800F800F800F800F800F800 F8007800780078003C003C003C001E001E000E0007000380038001C000600030> 16 41 -3 10 18.564] 40 @dc [<C000600038001C001C000E0007000780078003C003C003C001E001E001E001F001F001F001F001F001F001F001F001F001F0 01F001E001E001E003C003C003C00780078007000E001C001C0038006000C000> 16 41 -3 10 18.564] 41 @dc cmr10.300-25 @sf [<00E00000E00000E00001F00001F00003F80003D80003D80007DC00078C00078C000F06000F06000F06001E03001E0780FF8F E0FF8FE0> 24 18 -1 0 21.908] 118 @dc [<FFF800FFF8000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F03000F03000F03000F03000F07000FFF000FFF000F07000F03 000F03000F030C0F030C0F000C0F000C0F001C0F00180F00380F0078FFFFF8FFFFF8> 24 28 -2 0 27.097] 70 @dc cmti10.300-28 @sf [<00600000E000007000007000007000007000003800003E0040FF007FF8003F1C00181C000C1C00061C00030E00038E0001CE 0000C60000E000007000003000003800001800001C00001C00000E00000E0000060000070000070000038000038000038000 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0700000700000600000600000E00000C00000C00001800001800> 24 42 0 11 16.973] 41 @dc cmr10.300-25 @sf [<FFE0FFE0FFE0> 16 3 0 -8 13.837] 45 @dc [<001800180000001C00380000003C003C0000003C003C0000003E007C0000007E007E0000007E007E0000007E007E000000FB 00F7000000F300F3000000F300F3000000F181E3000001E181E1800001E181E1800001E1C3E1800003C0C3C0C00003C0C3C0 C00003C0C3C0C00007C06780E00007806780600007806780600007803F0060000F003F0030000F003F0030000F001E003000 1F001E007800FFE0FFE1FF00FFE0FFE1FF00> 48 28 -1 0 42.663] 87 @dc [<001FE08000FFF98003F01F8007C007800F0007801E0007803E0007803C0007807C00078078000780F800FFF0F800FFF0F800 0000F8000000F8000000F8000000F8000000F8000180780001807C0001803C0003803E0003801E0007800F00078007C00F80 03F03B8000FFE180001F8080> 32 28 -2 0 32.574] 71 @dc cmti10.300-28 @sf [<1F00003FC00060F000E07800E03C00F03C00781E00301E00001E00001E00001E00001E00001C0001F80001FC00000E000007 000703800F81800CC1C00CC1C00CC1C006C1C00301C001C38000FF00003E00> 24 27 -4 0 21.216] 51 @dc [<030000000380000003C0000003C0000003E0000007E0000007B0000007B0000007980000078C0000078C0000078600000786 00000783000007838000078180000F80C0000F00C0000F0060000F0070000F0030000F0018000F0018000F000C000F000C00 0F000F00FFE03FE07FF03FE0> 32 28 -8 0 30.856] 86 @dc [<FFF07FF8038003800380038001C001C001C001C000E000E000E000E000700070007000700038003807B803F8007C001C000C 00040006> 16 27 -4 0 21.216] 49 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<03800007C00007C00007C00007C00007C00007C00007C00003C00003C00003C00003C00003C00001C00001E00000E00000E0 00006000006000003000003000001800C00C00C00600C00600E003007FFF807FFF807FFFC07FFFC0600000> 24 31 -3 1 22.727] 55 @dc 27 @bop1 cmr10.300-25 @sf 21 45 p ([23]) s 23 r (S.) s 32 r (Ken) s -1 r (t,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 36 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -3 r 99 c -2 r (ols) s 31 r (and) s 31 r 84 c -2 r 101 c -2 r (chniques) s 30 r (for) s 32 r (Data) s 31 r (Communic) s -1 r (ation) s 30 r (Networks) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 37 r (Englew) s -1 r 111 c 1 r 111 c 1 r 100 c 36 r (Cli\013s,) s 108 95 p (NJ:Pren) s 0 r (tice) s 15 r (Hall,) s 16 r (pp.) s 16 r (369-432) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1980.) s 21 170 p ([24]) s 23 r (M.) s 9 r (Lepp) s 9 r (and) s 10 r (M.) s 9 r (Steenstrup.) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 9 r 65 c 0 r 110 c 10 r 65 c 0 r 114 c -2 r (chite) s -2 r (ctur) s -2 r 101 c 9 r (for) s 11 r (Inter-Domain) s 11 r (Policy) s 10 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s cmbx10.300-30 @sf 8 r (BBN) s 11 r (Rep) s 2 r (ort) s 10 r (Num) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 108 219 p (7345) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (July) s 14 r (1990,) s 14 r (BBN) s 14 r (Corp) s 1 r (oration,) s 14 r (Cam) s 0 r (bridge,) s 12 r (MA) s 14 r (02138.) s 21 294 p ([25]) s 23 r (J.) s 16 r (Linn,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Privacy) s 17 r (Enhanc) s -2 r (ement) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (Internet) s 17 r (Ele) s -2 r (ctr) s -2 r (onic) s 16 r (Mail.) s 17 r (Part) s 16 r (I:) s 17 r (Message) s 17 r (Encipherment) s 16 r (and) s 17 r 65 c 0 r (u-) s 108 344 p (thentic) s -1 r (ation) s 14 r (Pr) s -1 r 111 c -2 r 99 c -2 r 101 c -2 r (dur) s -3 r (es) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (RF) s 0 r 67 c 15 r (1113,) s 16 r (SRI) s 16 r (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (Information) s 16 r (Cen) s 0 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 12 r (Jan) s 0 r (uary) s 13 r (1989.) s 21 419 p ([26]) s 23 r (J.) s 10 r (Linn,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 11 r (Privacy) s 12 r (Enhanc) s -1 r (ement) s 11 r (for) s 11 r (Internet) s 12 r (Ele) s -1 r (ctr) s -2 r (onic) s 10 r (Mail.) s 12 r (Part) s 12 r (II:) s 12 r 65 c -1 r (lgorithms,) s 12 r (Mo) s -1 r (des) s 10 r (and) s 12 r (Identi\014ers) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 108 469 p (RF) s 0 r 67 c 15 r (1115,) s 16 r (SRI) s 16 r (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (Information) s 16 r (Cen) s 0 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 12 r (Jan) s 0 r (uary) s 13 r (1989.) s 21 543 p ([27]) s 23 r (J.) s 14 r (Linn,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 15 r (Pr) s -1 r (actic) s -2 r (al) s 15 r 65 c -1 r (uthentic) s -2 r (ation) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (Distribute) s -1 r 100 c 15 r (Computing) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 15 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (1990) s 16 r (IEEE) s 17 r (Symp) s 2 r (o-) s 108 593 p (sium) s 16 r (on) s 16 r (Securit) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (and) s 16 r (Priv) s -2 r (acy) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (1990.) s 21 668 p ([28]) s 23 r (K.) s 12 r (Lougheed,) s 13 r (Y.) s 13 r (Rekh) s 0 r (ter,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 12 r (Bor) s -1 r (der) s 12 r (Gateway) s 14 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ol) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 12 r (RF) s -1 r 67 c 14 r (1105,) s 15 r (SRI) s 15 r (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 13 r (Information) s 15 r (Cen-) s 108 718 p (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (June) s 14 r (1989.) s 21 792 p ([29]) s 23 r (J.) s 12 r (McQuillan,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r 65 c -1 r (daptive) s 12 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s 12 r 65 c 0 r (lgorithms) s 13 r (for) s 13 r (Distribute) s -1 r 100 c 12 r (Computer) s 14 r (Networks) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 12 r (BBN) s 14 r (Rep) s 2 r (ort) s 14 r (2831) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 108 842 p (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (1984.) s 21 917 p ([30]) s 23 r (J.) s 9 r (McQuillan,) s 10 r (I.) s 10 r (Ric) s 0 r (her,) s 9 r (E.) s 9 r (Rosen,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 11 r (The) s 11 r (New) s 10 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s 10 r 65 c 0 r (lgorithm) s 10 r (for) s 11 r (the) s 10 r (ARP) s -2 r (ANET) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 9 r (IEEE) s 10 r 84 c -3 r (ransaction) s 108 967 p (on) s 16 r (Comm) s 0 r (unications) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (1980.) s 21 1041 p ([31]) s 23 r (J.) s 15 r (Mogul,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Simple) s 16 r (and) s 16 r (Flexible) s 17 r (Datagr) s -2 r (am) s 16 r 65 c -2 r 99 c -2 r 99 c -2 r (ess) s 15 r (Contr) s -1 r (ols) s 16 r (for) s 16 r (Unix-b) s -1 r (ase) s -2 r 100 c 15 r (Gateways) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 16 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 17 r (of) s 108 1091 p (Summer) s 16 r (1989) s 16 r (USENIX) s 16 r 84 c -3 r (ec) s -1 r (hnical) s 15 r (Conference) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (August) s 13 r (1987.) s 21 1166 p ([32]) s 23 r (J.) s 14 r (Mogul,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (Private) s 15 r (Communic) s -1 r (ation) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r 44 c 14 r (June) s 14 r (1990.) s 21 1241 p ([33]) s 23 r (National) s 10 r (Bureau) s 11 r (of) s 10 r (Standards,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 11 r 70 c -2 r 101 c -2 r (der) s -2 r (al) s 11 r (Information) s 11 r (Pr) s -1 r 111 c -2 r 99 c -2 r (essing) s 11 r (Standar) s -1 r (ds) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 10 r (National) s 12 r (Bureau) s 12 r (of) s 12 r (Stan-) s 108 1290 p (dards,) s 16 r (Publication) s 16 r (46) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1977.) s 21 1365 p ([34]) s 23 r (R.) s 16 r (Needham) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (M.) s 16 r (Sc) s 0 r (hro) s 0 r (eder,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Using) s 17 r (encryption) s 17 r (for) s 16 r (authentic) s -1 r (ation) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (lar) s -1 r (ge) s 15 r (networks) s 17 r (of) s 17 r 99 c -2 r (omputers) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 108 1415 p (Comm) s 0 r (unications) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 16 r 65 c -1 r (CM) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Decem) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (1978.) s 21 1490 p ([35]) s 23 r (D.) s 15 r (Nessett,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 15 r 70 c -2 r (actors) s 15 r (A\013e) s -1 r (cting) s 14 r (Distribute) s -1 r 100 c 15 r (System) s 16 r (Se) s -1 r (curity) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (IEEE) s 18 r 84 c -3 r (ransaction) s 16 r (on) s 17 r (Soft) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (are) s 17 r (Engi-) s 108 1539 p (neering,) s 16 r 118 c 0 r (ol.) s 15 r (SE-13) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1987.) s 21 1614 p ([36]) s 23 r (In) s 0 r (ternational) s 12 r (Standards) s 14 r (Organization,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 14 r (OSI) s 15 r 82 c -1 r (outeing) s 14 r 70 c -2 r 114 c -3 r (amework) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (ISO/TF) s 16 r (9575) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1989.) s 21 1689 p ([37]) s 23 r (R.) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (erlman,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 14 r (Network) s 16 r 76 c -2 r (ayer) s 15 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ols) s 14 r (with) s 16 r (Byzantine) s 15 r 82 c -1 r (obustness) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (MIT) s 17 r (LCS) s 16 r (TR-429) s 17 r (\(Ph.D.) s 17 r (Dis-) s 108 1739 p (sertation\)) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Octob) s 1 r (er) s 14 r (1988.) s 21 1813 p ([38]) s 23 r (J.) s 14 r 80 c -1 r (ostel,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (Internet) s 15 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ol) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (RF) s -1 r 67 c 15 r (791,) s 16 r (SRI) s 16 r (Net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (Information) s 16 r (Cen) s 0 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Septem) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (1981.) s 21 1888 p ([39]) s 23 r (R.) s 18 r (Riv) s -1 r (est,) s 18 r (A.) s 18 r (Shamir) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (L.) s 18 r (Adelman,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 18 r 65 c 19 r (Metho) s -1 r 100 c 17 r (for) s 19 r (Obtaining) s 18 r (Digital) s 19 r (Signatur) s -1 r (es) s 17 r (and) s 19 r (Public) s 18 r (Key) s 108 1938 p (Cryptosystems) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (Comm) s 0 r (unications) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 16 r 65 c -1 r (CM) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r 70 c -2 r (ebruary) s 12 r (1978.) s 21 2013 p ([40]) s 23 r (R.) s 14 r (Riv) s -1 r (est,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (The) s 15 r (MD4) s 15 r (Message) s 15 r (Digest) s 15 r 65 c 0 r (lgorithm) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 12 r (Pro) s 2 r (ceedings) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (CR) s -3 r (YPTO'90) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 12 r (August) s 14 r (1990.) s 21 2087 p ([41]) s 23 r (E.) s 14 r (Rosen,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 15 r (Exterior) s 15 r (Gateway) s 16 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -3 r (ol) s 15 r (\(EGP\)) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (RF) s 0 r 67 c 16 r (827,) s 17 r (SRI) s 16 r (Net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (Information) s 17 r (Cen) s -1 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Oc-) s 108 2137 p (tob) s 1 r (er) s 14 r (1982.) s 21 2212 p ([42]) s 23 r (J.) s 15 r (Saltzer) s 16 r (and) s 16 r (M.) s 16 r (Sc) s -1 r (hro) s 1 r (eder,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Pr) s -1 r (ote) s -2 r (ction) s 15 r (of) s 17 r (Information) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (Computer) s 16 r (Systems) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 17 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 108 2262 p (IEEE) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Septem) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (1975.) s 21 2336 p ([43]) s 23 r (J.) s 17 r (Saltzer,) s 17 r (D.) s 17 r (Reed,) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (D.) s 17 r (Clark,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 17 r (End-to-End) s 18 r 65 c 0 r 114 c -2 r (guments) s 16 r (in) s 18 r (System) s 17 r (Design) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 18 r 65 c -1 r (CM) s 19 r 84 c -3 r (ransactions) s 108 2386 p (on) s 16 r (Computer) s 16 r (Systems) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1984,) s 14 r (pp.) s 14 r (195-206.) s 21 2461 p ([44]) s 23 r (SDNS) s 18 r (Proto) s 1 r (col) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (Signaling) s 17 r 87 c -2 r (orking) s 17 r (Group,) s 19 r (SP3) s 18 r (Subgroup,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 18 r (SDNS) s 19 r (Se) s -1 r (cur) s -2 r 101 c 17 r (Data) s 19 r (Network) s 18 r (System) s 108 2511 p (Se) s -1 r (curity) s 14 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ol) s 14 r 51 c 14 r (\(SP3\)) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (SDN.301) s 16 r (Revision) s 16 r (1.5) s 16 r (1989-05-15) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 21 2586 p ([45]) s 23 r (M.) s 14 r (Steenstrup) s 14 r (et) s 14 r (al,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 15 r (Inter-Domain) s 15 r (Policy) s 15 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s 14 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ol) s 14 r (Sp) s -1 r 101 c -2 r (ci\014c) s -2 r (ation) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (Usage:) s 20 r 86 c -2 r (ersion) s 14 r 49 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 14 r (BBN) s 108 2635 p (Rep) s 2 r (ort) s 16 r (Num) s -1 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 15 r (7346) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (July) s 14 r (1990,) s 14 r (BBN) s 14 r (Corp) s 1 r (oration,) s 14 r (Cam) s 0 r (bridge) s 13 r (MA) s 13 r (02138.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (27) s @eop 26 @bop0 [ 432 ] /cmbx10.432-55 @newfont cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<FFFFF800FFF000FFFFF807FFFC00FFFFF80FFFFE00FFFFF81FFE3F0003FE003FFC0F0003FE003FF80F0003FE003FF00F0003 FE003FF0000003FE003FF0000003FE003FF0000003FE003FF0000003FE003FE0000003FE003FE0000003FE003FE0000003FE 003FE0000003FE007FC0000003FE007FC0000003FE00FF80000003FE01FF00000003FFFFFE00000003FFFFFE00000003FFFF FF80000003FE007FE0000003FE001FF0000003FE000FF8000003FE0007FC000003FE0007FC000003FE0007FE000003FE0007 FE000003FE0007FE000003FE0007FE000003FE0007FE000003FE0007FC000003FE0007FC000003FE000FFC000003FE001FF8 000003FE007FF00000FFFFFFFFE00000FFFFFFFF800000FFFFFFFE000000FFFFFFE0000000> 56 41 -3 0 51.555] 82 @dc [<003FF00001FFFE0003FFFF800FFC0FC01FF003C03FC003E03F8001E07F8000007F800000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF00 0000FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0FF0007E0FF0007E07F0007E07F800FC03F800FC03FC01FC01FC03F800FF07F0007FFFE00 01FFFC00003FE000> 32 27 -2 0 31.506] 101 @dc [<7FFFC0007FFFC0007FFFC0007FFFC00007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8 000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F80000FFFFC000FFFFC000 FFFFC000FFFFC00007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F8000007F83F0007F87F8007F87F8003FC7F8003FE 7F8001FF7F80007FFF00003FFE000007FC00> 32 42 -2 0 21.004] 102 @dc [<FFFF8000FFFF8000FFFF8000FFFF80000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF0 00000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF07E000FF0FF000FF8FF000FF8FF000FFCFF00FFFCFF00FFEFFE00 FFEFFC00FFE7F000> 32 27 -2 0 28.310] 114 @dc [<FFFF1FFF80FFFF1FFF80FFFF1FFF80FFFF1FFF800FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F800 0FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF007F8000FF807F8000FF807F800 0FFC07F8000FFC07F8000FEE07F800FFE78FF000FFE3FFE000FFE1FFC000FFE07F8000> 40 27 -3 0 38.189] 110 @dc [<003FF00001FFFC0007FFFF000FFC1F801FF007C03FC007C03FC003C07F8000007F800000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF00 0000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF0000007F003F007F807F803F807F803FC07F801FE07F800FF87F8007FFFF00 01FFFE00003FF800> 32 27 -2 0 30.551] 99 @dc [<E1FF00FFFFC0FFFFF0FF03F8FC00F8F8007CF8007CF0007CF000FC0003FC003FFC03FFFC0FFFF83FFFF87FFFF07FFFC0FFFF 80FFFC00FF0000FC00F0F800F0F800F07C01F07E07F03FFFF01FFFF003FE70> 24 27 -2 0 27.114] 115 @dc cmbx10.300-30 @sf [<0001C000000003E000000003E000000007F000000007F000000007F00000000FF80000000FF80000001FFC0000001FDC0000 003FDE0000003F8E0000003F8E0000007F870000007F07000000FF07800000FE03800001FE03C00001FC01C00001FC01C000 03FC00E00003F800E00007F800F00007F000700007F0007000FFFE03FF80FFFE03FF80FFFE03FF80> 40 28 -1 0 36.090] 86 @dc cmr10.300-25 @sf [<00C0600001C0700001E0F00001E0F00003E0F80003F1F80003F1F80007B1CC00079BCC00079BCC000F1B86000F0F86000F0F 86001E0F03001E0F03001E0F0780FF3FCFE0FF3FCFE0> 32 18 -1 0 29.979] 119 @dc [<FFF3FFC0FFF3FFC00F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F00 3C000F003C000FFFFC000FFFFC000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C00 0F003C00FFF3FFC0FFF3FFC0> 32 28 -2 0 31.133] 72 @dc [<03FFFC0003FFFC00000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F 0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000C00F0060C00F0060C00F0060C00F0060E00F00E0600F00C0700F01C0 780F03C07FFFFFC07FFFFFC0> 32 28 -1 0 29.979] 84 @dc cmbx10.300-30 @sf [<000FF81800007FFE780001FFFFF80007FC07F8000FE003F8001FC003F8003F8003F8003F0003F8007F0003F8007E00FFFF00 FE00FFFF00FE00FFFF00FE00000000FE00000000FE00000000FE00000000FE00000000FE000038007E000038007F00003800 3F000078003F800078001FC000F8000FE001F80007FC07F80001FFFF7800007FFE3800000FF01800> 40 28 -3 0 37.532] 71 @dc cmr10.300-25 @sf [<7FC7F8FF807FC7F8FF800F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C00 0F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C000F01E03C00FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFFC000F01E000000F01E00000 0F01E000000F01E000000F01E038000F03E07C000703F07C000783F07C0003E1FC380000FFDFF800001F03F000> 40 29 0 0 34.592] 14 @dc cmti10.300-28 @sf [<7FF800007FF8000003C0000003C0000003C0000003C0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000000F0000000F0000001F8 000001FC000001EC000001E6000003E3000003C3800003C1800007C0C00007C0600007803000078038000F8018000F000C00 0F000F00FFE03FE0FFE03FE0> 32 28 -8 0 30.856] 89 @dc cmbx10.300-30 @sf [<000780078000000780078000000F8007C000000FC00FC000000FC00FC000001FE01FE000001FE01FE000003FE01FF000003F F03FF000003FF03FF000007FF03FF800007F387F3800007F387F380000FE3CFF1C0000FE1CFE1C0001FE1CFE1E0001FC1FFE 0E0001FC0FFC0E0003FC0FFC0F0003F807F8070003F807F8070007F007F8038007F007F003800FF007F003C00FE00FF001C0 FFFCFFFE1FFCFFFCFFFE1FFCFFFCFFFE1FFC> 48 28 -1 0 49.351] 87 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<01F00007FC000E1E001C0F003C07003807807807807807C07807C0F807C0F807C0F807C0F807C0F807C0F80780FC0780FC07 00FE0E00FBFC00F9F8007800007800007800003C00003C07001C0F800E0F800F078007830001FE00007C00> 24 31 -2 1 22.727] 54 @dc 26 @bop1 cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 45 p (References) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 42 148 p ([1]) s 23 r (Adv) s -2 r (anced) s 11 r (Micro) s 11 r (Devices,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 12 r (AMD) s 12 r (MOS) s 13 r (Micr) s -1 r (opr) s -2 r 111 c -3 r 99 c -2 r (essors) s 12 r (and) s 12 r (Peripher) s -1 r (als) s 12 r (Data) s 12 r (Bo) s -1 r (ok.) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 11 r (Adv) s -2 r (anced) s 12 r (Micro) s 108 198 p (Devices,) s 16 r (Inc.,) s 16 r (Sunn) s 0 r (yv) s -3 r (ale,) s 15 r (CA.) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1987) s 42 272 p ([2]) s 23 r (ANSI,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 10 r (Interme) s -1 r (diate) s 11 r (System) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (Interme) s -1 r (diate) s 11 r (System) s 11 r (Inter-domain) s 12 r 82 c -1 r (outeing) s 11 r (Information) s 12 r (Exchange) s 12 r (Pr) s -1 r (o-) s 108 322 p (to) s -1 r 99 c -2 r (ol) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (Do) s 1 r (cumen) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (Num) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 16 r (X3S3.3/90-132) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (June) s 13 r (1990.) s 42 396 p ([3]) s 23 r (D.) s 13 r (Balenson,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 14 r (Private) s 15 r (Communic) s -1 r (ation) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r 44 c 14 r (July) s 13 r (1990.) s 42 471 p ([4]) s 23 r (W.) s 11 r (Birn) s 0 r (baum,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 11 r (SP3) s 13 r (Pe) s -2 r (er) s 12 r (Identi\014c) s -1 r (ation) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 11 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 13 r (of) s 14 r (1990) s 13 r (IEEE) s 13 r (Symp) s 1 r (osium) s 14 r (on) s 13 r (Securit) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (and) s 108 520 p (Priv) s -1 r (acy) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Ma) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (1990.) s 42 595 p ([5]) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 23 r (Blacker) s 20 r 70 c -2 r 114 c -2 r (ont) s 20 r (End) s 20 r (Interfac) s -1 r 101 c 20 r (Contr) s -1 r (ol) s 19 r (Do) s -1 r (cument) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 21 r (DDN) s 23 r (Proto) s 2 r (col) s 23 r (Handb) s 1 r 111 c 2 r (ok,) s 25 r 86 c -3 r (olume) s 22 r 49 c cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 22 r (DDN) s 108 644 p (Net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 13 r (Information) s 14 r (Cen) s 0 r (ter,) s 12 r (SRI) s 14 r (In) s 0 r (ternational,) s 13 r (1985.) s 42 719 p ([6]) s 23 r (H.) s 13 r (Braun,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 14 r (Mo) s -1 r (dels) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (Policy) s 15 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 12 r (RF) s 0 r 67 c 15 r (1104,) s 16 r (SRI) s 16 r (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (Information) s 16 r (Cen) s 0 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 12 r (June) s 14 r (1989.) s 42 793 p ([7]) s 23 r (L.) s 12 r (Breslau) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (D.) s 12 r (Estrin,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (Design) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (Inter-A) s -1 r (dministr) s -3 r (ative) s 13 r (Domain) s 14 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s 13 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -3 r 99 c -2 r (ols) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 12 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 15 r (of) s 108 843 p (1990) s 16 r 65 c 0 r (CM) s 15 r (Sigcomm) s 16 r (Conference) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Septem) s -1 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 13 r (1990.) s 42 917 p ([8]) s 23 r (CCITT,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (The) s 15 r (Dir) s -1 r 101 c -2 r (ctory) s 14 r 65 c 0 r (uthentic) s -2 r (ation) s 13 r 70 c -2 r 114 c -2 r (amework) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (CCITT) s 16 r (Recommendation) s 16 r (X.509) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (1988.) s 42 991 p ([9]) s 23 r (D.) s 22 r (Cheriton,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 25 r (SIRPENT:) s 23 r 65 c 23 r (High-Performanc) s -2 r 101 c 22 r (Internetworking) s 23 r (Appr) s -1 r 111 c -2 r (ach) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 24 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 26 r (of) s 26 r (1989) s 108 1041 p 65 c 0 r (CM) s 15 r (SIGCOMM) s 16 r (Symp) s 1 r (osium) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Septem) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (1989.) s 21 1115 p ([10]) s 23 r (D.) s 16 r (Clark,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Policy) s 17 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (Internet) s 17 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -3 r 99 c -2 r (ols) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 16 r (RF) s 0 r 67 c 17 r (1102,) s 19 r (SRI) s 18 r (Net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (Information) s 19 r (Cen) s -1 r (ter) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 108 1165 p (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (1989.) s 21 1239 p ([11]) s 23 r (W.) s 14 r (Di\016e,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 13 r (The) s 15 r (First) s 15 r 84 c -2 r (en) s 14 r 89 c -2 r 101 c -2 r (ars) s 13 r (of) s 15 r (Public-Key) s 15 r (Crypto) s -1 r (gr) s -2 r (aphy) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 13 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (IEEE) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 14 r (Ma) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (1988.) s 21 1314 p ([12]) s 23 r (D.) s 9 r (Estrin) s 10 r (and) s 9 r (G.) s 9 r (Tsudik,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 11 r (Se) s -1 r (curity) s 9 r (Issues) s 11 r (in) s 11 r (Policy) s 11 r 82 c -1 r (outing) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 9 r (Pro) s 1 r (ceedings) s 11 r (of) s 11 r (1989) s 11 r (IEEE) s 11 r (Symp) s 1 r (osium) s 108 1363 p (on) s 16 r (Securit) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (and) s 16 r (Priv) s -2 r (acy) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (1989.) s 21 1438 p ([13]) s 23 r (D.) s 15 r (Estrin,) s 16 r (J.) s 15 r (Mogul,) s 16 r (G.) s 15 r (Tsudik,) s cmti10.300-28 @sf 16 r (Visa) s 16 r (Pr) s -1 r (oto) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ols) s 15 r (for) s 17 r (Contr) s -2 r (ol) s 2 r (ling) s 16 r (Inter-Or) s -1 r (ganizational) s 15 r (Datagr) s -1 r (am) s 15 r (Flow) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c cmbx10.300-30 @sf 108 1487 p (IEEE) s 16 r (Journal) s 16 r (on) s 16 r (Selected) s 16 r (Areas) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (Comm) s -1 r (unications) s cmr10.300-25 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r (Ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (1989.) s 21 1562 p ([14]) s 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0 0 21.331] 104 @dc [<4060303038181878F8F8F070> 8 12 -3 7 10.666] 44 @dc [<FFF000FFF0000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000FFF800FFFE00F01F00F00F80F00780F00 7C0F007C0F007C0F007C0F007C0F00780F00F80F01F0FFFFE0FFFF80> 24 26 -1 0 26.128] 80 @dc [<FFF03F00FFF07F800F00F8C00F01F0C00F01F0000F01F0000F01E0000F01E0000F01E0000F01C0000F03C0000F0380000FFF 00000FFFC0000F03E0000F01F0000F00F0000F00F8000F00F8000F00F8000F00F8000F00F0000F01F0000F03E000FFFFC000 FFFE0000> 32 26 -1 0 28.261] 82 @dc [<03E7F00FFFF01E1F801E0F801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E0780FE3F80FE3F80> 24 16 0 0 21.331] 117 @dc [<780000FE0000C70000F3000061800001800001800001C00001C00001C00003E00003E00007F00007B00007B0000FB8000F18 000F18001E0C001E0C001E0E00FF1F80FF1F80> 24 23 -1 7 20.265] 121 @dc [<FFE0FFE01E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E00FFC0FFC01E001E001E001E001E001E180F3C073C03F8 00F0> 16 26 0 0 11.732] 102 @dc 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[<FFFF8000FFFFE0000F00F8000F007C000F003C000F001E000F001F000F000F000F000F000F000F800F000F800F000F800F00 0F800F000F800F000F800F000F800F000F800F000F000F000F000F001E000F001E000F003C000F0078000F01F000FFFFE000 FFFF8000> 32 26 -1 0 29.328] 68 @dc [<40603018180C0C7CFCFCF870> 8 12 -3 -14 10.666] 39 @dc [<03FFF00003FFF000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E 0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000C01E0180C01E0180C01E0180E01E0380601E0300601E0300781E0F007FFFFF00 7FFFFF00> 32 26 -1 0 27.731] 84 @dc [<007FE0007FE0000F00000F00000F00000F00000F0007CF001FEF003C3F00781F00780F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F 00F00F00780F00781F003C3F001FF70007C300> 24 23 -1 7 20.265] 113 @dc [<70F8F8F870> 8 5 -3 0 10.666] 46 @dc 23 @bop1 cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 45 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (hash) s 12 r (function) s 11 r (computations) s 12 r (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (public) s 12 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 11 r (signature) s 11 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014cations) s 11 r (for) s 12 r 118 c 0 r (erifying) s 11 r (the) s 11 r (setup) s 114 102 p (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (signature) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (en) s 17 r 114 c -2 r (oute) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (\(one) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 977 108 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 991 102 p (\).) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 194 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 22 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 16 r (decryption) s 17 r (op) s 2 r (erations) s 17 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 17 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1129 200 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1160 194 p (to) s 17 r (decrypt) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 18 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1424 201 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1490 194 p 46 c 26 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 16 r (this) s 17 r (can) s 17 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 114 250 p (done) s 15 r (after) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (forw) s -1 r (arded) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (next) s 15 r (hop) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (so) s 15 r (do) s 1 r (es) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (tribute) s 14 r (directly) s 114 306 p (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (latency) s -3 r 46 c 0 435 p (The) s 17 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r 101 c 16 r (is) s 17 r (the) s 17 r 119 c -1 r (orst) s 16 r (case) s 17 r (scenario.) s 25 r (Some) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 17 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 966 442 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 981 435 p 115 c 16 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (not) s 17 r (care) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (authen) s 0 r (ticate) s 15 r (PRs) s 17 r (up) s 1 r (on) s 17 r (setup.) s 0 491 p 70 c -3 r (urthermore,) s 19 r (if) s 20 r (PR) s 19 r (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 18 r (and) s 19 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (requiremen) s 0 r (ts) s 18 r (\(or) s 19 r (lac) s 0 r 107 c 18 r (thereof) s 3 r 41 c 20 r (are) s 19 r (expressed) s 19 r (in) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 548 p (AD) s 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20 r (Similar) s 15 r (exp) s 1 r (erimen) s 0 r (ts) s 14 r (sho) s -1 r 119 c 0 946 p (that) s 15 r (time) s 15 r (sp) s 2 r (en) s -1 r 116 c 14 r (on) s 16 r (lo) s 1 r (okups) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (far) s 15 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (ershado) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ed) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r (the) s 15 r (encryption) s 16 r (costs[) s 0 r (13) s 0 r (].) s cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 1127 p 55 c 92 r (Conclusions) s 23 r (and) s 22 r 70 c -4 r (uture) s 22 r 87 c -5 r (ork) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1268 p 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s 14 r (are) s 15 r (needed) s 15 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 14 r (in) s 0 r (terconnected) s 14 r (ADs) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (retain) s 15 r (their) s 15 r (autonom) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (in) s 15 r (setting) s 0 1324 p (and) s 20 r (enforcing) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 20 r (while) s 20 r (still) s 20 r (ac) s 0 r (hieving) s 19 r (desired) s 20 r (connectivit) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 34 r (This) s 20 r (problem) s 20 r (of) s 20 r 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(the) s 13 r (other) s 13 r (hand,) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (securit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms,) s 13 r (as) s 13 r (usual,) s 13 r (tak) s 0 r 101 c 12 r 97 c 13 r (toll) s 13 r (in) s 13 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erall) s 0 1607 p (system) s 13 r (complexit) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (and) s 12 r 112 c 2 r (erformance.) s 19 r (The) s 13 r (purp) s 1 r (ose) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (this) s 13 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 13 r 119 c 0 r (as) s 12 r (to) s 13 r (explore) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (design) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (transit) s 0 1663 p (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 14 r (for) s 15 r (sensitiv) s 0 r 101 c 14 r (en) s -1 r (vironmen) s -1 r (ts) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (estigate) s 14 r (the) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (erformance) s 16 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 0 1720 p (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 16 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms.) s 20 r (After) s 16 r (ev) s -2 r (aluating) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (application) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (stub-net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (access) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 15 r (tec) s -1 r (hniques,) s 0 1776 p 119 c 0 r 101 c 14 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (ev) s -1 r (aluated) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (secure) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (col) s 15 r (design) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (ADs.) s 71 1872 p 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 16 r (Routing) s 16 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (should) s 16 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 16 r (approac) s 0 r (hed) s 15 r (from) s 16 r (an) s 17 r (in) s -1 r (tegrated) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (ersp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r (e.) s 23 r (It) s 16 r (exists) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (the) s 0 1928 p (con) s 0 r (text) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (end) s 20 r (system) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 19 r (access) s 20 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 19 r (and) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (division) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (lab) s 1 r (or) s 20 r (deserv) s 0 r (es) s 19 r (considera-) s 0 1984 p (tion.) s 30 r (In) s 18 r (this) s 19 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 18 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 17 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 19 r (that) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 19 r (routing) s 18 r (should) s 18 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 18 r (able) s 18 r (to) s 19 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r 116 c 18 r (unauthorized) s 18 r (use) s 0 2041 p (of) s 20 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 19 r (resources,) s 22 r (and) s 20 r (con) s -1 r (trol) s 19 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (er) s 19 r (routing) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (data,) s 21 r (across) s 20 r (AD) s 20 r 98 c 1 r (oundaries.) s 35 r (Net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 0 2097 p (access) s 15 r (con) s -1 r (trols) s 14 r (are) s 15 r (resp) s 1 r (onsible) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (\014ner) s 14 r (grain) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 13 r (\(e.g.,) s 15 r (on) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (host,) s 14 r (as) s 15 r (opp) s 1 r (osed) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r (basis\)) s 14 r (and) s 0 2154 p (end-systems) s 16 r (for) s 16 r (protection) s 17 r (of) s 16 r (non-net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (resources.) s 24 r (Our) s 16 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 16 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (ere) s 15 r (designed) s 17 r (to) s 0 2210 p (supp) s 1 r (ort) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ter-op) s 0 r (erabilit) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (across) s 13 r (ADs) s 14 r (with) s 14 r (heterogeneous) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (exten) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (that) s 14 r (their) s 14 r (com) s -1 r (bined) s 0 2267 p 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 13 r (allo) s 0 r (w.) s 19 r (Moreo) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 13 r (these) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 13 r (pr) s -2 r (eventative) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 12 r (PR) s 13 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 12 r (can) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (ter-op) s 0 r (erate) s 13 r (with) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 14 r (dete) s -2 r (ction) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (-based) s 0 2323 p (PR) s 15 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 329 2307 p (17) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 2419 p (There) s 21 r (remains) s 22 r 109 c -1 r (uc) s -1 r 104 c 20 r 119 c 0 r (ork) s 21 r (to) s 21 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 22 r (done) s 21 r (in) s 22 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 20 r (areas:) s 33 r (sim) s 0 r (ulating) s 20 r (and) s 22 r (exp) s 1 r (erimen) s 0 r (ting) s 20 r (with) s 0 2475 p (implemen) s 0 r (tations) s 14 r (of) s 15 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 14 r (Routing) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (cols,) s 15 r (sp) s 1 r (eeding) s 15 r (up) s 15 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -3 r (ailable) s 14 r (signature) s 15 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms,) s 14 r (exp) s 1 r (eri-) s 0 2532 p (men) s 0 r (ting) s 12 r (with) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (data) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 12 r (alternativ) s 0 r (es) s 12 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 13 r (here) s 13 r (for) s 13 r (more) s 12 r (detailed) s 13 r (understanding) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (their) s 0 2569 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2596 p (17) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2612 p (In) s 13 r (order) s 14 r (to) s 13 r (accomplish) s 13 r (this,) s 13 r (PR) s 14 r (headers) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 12 r (indicate) s 13 r (the) s 13 r 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 14 r (of) s 13 r (data) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c -3 r 44 c 12 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -1 r (tion) s 12 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 0 2658 p 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (emplo) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (ed) s 14 r (for) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r 98 c 1 r (elonging) s 14 r (to) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (stream,) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (AD's) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 14 r 84 c -2 r (erms) s 14 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (tain) s 14 r (details) s 15 r (as) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (data) s 0 2704 p (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (king) s 11 r (and) s 13 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -1 r (tion) s 12 r (requiremen) s -1 r (ts.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (23) s @eop 22 @bop0 cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<7FFFE07FFFE07FFFE001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F8 0001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F800FDF800FFF800FFF80003F800007800001800> 24 32 -4 0 28.019] 49 @dc [<FFFFE0FFFFE0FFFFE003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F8 0003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F80003F800FFFFE0FFFFE0FF FFE0> 24 34 -1 0 20.870] 73 @dc [<1F0000007FC0000071E00000E0700000E0780000FE380000FE3C00007C1C0000001C0000000E0000000E0000001F0000001F 0000003F8000003F8000007FC000007FC000007FC00000FCE00000FCE00001FCF00001F8700003F8780003F0380003F03800 07E01C0007E01C000FE01E000FC00E00FFF03FE0FFF03FE0FFF03FE0> 32 32 -1 10 29.576] 121 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<3E007F00718070C070C0700038003800380038001C001C00FFC0FFC00E000E000E000E0007000600> 16 20 -1 0 12.741] 116 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<1800C003803C01E00FE01E00F00E701E00F01E301E00F01E181E00F00F180F00780F0C0F007807800F007807800F00780780 07803C03C007803C03C007803C03C0C7C03C03C063C01E01E063E01F01E063F03F81C033DC3DC3C03F8FF87F800E03F03F00> 40 20 -1 0 39.909] 109 @dc [<1FC0003FF000703800F01C00F80E00F80E00780F00001F0000FF0003FE0007FE0007FC000FF0000F0000070E00070F00070F 0003870001FE00007C00> 24 20 -2 0 21.306] 115 @dc [<78FCFCFCFC78> 8 6 -3 0 12.626] 58 @dc cmsy10.329-36 @sf [<01800001C000018000018000C18300E18700F99F007DBE001FF80007E00007E0001FF8007DBE00F99F00E18700C183000180 0001800001C000018000> 24 20 -3 -1 22.727] 3 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<0003800000038000000380000007C0000007C000000FE000000FE000000FE000001FF000001F3000001F3000003F1800003E 1800003E1800007C0C00007C0C00007C0C0000F8060000F8060000F8060001F0030001F0030003F0038003E0018003E00180 07E001C007C000C007C000C00FC000E00FC001F0FFF807FEFFF807FE> 32 32 -1 1 34.090] 86 @dc [<0601800006018000060180000701C0000300C0000300C0000300C0000300C0000380E0000180600001806000018060000180 600001C07000FFFFFFFEFFFFFFFE0060180000601800006018000060180000701C0000300C0000300C0000300C00FFFFFFFE FFFFFFFE00180600001C0700000C0300000C0300000C0300000C0300000E0380000601800006018000060180000601800007 01C0000300C0000300C0000300C0> 32 41 -3 9 37.878] 35 @dc cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFFFF0FFFFF0FFFFF07FFFF03FFFF01FFFF01C00780E003807003803803801C03800F000007800003C00003E00001F80000F C0000FE00007E00007F00007F81807F87E03F8FF03F8FF07F8FF07F8FF07F0FE0FF07C3FE03FFFC01FFF0003FC00> 24 32 -3 0 28.019] 50 @dc [<FFFFFF8000FFFFFFF000FFFFFFFC0007F003FE0007F0007F0007F0003F8007F0001FC007F0000FE007F0000FE007F00007F0 07F00007F007F00007F007F00007F807F00007F807F00007F807F00007F807F00007F807F00007F807F00007F807F00007F8 07F00007F807F00007F007F00007F007F00007F007F0000FF007F0000FE007F0000FE007F0001FC007F0003F8007F0007F00 07F003FE00FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFF000FFFFFF8000> 40 34 -2 0 42.951] 68 @dc [<01FC7FC007FF7FC00F83FFC01F80FE001F80FE001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F80 7E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E00FF83FE00FF83FE00FF83FE00> 32 22 -2 0 31.133] 117 @dc [<01FC7FC007FF7FC00F83FFC01F00FE003F007E007E007E007E007E00FE007E00FE007E00FE007E00FE007E00FE007E00FE00 7E00FE007E00FE007E007E007E007E007E003F007E001F00FE000FC1FE0007FFFE0001FE7E0000007E0000007E0000007E00 00007E0000007E0000007E0000007E0000007E0000007E0000007E000003FE000003FE000003FE00> 32 35 -2 0 31.133] 100 @dc [<FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF007F00FF007F003F007F001F007F000F007F0007807F0007807F0007807F0003807F0003807F0 003807F0003807F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F00000 07F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F00000FFFFE000FFFFE000FFFFE000> 32 34 -2 0 33.669] 76 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<180000E01C0003F00C0007180E00070C07000E0C03000E0C03801E0601C01E0600C01E0600E01E0600701E0600301E060038 1E06001C0E0C000C0E0C000E070C00070718000303F0000380E00F0180001F81C00038C0E000786060007060700070303800 F0301800F0301C00F0300E00F0300600F0300700F031FB80703FFF80707C07C0787001E038E000601F8000700F000030> 32 37 -3 3 37.878] 37 @dc [<2060303818180C0C0C7CFCFCFCF870000000000000000078FCFCFCFC78> 8 29 -3 9 12.626] 59 @dc cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<01FE000FFFC01FFFE07E07F07E03F8FF01FCFF01FCFF01FEFF01FE7E01FE3C01FE0001FE0001FC0001F80003F00007E001FF 0001FE00001F80000FC00007E00607F01F07F83F83F83F83F83F83F83F83F81F07F01F07F00FFFE007FF8000FE00> 24 32 -2 0 28.019] 51 @dc [<C0FF8000E7FFE000FFFFF800FF00FC00FC003C00F0003E00F0001E00E0001F00E0001F00E0001F0000001F0000003F000000 7F000003FF00003FFE0003FFFE000FFFFC001FFFF8003FFFF0007FFFC0007FFF0000FFE00000FF000000FC000000F8001C00 F8001C00F8001C0078003C0078007C007C00FC003F03FC001FFFFC0007FF9C0001FC0C00> 32 34 -3 0 31.133] 83 @dc [<FFF00000FFF00000FFF000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8FC0001FFFF8001FE0 FC001FC07E001F803F001F803F801F803F801F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC0 1F801F801F803F801F803F001FC07E00FFF0FC00FFFFF800FF8FE000> 32 32 -2 10 31.133] 112 @dc [<000E0000001F0000001F0000003F8000003F8000007FC000007FC000007FC00000FCE00000FCE00001FCF00001F8700003F8 780003F0380003F0380007E01C0007E01C000FE01E000FC00E00FFF03FE0FFF03FE0FFF03FE0> 32 22 -1 0 29.576] 118 @dc 22 @bop1 cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 45 p (6.1) s 56 r 80 c -1 r (er) s 18 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -2 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 18 r (In) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 18 r (Costs) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p 80 c 0 r (er) s 18 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 18 r (signature) s 19 r (costs) s 20 r (are) s 19 r (largely) s 19 r (dep) s 2 r (enden) s -1 r 116 c 19 r (up) s 1 r (on) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (particular) s 19 r 118 c -1 r (ariation) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (data) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 0 227 p 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r (king.) s 19 r (These) s 15 r (costs) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (summarized) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (Figure) s 14 r (3.) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 20 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 19 r (refers) s 15 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (PR) s 14 r (length) s 14 r (including) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1812 233 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1877 227 p (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 283 p (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 72 290 p (dst) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 121 283 p 44 c 15 r (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (refers) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (index) s 15 r (agreed) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (Source) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (atterned) s 14 r (sc) s -1 r (heme.) s 71 379 p (If) s 12 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 11 r (consider,) s 13 r (for) s 12 r (example,) s 13 r 97 c 12 r (pro) s 1 r (cessing) s 12 r (sp) s 2 r (eed) s 12 r (of) s 12 r 56 c 12 r (Mbits/sec) s 12 r (for) s 13 r (MD4,) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (hash) s 13 r (function) s 12 r (com-) s 0 435 p (putation) s 15 r (for) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (1K) s 15 r 98 c 0 r (yte) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (will) s 15 r (amoun) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (to) s 16 r 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 20 r (Assuming) s 15 r (DES) s 16 r (encryption) s 15 r (rate) s 15 r (of) s 16 r 49 c 15 r (Mbit/sec,) s 0 491 p (the) s 17 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (encrypting) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (resultan) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (128-bit) s 17 r 118 c -2 r (alue) s 16 r (will) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r 48 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 58 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (13) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 26 r (The) s 17 r 112 c 2 r (er) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 16 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 0 548 p (will) s 14 r (amoun) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (to) s 14 r 50 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 58 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (26) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (for) s 14 r (either) s 15 r (Endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r (t-AD) s 13 r (or) s 14 r (Round) s 14 r (Robin) s 14 r (data) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r (king.) s 19 r (The) s 14 r (same) s 0 604 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 19 r (will) s 20 r (incur) s 20 r (the) s 19 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 18 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 20 r 78 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 18 r 3 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 13 r 50 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 58 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (26) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 115 c 20 r (for) s 20 r (the) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (ull) s 18 r 84 c -2 r (ransit) s 18 r 118 c -1 r (arian) s -1 r 116 c 18 r (\(where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 20 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 25 r (is) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (PR) s 0 661 p (length\).) s 20 r (These) s 13 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (ers) s 14 r (should) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (considered) s 13 r (relativ) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (to) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (usual) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 12 r (pro) s 2 r (cessing,) s 14 r (transmission,) s 0 717 p (and) s 16 r (propagation) s 17 r (dela) s 0 r (ys) s 15 r (encoun) s 0 r (tered) s 15 r (in) s 17 r (transiting) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (wide) s 17 r (area) s 16 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork.) s 23 r (Repla) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (prev) s -1 r (en) s -1 r (tion) s 16 r (can) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 477 824 p 995 2 ru 477 880 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 864 p 86 c -3 r (ariation) s 912 880 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 946 864 p (Cost) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 35 c 15 r (of) s 15 r (encryptions) s 1463 880 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 882 p 995 2 ru 477 892 p 995 2 ru 477 949 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 932 p (Endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 912 949 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 1181 932 p 50 c 1463 949 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 950 p 995 2 ru 477 1007 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 990 p 70 c -3 r (ull) s 14 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 912 1007 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 1176 990 p 78 c 1463 1007 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 1008 p 995 2 ru 477 1065 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 1048 p (Designated) s 15 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 912 1065 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 1181 1048 p 50 c 1463 1065 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 1066 p 995 2 ru 477 1123 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 1106 p (Source) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (atterned) s 912 1123 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 1145 1106 p (N/m) s 1463 1123 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 1125 p 995 2 ru 477 1181 p 2 56 ru 8 r 2 56 ru 511 1164 p (Round) s 15 r (Robin) s 912 1181 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 1181 1164 p 50 c 1463 1181 p 2 56 ru 9 r 2 56 ru 477 1183 p 995 2 ru 641 1309 p (Figure) s 15 r (3:) s 21 r (Encryption) s 15 r (Op) s 1 r (erations.) s 0 1412 p (used) s 18 r (indep) s 2 r (enden) s -1 r 116 c 18 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (data) s 19 r (authen) s -1 r (tication) s 18 r (metho) s 1 r (d.) s 30 r (The) s 18 r (cost) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (prev) s -1 r (en) s -1 r (tion) s 17 r (amoun) s 0 r (ts) s 17 r (to) s 0 1469 p (one) s 18 r (additional) s 19 r (PR) s 18 r (header) s 18 r (\014eld) s 18 r (\(32-64) s 19 r (bits) s 18 r (dep) s 1 r (ending) s 19 r (on) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (timestamp) s 19 r (gran) s -1 r (ularit) s -1 r (y\)) s 17 r (and) s 19 r (sev) s -1 r (eral) s 0 1525 p (instructions) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (implemen) s 0 r (ting) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (col) s 15 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (Section) s 15 r (4.6.6.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 1684 p (6.2) s 75 r (Costs) s 18 r (Due) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (Increased) s 18 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -2 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 17 r (Length) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1809 p (Increased) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 12 r (length) s 13 r (is) s 13 r (incurred) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 12 r (the) s 13 r (PR) s 14 r (header) s 13 r (carried) s 13 r (in) s 13 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s 12 r (data) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et.) s 18 r (It) s 14 r (is) s 13 r (an) s -1 r (ticipated) s 0 1866 p (that) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (length) s 19 r (of) s 19 r (this) s 19 r (header) s 18 r (will) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 19 r (on) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (order) s 19 r (of) s 19 r (32) s 18 r 98 c 0 r (ytes.) s 30 r (Previous) s 19 r (measuremen) s -1 r (ts) s 18 r (of) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 19 r (Visa) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1922 p (Proto) s 1 r (cols[) s 0 r (13) s 0 r 93 c 12 r (sho) s 0 r 119 c 10 r (that) s 12 r (this) s 11 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 10 r (ranges) s 12 r (from) s 11 r (20%) s 12 r (for) s 11 r (small) s 12 r (\(e.g.,) s 12 r (16) s 12 r 98 c -1 r (ytes) s 11 r (of) s 11 r (user) s 12 r (data\)) s 11 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 0 1979 p (to) s 15 r (less) s 16 r (than) s 15 r (4%) s 16 r (for) s 15 r (larger) s 15 r (\(e.g.,) s 16 r (1K) s 15 r 98 c 0 r (yte\)) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets;) s 14 r (the) s 16 r (length) s 15 r (of) s 16 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (Visa) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (header) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (roughly) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (same) s 0 2035 p (as) s 14 r (that) s 15 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (PR) s 15 r (header.) s 19 r (Roughly) s -2 r 44 c 13 r (the) s 14 r (header) s 15 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 14 r (amoun) s -1 r (ts) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (ab) s 1 r (out) s 14 r 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r 112 c 2 r (er) s 14 r (hop.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 2194 p (6.3) s 56 r (Setup) s 19 r (Ov) s -1 r (erhead) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2319 p (PR) s 12 r (setup) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (accomplished) s 12 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 11 r (comp) s 1 r (osing) s 13 r (and) s 12 r (sending) s 12 r 97 c 12 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 11 r (con) s 0 r (taining) s 11 r (the) s 12 r (en) s 0 r (tire) s 11 r (PR) s 13 r (as) s 12 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 0 2376 p (in) s 15 r (Section) s 15 r (5.1.) s 21 r (The) s 15 r (costs) s 15 r (include:) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2500 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -2 r (tional) s 14 r (encryption) s 16 r (op) s 1 r (erations) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1015 2507 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1081 2500 p (to) s 15 r (encrypt) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1341 2508 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1423 2500 p (for) s 15 r (all) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1864 2507 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1878 2500 p (s,) s 15 r (if) s 114 2557 p (data) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 14 r (is) s 16 r 99 c -1 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ed) s 14 r (en) s 15 r (route.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2647 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r 65 c 14 r (hash) s 14 r (function) s 14 r (computation) s 14 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (er) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (en) s 0 r (tire) s 13 r (PR) s 14 r (setup) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (follo) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ed) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r 97 c 14 r (single) s 14 r (public) s 14 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 114 2704 p (signature) s 15 r (computation) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (128-bit) s 15 r (hash) s 16 r (function) s 15 r 118 c -2 r (alue.) s 952 2828 p (22) s @eop 21 @bop0 cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<03F8000FFF001FFF803C0FC07807E0FC03F0FE03F0FE03F8FE03F8FE03F87C03F80003F80003F80003F00003F03803F03807 E03E0FC03FFF0039FC003800003800003800003800003FF0003FFC003FFF003FFF803FFFC03FFFC03C01E0300060> 24 32 -3 0 28.019] 53 @dc [<FFF00FFFF8FFF00FFFF8FFF00FFFF80700007F00038000FE00038000FE0003C001FE0001C001FC0001C001FC0001FFFFFC00 00FFFFF80000FFFFF800007007F000007007F00000780FF00000380FE00000380FE000001C1FC000001C1FC000001E3FC000 000E3F8000000E3F8000000F7F800000077F000000077F00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000001FC00000001FC0000 0000F800000000F800000000F800000000700000> 40 34 -2 0 42.317] 65 @dc [<FFF0FFF0FFF01F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F80 1F801F801F801F801F801F801F80FF80FF80FF80> 16 35 -1 0 15.566] 108 @dc [<1C0FC0001E7FF8001FE0FC001FC03E001F803F001F801F801F801F801F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801FC01F80 1FC01F801FC01F801FC01F801F801F801F801F803F001FC03E001FF07C001FFFF8001F8FE0001F8000001F8000001F800000 1F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000FF800000FF800000FF800000> 32 35 -2 0 31.133] 98 @dc [<FFFF801FF0FFFF80FFF8FFFF81FF1C07F001FE0E07F003FC0E07F003FC0007F003FC0007F003FC0007F003F80007F003F800 07F003F80007F003F80007F003F00007F007F00007F007E00007F01FC00007FFFF000007FFFFC00007F007F00007F001FC00 07F001FE0007F000FE0007F000FF0007F000FF0007F000FF0007F000FF0007F000FF0007F000FE0007F001FE0007F001FC00 07F007F800FFFFFFF000FFFFFFC000FFFFFE0000> 40 34 -2 0 41.798] 82 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<3F007FC0F9E0F8F0F87870780078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780078 00F807F807F800780000000000000000000000F001F801F801F801F800F0> 16 40 3 9 13.889] 106 @dc [<0000078000000FC000001FE000001FE000003FF0000038700000383000003010001FB01000FFF01001F0780007F07E000FB0 5F000F38CF001E1F87803E0F07C03C0003C07C0003E07C0003E0780001E0F80001F0F80001F0F80001F0F80001F0F80001F0 F80001F0F80001F0F80001F0F80001F0780001E07C0003E07C0003E03C0003C03E0007C01E0007800F000F000F801F0007C0 3E0001E0780000FFF000001F8000> 32 41 -3 9 35.353] 81 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<0F003F8078C07860783078303C183C003C003C001E001E001E001E000F000F000F000F00FFF8FFF80780078003C003C003C0 03C001E000C0> 16 28 -1 0 16.414] 116 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<7800FC00E400E600E600E000700070007000700038003800380038001C001C001C001C000E000E000E003E003F00> 16 23 -1 0 10.531] 108 @dc [<1F003FC070F0E078E03CE03CF01EF01EF01E781E381E1C1C0FF803E0> 16 14 -1 0 17.054] 111 @dc [<03C3E0000FFFF0000E3E18001C1C18001C1C0C001C1C0C000E0E06000E0E06000E0E0600C70E060067070F0067071F003F07 1E001E030C00> 32 14 0 0 25.320] 119 @dc [<1F803FE07070F010E000E000F000FF80FFE0707078183C180FF003E0> 16 14 -1 0 16.368] 101 @dc cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<007FC00001FFF80003FFFC0007FFFE000FF0FF001FC07F803FC03FC03F803FC07F803FE07F803FE07F803FE07F803FE0FF80 3FE0FF803FE0FF803FE0FF803FE0FF803FE0FFC03FC0FFC03FC0FFE03F80FFE07F00FFFFFE00FFBFFC00FF9FF000FF820000 7F8000007F8000007F801E007FC03F003FC07F803FC07F801FE07F800FE07F800FF83F8007FE1F0001FFFF0000FFFE00003F FC000007F800> 32 39 -3 0 34.370] 54 @dc [<E03FF800F1FFFE00FFFFFF80FFFFFFC0FFF01FE0FF000FE0FE0007F0FC0007F0F80003F8F00003F8F00003F8F00003F8F000 07F8000007F800000FF800003FF80003FFF8003FFFF001FFFFF007FFFFE00FFFFFC01FFFFFC03FFFFF807FFFFE007FFFF800 FFFFC000FFF80000FFC00000FF0001E0FF0001E0FE0001E0FE0003E0FE0003E07E0007E07F000FE03F801FE03FC0FFE01FFF FFE00FFFFFE003FFF1E000FF80E0> 32 41 -4 0 38.189] 83 @dc [<0FC00000003FF00000007FF8000000787C000000F03E000000F01F000000FF0F000000FF0F8000007E078000003C07C00000 0003C000000003C000000003E000000003E000000007F000000007F00000000FF80000000FF80000000FF80000001FFC0000 001FFC0000003FFE0000003FDE0000003FDE0000007F8F0000007F8F000000FF8F800000FF07800001FF07C00001FE03C000 01FE03C00003FE03E00003FC01E00007FC01F00007F800F000FFFF07FF80FFFF07FF80FFFF07FF80FFFF07FF80> 40 39 -1 12 36.280] 121 @dc 21 @bop1 cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 45 p (5.3) s 75 r (Applicabilit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (to) s 19 r (other) s 18 r (PR) s 19 r (Approac) s -1 r (hes) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p (In) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (previous) s 18 r (sections,) s 19 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 17 r (concen) s 0 r (trated) s 17 r (on) s 18 r (increasing) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (IDPR) s 18 r (prop) s 1 r (osal.) s 29 r (It) s 18 r (is) s 0 227 p (also) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (terest) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (examine) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (applicabilit) s -1 r 121 c 15 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (metho) s 1 r (ds) s 15 r (discussed) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (BGP) s -3 r 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 359 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Distribution) s 15 r (of) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 14 r 84 c -3 r (erms) s 114 416 p (Flo) s 1 r 111 c 1 r (ding) s 13 r (of) s 13 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 12 r 84 c -3 r (erms) s 12 r (are) s 14 r 97 c 13 r (feature) s 13 r (unique) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (link) s 13 r (state) s 13 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 13 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (as) s 13 r (IDPR.) s 13 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 114 472 p (in) s 12 r (BGP) s -2 r 44 c 11 r (paths) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (distance) s 12 r (metrics) s 13 r (are) s 13 r (exc) s 0 r (hanged) s 11 r (among) s 13 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (oring) s 13 r (ADs.) s 19 r (In) s 13 r (order) s 13 r (to) s 12 r (mak) s 0 r 101 c 114 529 p (these) s 17 r (exc) s -1 r (hanges) s 16 r (secure,) s 18 r (it) s 17 r (is) s 17 r (su\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (to) s 17 r (use) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 16 r (cryptosystem) s 17 r (as) s 17 r (the) s 17 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 17 r (of) s 114 585 p (message) s 15 r (recipien) s 0 r (ts) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (alw) s 0 r 97 c -2 r (ys) s 14 r (limited) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -2 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (directly) s 15 r (adjacen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (ADs.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 679 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Route) s 15 r (Setup) s 15 r (and) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r 70 c -3 r (orw) s -1 r (arding) s 114 736 p (Route) s 14 r (setup) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (not) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (feature) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (BGP) s 15 r (arc) s -1 r (hitecture) s 14 r (\(as) s 14 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 14 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (28) s 0 r 44 c 14 r (16) s 0 r 44 c 14 r 50 c 0 r (].) s 20 r (This) s 14 r (means) s 114 792 p (that) s 17 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 16 r (Routes) s 18 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (authorized/authen) s 0 r (ticated) s 17 r (at) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 16 r (time.) s 27 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -2 r (er,) s 114 848 p (nothing) s 14 r (precludes) s 15 r (PR) s 14 r (setup) s 14 r (from) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 15 r (implemen) s -1 r (ted) s 14 r (on) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (that) s 14 r (uses) s 15 r (these) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (cols,) s 114 905 p 112 c 1 r (erhaps) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (conjunction) s 18 r (with) s 18 r (QOS) s 17 r (routing.) s 29 r (In) s 18 r (that) s 18 r (case,) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (discussion) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (Sections) s 18 r (4.5,) s 19 r (4.6) s 114 961 p (and) s 15 r 53 c 15 r (will) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (applicable.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1055 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Data) s 15 r (In) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (Chec) s -1 r (king) s 114 1112 p (Of) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (\014v) s 0 r 101 c 20 r 118 c -2 r (arian) s -1 r (ts) s 19 r (discussed,) s 22 r (only) s 20 r (Endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r (t-AD) s 20 r (and) s 20 r 84 c -3 r (ransit-AD) s 20 r (data) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 20 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r (king) s 114 1168 p (apply) s 20 r (to) s 20 r (BGP) s 20 r (arc) s -1 r (hitecture.) s 34 r (Other) s 20 r 118 c -2 r (arian) s -1 r (ts) s 19 r (require) s 20 r (co) s 1 r (ordination) s 20 r (among) s 20 r (ADs) s 20 r 98 c 1 r (ey) s 0 r (ond) s 19 r (that) s 114 1225 p (pro) s -1 r (vided) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (BGP) s 15 r (as) s 15 r (it) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (curren) s 0 r (tly) s 14 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014ed.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1318 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (ting) s 15 r (Repla) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 16 r (Data) s 15 r 80 c -1 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 114 1375 p (Border) s 17 r (routers) s 17 r (in) s 16 r (BGP) s 17 r (do) s 17 r (not) s 17 r (main) s 0 r (tain) s 16 r (state) s 17 r (with) s 17 r (resp) s 1 r (ect) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (curren) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (tra\016c) s 17 r (as) s 17 r (do) s 1 r (es) s 17 r (IDPR.) s 114 1431 p (Therefore,) s 15 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (prev) s -1 r (en) s -1 r (tion,) s 15 r (as) s 16 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (Section) s 16 r (4.6.6) s 15 r (is) s 16 r (not) s 16 r (applicable) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1814 1439 p 108 c 1 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1919 1431 p (is) s 114 1488 p (not) s 17 r (main) s -1 r (tained.) s 25 r (Nev) s 0 r (ertheless,) s 16 r (it) s 17 r (is) s 17 r (still) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (ossible) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (use) s 17 r (timestamps) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (detect) s 17 r (some) s 17 r (old) s 17 r (data) s 114 1544 p (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 1727 p 54 c 69 r (Assessmen) s -1 r 116 c 22 r (and) s 23 r (Cost) s 23 r (of) s 22 r (Securit) s 0 r 121 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1867 p (Our) s 20 r (purp) s 1 r (ose) s 21 r (in) s 20 r (this) s 20 r (section) s 20 r (is) s 20 r (to) s 20 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (estigate) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (ounds) s 20 r (on) s 21 r (ac) s -1 r (hiev) s -2 r (able) s 19 r (data) s 20 r (rates) s 20 r (with) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 0 1924 p (sc) s 0 r (hemes) s 15 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 16 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (e.) s 22 r (Previous) s 16 r 119 c 0 r (ork) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (area) s 16 r (of) s 16 r 112 c 2 r (erformance) s 16 r (and) s 16 r (cost) s 16 r (ev) s -2 r (aluation) s 15 r (of) s 17 r (secure) s 0 1980 p (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (13) s 0 r 93 c 16 r (iden) s -1 r (ti\014es) s 14 r (four) s 16 r (imp) s 1 r (ortan) s 0 r 116 c 14 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (tributors) s 14 r (\(listed) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (order) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (magnitude\):) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2113 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r 80 c 0 r (er) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -2 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (Signature) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2207 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Increased) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (Length) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2301 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Setup) s 15 r (Ov) s 0 r (erhead) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2394 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Other) s 15 r (Additional) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (er) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (Pro) s 2 r (cessing) s 0 2527 p (Exp) s 1 r (erimen) s 0 r (tal) s 19 r (results) s 19 r (sho) s 0 r 119 c 18 r (that) s 20 r (that) s 19 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 18 r (due) s 20 r (to) s 19 r (signatures) s 20 r (constitutes) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (ma) s 2 r (jorit) s 0 r 121 c 19 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 0 2584 p (total) s 16 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead.) s 21 r (In) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (remainder) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (this) s 16 r (section) s 15 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 15 r (analyze) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 14 r (con) s 0 r (tributing) s 15 r (factors) s 0 2640 p (in) s 15 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 14 r 118 c -1 r (ariations) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (general) s 15 r (sc) s 0 r (heme.) s 952 2828 p (21) s @eop 20 @bop0 cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFFC0007F001FC0007F0007E0007F0003E0007F0001E0007F0001E0007F0000E0007F0000E00 07F01C0E0007F01C070007F01C070007F01C070007F03C000007F07C000007FFFC000007FFFC000007FFFC000007F07C0000 07F03C000007F01C0E0007F01C0E0007F01C0E0007F01C0E0007F0001E0007F0001E0007F0001C0007F0003C0007F0007C00 07F001FC00FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFFC00FFFFFFFC00> 40 34 -2 0 36.782] 69 @dc [<000038000000007C000000007C00000000FE00000000FE00000000FE00000001FF00000001FF00000003FF80000003FB8000 0003FB80000007F1C0000007F1C000000FF1E000000FE0E000001FE0F000001FC07000001FC07000003FC03800003F803800 007F803C00007F001C00007F001C0000FE000E0000FE000E0001FE000F0001FC00070003FC00078003F800038003F8000380 07F80001C0FFFF801FFEFFFF801FFEFFFF801FFE> 40 34 -1 0 42.317] 86 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<7C00FE00F700F38071C001C001C001C000E000E000E000E000700070007018700C38063803F001E000000000000000000000 0018003C003C0018> 16 29 0 6 14.269] 106 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<0007E000001FF800007C1C0000F0060001E0030001E0018003C0018003C0018007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C0 00C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C0 07C000C007C000C007C000C007C000C007C001E0FFFE1FFEFFFE1FFE> 32 32 -1 1 34.090] 85 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<81F80000C7FC0000EE0F0000780780007003C0007001C0007001E0003000E0003000F0003000F0000000F0000000F0000000 F8000001F800000FF000007FF00001FFF00003FFE00003FFC00003FE000007E0000007C0000007C0000003C0060003C00600 03C0060001C0060001E0070000E00F0000700F00003C3B00001FF1800007E080> 32 33 -3 1 27.872] 83 @dc [<FFFE00FFFE0003E00003E00003E00003E00001F00001F00001F00001F00000F80000F80000F80000F800007C00007C00007C 00007C00003E00003E00003E00003E00001F00001F00001F00001F00000F80000F80000F8001FFFC00FFFE> 24 31 0 0 19.981] 73 @dc [<007F00000003FFC1000007C0F300000F003F80001E001F80003C000F80003C000F8000780007C000780007C000780007C000 F80007C000F80003E000F800FFFC00F800FFFC00F8000000007C000000007C000000007C000000007C000000003E00000000 3E000018001F000018001F000018000F80001C000780001C0003C0001C0001E0001C0000F0003E000078003E00003E006E00 000F81C6000003FF83000000FE0100> 40 33 -2 1 35.738] 71 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF0> 32 12 -3 -5 35.353] 61 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFFFFFC0007FFFFFE00003E007E00003E000E00003E000700003E000300001F000380001F000180001F0000C0001F0000C00 00F80C0C0000F80C060000F80C000000F80C0000007C0E0000007FFE0000007FFE0000007C0E0000003E070000003E030000 003E030600003E030600001F000600001F000300001F000300001F000300000F800700000F800700000F800F0000FFFFFF00 00FFFFFF80> 40 31 -1 0 33.554] 69 @dc [<FFFF0000007FFF00000003E000000003E000000003E000000003E000000001F000000001F000000001F000000001F0000000 00F80C000000F80C000000F80C000000F80C0000007C0E0000007FFE0000007FFE0000007C0E0000003E070000003E030000 003E030600003E030600001F000600001F000300001F000300001F000300000F800700000F800700000F800F0000FFFFFF00 00FFFFFF80> 40 31 -1 0 29.229] 70 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<600E00E01F007039807038C0701CC0701C00381C00380E003C0E003C0E001E0E001F0E001DFE001CF8000E00000E00000E00 000E00000700000700000700001F00001F8000> 24 23 -1 0 20.332] 104 @dc [<1E3C007FFE00F1F200E0F300E07300E07000F03800F03800F03800703800383C001C3C000FFC0003CC00> 24 14 -1 0 18.741] 97 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFFE0000007FFE00000003E000000003E000000003E000000003E000000001F000000001F000000001F000000001F0000000 00F800000000F800000000F800000000F8000000007FFE0000007FFFC000007C03E000007C00F800003E007800003E003C00 003E003E00003E003E00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F00000F801E00000F801E00000F807C0000FFFFF800 00FFFFE000> 40 31 -1 0 29.182] 80 @dc [<000001F000FFFE07FC007FFE0F8E0003E01F060003E01F030003E01F030003E01F000001F00F800001F00F800001F00F8000 01F00F800000F807C00000F807C00000F807800000F80F8000007C0F0000007FFE0000007FFF8000007C07C000003E01F000 003E00F800003E007C00003E007C00001F003E00001F003E00001F003E00001F003E00000F803E00000F803C00000F80F800 00FFFFF00000FFFFC000> 40 32 -1 1 34.512] 82 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<03C7800FFFC00E3E401C1E601C0E601C0E000E07000E07000E0700C707006703806703803F03801E0180> 24 14 0 0 20.429] 117 @dc [<FE0000FF00003800003800001C00001C00001DF0001FFC000F1E000E07000E07800E07800703C00703C00703C06703C03383 C033C3801F7F000E3E00> 24 20 1 6 17.761] 112 @dc [<FFC1FF00FFE1FF000F0078000F0078000F00F0000F00F0000781F0000781E0000781E00007C3C00003F3C00003FF800003CF 800003C7800001E3800001E1C00001E0600001E0300000F01C0000F00E0000F0078007FF0FF007FF0FF8> 32 23 -1 0 29.755] 75 @dc [ 300 ] /cmmi6.300-5 @newfont cmmi6.300-5 @sf [<7C00FF00E300E1800F803F803E00310033801F800F00> 16 11 -3 0 14.557] 115 @dc [<180038001C001C001C001C000E60CE70CE307FF03DE0> 16 11 -1 0 14.442] 114 @dc [<1F807FC06040E000E000E0007000708039C01FC00780> 16 11 -2 0 13.926] 99 @dc [<3C007E0076003B00380038001C00DC00CE007C0038000000000000000000060007000600> 16 18 -1 0 11.098] 105 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<FFFFF000FFFFF0000F00F8000F0038000F001C000F000C0007800C0007830600078306000783060003C3800003FF800003FF 800003C1800001E0C00001E0C30001E0C30001E0030000F0030000F0030000F0070007FFFF8007FFFF80> 32 23 -1 0 25.858] 69 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<FFC0FFC07FC0306018600E000700038001C001E000E0E0E0E1E0C3C07F801F00> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 50 @dc cmmi6.300-5 @sf [<FF00C0007F00C0000C01E0000C03E0000C03E0000C07E00006073000060E3000060E3000061C3000033C1800033818000378 18000370180001E00C000FE07F800FC07F80> 32 17 -1 0 24.087] 78 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<0C00001C0000180000380000300000700000700000700000700000700000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F000007000 007000007000007000007800007800003800003800003C00003C00001C00001E00001E00000E00000F000007000007000003 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16 r (PR) s 17 r (setup) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 17 r (is) s 16 r (illustrated) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (elo) s 0 r (w.) s 23 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 15 r (assume) s 17 r (out) s 0 227 p (of) s 15 r (band) s 15 r (distribution) s 15 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 507 204 p 106 c 504 239 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 525 227 p (-s.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 359 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Up) s 1 r (on) s 12 r (issuing) s 13 r 97 c 12 r (PR,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 577 366 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 640 359 p (computes) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (PR) s 13 r (signatures) s 12 r (\(one) s 12 r (for) s 13 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1518 366 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1532 359 p 41 c 12 r (using) s 13 r (pairwise) s 12 r 107 c 0 r (eys:) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 725 462 p 83 c 2 r 73 c 4 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 815 468 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 841 462 p 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 972 469 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1050 462 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 80 c 6 r 82 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1138 468 p (setup) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1223 462 p (\)\)) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1259 443 p 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1291 431 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c 1289 454 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1892 462 p (\(4\)) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 582 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (As) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (efore,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 398 589 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 462 582 p (generates) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (new) s 14 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s -3 r 44 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 915 590 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 982 582 p 44 c 13 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (needs) s 14 r (to) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (encrypted) s 14 r (separately) s 13 r (for) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 114 639 p (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 185 646 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 199 639 p 46 c 21 r (The) s 15 r (resulting) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (depicted) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (Figure) s 15 r (2b.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 733 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (Next,) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (PR) s 16 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (sen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (along) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (route.) s 20 r (Eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (participating) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1593 739 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1622 733 p (obtains) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1820 740 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1902 733 p 98 c 0 r 121 c 114 789 p (decrypting) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 433 796 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 500 789 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 517 773 p 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 550 761 p (sr) s 0 r 99 c 547 784 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 597 789 p 44 c 17 r (recomputes) s 16 r (and) s 16 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014es) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 83 c 3 r 73 c 3 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1200 796 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1230 789 p (and) s 16 r 118 c -1 r (alidates) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (timestamp.) s 23 r (Then,) s 114 846 p (it) s 15 r (authorizes) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (king) s 14 r (it) s 15 r (against) s 15 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 15 r (constrain) s 0 r (ts.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 939 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (The) s 15 r (remaining) s 15 r (steps) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (are) s 15 r (similar) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (public) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r 118 c -2 r (arian) s -1 r (t.) s 580 1087 p 789 2 ru 580 1088 p 789 2 ru 579 1143 p 2 56 ru 943 1126 p (PR) s 1369 1143 p 2 56 ru 580 1145 p 789 2 ru 579 1201 p 2 56 ru 862 1184 p (Timestamp) s 1369 1201 p 2 56 ru 580 1203 p 789 2 ru 579 1260 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 905 1243 p 83 c 2 r 73 c 4 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 995 1249 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c 1369 1260 p 2 56 ru 580 1261 p 789 2 ru 753 1318 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 935 1301 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1027 1308 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1094 1301 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1111 1284 p 69 c 2 r 75 c cmr6.300-4 @sf 1169 1289 p 49 c 1369 1318 p 2 56 ru 754 1319 p 616 2 ru 753 1374 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 935 1357 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1027 1365 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1094 1357 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1111 1341 p 69 c 2 r 75 c cmr6.300-4 @sf 1169 1345 p 50 c 1369 1374 p 2 56 ru 754 1376 p 616 2 ru 753 1431 p 2 56 ru cmr10.329-34 @sf 1055 1414 p 46 c 1369 1431 p 2 56 ru 754 1432 p 616 2 ru 753 1487 p 2 56 ru 1055 1470 p 46 c 1369 1487 p 2 56 ru 754 1489 p 616 2 ru 753 1543 p 2 56 ru 1055 1527 p 46 c 1369 1543 p 2 56 ru 754 1545 p 616 2 ru 753 1600 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 929 1583 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1021 1590 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1088 1583 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1106 1566 p 69 c 2 r 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1163 1572 p 78 c 1369 1600 p 2 56 ru 754 1602 p 616 2 ru cmti10.329-37 @sf 744 1696 p (\(a\)) s 17 r (Public) s 16 r (Key) s 16 r 86 c -2 r (ersion) s 580 1827 p 789 2 ru 579 1884 p 2 56 ru cmr10.329-34 @sf 943 1867 p (PR) s 1369 1884 p 2 56 ru 580 1885 p 789 2 ru 579 1942 p 2 56 ru 862 1925 p (Timestamp) s 1369 1942 p 2 56 ru 580 1944 p 789 2 ru 579 2000 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 612 1983 p 83 c 3 r 73 c 3 r 71 c cmr8.300-13 @sf 702 1990 p 49 c 753 2000 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 933 1983 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1026 1991 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1092 1983 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1110 1967 p 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1142 1955 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr6.300-4 @sf 1140 1978 p 49 c 1369 2000 p 2 56 ru 580 2002 p 789 2 ru 579 2058 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 612 2041 p 83 c 3 r 73 c 3 r 71 c cmr8.300-13 @sf 702 2048 p 50 c 753 2058 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 933 2041 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1026 2049 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1092 2041 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1110 2025 p 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1142 2013 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr6.300-4 @sf 1140 2036 p 50 c 1369 2058 p 2 56 ru 580 2060 p 789 2 ru 579 2116 p 2 56 ru cmr10.329-34 @sf 661 2099 p 46 c 753 2116 p 2 56 ru 1055 2099 p 46 c 1369 2116 p 2 56 ru 580 2118 p 789 2 ru 579 2174 p 2 56 ru 661 2157 p 46 c 753 2174 p 2 56 ru 1055 2157 p 46 c 1369 2174 p 2 56 ru 580 2176 p 789 2 ru 579 2233 p 2 56 ru 661 2216 p 46 c 753 2233 p 2 56 ru 1055 2216 p 46 c 1369 2233 p 2 56 ru 580 2234 p 789 2 ru 579 2291 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 605 2274 p 83 c 3 r 73 c 3 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 695 2281 p 78 c 753 2291 p 2 56 ru cmmi10.329-35 @sf 933 2274 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1026 2281 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1092 2274 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1110 2257 p 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1142 2245 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c 1140 2269 p 78 c 1369 2291 p 2 56 ru 580 2292 p 789 2 ru 580 2294 p 789 2 ru cmti10.329-37 @sf 605 2388 p (\(b\)) s 16 r (Conventional) s 17 r (Encryption) s 16 r 86 c -2 r (ersion) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 696 2532 p (Figure) s 15 r (2:) s 20 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 952 2828 p (20) s @eop 19 @bop0 cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<01C000000001C000000001E000000001E000000001F000000001F800000001F800000003FC00000003EC00000003E6000000 03E300000003E300000003E180000003E180000003E0C0000003E060000007E060000007E030000007C030000007C0180000 07C00C000007C00C000007C006000007C006000007C003000007C00180000FC00180000FC000C0000F8000E0000FC000F000 FFFC07FF00FFFC03FF00> 40 32 -2 1 26.515] 86 @dc [<FFFFFE007FFFFE0003E03F0003E00F0003E0070003E0038001F0018001F0018001F000C001F000C000F8006000F8006000F8 000000F80000007C0000007C0000007C0000007C0000003E0000003E0000003E0000003E0000001F0000001F0000001F0000 001F0000000F8000000F8000000F800000FFFE0000FFFE00> 32 31 -1 0 30.934] 76 @dc [<00FE000003FF800007C0E0000F0030001E0018003C000C003C000600780003007800030078000180F8000180F80000C0F800 0000F8000000F80000007C0000007C0000007C0000007C0000003E0000003E0000301F0000301F0000300F80003807800038 03C0003801E0003800F0007C0078007C003E00DC001F818C0007FF060000FE02> 32 33 -2 1 32.487] 67 @dc [<03F000000FFC00001E0F00003C0380007800C0007800600078006000F8003000F8001800F8001800F80018007C000C007C00 0C007C000C007C000C003E0006003E0006003E0006003E0006001F0003001F0003001F0003001F0003000F8001800F800180 0F8001800F80018007C000C007C000C007C001E07FFE0FFE7FFE0FFE> 32 32 -3 1 31.035] 85 @dc [<207038180C0C0606067EFEFEFCFC78> 8 15 -3 9 12.626] 59 @dc cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFFF83FFFCFFFF83FFFCFFFF83FFFC07F0007F8007F0007F0007F000FF0007F001FE0007F001FC0007F003F80007F007F800 07F007F00007F00FE00007F01FE00007F81FC00007FC3F800007FE7F800007FF7F000007F7FE000007F3FE000007F1FC0000 07F078000007F03C000007F01E000007F00F000007F007800007F003C00007F001E00007F000F00007F0007C0007F0001E00 07F0000F00FFFF807FFCFFFF807FFCFFFF807FFC> 40 34 -2 0 43.874] 75 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<FFFF0000FFFFC0000F01F0000F0078000F001C000F001E0007800F0007800700078007800780078003C003C003C003C003C0 03C003C003C001E001C001E001C001E001C001E003C000F0038000F0078000F00F0007FFFE0007FFF800> 32 23 -1 0 28.947] 68 @dc [ 329 ] /cmbx10.329-39 @newfont cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<07FFFFC007FFFFC007FFFFC0000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000F E000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000000FE000E00FE00EE00FE00EE00FE00EE00FE00EF00FE01EF00FE01E700FE01C 780FE03C7E0FE0FC7FFFFFFC7FFFFFFC7FFFFFFC> 32 30 -2 0 36.362] 84 @dc [<1F0000007F800000F1E00000E0E00000FC700000FC7800007838000000380000001C0000001C0000003E0000003E0000007F 0000007F000000FF800000FF800000FF800001F9C00001F9C00003F9E00003F0E00007F0F00007E0700007E070000FC03800 0FC03800FFF0FF80FFF0FF80FFF0FF80> 32 29 -1 9 27.588] 121 @dc [<FFF00000FFF00000FFF000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F9FC0001FFFF0001FE0FC001FC0 7E001F807E001F807F001F803F001F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F001F807F00 1FC07E00FFF0FC00FFFFF800FF8FE000> 32 29 -1 9 29.040] 112 @dc [<01FF8007FFE01FC1F03F80783F00387E00007E0000FE0000FE0000FE0000FFFFF8FFFFF8FE01F8FE01F87E01F87F01F03F03 F01FC7E007FFC001FF00> 24 20 -1 0 23.958] 101 @dc [<FFFF80FFFF80FFFF8003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F0 0003F00003F00003F00003F00003F00003F000F3F000FFF000FFF0000FF00001F000007000> 24 29 -4 0 26.136] 49 @dc [<FFFFC0FFFFC0FFFFC07FFFC03FFFC01FFFE01C01E00E00E00700E00380E001C00000F00000F800007C00003E00003F00001F 80001FC0001FE0380FE07C0FE0FE0FE0FE1FE0FE1FC0FE3FC07C7F803FFF001FFE0007F000> 24 29 -3 0 26.136] 50 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<000007C0FFF01FE0FFF83E3007807E3007807C1807807C1807807C0003C03C0003C03C0003C03C0003C03C0001E01C0001E0 1C0001E01C0001E03C0000F0380000FFF00000FFFE0000F01F00007807C0007803E0007801F0007801F0003C00F8003C00F8 003C00F8003C00F8001E00F8001E00F0001E03E001FFFFC001FFFF00> 32 32 -3 1 33.156] 82 @dc cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<03FC001FFF003FFFC07C0FE0FC0FF0FE07F0FE07F8FE07F87C07F83807F80007F80007F00007F0000FE0000F8001FC0001FE 00003F00001F80001FC01E0FE03F0FE03F0FE03F0FE03F0FE01E1FC00FFF8007FF0001FC00> 24 29 -2 0 26.136] 51 @dc cmsy10.329-36 @sf [<C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0> 8 45 -5 11 12.626] 106 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<0F03803FCFE038FE60703E30701E30F01E30F00F18F00F00F00F00F00F007807807807807807803C07801C03C01E03C00E07 C0078FC003FDE000F8C0> 24 20 -2 0 24.026] 97 @dc [<0FE0001FF800381E00700700700200F00000F00000F00000F00000F000007800007800007800003C0C001C1E001E1F000F1F 00078F0001FE00007C00> 24 20 -2 0 19.670] 99 @dc [<600F00F01F807838C07878407878607878603C3C303C78003C78003DF0001FE0001F80001F81C01EC1E00F61F00F31F00F18 F00F0E300787E00781C007800007800003C00003C00003C00003C00001E00001E00001E0000FE0000FF00000F000> 24 32 -2 0 23.663] 107 @dc [<07E0001FF800381E00700700700200700000F00000F00000F00000F000007FC0007FF800781C003C06003C03001E03000E03 0007870001FE00007C00> 24 20 -2 0 21.164] 101 @dc 19 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r 86 c 10 r (ALI) s 4 r 68 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 298 52 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 332 45 p (is) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (information) s 19 r (that) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 889 52 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 923 45 p (can) s 19 r (use) s 19 r (to) s 20 r 118 c -2 r (alidate) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (PR) s 19 r (\(e.g.,) s 21 r 97 c 19 r (list) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (applicable) s 0 102 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 17 r 84 c -2 r (erms\),) s 18 r (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 18 r 67 c 4 r 85 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 472 108 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 504 102 p (re\015ects) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (conditions) s 19 r (of) s 18 r (usage,) s 20 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (as) s 19 r (UCI-s) s 18 r (and/or) s 19 r 97 c 18 r (Charge) s 19 r (Co) s 1 r (des.) s 0 158 p 84 c 0 r (ypically) s -4 r 44 c 14 r 97 c 14 r (PR) s 14 r (will) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (tain) s 13 r (no) s 14 r (secret) s 15 r (information,) s 15 r (th) s -1 r (us,) s 14 r (it) s 14 r (can) s 15 r (tra) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (el) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (clear.) s 19 r (Note) s 15 r (that) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (PR) s 0 214 p (carries) s 11 r (no) s 12 r (information) s 11 r (regarding) s 12 r (individual) s 11 r (host) s 11 r (pairs.) s 19 r (This) s 12 r (is) s 11 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 12 r (all) s 11 r (PRs) s 12 r (are) s 11 r (initially) s 11 r 118 c -1 r (alidated) s 0 271 p (on) s 18 r 97 c 18 r 91 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 191 278 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 241 271 p 59 c 8 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 333 278 p (dst) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 383 271 p 93 c 18 r (basis.) s 28 r (If) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (transit) s 18 r (AD's) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (terms) s 18 r (are) s 17 r (host-sp) s 2 r (eci\014c,) s 18 r (that) s 18 r (AD) s 18 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014es) s 17 r (host) s 0 327 p (addresses) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (time) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (forw) s 0 r (arding.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 488 p (5.1) s 56 r (Public) s 19 r (Key) s 18 r 86 c -3 r (ersion) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 613 p (In) s 13 r (this) s 12 r (section) s 13 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 11 r (presen) s 0 r 116 c 12 r 97 c 12 r 118 c 0 r (ersion) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (secure) s 13 r (PR) s 13 r (setup) s 12 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 13 r (based) s 13 r (on) s 12 r (public) s 13 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 11 r (encryption.) s 0 670 p (\(F) s -3 r (or) s 14 r 97 c 16 r (more) s 15 r (complete) s 15 r (description,) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (reader) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (referred) s 16 r (to) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (45) s 0 r (]\).) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 803 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (The) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (protected) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r 97 c 15 r (single) s 15 r (signature:) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 693 905 p 83 c 2 r 73 c 4 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 783 912 p (sr) s 0 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 846 905 p 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 977 912 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1055 905 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 80 c 6 r 82 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1142 912 p (setup) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1228 905 p (\)\)) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1263 886 p 68 c 1 r 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 1323 890 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1892 905 p (\(2\)) s 114 1007 p (where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 68 c 2 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 323 1014 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 390 1007 p (is) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (priv) s -2 r (ate) s 15 r (\(signature\)) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1108 1014 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1159 1007 p 46 c 22 r (Giv) s 0 r (en) s 14 r 97 c 16 r (strong) s 16 r (one-w) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 15 r (hash) s 16 r (function) s 114 1063 p (\(suc) s -1 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 14 r (MD4\)) s 14 r (and) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (strong) s 14 r (encryption) s 14 r (function) s 14 r (\(suc) s -1 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 14 r (RSA\),) s 14 r (this) s 14 r (signature) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (su\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (to) s 114 1120 p (main) s -1 r (tain) s 11 r (the) s 11 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 11 r (of) s 11 r (the) s 11 r (PR) s 12 r (setup) s 11 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et.) s 17 r (Timeliness) s 12 r (can) s 11 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 12 r (main) s -1 r (tained) s 11 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 11 r (timestamping) s 114 1176 p (the) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1270 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (If) s 15 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 15 r (is) s 15 r (desired,) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (issuing) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1103 1277 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1169 1270 p (needs) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (generate) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (new) s 16 r (data) s 15 r (signature) s 114 1326 p 107 c -1 r (ey) s -3 r 44 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 248 1334 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 315 1326 p 44 c 20 r (for) s 20 r (use) s 19 r (in) s 20 r (whatev) s -1 r (er) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (er-pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 18 r (data) s 19 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r 118 c -1 r (ariation) s 18 r (is) s 20 r (used.) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 32 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1700 1334 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1786 1326 p 109 c 0 r (ust) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 114 1383 p (comm) s -1 r (unicated) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (secret) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 833 1390 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 847 1383 p 46 c 23 r (This) s 17 r (requires) s 16 r (that) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1331 1390 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1398 1383 p (encrypt) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1603 1390 p (dsig) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 1686 1383 p 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 21 r (times,) s 17 r (i.e.,) s 114 1439 p (compute) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 390 1447 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 457 1439 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 475 1423 p 69 c 2 r 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 532 1428 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 563 1439 p (for) s 15 r (all) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 767 1446 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 781 1439 p 46 c 20 r (The) s 15 r (resulting) s 16 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (is) s 16 r (depicted) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (Figure) s 15 r (2a.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1533 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (When) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (PR) s 14 r (setup) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 12 r (propagates) s 14 r (along) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (route) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1375 1540 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1402 1533 p (obtains) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1599 1541 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1679 1533 p 98 c 0 r 121 c 12 r (computing) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 114 1590 p 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 206 1597 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 273 1590 p 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 290 1573 p 68 c 1 r 75 c cmmi6.300-5 @sf 350 1578 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 365 1590 p 44 c 25 r (recomputes) s 22 r (and) s 23 r 118 c -1 r (eri\014es) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 22 r 83 c 2 r 73 c 4 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 995 1596 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1045 1590 p 44 c 24 r (and) s 23 r 118 c -2 r (alidates) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (timestamp) s 23 r (\(p) s 1 r (ossibly) s -3 r 44 c 24 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 114 1646 p (comparing) s 17 r (it) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (timestamp) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (previous) s 17 r (setup) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et,) s 16 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (it) s 17 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 16 r 99 c 0 r (ho) s 0 r (ose) s 17 r (to) s 17 r 107 c 0 r (eep\).) s 114 1703 p (It) s 15 r (then) s 15 r (pro) s 1 r (ceeds) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (authorize) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (PR.) s 114 1778 p 65 c -1 r 116 c 13 r (this) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (oin) s 0 r (t,) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 569 1784 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 597 1778 p (is) s 15 r (assured) s 14 r (that:) s 19 r (\(i\)) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (PR) s 14 r (is) s 14 r 118 c -2 r (alid,) s 14 r (i.e.,) s 14 r (do) s 1 r (es) s 14 r (not) s 14 r (violate) s 15 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s -3 r 44 c 114 1834 p (\(ii\)) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (PR) s 19 r (is) s 19 r (authen) s 0 r (tic,) s 19 r (i.e.,) s 20 r (issued) s 19 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 18 r 97 c 19 r (recognized) s 19 r (en) s 0 r (tit) s -2 r (y;) s 20 r (and,) s 20 r (\(iii\)) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (PR) s 20 r (is) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 19 r (fr) s -2 r (esh) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 44 c 19 r (i.e.,) s 114 1891 p (issued) s 15 r (recen) s 0 r (tly) s -4 r 46 c 19 r (In) s 15 r (other) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (ords,) s 14 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 926 1897 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 956 1891 p (is) s 15 r (protected) s 15 r (against) s 15 r (attac) s 0 r (ks) s 14 r (of) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 15 r 84 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 18 r 49 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (and) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 15 r 84 c -1 r (yp) s 1 r 101 c 114 1947 p 50 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2041 p 15 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 23 r (In) s 22 r (order) s 22 r (to) s 22 r (mak) s 0 r 101 c 21 r (use) s 23 r (of) s 22 r (an) s 22 r (existing) s 22 r (PR,) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (source) s 23 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 21 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 22 r (able) s 22 r (to) s 22 r (supply) s 22 r (information) s 114 2097 p (necessary) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (asso) s 1 r (ciate) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (with) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (sp) s 2 r (eci\014c) s 15 r (PR.) s 14 r (This) s 15 r (information) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (placed) s 15 r (in) s 14 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 114 2154 p (PR) s 17 r (he) s -1 r (ader) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (men) s 0 r (tioned) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (Section) s 16 r (4.6.) s 26 r (If) s 17 r (data) s 17 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 16 r (and) s 17 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (is) s 17 r (desired,) s 114 2210 p (the) s 16 r (source) s 16 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 16 r (able) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (compute) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (signatures) s 16 r (with) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1350 2218 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1432 2210 p (in) s 16 r (order) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (defend) s 16 r (against) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 114 2267 p 84 c -1 r (yp) s 1 r 101 c 17 r 51 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (attac) s 0 r (ks.) s 114 2342 p (When) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (source) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (ready) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (forw) s -1 r (ard) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et,) s 15 r 80 c -3 r 44 c 14 r (it) s 15 r (computes) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (signature:) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 629 2444 p 68 c 1 r 83 c 3 r 73 c 3 r 71 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 13 r 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 2 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 901 2451 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 979 2444 p 91 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 80 c 6 r 82 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1062 2451 p (header) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 1171 2444 p (jj) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 80 c 6 r (ack) s 1 r (et) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (]\)) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1368 2425 p 75 c 1368 2455 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1892 2444 p (\(3\)) s 114 2546 p (The) s 10 r (details) s 10 r (of) s 10 r (this) s 10 r (pro) s 2 r (cess) s 10 r (dep) s 1 r (end) s 10 r (on) s 10 r (the) s 10 r 118 c -1 r (ariation) s 9 r (of) s 10 r (data) s 10 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 9 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r (king) s 10 r (used) s 10 r (\(as) s 10 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 114 2602 p (in) s 15 r (Section) s 15 r (4.6\).) s 952 2828 p (19) s @eop 18 @bop0 cmr8.300-13 @sf [<07C01FF03C38381C701E701EF01EF01EF01EF81CF81CFFF8F7F0F08070007018383C1C3C0E1C07F801F0> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 54 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<01F0F80007FBFC00071F86000F0F83000F0781000F0781800F0781800F0780C00F0780C00F0780C00783C0600783C0600783 C060C3C3C06063C1E07061C1E07031E1E0F039C1E1F01FC0F1E0078060E0> 32 20 -3 0 30.201] 119 @dc [<7FE0FFE07FF07FF0> 16 4 -3 -8 16.262] 45 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<00000040000001C0000007C000001F0000007C000001F0000007C000001F0000007C000001F0000007C000001F0000007C00 0000F0000000F00000007C0000001F00000007C0000001F00000007C0000001F00000007C0000001F00000007C0000001F00 000007C0000001C000000040> 32 28 -4 3 35.353] 60 @dc [<0F03803FCFE038FE60703E30701E30F01E30F00F18F00F00F00F00F00F007807807807807807803C07801C03C01E03C00E07 C0078FC003FDE000F9E00001E00001E00000F00000F00000F00000F00000780000780000780003F80003FC00003C> 24 32 -2 0 23.658] 100 @dc [<1C007E00F300F300F300F30079807800780078003C003C003C003C001E001E001E001E000F000F000F000F00078007800780 078003C003C003C01FC01FE001E0> 16 32 -2 0 13.562] 108 @dc [<80000000E0000000F80000003E0000000F80000003E0000000F80000003E0000000F80000003E0000000F80000003E000000 0F80000003C0000003C000000F8000003E000000F8000003E000000F8000003E000000F8000003E000000F8000003E000000 F8000000E000000080000000> 32 28 -4 3 35.353] 62 @dc cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<00FF800007FFF0000FFFFC003FFFFE003F83FF007E00FF80FE007FC0FF007FC0FF003FC0FF003FE0FF003FE0FF003FE07E00 3FE01C003FE000003FE000003FE000003FC000003FC01E007F801F007F801FC0FF001FFFFE001FFFF8001E7FC0001E000000 1E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000001FFE00001FFF80001FFFE0001FFFF0001FFFFC001FFFFC001FFFFE001FFFFF001F80 3F001C000700> 32 39 -3 0 34.370] 53 @dc [<FFFFF80000FFFFF80000FFFFF80000FFFFF8000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE000000 03FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FE00000003FFFFFC0003FFFFFF80 03FFFFFFE003FE007FF003FE001FF803FE000FF803FE0007FC03FE0007FC03FE0007FE03FE0007FE03FE0007FE03FE0007FE 03FE0007FE03FE0007FE03FE0007FC03FE0007FC03FE000FFC03FE001FF803FE003FF0FFFFFFFFE0FFFFFFFFC0FFFFFFFF00 FFFFFFF000> 40 41 -3 0 46.989] 80 @dc [<FFFFFFFC0000FFFFFFFF8000FFFFFFFFE000FFFFFFFFF80003FE001FFC0003FE0007FE0003FE0001FF0003FE0000FF8003FE 00007FC003FE00003FC003FE00003FE003FE00003FE003FE00001FF003FE00001FF003FE00001FF003FE00001FF803FE0000 1FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF803FE00001FF8 03FE00001FF003FE00001FF003FE00001FF003FE00001FF003FE00003FE003FE00003FE003FE00007FC003FE00007FC003FE 0000FF8003FE0001FF0003FE0007FE0003FE003FFC00FFFFFFFFF800FFFFFFFFE000FFFFFFFF8000FFFFFFF80000> 48 41 -3 0 52.717] 68 @dc [<FFFF000000FFFF000000FFFF000000FFFF0000000FF00000000FF00000000FF00000000FF00000000FF00000000FF0000000 0FF00000000FF00000000FF1FE00000FFFFFC0000FFFFFF0000FFE0FF8000FFC03FC000FF801FE000FF001FE000FF000FF00 0FF000FF000FF000FF800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F800FF0007F80 0FF000FF000FF000FF000FF001FE000FF001FE000FFC03FC00FFFF0FF800FFFFFFF000FFFFFFC000FFF1FF0000> 40 39 -2 12 38.189] 112 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<1F003F8070C060E0E0E0E0E0E0E0F0E0FFC0EF80E200600071C039C01FC00780> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 54 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<FF8FF3FEFF8FF3FE1E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03C0F01E03 C0F01E03C0F0FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF01E03C0001E03C0001E03C0001E03C0001E03C0601E03C0F00F03E0F007C1F07001FFBFE0 007F0FC0> 32 26 0 0 31.997] 14 @dc [<0180C00001C1C00003C1E00003C1E00003E3E00007E3F00007E3B0000FB7B8000F3798000F3718001F1F1C001E1F0C001E1E 0C003E1E0E00FE7F9F80FE7F9F80> 32 16 -1 0 27.731] 119 @dc [<FFF3FFC0FFF3FFC00F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F00 3C000FFFFC000FFFFC000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C000F003C00FFF3FFC0 FFF3FFC0> 32 26 -1 0 28.792] 72 @dc [ 300 ] /cmti9.300-21 @newfont cmti9.300-21 @sf [<38007E00E700E300E180E18070007000700070003800380038003800FFC0FFC01C001C000E000E000E000E000600> 16 23 -4 0 12.741] 116 @dc [<3000700038003800380038001C001C001C001C00CE18CE3CCF3C6F1C7DF838F0> 16 16 -3 0 16.172] 114 @dc [<0787001FEF801C7D80383CC0381CC0381CC01C0E001C0E001C0E000E0E00CE0700CE0700C707006707003E03801C0300> 24 16 -3 0 20.582] 117 @dc [<1F003FC070F07038F010F000F000F000FF80FFE0787078183C181E1807F001E0> 16 16 -4 0 17.642] 101 @dc 18 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (tra\016c,) s 15 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 14 r (presen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r 97 c 15 r (metho) s 2 r 100 c 15 r (for) s 15 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (ting) s 14 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 71 141 p (There) s 13 r (are) s 12 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 12 r (basic) s 13 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 12 r (for) s 12 r (coun) s 0 r (tering) s 12 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (attac) s 0 r (ks:) s 18 r (i\)) s 13 r (nonce) s 13 r (iden) s -1 r (ti\014ers,) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (ii\)) s 13 r (times-) s 0 197 p (tamps) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 135 181 p (16) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 185 197 p (The) s 14 r (main) s 13 r (disadv) s -1 r (an) s -2 r (tage) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (using) s 13 r (nonces) s 14 r (is) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (di\016cult) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (in) s 14 r (their) s 13 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014cation.) s 18 r (In) s 14 r (particular,) s 0 254 p (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (relev) s -1 r (an) s -2 r 116 c 15 r (en) s 0 r (tit) s -2 r 121 c 15 r (\(eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (PG,) s 16 r (in) s 15 r (our) s 15 r (case\)) s 16 r (needs) s 15 r (to) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (eep) s 14 r 97 c 16 r (complete) s 15 r (history) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (past) s 15 r (nonces) s 16 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 0 310 p (mak) s 0 r (es) s 16 r (the) s 17 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014cation) s 16 r (ine\016cien) s 0 r (t.) s 25 r (Timestamps) s 17 r (are) s 18 r 109 c -1 r (uc) s -1 r 104 c 16 r 98 c 2 r (etter) s 17 r (suited) s 17 r (for) s 17 r (this) s 18 r (application.) s 26 r (First,) s 0 367 p (clo) s 1 r 99 c 0 r (ks) s 19 r (need) s 20 r (not) s 20 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 20 r (con) s -1 r (tin) s -1 r (uously) s 19 r (sync) s 0 r (hronized) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (een) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (source) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r (PGs.) s 34 r (This) s 20 r (is) s 0 423 p 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 18 r 97 c 17 r (PR) s 17 r (setup) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r (is) s 17 r (timestamp) s 1 r (ed;) s 19 r (its) s 17 r (timestamp) s 17 r (can) s 17 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 17 r (used) s 17 r (as) s 17 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (lower-b) s -2 r (ound) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (for) s 17 r (sub-) s 0 479 p (sequen) s 0 r 116 c 19 r (data) s 19 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 19 r (in) s 19 r (all) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 18 r (PGs.) s 35 r 70 c -3 r (urthermore,) s 20 r (if) s 19 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 19 r (PGs) s 20 r (main) s -1 r (tain) s 19 r 97 c 20 r (more) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 536 p (curr) s -1 r (ent) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (lo) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (er-b) s 1 r (ound) s 15 r (timestamp) s 15 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 676 543 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 766 536 p (\),) s 15 r (opp) s 1 r (ortunities) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (reduced) s 15 r (further.) s 71 631 p (Consider) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (follo) s 0 r (wing) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (col:) s 56 760 p (1.) s 22 r (When) s 13 r 97 c 12 r (PR) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (issued,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 80 c 6 r 71 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 615 767 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 678 760 p (timestamps) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (PR) s 13 r (setup) s 12 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et,) s 12 r (and) s 13 r (distributes) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (timestamp,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 114 817 p 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 130 824 p (setup) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 216 817 p 44 c 19 r (in) s 19 r 97 c 18 r (secure) s 19 r (fashion) s 18 r (to) s 19 r (all) s 19 r (in) s -1 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 18 r (PGs) s 18 r (in) s 19 r (transit) s 18 r (ADs.) s 31 r (All) s 18 r (transit) s 19 r (PGs) s 19 r (initialize) s 114 873 p (their) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 239 881 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 343 873 p 118 c -1 r (alues) s 14 r (for) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (PR) s 16 r (to) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 789 880 p (setup) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 874 873 p 46 c 56 965 p (2.) s 22 r (When) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 16 r (sen) s 0 r (t,) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (originating) s 16 r (\(\014rst-hop\)) s 16 r (PG,) s 16 r (timestamps) s 16 r (its) s 15 r (PR) s 16 r (header.) s 23 r (\(Let) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 114 1022 p 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 130 1029 p (data) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 216 1022 p (denote) s 15 r (this) s 15 r 118 c -2 r (alue\).) s 56 1114 p (3.) s 22 r (When) s 21 r (this) s 21 r (data) s 21 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 20 r (reac) s 0 r (hes) s 20 r 97 c 21 r (transit) s 21 r (PG,) s 21 r (its) s 21 r (PR) s 21 r (header) s 21 r (is) s 21 r (examined) s 21 r (and) s 21 r (the) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 21 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1828 1121 p (data) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1919 1114 p (is) s 114 1170 p (compared) s 15 r (to) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 393 1178 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 482 1170 p 46 c 21 r (Three) s 15 r (outcomes) s 15 r (are) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (ossible:) s 133 1263 p (\(a\)) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 230 1270 p (data) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 313 1263 p 60 c 13 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 378 1270 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 467 1263 p 46 c 20 r (The) s 14 r (di\013erence) s 14 r 98 c 2 r (et) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 13 r (the) s 15 r 116 c -1 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 13 r 118 c -1 r (alues) s 13 r (is) s 14 r (examined.) s 20 r (If) s 14 r (it) s 15 r (is) s 14 r (small,) s 14 r (i.e.,) s 15 r (less) s 214 1319 p (than) s 16 r (some) s 16 r (\(lo) s 2 r (cally) s 16 r (de\014ned\)) s 17 r (threshold,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (del) s 1 r (ta) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1088 1326 p 116 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1103 1319 p 44 c 17 r (the) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (can) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (forw) s 0 r (arded.) s 23 r (Otherwise,) s 214 1376 p (the) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (is) s 16 r (discarded.) s 130 1447 p (\(b\)) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 230 1454 p (data) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 313 1447 p 62 c 13 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 378 1454 p 108 c 1 r (ow) s 0 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 468 1447 p 46 c 20 r (In) s 16 r (that) s 15 r (case,) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (forw) s 0 r (arded) s 14 r (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1351 1454 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1456 1447 p (is) s 15 r (set) s 15 r (to) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1645 1454 p (data) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1715 1447 p 46 c 21 r (Of) s 15 r (course,) s 214 1503 p 97 c 15 r (PG) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (get) s 15 r (suspicious) s 15 r (if) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (di\013erence) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (to) s 1 r 111 c 15 r (large.) s 135 1575 p (\(c\)) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 230 1582 p (data) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 315 1575 p 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 116 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 382 1582 p 108 c 0 r (ow) s 1 r (er) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 471 1575 p 46 c 25 r (This) s 16 r (can) s 17 r 111 c 1 r (ccur) s 16 r (when) s 17 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -2 r 111 c 16 r (successiv) s -1 r 101 c 16 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 15 r 98 c 2 r (elonging) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 16 r (same) s 214 1631 p (PR) s 18 r (stream) s 18 r (carry) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (same) s 19 r (timestamp.) s 29 r 84 c -3 r 111 c 17 r (distinguish) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (een) s 18 r (suc) s -1 r 104 c 18 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets,) s 18 r (it) s 18 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 214 1688 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (necessary) s 18 r (to) s 17 r 107 c 0 r (eep) s 16 r (additional) s 18 r (information,) s 18 r (e.g.,) s 18 r 97 c 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r (signature,) s 18 r (for) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (last) s 18 r (data) s 214 1744 p (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (pro) s 1 r (cessed.) s 21 r (Ho) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 14 r (it) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (desirable) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (clo) s 1 r 99 c 0 r 107 c 14 r (rate) s 15 r (to) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (at) s 15 r (least) s 15 r (as) s 15 r (fast) s 15 r (as) s 15 r (the) s 214 1801 p (maxim) s -1 r (um) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (rate.) s 20 r (This) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 14 r (preclude) s 16 r (duplicate) s 15 r (timestamps) s 15 r (on) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 0 1929 p (This) s 19 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 19 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (ts) s 18 r (most,) s 20 r (but) s 19 r (not) s 19 r (all,) s 19 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 18 r (attac) s 0 r (ks.) s 30 r (In) s 18 r (order) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (all) s 19 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 18 r (attac) s -1 r (ks,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 1986 p (del) s 1 r (ta) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 100 1993 p 116 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 132 1986 p 118 c -1 r (alues) s 16 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (set) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (zero) s 18 r (in) s 17 r (all) s 18 r (transit) s 17 r (PGs,) s 19 r (whic) s -1 r 104 c 17 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 17 r (essen) s -1 r (tially) s 17 r (disallo) s 0 r 119 c 16 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (out-of-) s 0 2042 p (order) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 19 r (This) s 15 r (is) s 15 r 97 c 15 r 99 c 0 r (hoice) s 14 r (that) s 14 r (will) s 15 r (not) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (practical) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r (ts) s 14 r (where) s 15 r (out-of-order) s 0 2099 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 15 r (are) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (frequen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r 111 c 1 r (ccurrence.) s cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 2280 p 53 c 69 r (Proto) s 2 r (col) s 23 r (Description) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2421 p 87 c -3 r 101 c 15 r (can) s 15 r (no) s 0 r 119 c 15 r (com) s -1 r (bine) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 16 r (and) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 15 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 14 r 97 c 16 r (single) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (col.) s 21 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 0 2477 p (the) s 15 r (purp) s 1 r (ose) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (follo) s 0 r (wing) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (description,) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (PR) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (comp) s 1 r (osed) s 15 r (of:) s 433 2575 p 91 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (AD) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 517 2581 p 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 537 2575 p 59 c 7 r 86 c 10 r (ALI) s 4 r 68 c cmr8.300-13 @sf 720 2581 p 49 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 739 2575 p 93 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 59 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 8 r 91 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (AD) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 857 2581 p 50 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 876 2575 p 59 c 8 r 86 c 10 r (ALI) s 4 r 68 c cmr8.300-13 @sf 1059 2581 p 50 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1079 2575 p 93 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 59 c 8 r (:::;) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 7 r 91 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1254 2582 p 78 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 1288 2575 p 59 c 8 r 86 c 10 r (ALI) s 3 r 68 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1471 2582 p 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1505 2575 p 93 c 374 r (\(1\)) s 0 2615 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2642 p (16) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2658 p (It) s 14 r (can) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (argued) s 13 r (that) s 14 r (timestamps) s 13 r (of) s 14 r (su\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 12 r (width) s 14 r (and) s 13 r (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (are) s 13 r (nonces) s 14 r (as) s 13 r 119 c 0 r (ell.) s 19 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -2 r (er,) s 13 r 97 c cmti9.300-21 @sf 14 r (true) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 13 r (nonce) s 0 2704 p (is) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (randomly) s 12 r 99 c 0 r (hosen) s 12 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 13 r (that) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (hard) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (predict.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (18) s @eop 17 @bop0 cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFE00000FFE000001E0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000780000007800000079F000007BFC00003F1E00003E0 700003C0780003C0380001E03C0001E01E0001E01E0001E01E0000F00F0000F00F0000F00F0018F00F000C780F000C780E00 0C7C0E00067F1C0007F3FC0001C0F000> 32 29 2 9 22.869] 112 @dc [<C00000C00000E000006000006000007000003000003000003800001800001800001C00000C00000C00000E00000600000600 0007000003000003000003800001800001800001800001C00000C00000C00000E00000600000600000700000300000300000 3800001800001800001C00000C00000C00000E00000600000600000700000300000300> 24 45 -3 11 22.727] 61 @dc cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<01FFFE01FFFE01FFFE000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0FFFFFEFFFFFEFFFFFEF007C07007C03807C01C07C00E07C00707 C00707C00387C001C7C000E7C00077C0003FC0003FC0001FC0000FC00007C00003C00003C0> 24 29 -1 0 26.136] 52 @dc [<3C007E00FF00FF00FF00FF007E003C00> 16 8 -3 0 14.520] 46 @dc [<01FC0007FF800FFFC01F87E03E03F03E03F07E03F87E03F87E03F8FE03F8FE03F8FE03F8FE03F8FF03F0FF03F0FF03E0FFFF C0FEFF00FE10007E00007E01E07E03F03F03F01F03F01F83F00FE1E007FFE001FFC0003F00> 24 29 -2 0 26.136] 54 @dc [<07F0001FFC003FFF00783F80781FC0FC0FC0FC0FE0FC0FE0FC0FE0780FE0000FE0000FE0000FC0300FC0380F803E1F003FFE 003BF8003800003800003800003800003FE0003FF8003FFC003FFE003FFF003FFF80300380> 24 29 -3 0 26.136] 53 @dc [<FFFF81FF80FFFF87FFE0FFFF8FF8E007F01FF07007F01FF07007F01FE07007F01FE00007F01FE00007F01FE00007F01FC000 07F01FC00007F01FC00007F01F800007F03F000007F07E000007FFFC000007FFFF000007F01FC00007F00FE00007F007F000 07F007F80007F007F80007F007F80007F007F80007F007F80007F007F00007F00FF00007F01FE000FFFFFFC000FFFFFF0000 FFFFF80000> 40 31 -2 0 39.203] 82 @dc [<01FF0007FFC01F83F03F01F83E00F87E00FC7E00FCFE00FEFE00FEFE00FEFE00FEFE00FEFE00FE7E00FC7E00FC3E00F83F01 F81F83F007FFC001FF00> 24 20 -1 0 26.136] 111 @dc [<01FC7FC007FF7FC00F83FFC01F80FE001F80FE001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F80 7E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E00FF83FE00FF83FE00FF83FE00> 32 20 -2 0 29.040] 117 @dc [<FFF1FFC0FFF1FFC0FFF1FFC01F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F80 7E001F807E001FC07E001FC07E001F607E00FF38FC00FF1FF800FF07F000> 32 20 -2 0 29.040] 110 @dc [<03F8FF800FFFFF801F87FF803F01FC007E00FC007E00FC007E00FC00FE00FC00FE00FC00FE00FC00FE00FC00FE00FC00FE00 FC007E00FC007E00FC007E00FC003F00FC001F83FC000FFFFC0001FCFC000000FC000000FC000000FC000000FC000000FC00 0000FC000000FC000000FC000000FC000007FC000007FC000007FC00> 32 32 -2 0 29.040] 100 @dc [<1C1FC0001E7FF0001FE0FC001FC07E001F803E001F803F001F803F001F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F803F801F80 3F801F803F801F803F001F803F001FC07E001FF0FC001FFFF8001F8FE0001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000 1F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000FF800000FF800000FF800000> 32 32 -1 0 29.040] 98 @dc [<FFF0FFF0FFF01F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F80FF80FF80FF8000000000000000000000 1F003F803F807F807F803F803F801F00> 16 33 -2 0 14.520] 105 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<FCFCC0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0FCFC> 8 33 -3 8 9.801] 91 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<180601C0380E03E01C0707301C0707181C0703981C0703800E0383800E0381C00F0381C0CF03C1C06783E1C067C3F1C03E7F BFC01C3E0F80> 32 14 0 0 31.210] 109 @dc [<FF0E1FF800FF8E1FFC001C0F01E0000C0F81E0000C0F81E0000C0FC1E000060F60F000060F60F000061E30F000061E30F000 031E187800031E0C7800031E0C7800031E067800019E063C00019E033C00019E01BC0001BC01BC0000FC00DE0000FC007E00 00FC007E0007FC003FE007FC003FE0> 40 23 -1 0 33.886] 77 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<FCFC0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0CFCFC> 8 33 0 8 9.801] 93 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFF060FFFE007FF0707FFE000F807803E00003007803E00003007C03E0000300FC03E0000180F601F0000180F301F0000180 F301F0000180F181F00000C0F180F80000C0F0C0F80000C0F060F80000C0F060F8000061E0307C000061E0307C000061E018 7C000061E00C7C000031E00C3E000031E0063E000031E0063E000031E0033E000019E0019F000019E0019F00001BC000DF00 001BC000DF00000FC0006F80000FC0003F80000FC0003F8000FFC0001FFC00FFC0001FFC> 48 31 -1 0 44.096] 77 @dc cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFFF8000FFFF8000FFFF800007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0 000007F0000007FFFF0007FFFFC007F00FF007F007F007F003F807F003FC07F003FC07F003FC07F003FC07F003FC07F003FC 07F003F807F007F807F00FF0FFFFFFE0FFFFFF80FFFFFE00> 32 31 -2 0 35.731] 80 @dc [<FFF800FFF800FFF8001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F80001F81801FC7E01FC7E01FC7 E0FF67E0FF3FC0FF1F00> 24 20 -1 0 21.527] 114 @dc [<001C0000003E0000003E0000007F0000007F000000FF800000FF800000FF800001F9C00001F9C00003F9E00003F0E00007F0 F00007E0700007E070000FC038000FC03800FFF0FF80FFF0FF80FFF0FF80> 32 20 -1 0 27.588] 118 @dc [<03F007F80F9C1F8E1F8E1F8E1F8E1F8E1F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F80FFFCFFFC3FFC1F800F80078007800780 0380038003800380> 16 29 -1 0 20.328] 116 @dc [<03FF800FFFE03F01F87C007CF8003EF8003EF8003EF8003E7C00FE3FFFFC0FFFFC1FFFF83FFFF03FFF803800003800003800 003BFC001FFF001F0F803E07C07E07E07E07E07E07E07E07E07E07EC3E07DE1F0FDE0FFFFE03FC7C> 24 30 -1 10 26.136] 103 @dc [<FFF0FFF0FFF01F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F801F80 1F801F801F801F80FF80FF80FF80> 16 32 -2 0 14.520] 108 @dc [<07E0FE3FF9FE7E0DFEFC07F0FC03F0FC03F0FC03F07E03F07F03F01FC3F00FFFF000FFF00003F00C03F03F03F03F03F03F07 E03F0FC01FFF8007FC00> 24 20 -1 0 25.410] 97 @dc [<7FFC007FFC007FFC000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0 00FFFC00FFFC00FFFC000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC3C00FC7E007C7E007E7E003F3E000FFC0003F80> 24 32 -1 0 15.972] 102 @dc [<FFFFFE0000FFFFFFC000FFFFFFF00007F00FF80007F001FC0007F000FE0007F0007F0007F0007F0007F0003F8007F0003F80 07F0003F8007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC007F0003FC0 07F0003F8007F0003F8007F0003F8007F0007F0007F0007F0007F000FE0007F001FC0007F00FF800FFFFFFF000FFFFFFC000 FFFFFE0000> 40 31 -2 0 40.087] 68 @dc [<01FC0007FF801FC3C03F01C03F00E07E00007E0000FE0000FE0000FE0000FE0000FE0000FE00007E03007E0FC03E0FC03F0F C01F8FC007FF8001FE00> 24 20 -2 0 23.232] 99 @dc [<FFE3FF80FFE3FF80FFE3FF801F01F8001F03F8001F07F0001F0FE0001F8FC0001FDFC0001FFF80001FFF00001FFE00001FBE 00001F9F00001F8F80001F87C0001F81F0001F83FF001F83FF001F83FF001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000 1F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000FF800000FF800000FF800000> 32 32 -1 0 27.588] 107 @dc [<C7F000FFFC00FC1E00F00E00F00F00E00F00E01F00007F000FFF001FFE003FFC007FF800FFE000FE0000F00E00F00E00700E 00783E003FFE000FE600> 24 20 -2 0 20.618] 115 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FFC07FF87FC07FF80F0007800700078003000780018007800180078000C0078000C0078000600780007FFF80003FFF800018 078000180780000C0780000C0F8000060F0000060F0000030F0000038F0000018F000000CF000000CF0000006F0000006F00 00003F0000003F0000001F0000000F0000000F000000070000000700> 32 32 -2 0 33.787] 65 @dc [<600F00F01F80781CC0783C60783C60783C603C1E303C3C003C3C003CF8001FF0001F80001F80001E40E00F20F00F10F00F18 700F0E300783F00781E007800007800003C00003C00003C00003C00001E00001E00001E0000FE0000FF00000F000> 24 32 -2 0 20.908] 107 @dc [<3E00007F8000F3C00079E00030F00000F00000F000007800007800007800007800003C00003C00003C00003C00001E00001E 00001E00001E00000F00000F00000F00060F0003078003078001878000C780007F00003E0000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000001C00001E00001E00000C0> 24 40 2 9 13.939] 106 @dc [<3C0000007E000000F30000007B80000031C0000001C0000001E0000001E0000001E0000000E0078000F00FC000F01E6000F0 1E3000F01E3000781E3000780F1800780F0000780F0000780F00003C0780003C0780003C0780003C0780003C03C0003E03C0 001E03C0001E03C001FFFFE001FFFFE0001E0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F00000007000000078030000780780003 80780001E0380000FFF000003FE0> 32 41 2 9 25.555] 12 @dc [<3F80007FF000F0F800783C00301E00001E00001E00000F00000F0003CF000FFF000E3F801C0F801C07803C07803C03C03C03 C03C03C03C03C01E01E01E01E01E01E00F01E00700F00780F00381F001E3F000FF78003E30> 24 29 -2 9 20.908] 103 @dc [<C0000000E0000000700000003000000038000000180000001C0000000E000000060000000700000003000000038000000180 000001C0000000E000000060000000700000003000000038000000180000001C0000000E0000000600000007000000030000 00038000000180000001C0000000E000000060000000700000003000000038000000180000001C0000000E00000006000000 07000000030000000380000001C0000000C0000000E00000006000000060> 32 45 0 11 23.232] 47 @dc [<70F8FCFC7C38> 8 6 -5 0 13.939] 46 @dc cmr10.329-34 @sf [<FFE3FF3FF8FFE3FF3FF80F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F00780780 0F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F00780780FFFFFFFF80FFFFFFFF80 0F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F007807800F00F807800780FC0F8003C0FE0F8001F07F0F80 007FE7FF80001FC0FD80> 40 32 0 0 37.878] 15 @dc 17 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (of) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (PR's) s 19 r (bandwidth) s 20 r (can) s 19 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 19 r (abused.) s 33 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (sync) s -1 r (hronization) s 19 r (inheren) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (to) s 20 r (this) s 19 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 0 102 p (implies) s 15 r (that) s 15 r (care) s 15 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (tak) s -1 r (en) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (reco) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er) s 14 r (from) s 16 r (lost) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (out-of-order) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 71 197 p (Alternativ) s -1 r (ely) s -3 r 44 c 13 r (instead) s 15 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (source) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (ho) s 0 r (osing) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (\(as) s 14 r (in) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (atterned) s 14 r 118 c -2 r (ariation) s 14 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (e\),) s 14 r (transit) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1918 204 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1932 197 p 115 c 0 254 p (can) s 17 r 99 c -1 r (ho) s 1 r (ose) s 16 r (their) s 17 r 111 c 0 r (wn) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 109 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 477 260 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 491 254 p 115 c 17 r (and) s 17 r (ma) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (elect) s 17 r (not) s 17 r (to) s 16 r (disclose) s 17 r (them.) s 25 r (Or,) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (transit) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1610 260 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1641 254 p (could) s 17 r 99 c -1 r (ho) s 1 r (ose) s 16 r (to) s 0 310 p (authen) s 0 r (ticate) s 18 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 19 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (with) s 19 r (probabilit) s 0 r 121 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r 112 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 887 317 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 902 310 p 46 c 33 r (In) s 20 r (this) s 19 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 19 r (all) s 19 r (data) s 20 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 19 r (are) s 20 r (signed) s 19 r (at) s 20 r (the) s 0 367 p (source,) s 20 r (but) s 19 r (only) s 19 r 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r (=m) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (-th) s 19 r (\(or) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r 112 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (%\)) s 19 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 18 r (are) s 19 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r 107 c -1 r (ed) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 19 r (AD) s 19 r (hop.) s 32 r (This) s 19 r (metho) s 1 r 100 c 19 r (has) s 19 r (the) s 0 423 p (adv) s -2 r (an) s -1 r (tage) s 14 r (of) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 15 r (\015exible) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (robust) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (that) s 15 r (sync) s -1 r (hronization) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (required.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 582 p (4.6.5) s 70 r (Round) s 17 r (Robin) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 707 p (This) s 11 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 11 r (ac) s -1 r (hiev) s -1 r (es) s 11 r (constan) s -1 r 116 c 11 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 12 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 10 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 10 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 11 r (using) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 11 r 114 c -1 r (ound-r) s -3 r (obin) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 11 r (data) s 11 r (authen) s 0 r (tication.) s 18 r 84 c -3 r (ran-) s 0 764 p (sit) s 16 r (ADs) s 17 r (tak) s -1 r 101 c 16 r (turn) s 16 r (authen) s 0 r (ticating) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 22 r (In) s 17 r (general,) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 16 r 75 c 16 r (is) s 17 r (authen) s 0 r (ticated) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r 97 c 16 r (PG) s 0 820 p (in) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 124 829 p 91 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 0 r 75 c 2 r (modM) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 4 r 93 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 295 820 p (where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 77 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 19 r (is) s 14 r (the) s 14 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (ADs) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (PR.) s 14 r (All) s 14 r (data) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 13 r (are) s 14 r (signed) s 14 r (at) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (source) s 0 876 p (but) s 13 r (only) s 13 r (one) s 12 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c 12 r (is) s 13 r (done) s 12 r (en) s 13 r (route) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (destination.) s 19 r (Destination) s 13 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (king) s 11 r (can) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (added) s 13 r (for) s 13 r (extra) s 0 933 p (assurance) s 14 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (cost) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (single) s 14 r (additional) s 14 r (decryption) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (the) s 15 r (destination.) s 20 r (Moreo) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 14 r (unlik) s -1 r 101 c 14 r (Source) s 0 989 p 80 c 0 r (atterned) s 14 r 118 c -1 r (arian) s -2 r (t,) s 15 r (lost) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (out-of-order) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r (can) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (accommo) s 2 r (dated) s 15 r (easily) s -3 r 46 c 21 r (On) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (other) s 15 r (hand,) s 0 1046 p (AD) s 18 r (indep) s 2 r (endence) s 18 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 19 r (sacri\014ced) s 18 r (due) s 18 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (co) s 1 r (ordination) s 19 r (required) s 18 r (to) s 19 r (set) s 18 r (up) s 18 r (the) s 19 r (round-robin) s 0 1102 p (arrangemen) s 0 r (t.) s 33 r (While) s 20 r (this) s 20 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 18 r 98 c 2 r (ene\014ts) s 20 r (from) s 19 r (fair) s 20 r (sharing) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (encryption) s 20 r (costs) s 20 r (among) s 20 r (transit) s 0 1159 p (ADs,) s 15 r (it) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (only) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (orth) s 14 r (considering) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (cases) s 15 r (when) s 15 r (the) s 16 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (ADs) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (large,) s 15 r (i.e.,) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (PR) s 15 r (is) s 0 1215 p (long.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1374 p (4.6.6) s 52 r (Prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (ting) s 17 r (Repla) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (of) s 17 r (Data) s 18 r 80 c -1 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1499 p (The) s 15 r (\014nal) s 15 r 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 15 r (of) s 16 r (attac) s -1 r 107 c 14 r (considered) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets:) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1595 p 84 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 23 r (4.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 40 r 65 c -1 r 110 c 20 r (intruder) s 21 r 99 c -2 r (an) s 20 r 114 c -1 r (eplay) s 19 r (pr) s -1 r (eviously) s 20 r 114 c -2 r 101 c -2 r 99 c -2 r (or) s -3 r (de) s -2 r 100 c 20 r (data) s 20 r 112 c -1 r (ackets) s 19 r (which) s 21 r 99 c -1 r (an) s 19 r (le) s -1 r (ad) s 20 r (to) s 20 r (unjusti\014e) s -1 r 100 c 0 1651 p (char) s -1 r (ging) s 15 r (and/or) s 16 r (denial) s 16 r (of) s 17 r (servic) s -2 r (e.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 1747 p (There) s 18 r (are) s 18 r (other,) s 19 r (more) s 18 r (serious) s 18 r (threats) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (osed) s 18 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 17 r (malicious) s 18 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 29 r (Ho) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 18 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 17 r (are) s 19 r (concerned) s 0 1803 p (primarily) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (protecting) s 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork-la) s -2 r 121 c -1 r (er) s 14 r (resources;) s 15 r (other) s 15 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (attac) s 0 r (ks) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (assumed) s 15 r (to) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (handled) s 0 1860 p 98 c 0 r 121 c 16 r (the) s 17 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r (ts.) s 25 r (Also,) s 17 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 16 r (only) s 17 r (need) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (protect) s 17 r (against) s 18 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (ed) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 16 r (within) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (life-span) s 17 r (of) s 0 1916 p (the) s 18 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 18 r (PR.) s 18 r (After) s 17 r 97 c 18 r (PR) s 18 r (expires) s 18 r (or) s 18 r (is) s 17 r (closed) s 18 r (all) s 18 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 17 r (carrying) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (expired) s 18 r (PR) s 17 r (iden) s 0 r (ti\014er) s 0 1973 p (will) s 15 r (not) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (pro) s 1 r (cessed.) s 71 2068 p (Tw) s -1 r 111 c 21 r (sources) s 22 r (of) s 22 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 21 r (deserv) s 0 r 101 c 21 r (equal) s 22 r (consideration.) s 40 r (The) s 22 r (\014rst) s 22 r (is) s 22 r (acciden) s 0 r (tal) s 21 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 21 r (due) s 22 r (to) s 22 r 97 c 0 2125 p (misb) s 1 r (eha) s 0 r (ving) s 16 r (mac) s 0 r (hine) s 16 r (stuttering) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (generating) s 17 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (ed) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 24 r (The) s 17 r (second) s 17 r (is) s 17 r (malicious) s 17 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 0 2181 p (due) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (an) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (truder) s 12 r (in) s 0 r (ten) s -1 r (tionally) s 12 r (repla) s 0 r (ying) s 12 r (prerecorded) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 13 r (in) s 13 r (order) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (den) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (resources) s 13 r (\(or) s 13 r (in\015ate) s 0 2238 p (costs\)) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (righ) s 0 r (tful) s 16 r 111 c 0 r (wner.) s 26 r (Neither) s 17 r (kind) s 17 r (of) s 18 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (can) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (handled) s 17 r (on) s 17 r 97 c 18 r (purely) s 17 r (end-to-end) s 17 r (basis) s 0 2294 p 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 18 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 17 r (the) s 17 r (time) s 18 r 97 c 17 r (duplicate) s 18 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 17 r (is) s 17 r (disco) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (ered,) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (resources) s 18 r (are) s 17 r (consumed) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (asso) s 2 r (ciated) s 0 2351 p 99 c 0 r (harges) s 14 r (are) s 15 r (incurred,) s 15 r (e.g.,) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (bill) s 15 r (re\015ects) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (ed) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (righ) s 0 r (tful) s 14 r (user) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (a\017icted) s 0 2407 p 99 c 0 r (harge) s 14 r (co) s 1 r (de) s 15 r (can) s 15 r (no) s 16 r (longer) s 15 r (obtain) s 15 r (service) s 15 r (due) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (an) s 16 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erdra) s -1 r (wn) s 14 r (accoun) s 0 r (t.) s 71 2503 p (In) s 17 r (some) s 17 r (circumstances,) s 17 r (the) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (ost) s 17 r (facto) s 17 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (of) s 17 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (detection) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (cost) s 17 r (reco) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (ery) s 16 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 0 2559 p (adequate.) s 36 r (This) s 20 r (includes) s 21 r (auditing) s 20 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (coun) s 0 r (ts,) s 20 r (setting) s 21 r 97 c 20 r (limit) s 20 r (on) s 21 r (the) s 20 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 20 r (that) s 0 2616 p (can) s 20 r (use) s 20 r 97 c 20 r (PR) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (other) s 20 r (ad) s 20 r (ho) s 1 r 99 c 20 r (metho) s 2 r (ds.) s 34 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 20 r (in) s 20 r (sensitiv) s 0 r 101 c 19 r (en) s -1 r (vironmen) s -1 r (ts,) s 20 r (more) s 20 r (aggressiv) s 0 r 101 c 0 2672 p (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (tion) s 15 r (is) s 16 r (required,) s 17 r (alb) s 1 r (eit) s 16 r (at) s 16 r (some) s 16 r (cost.) s 22 r (Since) s 16 r (our) s 16 r (goal) s 16 r (is) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (analyze) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (implications) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (secure) s 952 2828 p (17) s @eop 16 @bop0 cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFFFC000FFFFC000FFFFC00007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0700007F0700007F0700007F0 700007F1F00007FFF00007FFF00007FFF00007F1F00007F0700007F0707007F0707007F0707007F0007007F000F007F000F0 07F001E007F003E007F007E0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0> 32 31 -2 0 32.890] 70 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<1F003FC060E0F070F078F078607800780078607070E07FC06F8060006000600060007F807FE07FF06030> 16 21 -2 0 17.642] 53 @dc cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF0FFFFFFF007F007F807F001F807F0007807F0007807F0003807F0003807F0003807F0701C07F0701C07F0 701C07F0700007F1F00007FFF00007FFF00007FFF00007F1F00007F0707007F0707007F0707007F0707007F000F007F000F0 07F001E007F003E007F007E0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFE0> 32 31 -2 0 34.342] 69 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FFF800FFF80003C00003C00003C00003C00001E00001E00001E00001E00000F00000F00000F00000F0000078000078000078 00007800003C00003C00003C00003C00071E0007DE0000FE00001E00000F00000700000300000100> 24 30 -5 0 23.232] 49 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<3F007F80E1C0E0E040E000E060E070C07F806F00600060007E007F007F806080> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 53 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<FFF800FFF8000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F00000F06000F06000F06000F0E000FFE000FFE000F0E000F06000F06 000F06180F00180F00180F00380F00300F00700F00F0FFFFF0FFFFF0> 24 26 -1 0 25.061] 70 @dc [<FFC0FFC0FFC0> 16 3 0 -7 12.799] 45 @dc [<000C0000001E0000001E0000001E0000003F0000003F0000003F0000007980000079800000F9C00000F0C00000F0C00001E0 600001E0600001E0600003C0300003C0300003C0300007801800078018000F801C000F000C000F000C001E000E00FFC03FC0 FFC03FC0> 32 26 -1 0 28.792] 86 @dc 16 @bop1 cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 45 p (4.6.1) s 70 r 70 c -4 r (ull) s 17 r 84 c -4 r (ransit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p (In) s 22 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 21 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -1 r (ts) s 21 r (where) s 22 r (data) s 22 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 21 r (and) s 22 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 21 r (concerns) s 22 r (out) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (eigh) s 21 r (the) s 22 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 21 r (of) s 0 227 p (extra) s 17 r (pro) s 1 r (cessing,) s 18 r (the) s 16 r (data) s 17 r 112 c 2 r (ortion) s 17 r (of) s 16 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 17 r (sub) s 3 r (ject) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (forgery) s 17 r (and) s 17 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 16 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 16 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ed) s 16 r (\(for) s 0 283 p (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -2 r 121 c 15 r (and) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r (y\)) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (hop) s 15 r (on) s 16 r (its) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 15 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (destination.) s 22 r (Ev) s 0 r (ery) s 14 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 16 r (signed) s 0 339 p (at) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (source) s 14 r (and) s 14 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r 107 c -1 r (ed) s 13 r (at) s 14 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (AD) s 13 r (hop) s 14 r (en) s 14 r (route.) s 20 r (The) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 14 r (for) s 14 r (this) s 14 r (class) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -1 r 116 c 12 r (has) s 0 396 p (the) s 14 r (highest) s 14 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead,) s 14 r (commensurate) s 13 r (with) s 14 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (requiremen) s 0 r (ts.) s 19 r (The) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (er-pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 13 r (pro) s 2 r (cessing) s 13 r (in) s 14 r (this) s 0 452 p (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (similar) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (Visa.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 653 436 p (15) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 690 452 p 46 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 612 p (4.6.2) s 70 r (Endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 736 p (If) s 22 r (authen) s 0 r (ticating) s 21 r (data) s 22 r (in) s 22 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 21 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 21 r (at) s 23 r (ev) s -1 r (ery) s 21 r (hop) s 22 r (is) s 23 r (prohibitiv) s -1 r (ely) s 21 r (exp) s 2 r (ensiv) s -1 r (e,) s 23 r (end-to-end) s 22 r (data) s 0 793 p (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 20 r (similar) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (that) s 20 r (in) s 21 r (endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 20 r (Visa) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 21 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 21 r (ma) s -1 r 121 c 20 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 21 r (appropriate.) s 37 r (Ev) s 0 r (ery) s 20 r (data) s 20 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (is) s 0 849 p (signed) s 17 r (at) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (source) s 18 r (but) s 17 r (is) s 17 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ed) s 16 r (only) s 17 r (at) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (destination.) s 27 r (This) s 17 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (has) s 17 r (limitations,) s 18 r (most) s 0 906 p (notably) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (fact) s 18 r (that) s 17 r (an) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (truder) s 16 r (lo) s 1 r (cated) s 18 r (at) s 17 r (some) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (along) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (route) s 17 r (can) s 17 r (mo) s 1 r (dify) s 18 r (data) s 17 r (in) s 17 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 0 962 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (forgery) s 16 r (will) s 16 r (not) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (detected) s 16 r (un) s -1 r (til) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (reac) s 0 r (hes) s 14 r (the) s 16 r (destination) s 15 r (AD.) s 16 r (This) s 16 r (can) s 0 1019 p (result) s 21 r (in) s 20 r (unauthorized) s 21 r (use) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (transit) s 20 r (resources) s 21 r (and) s 20 r (inappropriate) s 21 r (billing) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (source.) s 36 r (On) s 21 r (the) s 0 1075 p (other) s 14 r (hand,) s 15 r (this) s 14 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 13 r 98 c 1 r (ene\014ts) s 15 r (from) s 14 r (lo) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (er) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (latency) s 14 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (is) s 15 r (indep) s 1 r (enden) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (PR's) s 0 1132 p (length.) s 19 r (This) s 13 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (pro) s 0 r (vides) s 12 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (tativ) s -1 r 101 c 12 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 11 r (for) s 13 r (stub) s 13 r (ADs,) s 13 r (but) s 13 r (only) s 12 r (detection-based) s 13 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 0 1188 p (for) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (ADs.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1347 p (4.6.3) s 70 r (Designated) s 17 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1472 p (If) s 19 r (Endp) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r 116 c 19 r (exp) s 1 r (oses) s 19 r (transit) s 19 r (resources) s 20 r (to) s 19 r (excessiv) s 0 r 101 c 18 r (misuse,) s 20 r 121 c 0 r (et) s 18 r 70 c -2 r (ull) s 18 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 18 r (is) s 20 r (to) s 1 r 111 c 19 r (exp) s 2 r (ensiv) s -1 r (e,) s 20 r (the) s 0 1529 p (source) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (can) s 15 r (designate) s 16 r (at) s 15 r (PR) s 16 r (setup) s 15 r (time) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 16 r (transit) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (to) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (erform) s 16 r (data) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (ks.) s 0 1585 p (Ev) s 0 r (ery) s 15 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (is) s 16 r (still) s 16 r (signed) s 16 r (at) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (source,) s 16 r (but) s 16 r (only) s 15 r (one) s 16 r (transit) s 16 r (and) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (destination) s 16 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r 107 c 15 r (the) s 0 1642 p (signature.) s 30 r (The) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (ositioning) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (designated) s 18 r (AD) s 18 r (in) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (PR) s 18 r (is) s 18 r (imp) s 2 r (ortan) s -1 r (t:) s 26 r (ha) s -1 r (ving) s 18 r (it) s 18 r (to) s 1 r 111 c 18 r (close) s 19 r (to) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 1698 p (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 72 1705 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 136 1698 p (is) s 14 r (almost) s 14 r (equiv) s -1 r (alen) s -2 r 116 c 13 r (to) s 14 r (no) s 14 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (king) s 13 r (at) s 14 r (all,) s 14 r (whereas) s 14 r (ha) s 0 r (ving) s 13 r (it) s 14 r (to) s 1 r 111 c 14 r (close) s 14 r (to) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1641 1705 p (dst) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1705 1698 p (is) s 14 r (equiv) s -2 r (alen) s -1 r 116 c 0 1755 p (to) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (Endp) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r 116 c 12 r 118 c -2 r (arian) s -1 r (t.) s 18 r (The) s 12 r (designated) s 13 r (AD) s 12 r (can) s 12 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (reassigned) s 12 r (from) s 12 r (time) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (time) s 13 r (in) s 12 r (order) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (reduce) s 0 1811 p (the) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (hance) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (its) s 15 r (exploitation) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r (an) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (truder.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1970 p (4.6.4) s 70 r 80 c -1 r (atterned) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2095 p (Instead) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 13 r (transit) s 14 r (AD) s 14 r (ha) s 0 r (ving) s 13 r (to) s 14 r (authen) s -1 r (ticate) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et,) s 13 r (it) s 14 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (su\016ce) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (authen) s -1 r (ticate) s 13 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 2152 p 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf (-th) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et.) s 19 r (In) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (simplest) s 15 r 118 c 0 r (ersion) s 13 r (of) s 15 r (this) s 14 r (patterned) s 15 r (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 13 r (sc) s 0 r (heme,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1624 2158 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1689 2152 p 119 c 0 r (ould) s 13 r 99 c 0 r (ho) s 0 r (ose) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 2208 p 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (at) s 15 r (random) s 14 r (from) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (lo) s 1 r (cally) s 14 r (de\014ned) s 15 r (range) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 118 c -1 r (alues) s 13 r (and) s 14 r (then) s 15 r (sp) s 1 r (ecify) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (during) s 14 r (route) s 14 r (setup.) s 20 r (In) s 15 r (this) s 0 2264 p (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 14 r (only) s 15 r 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 61 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 19 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 14 r (are) s 16 r (signed) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (source) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (same) s 15 r 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 61 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r (are) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c -2 r (ed.) s 71 2360 p 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 12 r (ADs) s 13 r 119 c -1 r (ould) s 12 r (either) s 13 r (accept) s 13 r (or) s 13 r (reject) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (prop) s 2 r (osed) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 19 r (If) s 13 r (all) s 13 r (ADs) s 13 r (accept) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (prop) s 2 r (osed) s 13 r 118 c -2 r (alue) s 0 2417 p (for) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 44 c 15 r (then) s 14 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s 13 r (AD) s 14 r (will) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -2 r 107 c 14 r (data) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 14 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (-th) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et.) s 19 r (If) s 14 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (AD) s 14 r (do) s 2 r (es) s 14 r (not) s 14 r (accept) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 109 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2473 p (\(if) s 13 r (it) s 13 r (is) s 13 r (considered) s 14 r (to) s 1 r 111 c 13 r (large) s 13 r (or) s 13 r (to) s 2 r 111 c 13 r (small\)) s 13 r (then) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (source) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (all) s 14 r (other) s 13 r (ADs) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 12 r 99 c 0 r (ho) s 0 r (ose) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (di\013eren) s 0 r 116 c 0 2529 p (m.) s 26 r (In) s 17 r (return) s 17 r (for) s 17 r (reduced) s 17 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead,) s 16 r (if) s 17 r (the) s 17 r 118 c -1 r (alue) s 16 r (for) s 17 r 109 c 17 r (is) s 17 r (disco) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (ered) s 17 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 16 r (an) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (truder) s 16 r (then) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 17 r (\(m-1\)/m) s 0 2572 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2598 p (15) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2614 p (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 12 r (the) s 13 r 70 c -3 r (ull) s 12 r 84 c -2 r (ransit) s 12 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (oids) s 12 r (the) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (er-session) s 13 r (setup) s 13 r (dialog) s 12 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 13 r (with) s 13 r (Visa.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (16) s @eop 15 @bop0 cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFFFE000FFFFE000FFFFE00007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0000007F0380007F0380007F0 380007F0380007F0780007F0F80007FFF80007FFF80007FFF80007F0F80007F0780007F0381C07F0381C07F0381C07F0381C 07F0003C07F0003C07F0003807F0007807F000F807F003F8FFFFFFF8FFFFFFF8FFFFFFF8> 32 34 -2 0 35.226] 70 @dc [<003C01E000003C01E000007C01F000007E03F000007E03F00000FE03F80000FF07F80001FF07FC0001FF07DC0001FB8FDC00 03FB8F9E0003F3DF8E0003F1DF0E0007E1DF070007E1FF070007E0FE07000FC0FE03800FC07E03801FC07C03C0FFE3FF8FF8 FFE3FF8FF8FFE3FF8FF8> 40 22 -1 0 40.472] 119 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<4000E0006000300018001C000C000C0006001E003E003F003F001E000E00> 16 15 -3 9 13.939] 44 @dc 15 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork\).) s 21 r (This) s 16 r (mak) s -1 r (es) s 15 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 15 r (encryption) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (viable) s 16 r 99 c 0 r (hoice) s 14 r (since) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (PR) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 15 r (only) s 15 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 14 r (to) s 0 102 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (signed) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (times.) s 71 197 p (The) s 20 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r 101 c 19 r (discussion) s 20 r (is) s 20 r 97 c 20 r (standard) s 20 r (public) s 20 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 19 r (verses) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 19 r (encryption) s 20 r (debate.) s 35 r (Both) s 0 254 p (metho) s 1 r (ds) s 14 r (ha) s -1 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 13 r 98 c 1 r (ene\014cial) s 13 r (as) s 14 r 119 c 0 r (ell) s 12 r (as) s 13 r (burdensome) s 14 r (features.) s 20 r (In) s 13 r (Section) s 13 r (5.1) s 14 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 12 r (demonstrate) s 14 r 97 c 13 r (PR) s 13 r (setup) s 0 310 p (proto) s 1 r (col) s 21 r (based) s 20 r (up) s 1 r (on) s 20 r (public) s 21 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 20 r (encryption.) s 35 r (The) s 20 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 19 r (encryption) s 20 r 118 c -1 r (arian) s -2 r 116 c 20 r (is) s 20 r (outlined) s 20 r (in) s 0 367 p (Section) s 15 r (5.2.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 527 p (4.6) s 75 r 80 c -1 r (ac) s -1 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 18 r 70 c -4 r (orw) s -1 r (arding) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 652 p (After) s 22 r 97 c 23 r (PR) s 22 r (has) s 22 r 98 c 2 r (een) s 22 r (set) s 22 r (up,) s 24 r (subsequen) s 0 r 116 c 21 r (data) s 23 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 22 r (can) s 22 r (tak) s 0 r 101 c 21 r (adv) s -2 r (an) s -1 r (tage) s 22 r (of) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (PR) s 23 r (state) s 22 r (in) s 0 709 p (in) s 0 r (termediate) s 13 r (ADs.) s 19 r (First,) s 14 r (instead) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (full) s 14 r (PR,) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (data) s 14 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (carries) s 14 r (only) s 13 r (an) s 14 r (abbreviated) s 14 r 118 c 0 r (ersion) s 0 765 p (referred) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (as) s 21 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 20 r (PR) s 22 r (he) s -1 r (ader) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 36 r (Second,) s 22 r (the) s 21 r (state) s 21 r (in) s 21 r (all) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 20 r (PGs) s 21 r (allo) s -1 r (ws) s 20 r (them) s 21 r (to) s 21 r 98 c 0 r (ypass) s 0 822 p (exp) s 1 r (ensiv) s 0 r 101 c 20 r (authorization) s 20 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (ks) s 19 r (on) s 21 r 97 c 21 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 21 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 20 r (basis.) s 37 r 65 c 20 r (PR) s 21 r (header) s 20 r (only) s 21 r (needs) s 21 r (to) s 20 r (con) s 0 r (tain) s 20 r (the) s 0 878 p (information) s 16 r (necessary) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (iden) s 0 r (tify) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (appropriate) s 16 r (state) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 15 r (PGs.) s 23 r (Its) s 16 r (exact) s 16 r (con) s -1 r (ten) s -1 r (ts) s 15 r (are) s 0 935 p (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (next) s 15 r (section.) s 0 1030 p (Assuming) s 21 r (appropriate) s 20 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 20 r (measures) s 20 r (to) s 21 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r 116 c 20 r (PR) s 21 r (setup) s 20 r (threats) s 21 r (ab) s 1 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (e,) s 21 r (there) s 21 r (remains) s 21 r (the) s 0 1087 p 112 c 1 r (ossibilit) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (malicious) s 15 r (attac) s 0 r 107 c 14 r (at) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 14 r (time:) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1182 p 84 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (3.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 21 r 65 c 0 r 110 c 11 r (intruder) s 13 r (lo) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (ate) s -2 r 100 c 11 r (at) s 13 r (some) s 12 r 112 c -1 r (oint) s 11 r (along) s 12 r 97 c 13 r (PR) s 12 r 99 c -1 r (an) s 11 r 99 c -1 r (opy) s 11 r 97 c 13 r (valid) s 12 r (PR) s 13 r (he) s -2 r (ader) s 12 r (fr) s -2 r (om) s 12 r 97 c 12 r (le) s -1 r (gitimate) s 0 1239 p 112 c -1 r (acket,) s 15 r (attach) s 16 r (its) s 16 r (own) s 17 r (data) s 16 r (and) s 16 r (send) s 17 r (it) s 16 r (along) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (PR,) s 17 r (thus,) s 16 r (obtaining) s 16 r (servic) s -1 r 101 c 15 r (fr) s -1 r (audulently.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 1334 p (This) s 14 r (attac) s -1 r 107 c 13 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 14 r (remedied) s 14 r (if) s 14 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 13 r (data) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (\(or) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (function) s 14 r (thereof) s 3 r 41 c 14 r (is) s 14 r (signed) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (the) s 14 r (source.) s 0 1391 p (Dep) s 1 r (ending) s 21 r (on) s 21 r (the) s 22 r 116 c -1 r (yp) s 1 r 101 c 21 r (of) s 21 r (encryption) s 21 r (used,) s 22 r (the) s 22 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 20 r (incurred) s 21 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 20 r (signing) s 21 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 20 r (data) s 21 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 0 1447 p (\(or) s 21 r (ev) s 0 r (en) s 20 r 97 c 22 r (hash) s 21 r (function) s 21 r (thereof) s 4 r 41 c 21 r (can) s 21 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 21 r (prohibitiv) s 0 r (ely) s 20 r (high.) s 39 r 80 c 0 r (er-pac) s -2 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 20 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 20 r (includes) s 21 r (the) s 0 1504 p (signature) s 13 r (computation) s 13 r (at) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (source) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (its) s 13 r (subsequen) s 0 r 116 c 12 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014cation) s 12 r (at) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (PG) s 14 r (hop) s 13 r (en) s 13 r (route) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (the) s 0 1560 p (destination.) s 71 1656 p (If) s 13 r (only) s 13 r (sender) s 14 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -2 r 121 c 13 r (and) s 13 r (data) s 14 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r (is) s 14 r (desired,) s 14 r (then) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (tradeo\013) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 12 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -2 r (tional) s 0 1712 p (and) s 19 r (public) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 18 r (signature) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (hash) s 18 r (function) s 19 r (is) s 18 r (dep) s 2 r (enden) s -1 r 116 c 18 r (up) s 1 r (on) s 19 r (their) s 19 r (relativ) s -1 r 101 c 18 r (sp) s 1 r (eeds.) s 31 r (In) s 19 r (order) s 0 1769 p (to) s 15 r (minimize) s 14 r 112 c 2 r (er) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (pro) s 2 r (cessing) s 14 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead,) s 14 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 14 r (will) s 15 r (assume) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (use) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (con) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 13 r (encryption) s 15 r (for) s 0 1825 p (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (signature) s 15 r (computation.) s 21 r (In) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (case,) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (secret) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1269 1832 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1351 1825 p (is) s 15 r (distributed) s 16 r (during) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (for) s 0 1881 p (use) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (data) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r 118 c 0 r (eri\014cation.) s 19 r (This) s 15 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (shared) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (all) s 15 r (ADs) s 14 r (on) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (route.) s 20 r (As) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (result,) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (simple) s 0 1938 p (group) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (hannel) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (established.) s 20 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -2 r (er,) s 14 r (it) s 15 r (is) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (ossible) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (AD) s 15 r (along) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (route) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (masquerade) s 15 r (as) s 0 1994 p (the) s 16 r (source) s 16 r (AD) s 15 r (for) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (duration) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (that) s 15 r (PR.) s 16 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (secret) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 15 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (distributed) s 16 r (without) s 0 2051 p (disclosure;) s 16 r (requiring) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (public) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (encrypt) s 16 r (the) s 16 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 15 r 109 c 0 r (ultiple) s 14 r (times,) s 16 r (separately) s 16 r (with) s 16 r (the) s 0 2107 p (public) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (AD) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (PR.) s 71 2203 p (Ev) s -1 r (en) s 17 r (more) s 18 r (so) s 18 r (than) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (case) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (PR) s 19 r (setup,) s 18 r (latency) s 18 r (is) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (critical) s 18 r (concern) s 18 r (with) s 18 r (resp) s 2 r (ect) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (for-) s 0 2259 p 119 c 0 r (arding) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (data) s 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 22 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 15 r (this) s 16 r (reason,) s 16 r (man) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (ADs) s 16 r (are) s 16 r (lik) s 0 r (ely) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (forego) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (er-pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (signature) s 15 r (and) s 0 2316 p 118 c 0 r (eri\014cation) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (most) s 15 r (tra\016c.) s 20 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 14 r (no) s 0 r 119 c 14 r (discuss) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (sp) s 1 r (ectrum) s 15 r (of) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (ossibilities) s 15 r (whereb) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (ADs) s 15 r (can) s 15 r (trade) s 15 r (the) s 0 2372 p (lev) s 0 r (el) s 13 r (of) s 14 r (protection) s 13 r (for) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (amoun) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (of) s 14 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead) s 13 r (incurred.) s 20 r (The) s 14 r (section) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (concluded) s 14 r (with) s 14 r 97 c 13 r (discussion) s 0 2429 p (of) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (in) s 15 r (4.6.6.) s 952 2828 p (15) s @eop 14 @bop0 cmr8.300-13 @sf [<03FE03FE0070007000700070FFFEFFFEE0707070307018701C700E700670077003F001F000F000F00070> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 52 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<1FE01FE0038003800380FFE0FFE0E380738033801B801F800F80078007800380> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 52 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<003000C000003801C000007801E000007801E000007C03E000007C03E00000FC03F00000F607B00000F607B00001E6079800 01E70F980001E30F180003C30F0C0003C30F0C0003C19E0C0007819E0E0007819E06000780FC06000780FC06000F00FC0300 0F007803000F007803001E007801801E00F803C0FFC7FF1FF0FFC7FF1FF0> 40 26 -1 0 39.457] 87 @dc [<FF3FE0FF3FE00E1E00063E00033C0003F80001F80000F00001E00001E00003F00007B8000798000F1E007F9FC07F9FC0> 24 16 0 0 20.265] 120 @dc 14 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 45 p 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r (the) s 16 r (remainder) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (this) s 16 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 14 r (consider) s 16 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -1 r (ts) s 14 r (in) s 16 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (only) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 15 r (and) s 16 r (authen-) s 0 102 p (ticit) s 0 r 121 c 19 r (of) s 21 r (routing) s 20 r (data) s 21 r (is) s 20 r (required) s 21 r (and) s 20 r (where) s 21 r (public) s 20 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 20 r (encryption) s 20 r (and) s 21 r (the) s 20 r (certifying) s 21 r (authorit) s -1 r 121 c 0 158 p (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 14 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (27) s 0 r 93 c 16 r (are) s 15 r (used) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (particular) s 15 r (function.) s 71 254 p (Although) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (distribution) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (PTs) s 15 r (raises) s 16 r 97 c 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (teresting) s 14 r (issues,) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (underlying) s 16 r (concept) s 0 310 p (of) s 15 r (broadcasting) s 15 r (signed) s 16 r (messages) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (unique) s 16 r (to) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 14 r (Routing) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1279 294 p (14) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1316 310 p 46 c 21 r (Other) s 15 r (asp) s 1 r (ects) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (secure) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 0 367 p (Routing,) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 14 r (forw) s 0 r (arding,) s 13 r (require) s 15 r (more) s 15 r (careful) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (design) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 15 r (of) s 0 423 p (the) s 15 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 16 r (costs) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (threats.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 584 p (4.5) s 56 r (Route) s 19 r (Setup) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 709 p (The) s 16 r (route) s 16 r (setup) s 16 r (phase) s 16 r (requires) s 15 r (that) s 16 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -2 r (ening) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 15 r (means) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (forw) s 0 r (ard) s 15 r (subsequen) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (data) s 0 765 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 13 r (along) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 12 r (Route.) s 20 r (As) s 14 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (Section) s 14 r (3.2.2,) s 14 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 13 r (AD) s 14 r (along) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (route) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 0 822 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 20 r (supplied) s 19 r (with) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (next) s 19 r (hop) s 19 r (AD) s 20 r (at) s 19 r (PR) s 19 r (setup) s 20 r (time.) s 32 r (The) s 20 r (purp) s 1 r (ose) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (PR) s 19 r (setup) s 19 r (is) s 20 r (to) s 19 r (establish) s 0 878 p (state) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (all) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 13 r (PGs) s 14 r (so) s 15 r (that) s 14 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 13 r (Routing) s 15 r (decisions) s 14 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 14 r (made) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (adv) s -2 r (ance) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (actual) s 0 935 p (comm) s 0 r (unication,) s 20 r (and,) s 21 r (subsequen) s -1 r 116 c 19 r (data) s 20 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 18 r (can) s 20 r (carry) s 20 r 97 c 20 r (minim) s -1 r (um) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (PR-related) s 20 r (information,) s 0 991 p (th) s 0 r (us,) s 17 r (reducing) s 19 r (the) s 18 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 17 r (and) s 18 r (latency) s -3 r 46 c 28 r (In) s 18 r (addition,) s 19 r (in) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (secure) s 18 r (PR) s 18 r (sc) s 0 r (heme,) s 18 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 17 r (AD) s 18 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 0 1047 p (able) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (authen) s 0 r (ticate) s 18 r (and) s 20 r (authorize) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (PR.) s 19 r (Authen) s 0 r (tication) s 18 r (means) s 20 r 118 c -1 r (erifying) s 19 r (that) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (PR) s 19 r 119 c 0 r (as) s 18 r (issued) s 0 1104 p 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r 97 c 16 r (recognized) s 16 r (en) s -1 r (tit) s -1 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 16 r (and) s 16 r 119 c -1 r (as) s 15 r (not) s 16 r (tamp) s 2 r (ered) s 16 r (with.) s 22 r (Authorization) s 16 r (en) s 0 r (tails) s 15 r (making) s 16 r (sure) s 16 r (that) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (PR) s 0 1160 p (conforms) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (lo) s 2 r (cal) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 15 r (\(the) s 15 r (latter) s 15 r (is) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (ey) s 0 r (ond) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (scop) s 1 r 101 c 15 r (of) s 15 r (this) s 16 r (pap) s 1 r (er\).) s 0 1256 p (More) s 15 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014cally) s -2 r 44 c 14 r (secure) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r (needs) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (address) s 15 r 116 c -1 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 14 r 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r (es) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (threats:) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1352 p 84 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 17 r (1.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 24 r (Cr) s -2 r 101 c -2 r (ating,) s 15 r (or) s 17 r (tamp) s -2 r (ering) s 15 r (with) s 17 r (existing,) s 16 r (PRs) s 16 r (by) s 17 r (an) s 16 r (intruder.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1408 p (In) s 12 r (order) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (defend) s 12 r (against) s 12 r (this) s 12 r (threat,) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (PR) s 12 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 11 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 12 r (traceable) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (issuing) s 12 r (AD.) s 12 r (In) s 12 r (other) s 12 r 119 c 0 r (ords,) s 0 1464 p (it) s 17 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (signed) s 17 r (with) s 17 r (an) s 17 r (unforgeable) s 17 r (signature.) s 26 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 16 r (all) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 16 r (ADs,) s 17 r (this) s 17 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 16 r (pro) s 0 r (vide) s 16 r (for) s 0 1521 p (non-repudiation) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (issuance) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (sender) s 15 r (authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c -4 r 46 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1617 p 84 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 17 r (2.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 24 r 82 c -2 r (eplay) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (pr) s -1 r (eviously) s 15 r (issue) s -2 r 100 c 16 r (PR) s 16 r (setup) s 16 r 112 c -1 r (ackets.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1673 p (This) s 18 r (can) s 18 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 18 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (ted) s 17 r (if) s 19 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 17 r (include) s 19 r 97 c 18 r (timestamp) s 18 r (within) s 18 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (PR) s 18 r (setup.) s 29 r (The) s 19 r (signature) s 18 r (of) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (PR) s 0 1729 p (setup) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (ecomes) s 18 r (dep) s 1 r (enden) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (on) s 18 r (this) s 17 r (timestamp,) s 18 r (and,) s 18 r (mak) s -1 r (es) s 17 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (detection) s 17 r 112 c 2 r (ossible) s 17 r (within) s 0 1786 p (the) s 14 r (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (timestamp) s 14 r (and) s 14 r (clo) s 2 r 99 c -1 r 107 c 14 r (sync) s -1 r (hronizations.) s 19 r (As) s 14 r (the) s 14 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (setups) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 0 1842 p (small) s 19 r (\(in) s 20 r (relation) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 20 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (data) s 19 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets\),) s 19 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 18 r (coarse) s 20 r (timestamp) s 19 r (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (\(e.g.,) s 0 1899 p 49 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf (ms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 41 c 19 r (should) s 18 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 19 r (adequate) s 18 r (and) s 19 r (is) s 18 r (preferable) s 19 r (to) s 18 r (the) s 19 r (managemen) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (required) s 19 r (to) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (eep) s 17 r (trac) s 0 r 107 c 18 r (of) s 18 r (unique) s 0 1955 p (sequence) s 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (ers) s 15 r (\(nonces) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (34) s 0 r (]\).) s 71 2051 p (As) s 22 r (with) s 22 r (PT) s 22 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 22 r (distribution,) s 24 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 21 r (are) s 22 r (concerned) s 22 r (with) s 22 r (data) s 23 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 21 r (and) s 22 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 21 r (of) s 0 2107 p (setup) s 22 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets.) s 40 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 23 r (unlik) s 0 r 101 c 20 r (PT) s 22 r (up) s 2 r (dates,) s 23 r (PRs) s 22 r (are) s 22 r (set) s 22 r (up) s 22 r (frequen) s 0 r (tly) s 21 r (and) s 22 r (increased) s 22 r (latency) s 0 2164 p (is) s 21 r (exp) s 2 r (erienced) s 21 r (directly) s 21 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 20 r (end) s 22 r (users.) s 38 r (Th) s 0 r (us,) s 22 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 20 r (are) s 21 r (far) s 22 r (more) s 21 r (concerned) s 21 r (with) s 22 r (the) s 21 r 112 c 1 r (er-signature) s 0 2220 p 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead) s 18 r (for) s 18 r (setup) s 18 r (than) s 18 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 17 r (are) s 18 r (for) s 18 r (PT) s 18 r (distribution.) s 30 r (Consequen) s -1 r (tly) s 18 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 17 r (will) s 19 r (in) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (estigate) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (use) s 18 r (of) s 0 2277 p 98 c 1 r (oth) s 15 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (public) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (encryption) s 15 r (signature) s 15 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms.) s 71 2372 p (As) s 20 r (discussed) s 20 r (earlier,) s 21 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 19 r (encryption,) s 21 r (implies) s 20 r 97 c 21 r (signi\014can) s -1 r 116 c 20 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 19 r (managemen) s 0 r 116 c 19 r (burden,) s 0 2429 p (since) s 22 r (an) s 23 r (AD) s 22 r (has) s 23 r (to) s 22 r (share) s 23 r 97 c 22 r (secret) s 23 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 21 r (with) s 23 r (ev) s -1 r (ery) s 22 r (other) s 22 r (AD) s 23 r (that) s 22 r (it) s 23 r (ev) s 0 r (er) s 21 r (comm) s 0 r (unicates) s 21 r (with.) s 0 2485 p (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 12 r (it) s 11 r (en) s 0 r (tails) s 11 r (computing) s 11 r 97 c 12 r (PR) s 11 r (signature) s 12 r (for) s 11 r (ev) s 0 r (ery) s 11 r (AD) s 11 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (olv) s -2 r (ed,) s 12 r (whereas) s 11 r 97 c 12 r (single) s 11 r (PR) s 12 r (signature) s 0 2542 p 118 c 0 r (eri\014able) s 21 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 21 r (all) s 22 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 21 r (ADs) s 22 r (is) s 22 r (su\016cien) s -1 r 116 c 21 r (in) s 22 r (public) s 22 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 21 r (encryption.) s 41 r (On) s 21 r (the) s 22 r (other) s 22 r (hand,) s 24 r 97 c 0 2598 p 116 c 0 r (ypical) s 16 r (PR) s 18 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (erses) s 16 r 97 c 18 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 17 r (small) s 18 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (ADs) s 18 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 22 r (is) s 18 r 109 c 0 r (uc) s -2 r 104 c 17 r (less) s 18 r (than) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (diameter) s 17 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 0 2640 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2667 p (14) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2683 p (With) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (exception) s 13 r (that) s 12 r (routing) s 13 r (up) s 1 r (dates) s 13 r (are) s 13 r (infrequen) s 0 r (t,) s 12 r (th) s -1 r (us,) s 12 r (fa) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (oring) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (use) s 13 r (of) s 12 r (public) s 13 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 12 r (encryption.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (14) s @eop 13 @bop0 cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<7FFC007FFC007FFC000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0 000FC0000FC000FFFC00FFFC00FFFC000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC0000FC3E00FC7F00FC7F007E7F003E7F001F3E000 FFE0001F80> 24 35 -1 0 17.123] 102 @dc [<03FFFFF80003FFFFF80003FFFFF8000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F80000 0003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F800000003F80000 0003F80000E003F801C0E003F801C0E003F801C0E003F801C0F003F803C0F003F803C07003F803807803F807807C03F80780 7E03F81F807FFFFFFF807FFFFFFF807FFFFFFF80> 40 34 -2 0 38.973] 84 @dc [<FFF1FFE3FFC0FFF1FFE3FFC0FFF1FFE3FFC01F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F80 3F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001FC03F80 7E001FC03F807E001FE03EC07C00FFB87E70FC00FF9FFC3FF800FF87F00FE000> 48 22 -2 0 46.699] 109 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<0FC03FF07038F83CF81EF81E701E001E003C007807E007E000F00078103C783C783C783C30781FF00FC0> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 51 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<3F007F80E1C0E1E041E001E001C003C00F000F80038023C073C073C03F801F00> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 51 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<87E000DFF800FC1C00F00E00E00600C00700C00700C00700000700000F00001E0001FE000FFC001FF8003FF0007F8000F800 00F00000E00600E00600E00600600E00701E00383E001FF6000FC200> 24 26 -2 0 21.331] 83 @dc [<FF0FF800FF0FF8001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E07 80001E078000FFFFF000FFFFF0001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0780001E0786000F07CF000787CF0001FFFE00 007E3C00> 32 26 0 0 22.398] 11 @dc 13 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 45 p (Both) s 17 r (public) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 17 r (and) s 18 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 17 r (encryption) s 18 r (metho) s 1 r (ds) s 18 r (require) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 17 r (managemen) s -1 r (t.) s 28 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 17 r (will) s 18 r (not) s 0 102 p (discuss) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (issues) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (pap) s 2 r (er) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 15 r (they) s 15 r (are) s 16 r (not) s 15 r (unique) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (problem) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (transit) s 16 r (tra\016c) s 15 r (con-) s 0 158 p (trol) s 18 r (and) s 19 r (ha) s -1 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 17 r 98 c 2 r (een) s 18 r (discussed) s 18 r (extensiv) s 0 r (ely) s 17 r (elsewhere) s 19 r 91 c 0 r (25) s 0 r 44 c 18 r (26) s 0 r (].) s 30 r (Su\016ce) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (sa) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 19 r (that) s 18 r (for) s 18 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -2 r (tional) s 0 214 p (encryption,) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 16 r (distribution) s 18 r (cen) s 0 r (ters) s 16 r (\(KDCs\)) s 18 r (are) s 17 r (needed) s 18 r (in) s 17 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (AD.) s 17 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (ter-AD) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 16 r (ex-) s 0 271 p 99 c 0 r (hange) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 13 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 14 r (supp) s 1 r (orted.) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r (public) s 14 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (encryption,) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (certi\014cation) s 14 r (authorit) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (mo) s 1 r (del) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 15 r (that) s 0 327 p (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 91 c 0 r (18) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (25) s 0 r 93 c 15 r (is) s 15 r (appropriate.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 488 p (4.4) s 56 r (Distribution) s 19 r (of) s 18 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 18 r 84 c -4 r (erms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 613 p (In) s 16 r (order) s 17 r (to) s 16 r (pro) s 0 r (vide) s 15 r (for) s 16 r (secure) s 17 r (distribution) s 16 r (of) s 16 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 15 r 84 c -3 r (erm) s 16 r (up) s 1 r (dates,) s 17 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 16 r (AD) s 16 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (able) s 17 r (to) s 16 r (sign) s 0 670 p (its) s 19 r 111 c 0 r (wn,) s 18 r (and) s 19 r (authen) s 0 r (ticate) s 18 r (incoming) s 18 r (PTs.) s 32 r (Because) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (Link) s 19 r (State) s 19 r (nature) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (proto) s 1 r (col,) s 20 r (PT) s 0 726 p (up) s 1 r (dates) s 16 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (\015o) s 1 r 111 c 2 r (ded) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (throughout) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (so) s 15 r (that) s 16 r (all) s 16 r (participan) s -1 r 116 c 15 r (ADs) s 16 r (can) s 15 r (use) s 0 783 p (them) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (their) s 16 r (PR) s 16 r (computation.) s 23 r (Before) s 16 r (using) s 16 r 97 c 17 r (new) s 16 r (PT,) s 16 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 15 r (AD) s 17 r (needs) s 16 r (to) s 16 r 118 c -1 r (erify) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 0 839 p (and) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (its) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (ten) s -1 r (ts.) s 19 r (This) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (di\016cult) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -2 r 101 c 14 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 14 r (encryption) s 15 r (en) s -1 r (vironmen) s -1 r (t,) s 0 895 p (as) s 14 r (the) s 14 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -2 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (oten) s 0 r (tial) s 12 r (recipien) s 0 r (ts) s 13 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (PT) s 14 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 14 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (quite) s 14 r (large.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1421 879 p (13) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1479 895 p (In) s 13 r (general,) s 15 r (con) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 0 952 p (encryption) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (not) s 14 r 119 c 0 r (ell-suited) s 13 r (for) s 15 r (an) s 14 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r 116 c 14 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 14 r (Link) s 15 r (State) s 14 r (routing) s 14 r (where) s 15 r (routing) s 14 r (up) s 1 r (dates) s 0 1008 p (are) s 15 r (broadcasted) s 15 r (to) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (large) s 15 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (recipien) s 0 r (ts.) s 71 1104 p (The) s 19 r (alternativ) s 0 r 101 c 19 r (is) s 19 r (to) s 20 r (use) s 20 r (public) s 19 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 19 r (encryption) s 19 r (for) s 20 r (the) s 19 r (distribution) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (PTs.) s 33 r 65 c 0 r 116 c 19 r (\014rst) s 19 r (glance,) s 0 1160 p (this) s 19 r (migh) s -1 r 116 c 18 r (app) s 1 r (ear) s 19 r (problematic) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 19 r (curren) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (public) s 19 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 18 r (tec) s -1 r (hnology) s 18 r (is) s 19 r (still) s 19 r (inferior) s 18 r (in) s 19 r (terms) s 19 r (of) s 0 1217 p 112 c 1 r (erformance.) s 36 r (Ho) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 20 r (if) s 20 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 19 r (are) s 20 r (concerned) s 21 r (only) s 20 r (with) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 19 r (and) s 20 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -2 r 121 c 20 r (of) s 20 r (routing) s 0 1273 p (information) s 17 r (then) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (signature) s 17 r (mec) s 0 r (hanism) s 16 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 18 r (in) s 17 r (Section) s 17 r (4.3) s 17 r (ab) s 2 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 16 r (can) s 18 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (used) s 17 r (with) s 18 r (little) s 0 1330 p 112 c 1 r (erformance) s 23 r (impact.) s 42 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 24 r (one) s 22 r (of) s 23 r (the) s 22 r (cen) s 0 r (tral) s 21 r (assumptions) s 23 r (in) s 22 r (the) s 23 r (IDPR) s 22 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 23 r (is) s 22 r (that) s 0 1386 p 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 14 r 99 c 0 r (hange) s 13 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 13 r (slo) s 0 r (wly) s -4 r 46 c 19 r (An) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (added) s 14 r (pro) s 2 r (cessing) s 14 r (time) s 14 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 14 r (with) s 14 r (public) s 14 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 13 r (encryption) s 0 1443 p (is) s 18 r (coun) s 0 r (ter-balanced) s 17 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 18 r (the) s 18 r (ubiquit) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (and) s 18 r (e\016ciency) s 19 r (of) s 18 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 19 r (able) s 18 r (to) s 19 r (generate) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (single) s 19 r (unforgeable) s 0 1499 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (signature) s 14 r (whic) s -1 r 104 c 14 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (authen) s 0 r (ticated) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (recipien) s -1 r (t.) s 19 r (An) s 14 r (example) s 15 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (Link) s 14 r (State) s 14 r (routing) s 0 1556 p (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (uses) s 15 r (public) s 16 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 14 r (encryption) s 16 r (for) s 15 r (routing) s 15 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 15 r (distribution) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (presen) s -1 r (ted) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (37) s 0 r (].) s 71 1651 p (Routing) s 17 r (information) s 18 r (distribution) s 18 r (is) s 18 r (one) s 18 r (area) s 18 r (of) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (routing) s 18 r (where) s 17 r (con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (measures) s 0 1708 p (ma) s 0 r 121 c 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (considered) s 17 r (useful.) s 27 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -2 r (er,) s 17 r (it) s 18 r (implies) s 17 r (that) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (en) s 0 r (tire) s 16 r (routing) s 18 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 17 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 16 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 17 r (encrypted) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1764 p (separately) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (for) s 18 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (an) s 0 r (ticipated) s 17 r (destination) s 18 r (AD.) s 18 r (In) s 18 r (general,) s 19 r (this) s 18 r (is) s 19 r (impractical) s 18 r (regardless) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 0 1821 p 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 16 r (of) s 15 r (encryption) s 16 r (used.) s 21 r (Since) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (link) s 15 r (state) s 16 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (\015o) s 2 r 111 c 1 r (ded) s 15 r (throughout) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (\(in) s 15 r (this) s 0 1877 p (case,) s 21 r (to) s 20 r (all) s 20 r (ADs\),) s 21 r (the) s 20 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 20 r (of) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (oten) s 0 r (tial) s 19 r (destinations) s 20 r (can) s 19 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 20 r (quite) s 19 r (large.) s 35 r (In) s 20 r (order) s 19 r (to) s 20 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -1 r 101 c 0 1933 p (con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -2 r 121 c 16 r (in) s 16 r (this) s 16 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r (t,) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (source) s 16 r (of) s 16 r 97 c 17 r (link) s 16 r (state) s 16 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 16 r (needs) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (encrypt) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (up) s 1 r (date) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 1990 p 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (times) s 12 r (\(where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (is) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (total) s 13 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (ADs\).) s 19 r 70 c -2 r (urthermore,) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (tra\016c) s 13 r (due) s 12 r (to) s 13 r (up) s 1 r (date) s 13 r (propagation) s 0 2046 p (will) s 15 r (increase) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 5 r (-fold.) s 71 2142 p (BGP) s 19 r (has) s 19 r 97 c 20 r (similar) s 19 r (requiremen) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (for) s 19 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (and) s 19 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (\(and,) s 20 r 112 c 2 r (ossibly) s -3 r 44 c 19 r (con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -1 r (y\)) s 0 2198 p (of) s 21 r (routing) s 21 r (information.) s 37 r (Ho) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 21 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 21 r (it) s 21 r (is) s 20 r 97 c 21 r (distance) s 21 r 118 c 0 r (ector) s 20 r (proto) s 1 r (col,) s 22 r (routing) s 21 r (up) s 1 r (dates) s 21 r (are) s 0 2255 p (distributed) s 18 r (to) s 18 r 97 c 18 r 109 c 0 r (uc) s -2 r 104 c 17 r (smaller) s 18 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (destinations,) s 19 r (i.e.,) s 19 r (only) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (direct) s 18 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (ors) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (orig-) s 0 2311 p (inating) s 18 r (router.) s 31 r 65 c -1 r 116 c 18 r (the) s 18 r (same) s 19 r (time,) s 19 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (message) s 19 r (is) s 18 r (considerably) s 19 r (larger) s 18 r (\(equiv) s -1 r (alen) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (of) s 19 r 97 c 18 r (complete) s 0 2368 p (routing) s 14 r (table\)) s 15 r (than) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (link) s 14 r (state) s 15 r (algorithm.) s 20 r (Con) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 13 r (encryption) s 15 r (ma) s -1 r 121 c 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (more) s 15 r (appropriate) s 0 2424 p (in) s 13 r (this) s 13 r (case) s 14 r (since) s 13 r (the) s 13 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -2 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 13 r (of) s 13 r 107 c 0 r (eys) s 12 r (needed) s 13 r 112 c 2 r (er) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 13 r (router) s 13 r (will) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (small,) s 14 r (hence,) s 13 r (easy) s 13 r (to) s 14 r (manage.) s 0 2481 p (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 14 r (if) s 13 r (con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (is) s 13 r (desired,) s 14 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 12 r (encryption) s 14 r (will) s 14 r (sa) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 12 r (considerably) s 14 r (on) s 14 r (pro) s 1 r (cessing) s 0 2537 p (time.) s 0 2568 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2595 p (13) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2611 p (Sharing) s 12 r 97 c 12 r (single) s 12 r (common) s 12 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 11 r (amongst) s 12 r (all) s 12 r (no) s 1 r (des) s 12 r (a\013ords) s 12 r (little) s 12 r (protection,) s 13 r (while) s 12 r (distributing) s 12 r (pairwise) s 12 r 107 c 0 r (eys) s 11 r (to) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 0 2656 p (AD-pair) s 13 r (is) s 13 r (impractical.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (13) s @eop 12 @bop0 cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<07001FC01CE03C603C301E301E180F000F000F00078007800780C3C063C061E031E039C01FC0070000000000000000000000 000000E000F000F800F80070> 16 31 -1 0 15.659] 105 @dc cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFF80700FFFF00FFF80F80FFFF00FFF80F80FFFF0007000F8007E00007001FC007E00007001FC007E00007003FE007E00007 003FE007E00007007E7007E00007007E7007E00007007E7007E0000700FC3807E0000700FC3807E0000701F81C07E0000701 F81C07E0000703F00E07E0000703F00E07E0000703F00E07E0000707E00707E0000707E00707E000070FC00387E000070FC0 0387E000071F8001C7E000071F8001C7E000071F8001C7E000073F0000E7E000073F0000E7E000077E000077E000077E0000 77E00007FC00003FE00007FC00003FE000FFFC00003FFF00FFF800001FFF00FFF800001FFF00> 56 34 -2 0 53.156] 77 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<60000000F0000000F0000000F0000000780000007800000078000000780000003C0000003C0000003DF038003FFCFE001F87 E6001F03E3001F01E3001F01E3000F00F1800F00F0000F00F0000F00F0000780780007807800078078000780780003C03C00 03C03C0003C03C0003C03C0001E01E0000C00C00> 32 30 -1 10 27.388] 22 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<007F000001FFC00007C1F0000F0078001E003C003E003E003C001E007C001F007C001F00F8000F80F8000F80F8000F80F800 0F80F8000F80F8000F80F8000F80F8000F8078000F007C001F003C001E003E003E001E003C000F00780007C1F00001FFC000 007F0000> 32 26 -2 0 29.864] 79 @dc [<FF0FF0FF0FF01E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E07801E0780FFFF80FFFF801E00 001E00001E00001E00001E03001E07800F078007838001FF00007E00> 24 26 0 0 21.331] 12 @dc [<003F0001FFC003E0700F80381F00181E000C3C000C7C0006780006780006F80000F80000F80000F80000F80000F800007800 067800067C00063C000E1E000E1F001E0F803E03E06E01FFC6003F02> 24 26 -2 0 27.731] 67 @dc [<FFC1FFC0FFC1FFC00F003C00060078000300F8000380F0000181F00000C3E00000E3C0000067C00000778000003F0000001F 0000001E0000003E0000007E0000007F000000FB000000F3800001E1800003E0C00003C0E00007C060000F807800FFE1FF00 FFE1FF00> 32 26 -1 0 28.792] 88 @dc [<0F803FE070F06078E038F03CF03C603C003C003C0038603878707FE067C060006000600060007F807FE07FF07FF86018> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 53 @dc [<07E0001FF8003C3C00381C00700E00700E00700E00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F00F 00700E00700E00700E00381C003C3C001FF80007E000> 24 24 -1 0 19.198] 48 @dc [<1F003F8071C078E07870307800380038003C1FBC3FFC707C707CF03CF03CF03CF03CF038F0387038707038701FE00780> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 57 @dc [<FEFEC0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0FEFE> 8 37 -3 9 10.666] 91 @dc [<0F801FE038707038E018E01CE01CE01CE03C707C39F81FF00FE01FC03FE07E707838703870387038303838701FE00780> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 56 @dc [<FEFE060606060606060606060606060606060606060606060606060606060606060606FEFE> 8 37 0 9 10.666] 93 @dc [<0F803FE070F0E078F078F07C607C007C007C0078007000E00F800FC001E000F000F000F87878787878F830F03FE00F80> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 51 @dc [<00C00180030006000E000C001C003800380038007000700070007000F000F000F000F000F000F000F000F000F000F0007000 7000700070003800380038001C000C000E0006000300018000C0> 16 38 -2 10 14.932] 40 @dc [<C0006000300018001C000C000E00070007000700038003800380038003C003C003C003C003C003C003C003C003C003C00380 0380038003800700070007000E000C001C00180030006000C000> 16 38 -2 10 14.932] 41 @dc [<FFF0FFF0078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780078007800780FF80FF8007800180> 16 24 -3 0 19.198] 49 @dc [<FFF8FFF87FF83FF8301C180C0C0C060C0300038001C000E000F000780078007C603CF03CF07CE07C607870F03FE00F80> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 50 @dc [<07C01FE0387038387038703C703CF03CF03CF03CF03CF838F838FFF0F7E0F00070007000383038781C780E3807F001E0> 16 24 -2 0 19.198] 54 @dc 12 @bop1 cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 45 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (denotes) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (length) s 15 r (of) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (PR,) s 15 r (i.e.,) s 15 r (the) s 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (ADs) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (PR.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 139 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 185 146 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 215 139 p (\(0) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r 60 c 13 r 105 c 12 r 60 c 13 r 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 5 r 41 c 15 r (denotes) s 15 r (the) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (-th) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (PR,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1136 146 p 49 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1169 139 p 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1289 146 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1354 139 p (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1514 146 p 78 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1561 139 p 61 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1680 146 p (dst) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1730 139 p 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 233 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 155 211 p 106 c 152 246 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 189 233 p (denotes) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (secret) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (shared) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 14 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 882 240 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 911 233 p (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1071 240 p 106 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1089 233 p 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 327 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 152 334 p (dsig) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 234 327 p (denotes) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (secret) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (used) s 15 r (for) s 16 r (computing) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (signatures.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 420 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 69 c 3 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 188 427 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 202 420 p 44 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 68 c 1 r 75 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 308 427 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 337 420 p (denote) s 15 r (public) s 15 r (\(encryption\)) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (priv) s -2 r (ate) s 14 r (\(decryption\)) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (eys) s 14 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1608 427 p 105 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1622 420 p 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 514 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 69 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 289 498 p 75 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 338 514 p (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 68 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 41 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 604 498 p 75 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 653 514 p (denote) s 15 r (encryption) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (decryption,) s 16 r (resp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r (ely) s -4 r 44 c 14 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (with) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 114 571 p 75 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 3 r 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 664 p 15 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 143 672 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 221 664 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 41 c 15 r (is) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (one-w) s 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 14 r (hash) s 15 r (function) s 15 r (of) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 68 c 2 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 44 c 15 r (e.g.,) s 15 r (MD4) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (40) s 0 r (].) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 825 p (4.3) s 56 r (Message) s 19 r (In) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (and) s 19 r (Authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 18 r (Mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 950 p (In) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (next) s 18 r (three) s 18 r (sections) s 17 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 17 r (consider) s 17 r (separately) s 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (issues) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (ertaining) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (di\013eren) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (phases) s 18 r (of) s 0 1007 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 18 r (Routing:) s 30 r (distribution) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (PTs,) s 21 r (PR) s 19 r (setup) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (forw) s -1 r (arding.) s 33 r (In) s 20 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 19 r (of) s 20 r (these) s 19 r (phases) s 0 1063 p 119 c 0 r 101 c 19 r (are) s 20 r (concerned) s 20 r (primarily) s 20 r (with) s 20 r (data) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 19 r (and) s 20 r (source) s 20 r (authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 34 r (Con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -1 r 121 c 19 r (of) s 20 r (user) s 0 1120 p (data) s 16 r (is) s 16 r (left) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (end-to-end) s 16 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (47) s 0 r (].) s 22 r (Con\014den) s 0 r (tialit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 16 r (routing) s 16 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 15 r (information) s 16 r (is) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (less) s 0 1176 p (general) s 14 r (requiremen) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (than) s 15 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 13 r (and) s 14 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 14 r (and) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (discussed) s 14 r (brie\015y) s -2 r 46 c 18 r 84 c -2 r (ra\016c) s 13 r (analysis) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (not) s 0 1233 p (addressed) s 19 r (here) s 19 r (\(for) s 19 r (further) s 19 r (discussion) s 18 r (see) s 19 r 91 c 0 r (15) s 0 r (]\).) s 32 r (Before) s 19 r (pro) s 1 r (ceeding,) s 20 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 18 r (discuss) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (use) s 19 r (of) s 19 r (signed) s 0 1289 p (one-w) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 16 r (hash) s 17 r (functions) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (ac) s -1 r (hiev) s -1 r 101 c 16 r (e\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (and) s 16 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (measures.) s 25 r (This) s 16 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (is) s 0 1345 p (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 91 c 0 r 56 c 0 r (].) s 71 1441 p 70 c -3 r (or) s 21 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 21 r (message) s 22 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 21 r (compute) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 745 1448 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 823 1441 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (\),) s 24 r (where) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 23 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 22 r (includes) s 23 r (the) s 22 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -3 r (arian) s -1 r 116 c 21 r 112 c 1 r (ortions) s 23 r (of) s 0 1497 p (the) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 16 r (header) s 17 r (\(i.e.,) s 18 r (those) s 17 r (\014elds) s 17 r (that) s 17 r (do) s 17 r (not) s 17 r 99 c 0 r (hange) s 16 r (en) s 18 r (route) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (een) s 17 r (source) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (destination\)) s 0 1554 p (and) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 20 r (data.) s 37 r (The) s 21 r (resulting) s 21 r 118 c -1 r (alue) s 20 r (is) s 20 r (then) s 21 r (signed.) s 38 r (If) s 20 r 97 c 21 r (public) s 21 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 20 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 19 r (is) s 21 r (used) s 21 r (then) s 0 1610 p (the) s 18 r 118 c -1 r (alue) s 17 r (is) s 18 r (signed) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (priv) s -1 r (ate) s 17 r 107 c -1 r (ey) s 17 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 18 r (originator.) s 29 r (The) s 18 r (resulting) s 18 r 118 c -2 r (alue) s 17 r (is) s 19 r (referred) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (as) s 18 r (the) s 0 1667 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 12 r (signature.) s 20 r (An) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (one) s 12 r (needing) s 12 r (to) s 13 r 118 c 0 r (erify) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (message) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 12 r (and) s 13 r (sender) s 13 r (authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r (computes) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 1723 p 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 29 1731 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 107 1723 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (\),) s 19 r (decrypts) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 17 r (signature) s 17 r (with) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (public) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 16 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (sender,) s 19 r (and) s 17 r (compares) s 18 r (the) s 0 1780 p 116 c 0 r 119 c -2 r 111 c 16 r 118 c -2 r (alues.) s 23 r (If) s 17 r 97 c 16 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -1 r (tional) s 15 r (encryption) s 16 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 16 r (is) s 16 r (used,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 17 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1172 1787 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1250 1780 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 1 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 41 c 17 r (is) s 16 r (encrypted) s 17 r (and) s 16 r (decrypted) s 0 1836 p (with) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (secret) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (pro) s 2 r (duce) s 15 r (and) s 15 r 118 c 0 r (erify) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (signature,) s 15 r (resp) s 2 r (ectiv) s -1 r (ely) s -4 r 46 c 71 1932 p (The) s 18 r (sc) s 0 r (heme) s 18 r (is) s 18 r (e\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 18 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 19 r (only) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 18 r 70 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 851 1939 p (hash) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 929 1932 p 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 68 c 2 r (ata) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 41 c 18 r (needs) s 19 r (to) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (encrypted,) s 20 r (and) s 19 r (computing) s 18 r (the) s 0 1988 p (one-w) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 14 r (hash) s 15 r (function) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (faster) s 14 r (than) s 15 r (encrypting.) s 20 r (As) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (result,) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (di\013erence) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (pro) s 2 r (cessing) s 14 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 0 2045 p 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 14 r (public) s 15 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (en) s -2 r (tional) s 14 r (encryption) s 16 r (sc) s -1 r (hemes) s 14 r (is) s 16 r (reduced.) s 71 2140 p (Throughout) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (reminder) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 12 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 12 r (will) s 12 r (refer) s 13 r (to) s 12 r (Riv) s 0 r (est's) s 12 r (Message) s 12 r (Digest) s 13 r (algorithm) s 13 r 91 c 0 r (40) s 0 r 93 c 12 r (as) s 0 2197 p (an) s 13 r (example) s 12 r (one-w) s 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 11 r (hash) s 13 r (function.) s 19 r (In) s 13 r (addition) s 12 r (to) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (fastest) s 13 r (metho) s 1 r 100 c 13 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -3 r (ailable) s 12 r (curren) s -1 r (tly) s -3 r 44 c 12 r (it) s 12 r (is) s 0 2253 p (also) s 11 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 11 r (used) s 11 r (as) s 12 r 97 c 11 r (basic) s 11 r (data) s 11 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -2 r 121 c 10 r (mec) s 0 r (hanism) s 10 r (in) s 11 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 10 r (other) s 11 r (con) s 0 r (texts,) s 11 r (most) s 11 r (notably) s -3 r 44 c 11 r (Priv) s -2 r (acy-) s 0 2310 p (Enhanced) s 15 r (Electronic) s 16 r (Mail) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (25) s 0 r 44 c 16 r (26) s 0 r (].) s 21 r (Pro) s 1 r (cessing) s 15 r (sp) s 2 r (eeds) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (MD4) s 16 r (implemen) s 0 r (tations) s 14 r (range) s 15 r 98 c 2 r (et) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 15 r (15) s 0 2366 p (Mbits/sec) s 15 r (on) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (DECStation) s 15 r (5000) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (6.4) s 15 r (Mbits/sec) s 16 r (on) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (SUN) s 15 r (SparcStation-1) s 16 r 91 c 0 r (32) s 0 r (].) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r 97 c 16 r 49 c 15 r (Kb) s 0 r (yte) s 0 2423 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et,) s 23 r (this) s 21 r (translates) s 22 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 20 r (an) s 22 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 21 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (een) s 21 r (540) s 22 r (and) s 21 r (1,280) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 22 r 22 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 115 c 21 r 112 c 2 r (er) s 21 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et.) s 38 r (Unfortunately) s -3 r 44 c 0 2479 p (existing) s 13 r (\(soft) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (are\)) s 12 r (RSA) s 13 r (implemen) s 0 r (tations) s 12 r (requires) s 13 r (2-3) s 13 r (seconds) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (sign) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (128-bit) s 13 r (MD4) s 13 r (result) s 13 r 118 c -1 r (alue.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1913 2463 p (12) s 0 2521 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2548 p (12) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2564 p (It) s 15 r (is) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (ossible) s 15 r (to) s 14 r (sp) s 1 r (eed-up) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (public) s 14 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 14 r (encryption) s 14 r (somewhat.) s 22 r (One) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (metho) s 1 r 100 c 15 r (is) s 14 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014ed) s 15 r (in) s 14 r (CCITT) s 15 r (X.509) s 0 2609 p (do) s 1 r (cumen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r 91 c 0 r 56 c 0 r (].) s 24 r (It) s 15 r (uses) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (RSA) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (39) s 0 r 93 c 15 r (encryption) s 15 r (metho) s 1 r 100 c 15 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (manner) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (that) s 15 r (message) s 16 r (decryption) s 15 r (\(v) s 0 r (eri\014cation\)) s 14 r (is) s 0 2655 p (signi\014can) s 0 r (tly) s 13 r (faster) s 15 r (than) s 14 r (encryption.) s 21 r (This) s 15 r (is) s 14 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -1 r (ed) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (selecting) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (large) s 14 r (\(e.g.,) s 15 r (512-bit\)) s 14 r (decryption) s 15 r (exp) s 1 r (onen) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (and) s 14 r 97 c 0 2701 p (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 12 r (small) s 13 r (\(e.g.,) s 12 r (16-bit\)) s 13 r (encryption) s 13 r (exp) s 1 r (onen) s 0 r (t.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 952 2828 p (12) s @eop 11 @bop0 cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFF03FFE00FFF03FFE0007C007E000018007E00000C007C00000600FC00000700FC00000380F8000001C1F8000000C1F8000 00061F000000033F00000001BF00000000FE00000000FE000000007C000000007C00000000FC00000000FC00000000FE0000 0001FB00000001F380000003F1C0000003F0E0000003E060000007E030000007E018000007C01C00000FE01F0000FFFC7FF0 00FFFC7FF8> 40 31 -1 0 37.657] 88 @dc [<7FFF0000003FFF00000001F000000001F000000001F000000001F000000000F000000000F800000000F800000000F8000000 0078000000007C000000007C000000007E00000000FF00000000FF00000000F980000000F8C0000001F860000001F0700000 01F038000003F018000003F00C000003E006000007E003000007E003800007C00180000FC000C0000FC000F000FFF803FF00 FFFC03FF00> 40 31 -1 0 26.388] 89 @dc 11 @bop1 cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 45 p (4.1) s 56 r (Threats) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p (The) s 17 r 116 c -1 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 16 r (basic) s 17 r (threats) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (of) s 17 r (PR) s 17 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 17 r (are) s 17 r (falsi\014cation) s 16 r (of) s 17 r (routing) s 17 r (information) s 16 r (and) s 0 227 p (falsi\014cation) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (data) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 56 359 p (1.) s 22 r (An) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (truder) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (distribute) s 16 r (false) s 16 r (routing) s 16 r (information) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (order) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (\(i\)) s 16 r (disrupt) s 16 r (comm) s -1 r (unication,) s 114 416 p (e.g.,) s 12 r (create) s 11 r (routing) s 11 r (lo) s 1 r (ops,) s 12 r (or) s 12 r (\(ii\)) s 11 r (ea) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (esdrop) s 11 r (on) s 11 r (comm) s 0 r (unication,) s 11 r (e.g.,) s 12 r (re-route) s 11 r (tra\016c) s 11 r (to) s 11 r 97 c 12 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 114 472 p (lo) s 1 r (cation.) s 41 r (In) s 22 r (BGP) s 23 r (this) s 22 r (can) s 22 r (tak) s 0 r 101 c 21 r (the) s 22 r (form) s 22 r (of) s 23 r (distributing) s 22 r (falsi\014ed) s 22 r (or) s 22 r (prerecorded) s 23 r (routing) s 114 529 p (up) s 1 r (dates.) s 20 r (In) s 15 r (IDPR,) s 15 r (falsi\014ed) s 15 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 13 r 84 c -2 r (erms) s 14 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (similarly) s 15 r (distributed) s 14 r (causing) s 15 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (alid) s 14 r (PRs) s 14 r (to) s 114 585 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (computed.) s 56 679 p (2.) s 22 r (If) s 17 r (routing) s 16 r (proto) s 2 r (cols) s 16 r (protect) s 17 r (themselv) s -1 r (es) s 16 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r (prescribing) s 17 r (an) s 16 r (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 15 r (mec) s 0 r (hanism) s 16 r (for) s 16 r 118 c -1 r (al-) s 114 736 p (idating) s 17 r (routing) s 17 r (information,) s 18 r (an) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (truder) s 16 r (can) s 17 r (turn) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (falsifying) s 17 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r (and/or) s 17 r (data) s 18 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 114 792 p (This) s 17 r (kind) s 18 r (of) s 17 r (attac) s 0 r 107 c 16 r (can) s 18 r (lead) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (unauthorized) s 18 r (resource) s 17 r (usage,) s 18 r (unauthorized) s 18 r (comm) s 0 r (unication,) s 114 848 p (and) s 15 r (inappropriate) s 15 r (accrual) s 15 r (of) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (harges.) s 19 r (Three) s 15 r (sub-threats) s 15 r (are) s 16 r (iden) s -1 r (ti\014ed:) s 133 942 p (\(a\)) s 23 r 70 c -3 r (alsi\014cation) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (information) s 214 999 p (In) s 18 r (addition) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (usual) s 18 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r (la) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (er) s 18 r (information) s 19 r (\(source) s 18 r (and) s 19 r (destination) s 19 r (addresses,) s 214 1055 p (data) s 22 r (size,) s 24 r (etc.\),) s 24 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 21 r (information) s 22 r (includes) s 23 r (the) s 22 r (route) s 22 r (setup) s 23 r (and) s 22 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 22 r (forw) s -1 r (arding) s 214 1112 p (parameters.) s 22 r (In) s 16 r (IDPR,) s 16 r (an) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (truder) s 15 r (can) s 16 r (steal) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (PR) s 16 r (header) s 16 r (created) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r (an) s 16 r (authorized) s 16 r (AD) s 214 1168 p (and) s 15 r (substitute) s 15 r (an) s 15 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -3 r (alid) s 14 r (Charge) s 15 r (Co) s 2 r (de.) s 20 r (Similarly) s -3 r 44 c 14 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (extension) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (BGP) s 15 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 15 r (as) s 214 1225 p (an) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ternational) s 14 r (standard,) s 15 r (distribution) s 15 r (list) s 15 r (information) s 15 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (mo) s 1 r (di\014ed.) s 130 1298 p (\(b\)) s 23 r 70 c -3 r (alsi\014cation) s 14 r (of) s 16 r (data) s 214 1354 p (In) s 10 r 98 c 1 r (oth) s 11 r (proto) s 1 r (cols,) s 11 r (the) s 10 r (data) s 11 r 112 c 1 r (ortion) s 10 r (of) s 11 r 97 c 10 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 10 r (can) s 10 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 11 r (mo) s 1 r (di\014ed) s 10 r (or) s 10 r (replaced) s 11 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 10 r (an) s 10 r (in) s 0 r (truder.) s 135 1427 p (\(c\)) s 23 r (Repla) s 0 r 121 c 214 1484 p (Previously-recorded) s 20 r (legitimate) s 21 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 20 r (can) s 21 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 21 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (ed) s 20 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 20 r (an) s 21 r (in) s -1 r (truder.) s 36 r (Tw) s 0 r 111 c 20 r (sources) s 214 1540 p (of) s 15 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (are) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (equal) s 15 r (concern:) s 21 r (acciden) s 0 r (tal) s 15 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c 15 r (due) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 16 r (stuttering) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (of) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (misb) s 2 r (eha) s -1 r (ving) s 214 1596 p (mac) s -1 r (hine,) s 11 r (and) s 11 r (malicious) s 10 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 10 r (due) s 11 r (to) s 10 r 97 c 11 r (misb) s 1 r (eha) s 0 r (ving) s 10 r 112 c 1 r (erson) s 11 r (attempting) s 10 r 97 c 11 r (denial) s 11 r (of) s 11 r (service) s 214 1653 p (attac) s -1 r (k.) s 0 1786 p (In) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (remainder) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (this) s 16 r (pap) s 2 r (er) s 16 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 15 r (describ) s 2 r 101 c 16 r (and) s 16 r (analyze) s 16 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (resist) s 16 r (these) s 16 r (threats.) s 23 r (Here-) s 0 1842 p (after,) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 15 r (use) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (IDPR) s 16 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 16 r (as) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (foundation) s 16 r (for) s 16 r (our) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 16 r (design.) s 23 r (It) s 16 r (pro) s 0 r (vides) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (\014nest-) s 0 1899 p (grained) s 12 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 11 r (through) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (use) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (AD-lev) s 0 r (el) s 11 r (source) s 12 r (routes.) s 19 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 12 r (this) s 12 r (greater) s 13 r (con) s -1 r (trol) s 12 r (pro) s -1 r (vides) s 12 r 97 c 0 1955 p (wider) s 13 r (range) s 13 r (of) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (ossible) s 13 r (attac) s 0 r (ks.) s 18 r (Hence,) s 14 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (issues) s 13 r (that) s 13 r (arise) s 13 r (in) s 13 r (this) s 14 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 13 r (form) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (sup) s 2 r (erset) s 13 r (of) s 0 2012 p (those) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (BGP) s 15 r (approac) s -1 r (h.) s 19 r (Our) s 15 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (is) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (inconsisten) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (with) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (original) s 15 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (IDPR.) s 0 2068 p (The) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 16 r (pr) s -2 r (evention-) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r (based) s 15 r (\(as) s 16 r (opp) s 1 r (osed) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (detection-based\)) s 16 r (measures) s 16 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 16 r (here) s 16 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (included) s 16 r (as) s 0 2125 p (optional) s 15 r (features) s 15 r (within) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s 71 2220 p (In) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (remainder) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (this) s 13 r (section,) s 14 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 13 r (detail) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (steps) s 14 r (needed) s 14 r (in) s 14 r 97 c 13 r (secure) s 14 r (PR) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 14 r (and) s 14 r (discuss) s 0 2277 p (issues) s 15 r (dealing) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (data) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r 99 c 0 r (hec) s -1 r (king) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (repla) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (prev) s 0 r (en) s -2 r (tion.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 2437 p (4.2) s 75 r 84 c -4 r (erminology) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2562 p (The) s 15 r (follo) s 0 r (wing) s 14 r (terminology) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (used) s 15 r (throughout) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (remainder) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (pap) s 2 r (er:) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2695 p 15 c 23 r (jj) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (is) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (concatenation) s 16 r (op) s 1 r (erator,) s 15 r (e.g.,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r 88 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 4 r (jj) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 89 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 10 r 46 c 952 2828 p (11) s @eop 10 @bop0 cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFF1FFC0FFF1FFC0FFF1FFC01F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F807E001F80 7E001F807E001FC07E001FC07E001FE07E001FB8FC001F9FF8001F87F0001F8000001F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000 1F8000001F8000001F8000001F800000FF800000FF800000FF800000> 32 32 -2 0 29.040] 104 @dc cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<007FFFF8007FFFF8007FFFF8007FFFF80000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF000000FF00FFFFFFF8FFFFFFF8FFFF FFF8FFFFFFF8F8007F007C007F003C007F001E007F000F007F000F807F0007807F0003C07F0001E07F0001F07F0000F87F00 00787F00003C7F00001E7F00001F7F00000FFF000007FF000003FF000001FF000001FF000000FF0000007F0000003F000000 3F0000001F00> 32 39 -2 0 34.370] 52 @dc [<FFFFFEFFFFFEFFFFFEFFFFFE01FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF 0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001FF0001 FF0001FF0001FF0001FF00FFFFFEFFFFFEFFFFFEFFFFFE> 24 41 -1 0 26.068] 73 @dc [<00FFFFFFE00000FFFFFFE00000FFFFFFE00000FFFFFFE00000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC000000000 7FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0 000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC0000000007FC00000F0007FC001E0 F0007FC001E0F0007FC001E0F0007FC001E0F0007FC001E0F8007FC003E0F8007FC003E0F8007FC003E07C007FC007C07C00 7FC007C07E007FC00FC07F807FC03FC07FFFFFFFFFC07FFFFFFFFFC07FFFFFFFFFC07FFFFFFFFFC0> 48 40 -2 0 47.819] 84 @dc 10 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 45 p 65 c 19 r (path) s 20 r (is) s 20 r (established) s 19 r (with) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (\014rst) s 20 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 19 r (carrying) s 20 r (the) s 19 r (full) s 20 r (PR,) s 20 r (i.e.,) s 21 r (the) s 19 r (complete) s 20 r (sequence) s 0 102 p (of) s 20 r (ADs) s 20 r (in) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (route) s 20 r (and) s 19 r (applicable) s 20 r (PT) s 20 r (iden) s 0 r (ti\014ers.) s 33 r (PGs) s 20 r (along) s 20 r (the) s 20 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 19 r (mak) s -1 r 101 c 19 r (sure) s 20 r (that) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (PR) s 0 158 p (agrees) s 18 r (with) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 18 r (PTs) s 18 r (\(through) s 18 r (use) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (templates,) s 19 r (for) s 18 r (example\).) s 29 r (The) s 18 r (result) s 18 r (is) s 18 r (cac) s -1 r (hed) s 17 r (so) s 18 r (that) s 0 214 p 97 c 16 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014ed) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 16 r (PR) s 19 r (handle) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (can) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (used) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (future) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (refer) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (cac) s 0 r (hed) s 15 r (en) s 0 r (try) s -4 r 46 c 22 r (Successiv) s 0 r 101 c 15 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 0 271 p (carry) s 17 r 97 c 18 r (PR) s 17 r (handle,) s 18 r (not) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (full) s 17 r (PR.) s 18 r (Man) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (transp) s 1 r (ort) s 17 r (lev) s 0 r (el) s 16 r (sessions,) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (ev) s 0 r (en) s 16 r (host-pairs,) s 18 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (share) s 0 327 p 97 c 15 r (single) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r (if) s 16 r (the) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (enabling) s 15 r (it) s 15 r (are) s 15 r (not) s 16 r (end-system-sp) s 1 r (eci\014c;) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (reduces) s 15 r (the) s 15 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erage) s 14 r (latency) s 0 384 p (and) s 15 r (router) s 16 r (state) s 15 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead) s 15 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 15 r (with) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (ter-domain) s 15 r (comm) s -1 r (unication.) s 20 r (PGs) s 15 r (use) s 16 r (these) s 15 r (handles) s 15 r (in) s 0 440 p (the) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r (to) s 16 r 99 c -1 r (hec) s -1 r 107 c 15 r (for) s 15 r (cac) s 0 r (he) s 14 r (en) s 0 r (tries.) s 20 r (PGs) s 15 r (also) s 16 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (relate) s 15 r (return) s 16 r (\015o) s 0 r 119 c 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r (with) s 15 r (forw) s 0 r (ard) s 15 r (\015o) s -1 r (w.) s 0 497 p (Giv) s 0 r (en) s 14 r (information) s 16 r (ab) s 1 r (out) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (next) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (for) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (particular) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et,) s 14 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (PG) s 15 r (selects) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (next) s 15 r (PG) s 16 r (based) s 0 553 p (on) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (information) s 15 r (exc) s 0 r (hanged) s 14 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (traditional) s 15 r (up-do) s 0 r (wn) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 714 p (3.3) s 56 r (Discussion) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 839 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 20 r (routing) s 22 r (allo) s -1 r (ws) s 21 r (ADs) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (in) s 0 r (terconnect) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (global) s 22 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s 20 r (while) s 21 r (still) s 22 r (protecting) s 21 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 0 895 p (resources) s 17 r (from) s 17 r (general,) s 17 r (unconstrained) s 17 r (use.) s 25 r (\(W) s -3 r 101 c 16 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 17 r (earlier) s 17 r (wh) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 16 r 97 c 17 r (function) s 17 r (can) s 16 r (not) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 0 952 p (left) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (end-systems.\)) s 30 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (routing) s 19 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s 18 r (do) s 18 r (not) s 18 r (preclude) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (need) s 19 r (for) s 18 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 0 1008 p (access) s 15 r (con) s -1 r (trols) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (order) s 15 r (routers) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (ADs) s 15 r (that) s 15 r (wish) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (access) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (individual) s 15 r (end-systems.) s 0 1065 p 65 c 14 r (more) s 14 r (extensiv) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (discussion) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (in) s -1 r (terpla) s -1 r 121 c 13 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 13 r (end-system) s 14 r (con) s -1 r (trols,) s 14 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 13 r (access) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (trols,) s 0 1121 p (and) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 16 r (routing) s 15 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (found) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 91 c 0 r (15) s 0 r (].) s 71 1217 p (One) s 12 r (essen) s 0 r (tial) s 12 r (di\013erence) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 11 r (Visa) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (the) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 13 r (routing) s 13 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 11 r (is) s 13 r (the) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (er) s 13 r (session) s 13 r (setup) s 0 1273 p 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead.) s 26 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 16 r (Visa) s 17 r (requires) s 17 r (that) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (dialog) s 17 r (transpire) s 17 r 98 c 2 r (et) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (source) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 16 r (transit-Visa) s 0 1330 p (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (orks') s 15 r 65 c 0 r (CS,) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (that) s 16 r (corresp) s 1 r (onding) s 16 r 107 c 0 r (eys) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (distributed.) s 23 r (Consequen) s -1 r (tly) s -4 r 44 c 16 r (the) s 16 r (initial) s 15 r (setup) s 16 r (dela) s 0 r 121 c 0 1386 p (gro) s 0 r (ws) s 12 r (in) s 14 r (prop) s 1 r (ortion) s 14 r (to) s 13 r (the) s 14 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -2 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 13 r (of) s 14 r (transit) s 13 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (orks.) s 19 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 12 r (short) s 14 r (transactions) s 14 r (suc) s -1 r 104 c 13 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (erhead) s 13 r (is) s 14 r (not) s 0 1443 p (acceptable.) s 22 r 65 c 16 r (PR-based) s 16 r (approac) s -1 r 104 c 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (as) s 15 r (that) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (BGP) s 16 r (or) s 15 r (IDPR) s 16 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (oids) s 14 r (this) s 16 r (setup) s 16 r (dialog) s 16 r (through) s 0 1499 p (bac) s 0 r (kground) s 16 r (distribution) s 16 r (of) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (term) s 17 r (information) s 17 r (that) s 16 r (is) s 17 r (used) s 17 r (in) s 17 r (route) s 16 r (computation.) s 25 r (The) s 17 r 119 c 0 r (ork) s 0 1556 p (that) s 11 r (the) s 12 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 11 r (Routing) s 11 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 12 r (do) s 11 r (to) s 11 r (distribute) s 12 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 11 r (terms) s 12 r (and) s 11 r (compute) s 12 r (authorized) s 11 r (routes) s 11 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 0 1612 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (done) s 16 r (at) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (time) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (session) s 16 r (setup) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (Visa.) s 23 r (In) s 17 r (particular,) s 16 r (with) s 17 r (Visa) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 17 r (this) s 16 r (translates) s 0 1668 p (in) s 0 r (to) s 15 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 17 r 114 c -2 r (eje) s -2 r (ct) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et,) s 16 r 65 c 0 r (CS) s 15 r (dialog,) s 17 r (and) s 16 r (visa-k) s 0 r (ey) s 16 r (gran) s -1 r 116 c 16 r (message) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (AD) s 17 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (path.) s 24 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 0 1725 p (this) s 13 r (assumes) s 12 r (that) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (source) s 13 r (attempts) s 12 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 12 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (er) s 12 r 97 c 13 r (path) s 13 r (for) s 12 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (it) s 13 r (has) s 12 r (authorization.) s 20 r (If) s 0 1781 p (there) s 14 r (is) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (con\015ict) s 15 r (with) s 14 r (ev) s 0 r (en) s 13 r (one) s 15 r (transit) s 14 r (AD's) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s -3 r 44 c 14 r (the) s 14 r (pro) s 1 r (cess) s 15 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (egin) s 15 r (again.) s 20 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 14 r (Routing) s 0 1838 p (incorp) s 1 r (orates) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (route) s 18 r (computation) s 19 r (pro) s 1 r (cess) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (adv) s -1 r (ance) s 17 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 19 r (actual) s 18 r (comm) s 0 r (unication,) s 0 1894 p (thereb) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (oiding) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (problem.) s 71 1990 p (On) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (other) s 13 r (hand,) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (PR) s 13 r (sc) s -1 r (hemes,) s 13 r (as) s 13 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 13 r (th) s 0 r (us) s 12 r (far,) s 13 r (rely) s 13 r (on) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 13 r 112 c -1 r (ost-facto) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 11 r (detection) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (abuse,) s 0 2046 p (and,) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (in) s 13 r (that) s 14 r (sense) s 14 r (less) s 14 r (secure) s 13 r (than) s 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 12 r (access) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 13 r (sc) s -1 r (hemes,) s 13 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 14 r (Visa) s 13 r (proto) s 2 r (cols.) s 19 r (The) s 0 2103 p (remainder) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (this) s 18 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 17 r (addresses) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (tegration) s 16 r (of) s 18 r (prev) s -1 r (en) s -1 r (tativ) s -1 r 101 c 16 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (routing) s 0 2159 p (to) s 15 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -1 r 101 c 14 r (secure) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (tra\016c.) s cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 2342 p 52 c 69 r (Securit) s -1 r 121 c 22 r (Issues) s 23 r (in) s 23 r 84 c -5 r (ransit) s 22 r (Con) s -1 r (trol) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2482 p (In) s 17 r (this) s 18 r (section) s 17 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 16 r (iden) s 0 r (tify) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (oten) s 0 r (tial) s 16 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (threats) s 18 r (faced) s 17 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 16 r (the) s 17 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 16 r (PR) s 18 r (sc) s -1 r (hemes) s 17 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 17 r (and) s 0 2539 p (detail) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (steps) s 15 r (needed) s 16 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (secure) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s 952 2828 p (10) s @eop 9 @bop0 cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FFFF0000FFFF000003E0000001E0000001E0000001E0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000780000007800000078 000000780000003C0000003C0000003C0000003C0000001E0000001E0000C01E00C0C01E00C0600F00C0600F0060300F0060 300F006038078060180780E01E0781E01FFFFFE00FFFFFF0> 32 31 -8 0 32.524] 84 @dc [<C0780060FC007FFE003FFF001803800C01800600C003000001800000C000006000003000001800000C000006000C03000FFF 8007FFC003F0C000E060> 24 20 -2 0 18.585] 122 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<07C01FF03C78783C701C701CF01EF01EF01EF01EF01EF01EF01EF01EF01E701C701C783C3C781FF007C0> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 48 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<FFFC7FFE007FFE7FFE0003E003E00003E003E00003E003E00003E003E00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F000 00F800F80000F800F80000F800F80000F800F800007C007C00007FFFFC00007FFFFC00007C007C00003E003E00003E003E00 003E003E00003E003E00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F00001F001F00000F800F80000F800F80000F800F8000FFFCFFFC 00FFFCFFFC> 40 31 -1 0 37.783] 72 @dc cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<1803803807C01C0E601C0E301C07301C07000E07000E03800F0380CF038067838067C3803E7F801C3E00> 24 14 0 0 21.409] 110 @dc [<38F800FFFC00E78600F38300F3830063800001C00001C00001C600C1CF0060E78071E3803FBF000F1E00> 24 14 -1 0 19.862] 120 @dc cmmi10.329-35 @sf [<07C0001FF000383800701E00700F00F00700F00780F003C0F003C0F003C07801E07801E07801E03C01E01C01E01E01C00F01 C003838001FF00007C00> 24 20 -2 0 22.032] 111 @dc [<180070003C01FC001E01CE001E03C6001E03C3001E01E3000F01E1800F00F0000F00F0000F00F00007807800078078000780 7800C780780063C03C0063E03C0063F0380033F878003F8FF0000E07E000> 32 20 -1 0 27.283] 110 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FFE07FF800FFE03FF8000F800F8000038007800001800F800000C00F000000600F000000301F000000381E0000001C1E0000 000C3E000000063C000000033C00000001FC00000001F800000000F800000000F800000000F000000001F800000001EC0000 0001E600000003E700000003C380000003C180000007C0C00000078060000007803000000F803800000F803E0000FFF0FFE0 00FFF0FFE0> 40 31 -2 0 33.787] 88 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<1F003F8071C060C0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E060C071C03F801F00> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 48 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<003F820001FFE60003E07E000F801E001F001E001E001E003C001E007C001E0078001E007803FFC0F803FFC0F8000000F800 0000F8000000F8000000F800000078000600780006007C0006003C000E001E000E001F001E000F803E0003E06E0001FFC600 003F0200> 32 26 -2 0 30.129] 71 @dc [<FFFFC0FFFFF00F00F80F007C0F003C0F003E0F003E0F003E0F003E0F003E0F007C0F00780F01F00FFFE00FFFE00F01F00F00 F80F007C0F007C0F007C0F007C0F007C0F00F80F01F0FFFFE0FFFF80> 24 26 -1 0 27.195] 66 @dc 9 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 56 45 p (1.) s 22 r (Most) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 15 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (classi\014ed) s 16 r (and) s 15 r (expressed) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (standard) s 15 r (notation.) s 56 139 p (2.) s 22 r 80 c 0 r (olicies) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ter-AD) s 14 r (connectivit) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 99 c 0 r (hange) s 14 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 14 r (slo) s 0 r (wly) s -4 r 46 c 56 233 p (3.) s 22 r (End-p) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r 116 c 14 r (sp) s 2 r (eci\014c) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (should) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (supp) s 1 r (orted.) s 0 366 p (Tw) s 0 r 111 c 13 r (primary) s 14 r (concepts) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (this) s 14 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 14 r (are) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (Policy) s 15 r 82 c -1 r (outes) s 14 r (\(PRs\)) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (and) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (Policy) s 15 r 84 c -3 r (erms) s 15 r (\(PTs\)) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 20 r 65 c 14 r (PR) s 14 r (is) s 0 422 p 97 c 15 r (series) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (ADs.) s 21 r (It) s 15 r (is,) s 15 r (essen) s 0 r (tially) s -4 r 44 c 14 r (an) s 15 r (AD-lev) s 0 r (el) s 14 r (source) s 15 r (route.) s 21 r (In) s 15 r (other) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (ords,) s 14 r (there) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r 109 c 0 r (ultiple) s 0 479 p (ph) s 0 r (ysical) s 14 r (realizations) s 14 r (of) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (PR) s 15 r (giv) s 0 r (en) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ultiple) s 14 r (ph) s 0 r (ysical) s 14 r (connections) s 14 r 98 c 2 r (et) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 14 r (ADs) s 15 r (and) s 15 r 109 c -1 r (ultiple) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (tra-) s 0 535 p (AD) s 14 r (routes.) s 20 r (The) s 14 r (actual) s 15 r (selection) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (particular) s 14 r (ph) s 0 r (ysical) s 13 r (path) s 15 r (is) s 14 r (done) s 14 r (at) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 13 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 13 r (time) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 0 591 p (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 15 r (AD,) s 15 r (rather) s 16 r (than) s 16 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 15 r (the) s 16 r (source) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (at) s 16 r (route) s 15 r (computation) s 16 r (or) s 16 r (route) s 15 r (selection) s 16 r (time.) s 0 648 p (This) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (lazy) s 18 r (evaluation) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (pro) s 0 r (vides) s 17 r (for) s 18 r 97 c 17 r (more) s 18 r (adaptiv) s 0 r 101 c 17 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (unrestricted) s 18 r (AD) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (terconnection.) s 0 704 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 14 r 84 c -3 r (erms) s 14 r (\(PTs\)) s 15 r (are) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (units) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (routing) s 15 r (information) s 15 r (exc) s 0 r (hanged) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r (comm) s 0 r (unicating) s 14 r (ADs.) s 20 r (Eac) s 0 r 104 c 0 761 p (PT) s 16 r (represen) s 0 r (ts) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (distinct) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (AD) s 15 r (that) s 16 r (expressed) s 16 r (it.) s 23 r (The) s 16 r (information) s 16 r (distributed) s 16 r (in) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (PT) s 0 817 p (can) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (represen) s -1 r (ted) s 14 r (as:) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 440 801 p (10) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 340 874 p ([\() s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 72 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 408 881 p (end) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 466 874 p 59 c 8 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 558 881 p (end) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 616 874 p 59 c 8 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 708 881 p (ent) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 761 874 p 41 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 59 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 7 r 40 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 72 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 854 881 p (end) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 912 874 p 59 c 8 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1004 881 p (end) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 1062 874 p 59 c 7 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1154 881 p (exit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1217 874 p 41 c cmmi10.329-35 @sf 0 r 59 c 7 r 85 c 5 r 67 c 4 r 73 c 3 r 59 c 8 r 67 c 3 r (onditions) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 93 c 0 930 p (The) s 18 r (purp) s 1 r (ose) s 18 r (of) s 17 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 17 r 97 c 17 r (PT) s 18 r (is) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (sp) s 2 r (ecify) s 17 r (that) s 18 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 17 r (from) s 18 r (or) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (some) s 18 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (host,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 19 r 72 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1776 938 p (end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1851 930 p (\(or) s 18 r 97 c 0 987 p (group) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (end-systems\),) s 19 r (in) s 17 r (an) s 18 r (end-p) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (AD,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 18 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 975 994 p (end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1033 987 p 44 c 18 r (are) s 18 r (allo) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ed) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (en) s 0 r (ter) s 16 r (the) s 18 r (AD) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (question) s 18 r (via) s 0 1043 p (some) s 16 r (directly) s 16 r (connected) s 15 r (AD,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 662 1050 p (ent) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 715 1043 p 44 c 16 r (and) s 16 r (exit) s 15 r (through) s 16 r (another) s 16 r (directly) s 16 r (connected) s 15 r (AD,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1810 1050 p (exit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1873 1043 p 44 c 16 r (on) s 0 1100 p (its) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 15 r (to) s 16 r (or) s 16 r (from) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (host,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r 72 c cmmi8.300-14 @sf 568 1107 p (end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 642 1100 p (\(or) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (group) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (end-systems\),) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (some) s 16 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (AD,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 16 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1766 1107 p (end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 1824 1100 p 46 c 23 r (User) s 0 1156 p (Class) s 14 r (Iden) s 0 r (ti\014er) s 12 r (\(UCI\)) s 14 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (distinguish) s 13 r 98 c 2 r (et) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 13 r 118 c -2 r (arious) s 13 r (user) s 14 r (classes,) s 14 r (e.g.,) s 14 r (Go) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (ernmen) s -2 r (t,) s 0 1212 p (Researc) s 0 r (h,) s 17 r (Commercial,) s 18 r (Con) s -1 r (tract.) s 27 r (Conditions) s 17 r (represen) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (qualit) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (of) s 18 r (service,) s 18 r (billing,) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (other) s 18 r 118 c -2 r (ari-) s 0 1269 p (ables,) s 14 r (and) s 13 r (can) s 14 r (re\015ect) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (agreemen) s -1 r (ts) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 12 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (oring) s 14 r (ADs.) s 19 r (Examples) s 14 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 14 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 13 r 84 c -3 r (erms) s 12 r (can) s 0 1325 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (found) s 16 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (14) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (10) s 0 r (].) s 71 1421 p 80 c -1 r (olicies) s 21 r (are) s 21 r (expressed) s 21 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 20 r (source,) s 23 r (destination,) s 23 r (and) s 21 r (transit) s 21 r (ADs.) s 38 r (The) s 22 r (source) s 21 r (AD) s 21 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 20 r (select) s 0 1477 p (all) s 17 r (transit) s 18 r (ADs) s 17 r (while) s 18 r (transit) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (destination) s 18 r (ADs) s 17 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (source) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (destination) s 18 r (ADs) s 17 r (can) s 0 1534 p (comm) s 0 r (unicate) s 12 r (via) s 13 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (directly) s 13 r (connected) s 14 r (ADs.) s 19 r (ADs) s 13 r (run) s 14 r (link) s 13 r (state) s 13 r (routing) s 13 r (algorithms) s 14 r (to) s 13 r (compute) s 0 1590 p (their) s 13 r (resp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r 101 c 11 r (tables) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (PRs.) s 19 r (There) s 13 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 11 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 12 r 109 c 0 r (ultiple) s 12 r (PRs) s 12 r (listed) s 13 r (for) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (same) s 13 r (destination) s 13 r (AD,) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 0 1647 p (with) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (di\013eren) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (set) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (conditions) s 16 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (its) s 15 r (use) s 16 r (\(e.g.,) s 15 r (QoS,) s 15 r (time-of-da) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 14 r (or) s 15 r (UCI\).) s 71 1742 p (Note) s 12 r (that) s 13 r (ADs) s 13 r (\(with) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (exception) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (source) s 13 r (AD\)) s 13 r (do) s 12 r (not) s 13 r (exert) s 13 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 11 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (er) s 11 r (the) s 13 r (en) s 0 r (tire) s 12 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 0 1799 p (Route.) s 32 r (Referring) s 19 r (bac) s 0 r 107 c 18 r (to) s 20 r (our) s 19 r (tra) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (el) s 18 r (analogy) s -2 r 44 c 19 r (it) s 19 r (is) s 19 r (di\016cult) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (enforce) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 19 r (that) s 19 r (are) s 19 r (based) s 20 r (on) s 0 1855 p (information) s 18 r (that) s 17 r (is) s 18 r (not) s 18 r 118 c -1 r (eri\014able) s 17 r (at) s 18 r (the) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (of) s 17 r (reference.) s 28 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 17 r (example,) s 18 r (it) s 18 r (is) s 17 r (di\016cult) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (enforce) s 0 1912 p 97 c 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (that) s 16 r (dictates) s 16 r (non-admittance) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (an) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (one) s 15 r (who) s 16 r (has) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 17 r (ever) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (passed) s 16 r (through) s 16 r (coun) s 0 r (try) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r 88 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 44 c 16 r (since) s 17 r (it) s 0 1968 p (is) s 18 r 118 c -1 r (ery) s 17 r 109 c 0 r (uc) s -1 r 104 c 16 r (dep) s 2 r (enden) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (on) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r 88 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (stamping) s 18 r (passp) s 1 r (orts) s 18 r (reliably) s -3 r 46 c 27 r (In) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -1 r 116 c 17 r (of) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (terconnected) s 0 2025 p (ADs,) s 21 r 97 c 19 r (transit) s 19 r (AD) s 20 r (can) s 19 r 118 c 0 r (erify) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (previous) s 20 r (and) s 19 r (next) s 20 r (hops) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (its) s 20 r (direct) s 19 r (connections) s 20 r (and) s 0 2081 p (the) s 15 r (feasibilit) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (emplo) s 0 r (ying) s 14 r (pairwise) s 15 r (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 14 r (with) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (relativ) s -1 r (ely) s 15 r (small) s 15 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (ors.) s 0 2138 p 86 c -3 r (erifying) s 14 r (other) s 16 r (transit) s 15 r (comp) s 1 r (onen) s 0 r (ts) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (PR) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (di\016cult,) s 16 r (if) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (imp) s 1 r (ossible.) s 71 2233 p (Eac) s -1 r 104 c 12 r (AD) s 12 r (has) s 13 r (one) s 12 r (or) s 12 r (more) s 13 r (Route) s 12 r (Serv) s 0 r (er) s 11 r (\(RS\),) s 13 r (an) s 12 r (en) s 0 r (tit) s -1 r 121 c 11 r (that) s 13 r (collects) s 12 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 11 r (Routing) s 13 r (information) s 0 2290 p (from) s 14 r (other) s 15 r (ADs,) s 14 r (distributes) s 15 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 14 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 14 r (information) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (other) s 14 r (ADs) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (computes,) s 14 r (as) s 15 r 119 c -1 r (ell) s 14 r (as) s 14 r (issues,) s 0 2346 p (PRs) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 20 r (end-systems.) s 31 r (Actual) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 19 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (is) s 19 r (done) s 19 r (at) s 19 r 97 c 19 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 18 r (Gatew) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 18 r (\(PG\)) s 20 r (whic) s -1 r (h,) s 0 2403 p (in) s 15 r (addition) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (usual) s 15 r (task) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets,) s 15 r (handles) s 15 r 118 c -1 r (alidation) s 14 r (and) s 16 r 118 c -1 r (eri\014cation) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (PRs) s 0 2459 p (attac) s 0 r (hed) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (incoming) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 672 2442 p (11) s 0 2499 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2525 p (10) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2541 p (This) s 10 r (is) s 11 r 97 c 10 r (simpli\014ed) s 10 r 118 c 0 r (ersion) s 10 r (of) s 10 r (the) s 10 r (actual) s 11 r (PT) s 10 r (format) s 10 r (used) s 11 r (in) s 10 r (the) s 10 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s 17 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 10 r (the) s 11 r (di\013erences) s 10 r (are) s 10 r (not) s 11 r (relev) s -2 r (an) s -1 r 116 c 0 2587 p (to) s 13 r (this) s 13 r (discussion.) s cmr6.300-4 @sf 37 2617 p (11) s cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2633 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 12 r (Gatew) s 0 r 97 c -1 r (ys) s 12 r (\(PGs\)) s 12 r (corresp) s 1 r (ond) s 13 r (to) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (order) s 13 r (routers) s 13 r (in) s 12 r (BGP) s -2 r 46 c 12 r (They) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (erform) s 13 r (lev) s 0 r (el) s 11 r (three) s 13 r (routing) s 13 r (functions.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 57 c @eop 8 @bop0 cmmi8.300-14 @sf [<FF07FE7F87FE0E00F00600F00600F00300F003FFF001FFF000C1F000C1F00061E00071E00031E00019E00019E0000DE0000D E00007E00003E00003E00001E00001C00000C0> 24 23 -1 0 26.428] 65 @dc [<FFFF8000FFFFE0000F01F0000F0078000F003C000F003C0007801E0007801E0007801E0007803C0003C07C0003FFF80003FF F00003C07C0001E01E0001E00F0001E00F0001E0070000F0070000F00F0000F01F0007FFFE0007FFF800> 32 23 -1 0 26.613] 66 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FE00007F00006000006000006000003000003000003000003000001800001800001800001800000C00000C00000C00000C00 0006000006000006000006000003000003000003000003000001800001800001800001800000C00000C00000C00000C00000 6000006000006000006000003000003000003000003000001800001800001FC0001FC0> 24 45 -2 11 13.939] 91 @dc [<FFC0060000FFE00600000E000F000006000F000006000F000006000F000003001F800003001F800003001F800003003D8000 01803CC00001803CC000018078C000018078C00000C078600000C0F0600000C0F0600000C0F060000061E030000061E03000 0061E030000063C030000033C018000033C018000033C018000037801800001F800C00001F800C00001F001E0001FF00FFE0 01FF00FFE0> 40 31 -3 0 33.787] 78 @dc [<FFFFC000FFFFF00007807C0007801E0007800F80078007C003C003C003C001E003C000F003C000F001E0007801E0007C01E0 007C01E0007C00F0003E00F0003E00F0003E00F0003E0078001E0078001E0078001E0078001E003C001E003C001E003C001E 003C003C001E003C001E0078001E01F001FFFFE001FFFF80> 32 31 -3 0 34.317] 68 @dc [<FE00007F000003000003000003000001800001800001800001800000C00000C00000C00000C0000060000060000060000060 00003000003000003000003000001800001800001800001800000C00000C00000C00000C0000060000060000060000060000 03000003000003000003000001800001800001800001800000C00000C0001FC0001FC0> 24 45 2 11 13.939] 93 @dc [<FFFFFFE0FFFFFFF000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003FFFFFFC3FFFFFF8> 32 12 -5 -5 34.847] 61 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<0FC03FF07838700CE00EE00EE00EE03E70FC3DFC1FF80FE03FF03F387C1C700C600C600C30381FF007C0> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 56 @dc cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFFF80FFFF80FFFF8007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F0 0007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F00007F000FFFF80FFFF80FFFF80> 24 31 -1 0 19.823] 73 @dc cmr8.300-13 @sf [<1F803FC070F078387838301C001C021E1FDE3FFE703E703EF01EF01EF01EF01CF01C703838381FF007C0> 16 21 -1 0 17.642] 57 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<FFFFF800FFFFF8000780FC0007803C0007801C0007800E0003C0060003C0060003C0030003C0030001E0018001E0018001E0 000001E0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000F0000000780000007800000078000000780000003C0000003C0000003C0000 003C0000001E0000001E0000001E000001FFF80001FFF800> 32 31 -3 0 28.509] 76 @dc [<81F80000C7FE0000EE0780007801C0007800E000700060007000700030003000300038003000380000003800000038000000 3800000078000001F800001FF000007FF00001FFE00001FF800003F8000003C0000003800000038000000380030003800300 038003000180030001C0078000E0078000700F80003C1D80001FF8C00007E040> 32 33 -3 1 25.555] 83 @dc cmr6.300-4 @sf [<1F003F8071C0E0E0E0E0E0E073E03FC01F803F8079C060C060C061C03F801F00> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 56 @dc [<3E007F00738071C000C008E03EE07FE0E1E0E0E0E0E0E0E0E0C071C03F801F00> 16 16 -1 0 15.220] 57 @dc 8 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (ture.) s 29 r (Neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (oring) s 18 r (no) s 1 r (des) s 18 r (exc) s 0 r (hange) s 17 r (reac) s 0 r (habilit) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (information) s 18 r (for) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 18 r (destination) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (form) s 0 102 p (of) s 20 r (distance) s 19 r (metrics) s 20 r (corresp) s 1 r (onding) s 20 r (to) s 19 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 19 r (next) s 19 r (hop.) s 34 r (No) s 1 r (des) s 20 r (do) s 20 r (not) s 19 r (exc) s 0 r (hange) s 19 r (information) s 19 r (ab) s 1 r (out) s 0 158 p (subsequen) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (hops) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (destination.) s 25 r (BGP) s 16 r (augmen) s 0 r (ts) s 16 r (this) s 16 r (traditional) s 17 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 16 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 16 r (distributing) s 17 r (full) s 0 214 p (AD-lev) s 0 r (el) s 16 r (paths.) s 26 r (In) s 17 r (other) s 17 r 119 c 0 r (ords,) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (destination) s 17 r (adv) s 0 r (ertised,) s 17 r (no) s 1 r (des) s 17 r (sp) s 1 r (ecify) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (AD-lev) s 0 r (el) s 16 r (path) s 0 271 p (to) s 19 r (that) s 19 r (destination.) s 33 r (As) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (result,) s 20 r (BGP) s 20 r (pro) s -1 r (vides) s 19 r (less) s 19 r (information) s 19 r (hiding) s 19 r (in) s 19 r (return) s 20 r (for) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (abilit) s 0 r 121 c 0 327 p (to) s 17 r (detect) s 17 r (routing) s 17 r (lo) s 1 r (ops) s 17 r (quic) s 0 r (kly) s -4 r 46 c 25 r (By) s 17 r (using) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (full) s 17 r (AD) s 17 r (path) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (detect) s 17 r (lo) s 1 r (ops) s 17 r (BGP) s 17 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (oids) s 16 r (imp) s 2 r (osing) s 0 384 p (top) s 1 r (ological) s 17 r (restrictions) s 17 r (on) s 16 r (AD) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (terconnection) s 15 r (\(suc) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (as) s 16 r (those) s 17 r (imp) s 1 r (osed) s 17 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r (EGP\).) s 17 r (In) s 16 r (addition,) s 17 r (AD) s 0 440 p (path) s 15 r (information) s 15 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (used) s 15 r (as) s 15 r 97 c 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 15 r (criterion) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (route) s 15 r (selection.) s 71 536 p (BGP) s 14 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 13 r (for) s 14 r (limited) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy-based) s 14 r (route) s 15 r (selection.) s 20 r (Eac) s -1 r 104 c 14 r (AD's) s 14 r (BGP) s 14 r (router) s 15 r (can) s 14 r (select) s 14 r (its) s 15 r (next) s 0 592 p (hop) s 19 r (based) s 19 r (on) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (information) s 19 r (pro) s -1 r (vided) s 19 r (in) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (full) s 19 r (AD) s 19 r (path,) s 20 r (in) s 19 r (addition) s 19 r (to) s 20 r (the) s 19 r (distance) s 19 r (metric.) s 0 649 p 70 c -3 r (or) s 16 r (example,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 18 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 349 656 p 65 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 395 649 p (can) s 17 r (reject) s 17 r (all) s 17 r (routes) s 18 r (through) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 17 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1057 656 p 66 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1087 649 p 46 c 27 r (On) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (other) s 17 r (hand,) s 18 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 17 r (AD) s 17 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 16 r (apply) s 0 705 p (the) s 14 r (same) s 15 r (route) s 14 r (selection) s 15 r (decision) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (all) s 14 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (sources,) s 14 r (including) s 15 r (itself.) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 13 r (example,) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 1759 712 p 65 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1802 705 p (can) s 14 r (not) s 0 762 p (reject) s 12 r (all) s 12 r (routes) s 12 r (through) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 13 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 557 769 p 66 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 599 762 p (for) s 12 r (itself) s 12 r (without) s 12 r (a\013ecting) s 13 r (its) s 12 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (ors,) s 13 r (and) s 12 r (vice) s 12 r 118 c 0 r (ersa.) s 18 r (Similarly) s -3 r 44 c 12 r (an) s 0 818 p (AD) s 14 r (can) s 14 r (not) s 14 r (apply) s 14 r (one) s 14 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (one) s 14 r (neigh) s 0 r 98 c 0 r (or) s 14 r (and) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (second) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 15 r (to) s 14 r (another) s 14 r (neigh) s -1 r 98 c 1 r (or.) s 20 r (Since) s 14 r (BGP) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 875 p (was) s 15 r (not) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (in) s -1 r (tended) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (implemen) s 0 r 116 c 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (that) s 14 r (discriminate) s 14 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 13 r (tra\016c) s 14 r (end-p) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r (ts) s 14 r (with) s 14 r (arbitrary) s 0 931 p (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -2 r 121 c -3 r 44 c 14 r (the) s 15 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -2 r (es) s 15 r (its) s 15 r (goals) s 15 r 91 c 0 r 54 c 0 r (].) s 71 1027 p (Eac) s -1 r 104 c 21 r (BGP) s 21 r (router) s 21 r (can) s 21 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 22 r (con\014gured) s 21 r (according) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (its) s 22 r (AD's) s 21 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 21 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s -3 r 46 c 37 r (Ev) s 0 r (en) s 20 r (though) s 21 r (lo) s 2 r (cal) s 0 1083 p 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (is) s 16 r (not) s 17 r (distributed) s 17 r (among) s 16 r (ADs,) s 17 r (it) s 17 r (is) s 16 r (represen) s 0 r (ted) s 16 r (in) s 16 r 97 c 17 r (univ) s 0 r (ersal) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r 112 c -1 r (olicy) s 17 r (language) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c 24 r 65 c 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (in) s 0 1140 p (this) s 15 r (language) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (an) s 16 r (expression:) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 635 1196 p ([Network-list,AD-p) s -2 r (ath]=pr) s -2 r (efer) s -2 r (enc) s -3 r 101 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 1292 p (The) s 16 r (seman) s -1 r (tics) s 15 r (of) s 16 r 97 c 16 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 16 r (are) s 16 r (as) s 16 r (follo) s -1 r (ws:) s 21 r (if) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (routing) s 16 r (up) s 2 r (date) s 16 r (for) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 16 r (Network-list) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1348 p (is) s 14 r (receiv) s 0 r (ed) s 13 r (via) s 14 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (AD-p) s -2 r (ath) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 13 r (and) s 15 r (its) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 14 r (pr) s -1 r (efer) s -3 r (enc) s -2 r 101 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 13 r (metric) s 14 r (is) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (etter) s 14 r (than) s 14 r (that) s 14 r (of) s 15 r 97 c 14 r (path) s 14 r (curren) s 0 r (tly) s 13 r (in) s 14 r (use,) s 0 1405 p (then,) s 15 r (this) s 15 r (up) s 2 r (date) s 15 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (redistributed) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (all) s 15 r (ADs.) s 71 1500 p (The) s 18 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (ternational) s 17 r (standard) s 18 r (augmen) s -1 r (ts) s 17 r (the) s 19 r (BGP) s 18 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 18 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 17 r (including) s 18 r (\(among) s 18 r (other) s 0 1557 p (features\)) s 15 r (distribution) s 16 r (lists) s 15 r (along) s 15 r (with) s 16 r (route) s 15 r (information) s 15 r 91 c 0 r 50 c 0 r (].) s 21 r (The) s 16 r (list) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (inclusiv) s -1 r 101 c 15 r (or) s 15 r (exclusiv) s 0 r 101 c 0 1613 p (and) s 18 r (is) s 17 r (propagated) s 18 r (along) s 18 r (with) s 17 r (next) s 18 r (hop) s 18 r (and) s 17 r (full-AD) s 18 r (path) s 17 r (information.) s 28 r (Eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r 98 c 1 r (order) s 17 r (router) s 18 r (along) s 0 1669 p 97 c 16 r (path) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (further) s 15 r (restrict) s 16 r 97 c 15 r (distribution) s 16 r (list) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (efore) s 16 r (adv) s -1 r (ertising) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (route,) s 15 r (i.e.,) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (ma) s -1 r 121 c 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (deleted) s 0 1726 p (from) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (inclusiv) s 0 r 101 c 14 r (list) s 15 r (or) s 15 r (added) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (exclusiv) s 0 r 101 c 14 r (list,) s 15 r (but) s 15 r (according) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (col) s 15 r (no) s 15 r (router) s 15 r (can) s 15 r (relax) s 0 1782 p (or) s 15 r (ignore) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (list.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 344 1766 p 56 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1942 p (3.2.2) s 70 r (IDPR) s 17 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 16 r (Routing) s 18 r (Prop) s 1 r (osal) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2067 p (An) s 21 r (alternativ) s 0 r 101 c 21 r (arc) s -1 r (hitecture) s 21 r (for) s 21 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 21 r (routing) s 22 r (has) s 21 r 98 c 1 r (een) s 22 r (dev) s 0 r (elop) s 0 r (ed) s 21 r (to) s 22 r (supp) s 1 r (ort) s 22 r 97 c 21 r (wider) s 22 r (range) s 21 r (of) s 0 2123 p 112 c 1 r (olicies;) s 12 r (with) s 11 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s 10 r (that) s 10 r (represen) s 0 r 116 c 9 r 97 c 11 r (more) s 10 r (radical) s 10 r (departure) s 11 r (from) s 10 r (existing) s 10 r (routing) s 11 r (tec) s -1 r (hniques.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1930 2106 p 57 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2179 p (The) s 19 r (In) s 0 r (ter-Domain) s 18 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 18 r (Routing) s 19 r (\(IDPR\)) s 19 r (prop) s 1 r (osal) s 20 r (allo) s -1 r (ws) s 18 r (stub) s 20 r (and) s 19 r (transit) s 19 r (ADs) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (express) s 19 r (and) s 0 2236 p (exc) s 0 r (hange) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 14 r (routing) s 14 r (and) s 14 r (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicies.) s 20 r (The) s 15 r (most) s 14 r (distinguishing) s 14 r (feature) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (this) s 14 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 0 2292 p (is) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (use) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (AD-lev) s 0 r (el) s 14 r (source) s 14 r (routing.) s 21 r (It) s 14 r (uses) s 15 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (Link) s 16 r (State) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r (algorithm) s 14 r 91 c 0 r (30) s 0 r 93 c 15 r (to) s 15 r (compute) s 15 r (source) s 15 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 0 2349 p (Routes) s 15 r (\(PRs\)) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (ADs.) s 20 r (Eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (AD) s 15 r (expresses) s 15 r (its) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 15 r (standar) s -1 r 100 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (form,) s 15 r (called) s 0 2405 p 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 11 r 84 c -2 r (erms) s 11 r (\(PTs\),) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (distributes) s 13 r (them) s 12 r (to) s 13 r (other) s 13 r (ADs.) s 19 r (Eac) s 0 r 104 c 12 r (AD) s 12 r (designates) s 13 r (sp) s 1 r (ecial) s 13 r (Route) s 12 r (Serv) s 0 r (ers) s 0 2462 p (\(RSs\)) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (collect) s 18 r (PTs) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (compute) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (routes) s 18 r (for) s 18 r (constituen) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (users.) s 29 r (The) s 18 r (basic) s 18 r (assumptions) s 18 r (of) s 0 2518 p (this) s 15 r (mo) s 1 r (del) s 16 r (are:) s 0 2549 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2576 p 56 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2592 p (The) s 13 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 13 r (standard) s 13 r (includes) s 12 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 12 r (other) s 13 r (extensions) s 13 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (are) s 13 r (not) s 13 r (directly) s 13 r (relev) s -1 r (an) s -1 r 116 c 11 r (to) s 13 r (our) s 13 r (discussion.) s cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2621 p 57 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2637 p (This) s 13 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 12 r 119 c 0 r (as) s 11 r (\014rst) s 13 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 12 r (D.) s 13 r (Clark) s 12 r (in) s 13 r 91 c 0 r (10) s 0 r (].) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 56 c @eop 7 @bop0 cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFFFFF00FFFFFFE0FFFFFFF007E007F807E003FC07E001FC07E001FE07E001FE07E001FE07E001FE07E001FE07E001FC07E0 01FC07E003F807E007F007FFFFE007FFFF8007E01FE007E007F007E003F807E003FC07E003FC07E003FC07E003FC07E003FC 07E003FC07E003F807E007F0FFFFFFE0FFFFFFC0FFFFFE00> 32 31 -2 0 37.183] 66 @dc [<0007FC0600003FFF9E0000FFFFFE0003FE01FE0007F800FE000FE000FE001FC000FE003F8000FE003F8000FE007F8000FE00 7F0000FE007F007FFFE0FF007FFFE0FF007FFFE0FF00000000FF00000000FF00000000FF00000000FF000000007F00000E00 7F00000E007F80000E003F80001E003F80001E001FC0003E000FE0007E0007F800FE0003FE03FE0000FFFFDE00003FFF0E00 0007FC0600> 40 31 -3 0 41.097] 71 @dc [<007803C000007803C00000FC07E00000FC07E00000FC07E00001FE0FF00001FE0FF00001FE0FF00003F71FB80003F71F3800 07F7BF3C0007E3BE1C0007E3BE1C000FE3FE1E000FC1FC0E000FC1FC0E001F80FC0700FFE7FF3FE0FFE7FF3FE0FFE7FF3FE0> 40 20 -1 0 37.751] 119 @dc cmr9.300-18 @sf [<FFFFF8FFFFF80F00780F001C0F001C0F000C0F000C0F000C0F00060F03060F03000F03000F07000FFF000FFF000F07000F03 000F030C0F030C0F000C0F001C0F00180F00380F0078FFFFF8FFFFF8> 24 26 -1 0 26.128] 69 @dc [<07FF0007FF00007800007800007800007800007800FFFF00FFFF00E078007078003078003878001C78000C78000678000778 0003780001F80001F80000F800007800007800003800> 24 24 -1 0 19.198] 52 @dc 7 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (routing) s 22 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 22 r (in) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (next) s 23 r (section) s 22 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 21 r (return) s 23 r (to) s 22 r (the) s 23 r (problem) s 22 r (of) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r (secure) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 22 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 21 r (of) s 23 r (transit) s 0 102 p (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (tra\016c.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 262 p (3.2) s 75 r 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 18 r (Routing) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 387 p (As) s 20 r (describ) s 1 r (ed) s 19 r (earlier,) s 21 r (the) s 20 r (cen) s -1 r (tral) s 19 r (goal) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r (tra\016c) s 19 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 18 r (is) s 20 r (to) s 20 r (allo) s -1 r 119 c 19 r (ADs) s 19 r (to) s 20 r (indep) s 1 r (enden) s 0 r (tly) s 0 443 p (express) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (enforce) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 13 r (regarding) s 13 r (transit) s 13 r (tra\016c.) s 19 r (Our) s 13 r (discussion) s 13 r (in) s 13 r (the) s 12 r (previous) s 13 r (section) s 13 r (demon-) s 0 500 p (strates) s 13 r (that) s 14 r (transit) s 13 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 12 r (is) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (timately) s 12 r (related) s 14 r (to) s 13 r (In) s 0 r (ter-Administrativ) s -1 r 101 c 12 r (Domain) s 13 r (Routing.) s 20 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 12 r (refer) s 0 556 p (to) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (ter-domain) s 15 r (routing) s 16 r (that) s 16 r (incorp) s 1 r (orates) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 16 r (constrain) s 0 r (ts) s 15 r (as) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 16 r (routing) s 16 r (\(PR\).) s 16 r (In) s -1 r (ter-domain) s 0 612 p (routing) s 15 r (constitutes) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (highest) s 16 r (lev) s -1 r (el) s 14 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (OSI) s 15 r (routing) s 15 r (hierarc) s 0 r 104 c -1 r 121 c 14 r (as) s 15 r (de\014ned) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (36) s 0 r (].) s 71 708 p (In) s 12 r (this) s 13 r (section) s 13 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 11 r (summarize) s 13 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 11 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 12 r (to) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 13 r (routing.) s 19 r (The) s 13 r (\014rst) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (Border) s 13 r (Gatew) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 0 764 p (Proto) s 1 r (col) s 20 r (\(BGP\)[) s 0 r (28) s 0 r 93 c 20 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 18 r (is) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (tended) s 19 r (to) s 20 r (supp) s 1 r (ort) s 20 r 97 c 19 r (limited) s 20 r (notion) s 20 r (of) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s -3 r 46 c 33 r (The) s 20 r (second) s 20 r (is) s 20 r (the) s 0 821 p (In) s 0 r (ter-Domain) s 16 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 16 r (Routing) s 18 r (\(IDPR\)) s 17 r (prop) s 2 r (osal) s 17 r (designed) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (supp) s 1 r (ort) s 18 r (more) s 17 r (general) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicies[) s 0 r (24) s 0 r 44 c 17 r (45) s 0 r (].) s 0 877 p (\(F) s -3 r (or) s 14 r (further) s 16 r (comparison) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ter-AD) s 14 r (routing) s 15 r (arc) s 0 r (hitectures) s 14 r (see) s 15 r 91 c 0 r 55 c 0 r (].\)) s 71 973 p 80 c -1 r (olicy) s 11 r (routing) s 12 r (op) s 1 r (erates) s 12 r (at) s 12 r (the) s 11 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 11 r (la) s -1 r 121 c -1 r (er.) s 18 r (In) s 12 r 98 c 1 r (oth) s 12 r (example) s 12 r (arc) s -1 r (hitectures,) s 12 r (only) s 12 r 98 c 1 r (order) s 12 r (routers) s 0 1029 p (and) s 14 r (asso) s 2 r (ciated) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ter-domain) s 13 r (route) s 15 r (serv) s -1 r (ers) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (directly) s 15 r (a\013ected) s 14 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (the) s 15 r (presence) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ter-domain) s 0 1086 p (routing) s 20 r (proto) s 1 r (cols.) s 36 r (End-systems) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (terior) s 19 r (routers) s 20 r (can) s 21 r (con) s -1 r (tin) s -1 r (ue) s 19 r (emplo) s 0 r (ying) s 19 r (whatev) s 0 r (er) s 19 r (in) s 0 r (ternet-) s 0 1142 p 119 c 0 r (orking) s 18 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 20 r (desired) s 19 r (within) s 20 r (their) s 19 r (particular) s 20 r (ADs.) s 33 r (Border) s 20 r (routers) s 19 r (op) s 1 r (erate) s 20 r (on) s 19 r 98 c 2 r (ehalf) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (the) s 0 1199 p (end-systems.) s 28 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 17 r (this) s 18 r (reason,) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (term) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 17 r (sour) s -1 r 99 c -2 r 101 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (hereafter) s 18 r (refers) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (the) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (order) s 18 r (router) s 18 r (in) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (AD) s 18 r (of) s 0 1255 p (the) s 15 r (source) s 15 r (end-system.) s 71 1351 p (In) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (remainder) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (this) s 17 r (section) s 17 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 16 r (pro) s 0 r (vide) s 16 r (brief) s 17 r (descriptions) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (the) s 16 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 16 r (in) s 0 r (ter-domain) s 15 r (routing) s 0 1407 p (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 15 r (as) s 16 r (bac) s -1 r (kground) s 14 r (to) s 16 r (Section) s 15 r (4.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1566 p (3.2.1) s 70 r (Border) s 17 r (Gatew) s 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 17 r (Proto) s 1 r (col) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1691 p (BGP) s 19 r (is) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (recen) s 0 r (tly) s 18 r (prop) s 1 r (osed) s 19 r (addition) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (In) s 0 r (ternet) s 17 r (Proto) s 2 r (col) s 19 r (family[) s 0 r (28) s 0 r (].) s 31 r (It) s 19 r 119 c 0 r (as) s 18 r (designed) s 19 r (to) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 0 1747 p 97 c 17 r (successor) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 16 r (Exterior) s 17 r (Gatew) s 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 16 r (Proto) s 1 r (col) s 17 r (\(EGP\)[) s 0 r (41) s 0 r 93 c 17 r (and) s 16 r 97 c 17 r 118 c -1 r (arian) s -2 r 116 c 16 r (has) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (een) s 17 r (submitted) s 17 r (as) s 17 r (an) s 0 1804 p (in) s 0 r (ternational) s 19 r (standard[) s 0 r 50 c 0 r (].) s 37 r (Its) s 20 r (foremost) s 21 r (goal) s 21 r (is) s 20 r (to) s 21 r (pro) s -1 r (vide) s 20 r (e\016cien) s 0 r 116 c 19 r (and) s 21 r (robust) s 21 r (In) s -1 r (ter-AD) s 20 r (routing) s 0 1860 p (with) s 17 r (rapid) s 18 r (con) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (ergence) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (lo) s 1 r (op) s 18 r (detection) s 17 r (for) s 18 r (arbitrary) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 17 r (top) s 1 r (ologies) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1606 1844 p 55 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1626 1860 p 46 c 27 r (In) s 18 r (addition,) s 18 r (it) s 0 1916 p (pro) s 0 r (vides) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicy-based) s 17 r (distribution) s 18 r (of) s 17 r (routing) s 17 r (information.) s 26 r (It) s 17 r (is) s 18 r (aimed) s 17 r (mainly) s 17 r (at) s 17 r (transit) s 17 r (ADs) s 18 r (and) s 0 1973 p (can) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ter-op) s 0 r (erate) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (other) s 16 r (routing) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (cols.) s 71 2069 p (BGP) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (designed) s 15 r (under) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (follo) s 0 r (wing) s 14 r (assumptions:) s 56 2197 p (1.) s 22 r 80 c 0 r (olicies) s 16 r (can) s 17 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (expressed) s 16 r (using) s 17 r (information) s 17 r (ab) s 1 r (out) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (full) s 17 r (AD) s 16 r (path) s 17 r (that) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (ets) s 16 r (will) s 17 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (el) s 114 2254 p (to) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (destination.) s 56 2346 p (2.) s 22 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (apply) s 15 r (uniformly) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (all) s 15 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r (ts.) s 0 2475 p (BGP) s 15 r (uses) s 15 r (hop-b) s 0 r (y-hop) s 14 r (routing) s 16 r (and) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (distance) s 15 r 118 c 0 r (ector) s 14 r (algorithm) s 16 r (for) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (next) s 15 r (hop) s 15 r (selection[) s 0 r (29) s 0 r (].) s 21 r (One) s 0 2532 p (common) s 23 r 98 c 1 r (ene\014t) s 22 r (of) s 23 r (traditional) s 22 r (distance) s 23 r 118 c 0 r (ector) s 21 r (algorithms) s 23 r (is) s 22 r (the) s 23 r (abilit) s 0 r 121 c 21 r (to) s 23 r (hide) s 22 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 21 r (struc-) s 0 2569 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2596 p 55 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2612 p (BGP) s 10 r (and) s 10 r (EGP) s 9 r (use) s 10 r (the) s 10 r (term) s 10 r (Autonomous) s 9 r (System) s 10 r (and) s 10 r (Routing) s 10 r (Domain.) s 16 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 9 r (use) s 10 r (the) s 10 r (term) s 9 r (Administrativ) s 0 r 101 c 9 r (Domain.) s 0 2658 p (They) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (not) s 14 r (completely) s 14 r (equiv) s -1 r (alen) s -1 r 116 c 13 r (but) s 13 r (for) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (sak) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (of) s 14 r (this) s 14 r (discussion) s 14 r (can) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (in) s 0 r (terc) s -1 r (hanged.) s 19 r (See) s 14 r 91 c 0 r (28) s 0 r 44 c 14 r (14) s 0 r 93 c 14 r (for) s 14 r (further) s 0 2704 p (discussion.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 55 c @eop 6 @bop0 cmr9.300-18 @sf [<FFC30FFF00FFC78FFF001E0780F0000C0780F0000C0FC0F0000C0FC0F0000C0FC0F0000C1E60F0000C1E60F0000C1E60F000 0C3C30F0000C3C30F0000C3C30F0000C7818F0000C7818F0000C7818F0000CF00CF0000CF00CF0000CF00CF0000DE006F000 0DE006F0000DE006F0000FC003F0000FC003F000FFC003FF00FF8001FF00> 40 26 -1 0 35.191] 77 @dc 6 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (host) s 18 r (pro) s 1 r (ceeds) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (use) s 17 r (these) s 18 r 107 c 0 r (eys) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (generate) s 17 r (stamps) s 18 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (it) s 18 r (places) s 17 r (on) s 18 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 17 r (outb) s 1 r (ound) s 18 r (datagram.) s 0 102 p (Th) s 0 r (us,) s 16 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 16 r (datagram) s 17 r (carries) s 16 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 15 r (stamps:) s 24 r (one) s 16 r (that) s 17 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 15 r (it) s 17 r (to) s 16 r (exit) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 16 r (AD,) s 17 r (and,) s 17 r (the) s 17 r (other,) s 0 158 p (that) s 16 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 15 r (it) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (en) s -1 r (ter) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (destination) s 16 r (AD.) s 16 r (Border) s 16 r (routers) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 15 r (ADs) s 16 r (pro) s 1 r (ceed) s 16 r (to) s 16 r 118 c 0 r (erify) s 15 r (the) s 0 214 p 118 c -2 r (alidit) s -1 r 121 c 17 r (of) s 17 r (their) s 18 r (resp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r 101 c 16 r (visas) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (pass) s 17 r (datagrams) s 18 r (un) s -1 r (til) s 17 r 97 c 18 r (visa) s 17 r (expires) s 18 r (or) s 17 r (is) s 18 r (otherwise) s 17 r (rev) s 0 r (ok) s -1 r (ed.) s 0 271 p (If) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 20 r (is) s 22 r 116 c -1 r 119 c -1 r (o-w) s -1 r 97 c -1 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 22 r (visa-k) s -1 r (eys) s 21 r (are) s 21 r (issued) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (the) s 22 r (destination) s 21 r (host) s 21 r (as) s 21 r 119 c 0 r (ell,) s 22 r (and) s 21 r (the) s 0 327 p (authorization) s 15 r (pro) s 1 r (cedure) s 16 r (is) s 15 r (symmetric.) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r (further) s 15 r (details) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (Visa) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (see) s 16 r 91 c 0 r (13) s 0 r (].) s 71 423 p (The) s 13 r (pro) s 1 r (cess) s 14 r (of) s 13 r (establishing) s 13 r (authorization) s 14 r (in) s 13 r (Visa-con) s 0 r (trolled,) s 13 r (transit) s 13 r (ADs) s 13 r (is) s 14 r (essen) s -1 r (tially) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (same) s 0 479 p (as) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (stub) s 16 r (ADs) s 17 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (Visa) s 17 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s 24 r (The) s 16 r (ma) s 3 r (jor) s 16 r (di\013erence) s 17 r (is) s 16 r (that) s 17 r (the) s 16 r (source) s 16 r (host) s 17 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 16 r (obtain) s 16 r 97 c 0 536 p (transit) s 13 r (visa) s 12 r (for) s 13 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (transit) s 13 r (AD) s 13 r (that) s 12 r (requires) s 13 r (one,) s 13 r (in) s 13 r (addition) s 13 r (to) s 12 r (obtaining) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (pair) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (exit/en) s 0 r (try) s 11 r (visas) s 0 592 p (from) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 176 599 p (sr) s 1 r 99 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 239 592 p (and) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 12 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 395 600 p (dst) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 445 592 p 46 c 19 r (In) s 12 r (the) s 12 r 119 c 0 r (orst) s 11 r (case,) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (transit) s 12 r (AD's) s 12 r 65 c 0 r (CS) s 11 r (will) s 12 r (conduct) s 12 r (an) s 12 r (authorization) s 12 r (and) s 0 649 p (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 10 r (pro) s 2 r (cedure) s 11 r 98 c 2 r (efore) s 11 r (issuing) s 12 r 97 c 12 r (transit) s 11 r (visa,) s 13 r (and,) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 10 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 11 r (will) s 11 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 10 r (to) s 12 r (carry) s 12 r 97 c 11 r (separate) s 0 705 p (visa) s 12 r (for) s 12 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 11 r (in) s 0 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 11 r (AD.) s 12 r (Of) s 12 r (course,) s 13 r (transit) s 12 r (ADs) s 12 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 11 r 99 c 0 r (ho) s 0 r (ose) s 12 r (to) s 13 r (issue) s 12 r (visas) s 12 r (automatically) s -3 r 44 c 12 r (or) s 12 r (not) s 0 762 p (require) s 16 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (visas) s 16 r (at) s 17 r (all) s 16 r (where) s 17 r (transit) s 16 r (tra\016c) s 17 r (is) s 16 r (concerned.) s 24 r 70 c -2 r (urthermore,) s 15 r (ADs) s 17 r (could) s 16 r (program) s 17 r (their) s 0 818 p 65 c 0 r (CSs) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (obtain) s 17 r (and) s 18 r (issue) s 18 r (transit) s 18 r (visa-k) s 0 r (eys) s 17 r (in) s 18 r (adv) s -2 r (ance) s 17 r (of) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (actual) s 18 r (comm) s 0 r (unication.) s 27 r (This) s 18 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 0 875 p (reduce) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (setup) s 19 r (dela) s 0 r 121 c 18 r (at) s 19 r (connection) s 18 r (establishmen) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (time.) s 32 r (On) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (other) s 19 r (hand,) s 20 r (suc) s -1 r 104 c 18 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 0 931 p (increase) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (problems) s 15 r (asso) s 2 r (ciated) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (visas) s 15 r (expiring) s 15 r 98 c 2 r (efore,) s 15 r (or) s 15 r (while,) s 15 r (they) s 15 r (are) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (use.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1694 915 p 53 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1714 931 p 46 c 71 1027 p (The) s 19 r (use) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (Visa) s 20 r (for) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r (con) s -1 r (trol) s 19 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 20 r (appropriate) s 20 r (if:) s 29 r (\(i\)) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 20 r (are) s 20 r (as) s 20 r (div) s 0 r (erse) s 0 1083 p (as) s 17 r (stub) s 16 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies,) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (\(ii\)) s 16 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 16 r 99 c 0 r (hange) s 15 r (frequen) s 0 r (tly) s -4 r 46 c 24 r (The) s 16 r (former) s 17 r (limits) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (practicalit) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (of) s 0 1140 p (expressing) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (in) s 16 r 97 c 16 r (simple) s 15 r (univ) s 0 r (ersal) s 14 r (syn) s 0 r (tax.) s 21 r (The) s 15 r (second) s 16 r (assumption) s 15 r (also) s 16 r (mak) s 0 r (es) s 14 r (it) s 16 r (impractical) s 0 1196 p (to) s 17 r (distribute) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 17 r (in) s 17 r (the) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 15 r (that) s 17 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 16 r (distribute) s 17 r (connectivit) s -1 r 121 c 16 r (information,) s 17 r (for) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (fear) s 17 r (of) s 16 r (using) s 0 1252 p (stale) s 13 r (route) s 13 r (information) s 13 r (or) s 13 r (incurring) s 13 r (excessiv) s 0 r 101 c 12 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 12 r (due) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (frequen) s 0 r 116 c 12 r (information) s 13 r (up) s 1 r (dates.) s 20 r (These) s 0 1309 p (assumptions) s 16 r (result) s 16 r (in) s 15 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (teresting) s 14 r (features) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (transit) s 16 r (Visa.) s 22 r (First,) s 16 r (organizational) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 15 r (are) s 0 1365 p (em) s 0 r 98 c 0 r 111 c 1 r (died) s 17 r (in) s 17 r 65 c 0 r (CSs) s 15 r (and) s 17 r (are) s 17 r (not) s 17 r (propagated) s 16 r (outside;) s 18 r (hence,) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (wide) s 17 r (range) s 17 r (of) s 16 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 16 r (statemen) s 0 r (ts) s 16 r (can) s 0 1422 p 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (accommo) s 2 r (dated.) s 23 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 15 r 118 c 0 r (ery) s 15 r (little) s 16 r (co) s 1 r (ordination) s 17 r (among) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (\(b) s 1 r (ey) s 0 r (ond) s 15 r (that) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (Visa) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 0 1478 p (for) s 15 r (stub) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (orks\)) s 14 r (is) s 15 r (required) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (implemen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (this) s 15 r (proto) s 2 r (col.) s 71 1574 p (Although) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (extension) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (Visa) s 21 r (concept) s 20 r (to) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 19 r (is) s 20 r (rather) s 21 r (straigh) s -1 r (tforw) s -1 r (ard,) s 20 r (the) s 0 1630 p (approac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (do) s 2 r (es) s 15 r (not) s 16 r (scale) s 16 r 119 c -1 r (ell) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (an) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (where) s 16 r (man) s -1 r 121 c 15 r (ADs,) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (oth) s 16 r (stub) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (transit,) s 16 r 119 c 0 r (an) s -2 r 116 c 15 r (to) s 0 1687 p (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (tra\016c) s 15 r (\015o) s 0 r (ws.) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r (example,) s 16 r (visa) s 15 r (acquisition) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (route) s 15 r (setup) s 15 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (rep) s 1 r (eated) s 16 r (\(or) s 15 r (adapted\)) s 0 1743 p (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (time) s 14 r (an) s 15 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (olv) s -1 r (ed) s 13 r (visa-router) s 15 r (go) s 2 r (es) s 14 r (do) s 0 r (wn.) s 19 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (source) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r (has) s 15 r (no) s 15 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (determining) s 15 r (if) s 0 1800 p (it) s 13 r (will) s 12 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 12 r (issued) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (visa) s 13 r (without) s 12 r (incurring) s 13 r (the) s 13 r 111 c -1 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (con) s -1 r (tacting) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (particular) s 12 r 65 c 0 r (CS) s 12 r (in) s 13 r (question.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 71 1895 p (The) s 13 r (essenc) s -2 r 101 c 13 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (pr) s -2 r (oblem) s 13 r (is) s 13 r (that) s 13 r (tr) s -1 r (ansit) s 12 r 99 c -2 r (ontr) s -2 r (ol) s 12 r (is) s 13 r 114 c -1 r (elate) s -2 r 100 c 12 r (to) s 13 r 112 c -1 r (acket) s 12 r 114 c -2 r (outing.) s 19 r (Ther) s -1 r (efor) s -2 r (e,) s 12 r 99 c -1 r (ontr) s -2 r (ols) s 0 1952 p (for) s 12 r (tr) s -1 r (ansit) s 12 r (should) s 12 r 98 c -1 r 101 c 11 r (inc) s -1 r (orp) s -3 r (or) s -2 r (ate) s -2 r 100 c 11 r (into) s 13 r (the) s 12 r 114 c -1 r (oute) s 11 r 99 c -1 r (alculation) s 11 r (itself,) s 14 r (not) s 12 r (only) s 12 r (into) s 13 r (the) s 12 r 112 c -1 r (acket) s 11 r (forwar) s -1 r (ding) s 0 2008 p (function.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 2104 p (Other) s 19 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r (access) s 19 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 18 r (sc) s 0 r (hemes) s 18 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 18 r (as) s 19 r (SP3[) s 0 r (44) s 0 r 93 c 19 r (and) s 19 r (router) s 19 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 18 r (\014lters) s 19 r 91 c 0 r (31) s 0 r 93 c 19 r (face) s 19 r (the) s 0 2160 p (same) s 16 r (limitation) s 15 r (when) s 16 r (it) s 15 r (comes) s 16 r (to) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trolling) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (tra\016c,) s 16 r (i.e.,) s 15 r (these) s 16 r (sc) s 0 r (hemes) s 14 r (enforce) s 16 r (con) s -1 r (trols) s 15 r (on) s 0 2217 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 15 r (forw) s -1 r (arding) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (do) s 15 r (not) s 15 r (pro) s 0 r (vide) s 14 r (information) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (route) s 15 r (computation) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1513 2200 p 54 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 1533 2217 p 46 c 71 2312 p (In) s 17 r (summary) s -2 r 44 c 17 r (Visa) s 18 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (other) s 18 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (access) s 18 r (con) s -1 r (trol) s 17 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 17 r (are) s 18 r 98 c 1 r (est) s 18 r (suited) s 18 r (for) s 0 2369 p (stub) s 17 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 16 r (con) s 0 r (trol.) s 25 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 16 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 16 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r (for) s 17 r (large) s 17 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (orks) s 16 r (is) s 17 r (more) s 17 r (e\016cien) s -1 r (tly) s 16 r (ac) s 0 r (hiev) s -1 r (ed) s 0 2425 p 98 c 0 r 121 c 17 r (in) s 0 r (tegrating) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 19 r (considerations) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 19 r (route) s 19 r (computation) s 18 r (pro) s 2 r (cess.) s 30 r (After) s 19 r (discussing) s 18 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 0 2465 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2492 p 53 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2507 p (More) s 16 r (aggressiv) s 0 r 101 c 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 16 r (could) s 16 r (also) s 16 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 16 r (implemen) s 0 r (ted) s 15 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (as) s 16 r (applying) s 16 r (for) s 16 r (group) s 16 r (visas) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (adv) s -1 r (ance) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (use) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (ac-) s 0 2553 p (commo) s 1 r (date) s 12 r 97 c 13 r (collection) s 12 r (of) s 12 r (end-systems) s 12 r (that) s 13 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 11 r 97 c 12 r (need) s 12 r (for) s 13 r (comm) s 0 r (unication.) s 15 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 12 r (these) s 12 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 11 r (imply) s 12 r (signi\014can) s 0 r (tly) s 0 2599 p (more) s 13 r (trust) s 13 r (among) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (ADs) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (requires) s 13 r (more) s 12 r (careful) s 13 r (consideration.) s cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2629 p 54 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2644 p (SP3's) s 13 r (access) s 12 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 12 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s -3 r 44 c 12 r (in) s 12 r (particular,) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (endp) s 2 r (oin) s -1 r (t-orien) s -1 r (ted.) s 16 r (It) s 13 r (is) s 12 r (concerned) s 13 r (mainly) s 12 r (with) s 13 r (determining) s 12 r (whether) s 0 2690 p (or) s 13 r (not) s 13 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -2 r 111 c 12 r 112 c 1 r (eers) s 13 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (comm) s 0 r (unicate) s 12 r (and) s 12 r (what) s 13 r 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (of) s 13 r (information) s 13 r (they) s 12 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (exc) s 0 r (hange.) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 54 c @eop 5 @bop0 cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<01FF800007FFF0001FFFFC003FFFFE007F03FF00FF00FF80FF80FFC0FF807FC0FF807FE0FF807FE0FF807FE07F007FE03E00 7FE000007FE000007FE000007FC000007FC00000FF800000FF000003FE0000FFF80000FFC00000FFF0000007FC000003FE00 0001FF000001FF001F80FF801FC0FF803FC0FF803FE0FF803FC0FF803FC0FF803FC0FF001FC3FF000FFFFE0007FFFC0003FF F00000FFC000> 32 39 -3 0 34.370] 51 @dc [<7FFF0FFFC3FFF87FFF0FFFC3FFF87FFF0FFFC3FFF87FFF0FFFC3FFF807F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007 F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F8 01FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801FE007F8007F801 FE007F8007F801FE007F80FFFFFFFFFFFF80FFFFFFFFFFFF80FFFFFFFFFFFF80FFFFFFFFFFFF8007F801FE00000007F801FE 00000007F801FE00000007F801FE003E0007F801FE007F0007F803FE00FF8007F803FE00FF8007F803FE00FF8007FC03FF00 FF8003FC03FF00FF8001FF01FFC07F0000FFC0FFF03F00007FFFFFFFFE00000FFFF3FFFC000001FFC03FF000> 56 42 -1 0 57.283] 14 @dc cmbx12.300-48 @sf [<FFC1FFE0FFC1FFE0FFC1FFE00780FE0003C1FC0001C1F80001E3F00000F7F000007FE000003FC000001F8000003F0000007F 0000007F800000FFC00001F9E00003F8E00007F0F00007E07800FFF0FFE0FFF0FFE0FFF0FFE0> 32 22 -1 0 29.576] 120 @dc [<FFF80001C0FFF80003C0FFF80007C007000007C00700000FC00700001FC00700003FC00700007FC00700007FC0070000FFC0 070001FFC0070003FDC0070003F9C0070007F9C007000FF1C007001FE1C007003FC1C007003F81C007007F81C00700FF01C0 0701FE01C00703FC01C00703F801C00707F801C0070FF001C0071FE001C0071FC001C0073F8001C0077F8001C007FF0001C0 07FE0001C0FFFC003FFEFFFC003FFEFFF8003FFE> 40 34 -2 0 43.816] 78 @dc 5 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (proto) s 1 r (col) s 18 r (as) s 17 r (opp) s 1 r (osed) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (or) s 17 r (link) s 18 r (proto) s 1 r (col.) s 27 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 17 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 16 r (argue) s 18 r (that) s 17 r (in) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (sense) s 18 r (of) s 17 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 102 p (end-to-end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (argumen) s -1 r (t,) s 20 r (the) s 19 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r (resources) s 20 r (are) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 20 r (endp) s -2 r (oints) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 19 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (exten) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (they) s 20 r (require) s 19 r (protection) s 0 158 p (in) s 19 r (their) s 19 r 111 c 0 r (wn) s 18 r (righ) s 0 r (t.) s 30 r 70 c -2 r (rom) s 18 r (this) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (ersp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r (e,) s 19 r (it) s 19 r (is) s 19 r (imp) s 1 r (erativ) s 0 r 101 c 18 r (to) s 19 r (address) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (protection) s 19 r (of) s 19 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 0 214 p (resource) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (addition) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (end-system) s 15 r (protection.) s 71 310 p (If) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (is) s 16 r (left) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (end-systems,) s 16 r 118 c -2 r (aluable) s 15 r (stub-AD) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (resources) s 16 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 16 r (consumed) s 15 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 0 367 p (unauthorized) s 12 r (tra\016c.) s 19 r (Rejecting) s 11 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 10 r (at) s 12 r (the) s 11 r (end-system) s 12 r (is) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 12 r (to) s -2 r 111 c 12 r (late) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 12 r (from) s 11 r (the) s 12 r 112 c 1 r (ersp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r 101 c 11 r (of) s 11 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 0 423 p (resource) s 15 r (usage.) s 20 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 14 r (unrestricted) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 14 r (access) s 15 r (increases) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (vulnerabilit) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (ADs) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (denial) s 0 479 p (of) s 16 r (service) s 17 r (attac) s 0 r (ks) s 15 r (in) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (form) s 16 r (of) s 17 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (storms.) s 24 r (Finally) s -2 r 44 c 15 r (some) s 17 r (ADs) s 16 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r (whic) s -1 r 104 c 16 r (routes) s 16 r (are) s 0 536 p (used) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (and) s 18 r (from) s 17 r (their) s 18 r (in) s -1 r (ternal) s 17 r (end-systems;) s 19 r (due) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (cost) s 17 r (or) s 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 16 r 99 c 0 r (haracteristics,) s 17 r (for) s 18 r (example.) s 0 592 p (Because) s 15 r (routing) s 16 r (is) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (lev) s 0 r (el) s 14 r (function,) s 16 r (these) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trols) s 14 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r (also) s 15 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (olv) s -1 r 101 c 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (lev) s 0 r (el) s 14 r (en) s 0 r (tities) s 0 649 p (and) s 15 r (can) s 15 r (not) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (left) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (transp) s 1 r (ort) s 16 r (session) s 15 r (endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r (ts.) s 71 744 p (In) s 16 r (summary) s -3 r 44 c 15 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (exten) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (resources) s 16 r (require) s 16 r (protection,) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (highest) s 16 r (relev) s -2 r (an) s -1 r 116 c 15 r (endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 0 801 p (is) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 19 r (router) s 20 r (and) s 20 r (asso) s 1 r (ciated) s 20 r (routing) s 20 r (proto) s 1 r (cols.) s 34 r (In) s 20 r (this) s 20 r (sense,) s 21 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 20 r (end-to-end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 20 r (argumen) s 0 r 116 c 0 857 p (supp) s 1 r (orts) s 15 r (implemen) s -1 r (ting) s 14 r (these) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (trols) s 14 r (at) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 13 r (la) s 0 r 121 c -1 r (er.) s 19 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 13 r 97 c 15 r (more) s 14 r (extensiv) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (discussion) s 15 r (of) s 14 r (this) s 0 914 p (argumen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (the) s 15 r (reader) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (referred) s 15 r (to) s 16 r 91 c 0 r (15) s 0 r (].) s cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 1096 p 51 c 92 r (Con) s -1 r (trolling) s 22 r 84 c -5 r (ransit) s 22 r (In) s -1 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 22 r 84 c -5 r (ra\016c) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1237 p (There) s 18 r (are) s 17 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 17 r (basic) s 17 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (con) s -1 r (trolling) s 17 r (transit) s 18 r (tra\016c.) s 28 r (In) s 18 r (the) s 17 r (\014rst) s 18 r (part) s 18 r (of) s 18 r (this) s 17 r (section,) s 19 r 119 c -1 r 101 c 0 1293 p (discuss) s 16 r (an) s 16 r (approac) s -1 r 104 c 15 r (based) s 16 r (on) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (extension) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (traditional) s 16 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (access) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 15 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 14 r (and) s 0 1350 p (iden) s 0 r (tify) s 20 r (its) s 22 r (limitations.) s 40 r (Subsequen) s -1 r (tly) s -3 r 44 c 22 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 20 r (consider) s 22 r (alternativ) s 0 r 101 c 20 r (approac) s 0 r (hes) s 21 r (based) s 21 r (on) s 22 r (in) s -1 r (tegrating) s 0 1406 p (con) s 0 r (trols) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (routing.) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 1567 p (3.1) s 75 r (Extending) s 18 r (Net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 18 r (Access) s 19 r (Con) s -1 r (trols) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1692 p (One) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (oten) s 0 r (tial) s 17 r (metho) s 1 r 100 c 18 r (of) s 18 r (enforcing) s 18 r (transit) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (is) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (extend) s 18 r (existing) s 18 r (stub) s 18 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 0 1748 p (access) s 18 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 17 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 17 r (to) s 18 r (the) s 19 r (generalized) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (mo) s 2 r (del.) s 29 r (In) s 18 r (this) s 18 r (section,) s 19 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 17 r (discuss) s 19 r (an) s 0 1805 p (extension) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (Visa) s 20 r (proto) s 1 r (cols[) s 0 r (13) s 0 r 93 c 20 r (that) s 20 r (incorp) s 1 r (orates) s 20 r (supp) s 1 r (ort) s 20 r (for) s 20 r (transit) s 20 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 20 r (enforcemen) s -1 r (t.) s 34 r (Other) s 0 1861 p (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (access) s 15 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (sc) s -1 r (hemes) s 15 r (are) s 15 r (discussed) s 15 r (brie\015y) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (end) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (this) s 15 r (section.) s 71 1957 p (Visa) s 14 r (proto) s 2 r (cols) s 15 r 119 c -1 r (ere) s 14 r (dev) s 0 r (elop) s 0 r (ed) s 15 r (originally) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (pro) s 0 r (vide) s 14 r (datagram-lev) s 0 r (el) s 13 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (at) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (oundaries.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1930 1940 p 52 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2013 p (Conceptually) s -3 r 44 c 17 r 97 c 17 r (secret) s 17 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 16 r (is) s 17 r (used) s 17 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 16 r (the) s 17 r (comm) s 0 r (unicating) s 16 r (host) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (compute) s 17 r (an) s 17 r (unforgeable) s 18 r (stamp.) s 0 2070 p (This) s 14 r (stamp) s 14 r (is) s 13 r (placed) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (datagram's) s 14 r (header) s 13 r (to) s 14 r (assure) s 14 r (the) s 14 r 98 c 1 r (order-router) s 14 r (that) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (transmission) s 14 r (of) s 0 2126 p (this) s 13 r (datagram) s 14 r (across) s 13 r (AD) s 14 r 98 c 1 r (oundaries) s 13 r (is) s 14 r (authorized.) s 19 r (The) s 14 r (stamp) s 13 r (is) s 14 r (called) s 13 r 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 14 r (visa) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 44 c 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (analogy) s 13 r (with) s 13 r (the) s 0 2183 p (stamp) s 17 r (on) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (passp) s 1 r (ort) s 17 r (that) s 17 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 16 r 97 c 17 r (tourist) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (cross) s 17 r (in) s -1 r (ternational) s 16 r 98 c 2 r (orders.) s 25 r 65 c 17 r (unique) s 17 r (visa) s 17 r (is) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (ound) s 0 2239 p (to) s 15 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 14 r (datagram) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (order) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (guaran) s -1 r (tee) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (authen) s -1 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (and) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (data.) s 71 2335 p 65 c 19 r (host) s 20 r (on) s 19 r 97 c 20 r (visa-con) s 0 r (trolled) s 18 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r (that) s 20 r 119 c 0 r (an) s -1 r (ts) s 18 r (to) s 20 r (comm) s -1 r (unicate) s 19 r (across) s 20 r (the) s 19 r (AD) s 20 r 98 c 1 r (oundary) s 20 r (is) s 0 2391 p (initially) s 23 r (required) s 22 r (to) s 23 r (engage) s 23 r (in) s 22 r 97 c 23 r (high-lev) s 0 r (el) s 22 r (authorization/authen) s -1 r (tication) s 22 r (dialog) s 23 r (with) s 22 r (an) s 23 r (Access) s 0 2448 p (Con) s 0 r (trol) s 17 r (Serv) s -1 r (er) s 17 r (\(A) s 0 r (CS\)) s 17 r (on) s 18 r 98 c 1 r (oth) s 18 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (destination) s 18 r (ADs.) s 28 r (The) s 18 r (need) s 18 r (for,) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (particulars) s 18 r (of,) s 18 r (this) s 0 2504 p (dialog) s 20 r (are) s 21 r (determined) s 20 r (indep) s 2 r (enden) s -1 r (tly) s 20 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 19 r (the) s 21 r (administration) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (eac) s -1 r 104 c 20 r (AD) s 20 r (in) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (olv) s -1 r (ed.) s 35 r (When) s 20 r (and) s 21 r (if) s 0 2560 p (the) s 18 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 16 r (is) s 18 r (appro) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (ed,) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (resp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r 101 c 17 r 65 c -1 r (CSs) s 17 r (issue) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (visa-keys) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (requesting) s 18 r (host.) s 28 r (The) s 0 2600 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2627 p 52 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2643 p (In) s 10 r 97 c 10 r (connection) s 10 r (orien) s 0 r (ted) s 9 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 9 r 97 c 11 r (similar) s 10 r (approac) s 0 r 104 c 9 r (can) s 10 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 10 r (applied) s 10 r (to) s 10 r (stamp) s 10 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets.) s 15 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 10 r (the) s 10 r (establishmen) s 0 r 116 c 0 2688 p (of) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (visa) s 12 r 107 c 0 r (ey) s 12 r (can) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (part) s 13 r (of) s 12 r (the) s 13 r (connection) s 13 r (setup) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 11 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (datagram) s 13 r (related) s 13 r (design) s 12 r (issues) s 13 r (do) s 13 r (not) s 13 r (apply) s -2 r 46 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 53 c @eop 4 @bop0 cmr9.300-18 @sf [<3E007F80F3C0F1E061E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E001E00FE00FE000000000 00000000000001C003E003E003E001C0> 16 33 3 7 11.732] 106 @dc 4 @bop1 cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 45 p (2.3) s 75 r (In) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 18 r 84 c -4 r (op) s 1 r (ology) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p (Some) s 15 r (routing) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 15 r (place) s 15 r (restrictions) s 14 r (on) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s 13 r (scale) s 15 r (and) s 14 r (top) s 2 r (ology) s -3 r 44 c 14 r (e.g.,) s 14 r (EGP[) s 0 r (41) s 0 r (].) s 20 r (An) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (in) s -1 r (ter-) s 0 227 p (AD) s 15 r (routing) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (should) s 15 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 14 r (the) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (oten) s -1 r (tial) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (supp) s 1 r (orting) s 16 r 118 c -1 r (ery) s 15 r (large) s 15 r (scale) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (orking.) s 20 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 0 283 p (an) s 0 r (ticipate) s 16 r (on) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (order) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (10) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 579 266 p 53 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 616 283 p (ADs.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 716 266 p 50 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 762 283 p (In) s 17 r (an) s 18 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (enormous) s 17 r (size) s 18 r (it) s 17 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (un) s -1 r (wise) s 17 r (to) s 0 339 p (design) s 20 r 97 c 20 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 20 r (that) s 20 r (relied) s 20 r (on) s 20 r (top) s 1 r (ological) s 20 r (restrictions;) s 23 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 18 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 20 r (near) s 20 r (imp) s 2 r (ossible.) s 0 396 p (Consequen) s 0 r (tly) s -4 r 44 c 13 r (one) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (our) s 15 r (design) s 14 r (goals) s 14 r (is) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (allo) s 0 r 119 c 13 r (for) s 14 r (maxim) s 0 r (um) s 13 r (degree) s 14 r (of) s 14 r (\015exibilit) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (in) s 14 r (regard) s 14 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 0 452 p (con\014guration) s 17 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork.) s 24 r (The) s 17 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 17 r (discussed) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (elo) s 0 r 119 c 15 r (do) s 17 r (not) s 17 r (place) s 17 r (restrictions) s 16 r (on) s 17 r (the) s 0 509 p (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -2 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (top) s 2 r (ology) s 15 r (at) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (gran) s 0 r (ularit) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (ADs.) s 555 1539 p (Figure) s 15 r (1:) s 20 r (Example) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (AD) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (terconnection.) s 71 1643 p (Figure) s 15 r 49 c 15 r (depicts) s 15 r (an) s 15 r (example) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 15 r (AD) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (terconnection.) s 19 r (It) s 15 r (resem) s 0 r (bles) s 14 r 97 c 15 r (traditional) s 15 r (hierarc) s 0 r 104 c -1 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 0 1700 p (long) s 14 r (haul,) s 15 r (regional) s 14 r (and) s 14 r (campus) s 14 r (\(stub\)) s 15 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (orks.) s 19 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ev) s -2 r (er,) s 14 r (there) s 14 r (are) s 14 r (exceptions) s 15 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 14 r (hierarc) s 0 r 104 c -1 r 121 c 13 r (in) s 0 1756 p (the) s 17 r (form) s 17 r (of) s 18 r (lateral) s 17 r (links.) s 26 r (These) s 17 r (exceptions) s 17 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (otherwise) s 17 r (regular) s 17 r (top) s 1 r (ology) s 17 r (are) s 18 r (not) s 17 r (disp) s 1 r (ensable) s 0 1812 p (and) s 22 r 109 c -1 r (ust) s 21 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 22 r (supp) s 1 r (orted,) s 23 r 112 c 1 r (erhaps) s 22 r (at) s 21 r (the) s 22 r (exp) s 1 r (ense) s 22 r (of) s 21 r (optimalit) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 38 r (Absence) s 22 r (of) s 22 r (restrictions) s 21 r (on) s 22 r (AD) s 0 1869 p (in) s 0 r (terconnection) s 14 r (allo) s 0 r (ws) s 14 r (us) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (accommo) s 1 r (date) s 15 r (this,) s 16 r (or) s 15 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (other,) s 15 r (top) s 1 r (ology) s -3 r 46 c cmr8.300-13 @sf 1410 1852 p 51 c cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 2029 p (2.4) s 75 r (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (la) s 0 r 121 c -2 r (er) s 18 r (mec) s -1 r (hanisms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2154 p (Man) s 0 r 121 c 11 r (discussions) s 13 r (of) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 12 r (network) s 14 r (se) s -1 r (curity) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 12 r (are) s 12 r (actually) s 13 r (discussions) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (end-system) s 12 r (protection) s 13 r (in) s 12 r 97 c 13 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 0 2210 p (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r (t,) s 14 r (e.g.,) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (46) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (35) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (23) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (22) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (13) s 0 r 44 c 15 r (47) s 0 r (].) s 20 r (One) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (our) s 15 r (assumptions) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (design) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 0 2267 p (con) s 0 r (trols) s 12 r (is) s 13 r (that) s 14 r 98 c 1 r (oth) s 13 r (stub) s 14 r (and) s 13 r (transit) s 13 r (ADs) s 14 r (ha) s -1 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 13 r 118 c -2 r (aluable) s 12 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 12 r (resources) s 14 r (that) s 13 r (are) s 13 r (themselv) s 0 r (es) s 12 r (the) s 0 2323 p (sub) s 3 r (ject) s 15 r (of) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (15) s 0 r (].) s 71 2419 p (Initially) s -3 r 44 c 18 r (this) s 19 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (app) s 1 r (ear) s 19 r (to) s 19 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (in) s 19 r (violation) s 19 r (of) s 18 r 97 c 19 r 119 c -1 r (ell-kno) s -1 r (wn) s 18 r (design) s 18 r (principle,) s 20 r (the) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (end-to-end) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2475 p (argumen) s 0 r (t[) s 0 r (43) s 0 r (].) s 29 r (In) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (case) s 19 r (of) s 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 18 r (the) s 19 r (argumen) s -1 r 116 c 18 r (suggests) s 18 r (that) s 18 r (end-system) s 19 r (resources) s 18 r (are) s 18 r 98 c 2 r (est) s 0 2532 p (protected) s 13 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 12 r (the) s 13 r (end-systems) s 13 r (themselv) s -1 r (es,) s 13 r (e.g.,) s 13 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 11 r (services) s 13 r (should) s 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (pro) s -1 r (vided) s 12 r (in) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (transp) s 1 r (ort) s 0 2569 p 780 2 ru cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2596 p 50 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2612 p (Although) s 13 r (the) s 13 r (ma) s 2 r (jorit) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (will) s 12 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (stub) s 13 r (ADs,) s 13 r (our) s 13 r (mo) s 1 r (del) s 13 r (assumes) s 12 r 97 c 13 r (large) s 13 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 13 r (of) s 12 r (transit) s 13 r (and) s 13 r 104 c 0 r (ybrid) s 12 r (ADs) s 13 r (as) s 12 r 119 c 0 r (ell.) s cmr6.300-4 @sf 52 2642 p 51 c cmr9.300-18 @sf 69 2658 p (Although) s 17 r (the) s 16 r (arc) s 0 r (hitecture) s 16 r 119 c 0 r (orks) s 15 r (for) s 17 r (arbitrary) s 16 r (top) s 1 r (ologies,) s 18 r (some) s 17 r (top) s 1 r (ologies) s 16 r (en) s 0 r (tail) s 16 r (greater) s 16 r 111 c 0 r 118 c -1 r (erhead) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (terms) s 17 r (of) s 0 2704 p (route) s 13 r (computation.) s 17 r 70 c -2 r (or) s 11 r (further) s 13 r (discussion) s 13 r (of) s 13 r (top) s 1 r (ology) s 13 r (see) s 13 r 91 c 0 r (14) s 0 r (].) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 964 2828 p 52 c @eop 3 @bop0 cmbx10.329-39 @sf [<FFF01FFFE0FFF01FFFE0FFF01FFFE0070001FC00070001FC00038003F800038003F80003C007F80001FFFFF00001FFFFF000 00FFFFE00000E00FE00000F01FE00000701FC00000703FC00000383F800000383F8000003C7F8000001C7F0000001CFF0000 000EFE0000000EFE0000000FFE00000007FC00000007FC00000003F800000003F800000003F800000001F000000001F00000 0000E00000> 40 31 -2 0 39.519] 65 @dc [<C1FF00E7FFC0FFFFE0FE01F0F800F8F00078E0007CE0007CE0007C00007C0000FC0001FC001FFC03FFF80FFFF81FFFF03FFF E07FFFC07FFF00FFF800FF0000FC0000F80038F80038F800787800787C00F83E03F81FFFF80FFF3803FC18> 24 31 -3 0 29.040] 83 @dc [<FFF1FFE3FFC0FFF1FFE3FFC0FFF1FFE3FFC01F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F80 3F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001F803F007E001FC03F807E001FC03F807E001F603FC0 7E00FF387E70FC00FF1FFC3FF800FF07F00FE000> 48 20 -2 0 43.559] 109 @dc [<000001F000000003FC00000003FC00000007FE00000007FE0000000FFF0000000FFF0000000FFF0000000F8300001FFF0300 00FFFF000001FC1F800007F83FE0000FFC3FF0001FCFF3F8003F87C1FC003F8001FC007F8001FE007F0000FE007F0000FE00 FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF00FF0000FF007F0000FE00 7F0000FE007F8001FE003F8001FC001F8001F8001FC003F8000FE007F00007F00FE00001F81F800000FFFF0000001FF80000> 40 40 -3 9 39.266] 81 @dc [<E00000E00000F000007000007000007800003800003800003C00001C00001E00000E00000E00000F00000700000780000380 0003800003C00001C00001C00001E00000E00000F000007000007000007800003800003800003C00001C00001E00000E0000 0E00000F000007000007800003800003800003C00001C00001C00001E00000E0000060> 24 45 -3 11 26.136] 47 @dc cmti10.329-37 @sf [<3C07C00000007E0FF0000000F31E380000007B8F1C00000033C60E00000001C00E00000001C00F00000001E00700000001E0 0780000001E007801E0000F007803F0000F00780798000F003C078C000F003C078C000F003C078C0007803C03C60007803C0 3C00007801E03C00007801E03C00007801E01E00003C01E01E00003C01E01E00003C00F01E00003C00F00F00003C00F00F00 001E00F00F00001E00F00F0003FFFFFFFF8001FFFFFFFF80001E00780000000F00780000000F00780000000F003C0000000F 003C0000000F003C00000007803C00C0000780DE01E0000381EE01E00001C1E700E00000FFE3FFC000003FC0FF80> 48 41 2 9 40.075] 14 @dc [<C03C00C07F0061FF807FFFC07F81C03000E01800600C00300E003007000001C00000E000003800001E000007000003800001 C00701E00FC0F00CE0780C60780C30780C307806187806383803303801807800C0700070E0003FC0000F80> 24 31 -3 1 23.232] 50 @dc [<0F80001FC00038F000703800703800701C00F01E00F00E00F00F00700F00700F007807807807807807807C07803C07803E07 003F07001DFE001EFC001E10000E00000F00000700000380C001C1E000C1E00060E0003860001FE00007C0> 24 31 -5 1 23.232] 54 @dc 3 @bop1 cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 45 p (ho) s 0 r 119 c 14 r (the) s 15 r (AD's) s 15 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (ets) s 14 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (el) s 14 r (to) s 16 r (their) s 15 r (destinations.) s 71 141 p (In) s 19 r (some) s 19 r (resp) s 1 r (ects,) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (requiremen) s -1 r (ts) s 18 r (for) s 20 r (transit) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 19 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (are) s 19 r (simpler) s 19 r (than) s 20 r (those) s 19 r (for) s 0 197 p (stub) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 21 r (enforcemen) s -1 r (t.) s 35 r (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 21 r (sev) s -1 r (eral) s 20 r (factors) s 20 r (complicate) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (implemen) s 0 r (tation) s 19 r (of) s 20 r (the) s 21 r (latter.) s 0 254 p (First,) s 16 r (in) s 16 r (an) s 16 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork,) s 15 r 97 c 16 r (pac) s -1 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 15 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 15 r (tra) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (el) s 15 r (through) s 16 r 97 c 16 r 110 c -1 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (transit) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (on) s 15 r (its) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -1 r 121 c 15 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 0 310 p (destination.) s 36 r (Consequen) s -1 r (tly) s -3 r 44 c 20 r (applicable) s 21 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 20 r (from) s 20 r (all) s 21 r (transit) s 20 r (ADs) s 20 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 19 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 20 r (considered) s 20 r (when) s 21 r 97 c 0 367 p (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 17 r (is) s 17 r 98 c 1 r (eing) s 17 r (sen) s 0 r (t;) s 17 r (whereas) s 17 r (for) s 17 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r (of) s 17 r (stub) s 17 r (resources,) s 17 r (only) s 17 r (the) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (the) s 17 r 116 c 0 r 119 c -2 r 111 c 17 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 0 423 p (ADs) s 14 r (need) s 15 r (to) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (tak) s 0 r (en) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (to) s 13 r (accoun) s 0 r (t.) s 19 r (In) s 14 r (addition,) s 15 r (transit) s 14 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 13 r (has) s 15 r (to) s 14 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (reconciled) s 14 r (with) s 15 r (top) s 1 r (ology) s 0 479 p 99 c 0 r (hanges) s 12 r (\(routers) s 14 r (or) s 14 r (links) s 13 r (going) s 14 r (do) s 0 r (wn\).) s 18 r (If) s 14 r (in) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (middle) s 14 r (of) s 14 r 97 c 13 r (connection) s 14 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (comp) s 1 r (onen) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (of) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (route) s 0 536 p 98 c 1 r (ecomes) s 14 r (disabled,) s 15 r (en) s -1 r (tirely) s 14 r (di\013eren) s -1 r 116 c 13 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 14 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (come) s 14 r (in) s -1 r (to) s 14 r (e\013ect.) s 19 r (Also,) s 15 r (when) s 14 r 97 c 14 r (transit) s 14 r (AD) s 14 r (decides) s 0 592 p (to) s 15 r (accoun) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (and/or) s 15 r (bill) s 15 r (for) s 15 r (resource) s 15 r (usage,) s 15 r (co) s 2 r (ordination) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (required) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (pass) s 15 r 99 c 0 r (harges) s 14 r (bac) s 0 r 107 c 14 r (to) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (end) s 0 649 p 112 c 1 r (oin) s 0 r (ts.) s 25 r (Moreo) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (er,) s 16 r (stub) s 17 r (route) s 17 r (selection) s 17 r (criteria) s 17 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 17 r (in) s 0 r (tegrated) s 16 r (with) s 16 r (transit) s 17 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 16 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 17 r (to) s 0 705 p (determine) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (appropriate) s 19 r (routes.) s 29 r (These) s 18 r (factors) s 19 r (add) s 18 r (to) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (complexit) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (of) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (oten) s 0 r (tial) s 17 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 0 762 p (mec) s 0 r (hanisms.) s 71 857 p (Based) s 19 r (in) s 20 r (part) s 20 r (on) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (di\013erence) s 20 r (in) s 19 r 112 c 1 r (olicies,) s 21 r (and) s 20 r (in) s 20 r (part) s 19 r (on) s 20 r (the) s 20 r (functionalit) s -1 r 121 c 19 r (required) s 20 r (in) s 19 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 0 914 p (routing) s 18 r (\(i.e.,) s 20 r (transit\)) s 18 r (mec) s 0 r (hanism,) s 18 r (transit) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (stub) s 19 r (AD) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (me) s -1 r (chanisms) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (also) s 19 r (di\013er.) s 29 r (By) s 19 r (analogy) s 18 r (with) s 0 970 p (in) s 0 r (ternational) s 14 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (el,) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (most) s 16 r (coun) s -1 r (tries) s 15 r (transit) s 15 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (elers) s 14 r (are) s 15 r (set) s 16 r (apart) s 15 r (from) s 16 r (other) s 15 r (visitors.) s 21 r (They) s 15 r (are) s 0 1027 p (issued) s 17 r (sp) s 1 r (ecial) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 17 r (tr) s -2 r (ansit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (visas) s 17 r (and) s 16 r (are) s 17 r (restricted) s 16 r (in) s 17 r (mo) s 0 r 118 c -1 r (emen) s -2 r 116 c 16 r (and) s 17 r (length) s 16 r (of) s 17 r (sta) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 24 r 87 c -3 r 101 c 15 r (discuss) s 17 r (transit) s 0 1083 p (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 14 r (further) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (later) s 15 r (sections.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 1242 p (2.2.2) s 52 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 16 r 65 c 0 r (ttributes) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 1367 p (Net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (usage) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (can) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (based) s 15 r (up) s 1 r (on) s 15 r 97 c 15 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -1 r 98 c 0 r (er) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (attributes:) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1500 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r (Endp) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (place) s 16 r (restrictions) s 15 r (on) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (source) s 15 r (and/or) s 15 r (destination) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (tra\016c.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1594 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r 80 c -1 r (ath) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 21 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 22 r (place) s 21 r (restrictions) s 22 r (on) s 22 r (other) s 22 r (ADs) s 22 r (of) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (path) s 22 r (in) s 22 r (addition) s 21 r (to) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (source) s 22 r (and) s 114 1650 p (destination) s 15 r (ADs.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1744 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r (Securit) s -1 r 121 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (attributes) s 15 r (express) s 15 r (requiremen) s -1 r (ts) s 14 r (for) s 15 r (authen) s 0 r (tication,) s 13 r (data) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 14 r (repla) s -1 r 121 c 14 r (detection) s 114 1801 p (and) s 15 r (priv) s -2 r (acy) s -4 r 46 c cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 1895 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r 84 c -3 r (emp) s 0 r (oral) s 17 r (parameters) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 16 r (include) s 15 r (restrictions) s 15 r (on) s 15 r (usage) s 15 r (based) s 15 r (on) s 16 r (time) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (da) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 14 r (da) s 0 r 121 c 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 15 r 119 c 0 r (eek) s 114 1951 p (or) s 15 r (other) s 15 r (time-related) s 15 r (parameters.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2045 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r (Qualit) s -1 r 121 c 21 r (of) s 22 r (Service) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 19 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 19 r (discriminate) s 20 r (according) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (the) s 19 r (service) s 19 r (parameters) s 19 r (\(e.g.,) s 20 r (dela) s -1 r 121 c -3 r 44 c 114 2101 p (throughput\)) s 15 r (made) s 15 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -3 r (ailable) s 14 r (to) s 15 r (di\013eren) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (users.) s cmsy10.329-36 @sf 68 2195 p 15 c cmbx10.329-39 @sf 23 r (Accoun) s -1 r (ting/Billing) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (express) s 15 r (conditions) s 15 r (related) s 15 r (to) s 16 r 99 c -1 r (harging) s 15 r (and) s 15 r (accoun) s -1 r (ting.) s 0 2328 p 65 c 18 r 116 c -1 r (ypical) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 18 r (statemen) s 0 r 116 c 16 r (can) s 18 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 18 r (based) s 17 r (up) s 2 r (on) s 17 r (sev) s 0 r (eral) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (attributes.) s 28 r 70 c -3 r (or) s 17 r (example,) s 18 r (the) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 0 2384 p (statemen) s 0 r (t:) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 113 2441 p (tr) s -1 r (ansit) s 15 r (voic) s -1 r 101 c 15 r (tr) s -1 r (a\016c) s 15 r (fr) s -1 r (om) s cmmi10.329-35 @sf 15 r (AD) s cmmi8.300-14 @sf 683 2448 p 97 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 720 2441 p (is) s 17 r (ac) s -2 r 99 c -2 r (epte) s -2 r 100 c 15 r 98 c -1 r (etwe) s -3 r (en) s 16 r 50 c 16 r (and) s 16 r 54 c 16 r (am) s 17 r (with) s 16 r 97 c 16 r 112 c -1 r (er) s 15 r 112 c -1 r (acket) s 15 r (char) s -1 r (ge) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2497 p (applies) s 19 r (to) s 19 r (transit) s 19 r (tra\016c) s 19 r (and) s 18 r (com) s 0 r (bines) s 18 r (application) s 19 r (proto) s 1 r (col,) s 20 r (temp) s 1 r (oral) s 19 r (and) s 19 r (accoun) s 0 r (ting/billing) s 18 r (at-) s 0 2554 p (tributes.) s 20 r 70 c -3 r (urther) s 15 r (examples) s 15 r (of) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 15 r 116 c 0 r (yp) s 0 r (es) s 15 r (can) s 16 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (found) s 15 r (in) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (14) s 0 r (].) s 964 2828 p 51 c @eop 2 @bop0 2 @bop1 cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 45 p (2.1) s 75 r (Administrativ) s -1 r 101 c 18 r (Domains) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 170 p (An) s 12 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 11 r (is) s 12 r (comp) s 2 r (osed) s 12 r (of) s 12 r 97 c 13 r 110 c 0 r (um) s -2 r 98 c 1 r (er) s 12 r (of) s 12 r (Administrativ) s 0 r 101 c 12 r (Domains,) s 12 r (or) s 13 r (ADs.) s 19 r (An) s 13 r (AD) s 12 r (is) s 12 r (de\014ned) s 13 r (as) s 0 227 p 97 c 13 r (collection) s 12 r (of) s 13 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 12 r (resources) s 12 r (under) s 13 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 11 r (of) s 13 r 97 c 12 r (single) s 13 r (administrativ) s 0 r 101 c 11 r (en) s 0 r (tit) s -1 r 121 c 11 r 91 c 0 r (19) s 0 r (].) s 20 r (It) s 12 r (is) s 13 r (imp) s 1 r (ortan) s 0 r 116 c 0 283 p (to) s 11 r (distinguish) s 11 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 10 r 116 c -1 r 119 c -1 r 111 c 10 r (dominan) s 0 r 116 c 10 r 116 c -1 r (yp) s 1 r (es) s 11 r (of) s 10 r (ADs:) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 19 r (stub) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 10 r (and) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 11 r (tr) s -1 r (ansit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 r 46 c cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r (Stub) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 11 r (ADs) s 11 r (are) s 11 r (in) s -1 r (terested) s 10 r (mainly) s 0 339 p (in) s 18 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 17 r (with) s 18 r (other) s 18 r (stub) s 18 r (ADs,) s 19 r (i.e.,) s 19 r (pro) s -1 r (viding) s 17 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 17 r (for) s 18 r (their) s 18 r (constituen) s 0 r 116 c 17 r (end-) s 0 396 p (systems.) s 28 r 65 c 18 r (campus) s 18 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 17 r (is) s 17 r (an) s 18 r (example) s 18 r (of) s 18 r 97 c 18 r (stub) s 18 r (AD.) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 18 r 84 c -3 r 114 c -2 r (ansit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 17 r (ADs) s 18 r (are) s 18 r (in) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (olv) s -1 r (ed) s 17 r (in) s 18 r (pro) s -1 r (viding) s 0 452 p (transit) s 13 r (service) s 13 r (for) s 14 r (tra\016c) s 13 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (een) s 12 r (stub) s 13 r (ADs.) s 20 r (NSFNET) s 13 r (is) s 13 r (an) s 13 r (example) s 14 r (of) s 13 r 97 c 13 r (transit) s 13 r (AD.) s 14 r (Finally) s -3 r 44 c 13 r (there) s 0 509 p (are) s 15 r (also) s 15 r 104 c 0 r (ybrid) s 14 r (ADs) s 15 r (that) s 15 r (com) s 0 r (bine) s 14 r (transit) s 16 r (service) s 15 r (with) s 15 r (end-p) s 1 r (oin) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 14 r (\(e.g.) s 20 r (USC) s 15 r (ISI\).) s cmbx12.300-48 @sf 0 670 p (2.2) s 75 r 80 c -1 r (olicies) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 795 p (As) s 19 r (frequen) s 0 r (tly) s 18 r (happ) s 1 r (ens) s 19 r (with) s 20 r 97 c 19 r (new) s 19 r (concept,) s 20 r (an) s 19 r (analogy) s 20 r (can) s 19 r (lead) s 19 r (to) s 19 r 98 c 1 r (etter) s 19 r (understanding) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 0 851 p (problem) s 21 r (at) s 21 r (hand.) s 39 r (One) s 21 r (in) s 0 r (teresting) s 20 r (analogy) s 21 r (is) s 21 r (to) s 21 r (view) s 21 r (ADs) s 22 r (as) s 21 r (so) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (ereign) s 20 r (coun) s 0 r (tries,) s 22 r (eac) s 0 r 104 c 20 r (with) s 21 r 97 c 0 907 p (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 20 r (set) s 20 r (of) s 21 r (foreign) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 20 r (statemen) s 0 r (ts) s 19 r (regarding) s 20 r (in) s 0 r (teraction) s 19 r (with) s 20 r (foreign) s 20 r (en) s 0 r (tities) s 19 r (\(other) s 20 r (ADs\).) s 0 964 p 70 c -3 r (or) s 14 r (example,) s 15 r 97 c 15 r (coun) s -1 r (try) s 14 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -1 r 101 c 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (restricting) s 14 r (foreign) s 15 r (visitors) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 15 r (areas) s 14 r (or) s 15 r (restricting) s 0 1020 p (tra) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (el) s 19 r (privileges) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (the) s 20 r (lo) s 1 r (cal) s 20 r 112 c 1 r (opulace) s 20 r (when) s 19 r (visiting) s 20 r (foreign) s 19 r (coun) s 0 r (tries.) s 33 r (Coun) s -1 r (tries) s 19 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 18 r (also) s 20 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -2 r 101 c 0 1077 p (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 16 r 112 c 2 r (ertaining) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (transit) s 17 r (tra) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (elers,) s 16 r (e.g.,) s 16 r (restricting) s 17 r (en) s -1 r (try) s 16 r (on) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (basis) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 17 r (tra) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (eler's) s 0 1133 p (itinerary) s -3 r 46 c 19 r (Securit) s 0 r 121 c 12 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 13 r (regarding) s 14 r (in) s -1 r (ternational) s 13 r (tra) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (el) s 13 r (can) s 13 r (express) s 13 r 112 c 2 r (olicy) s 13 r (as) s 13 r (to) s 13 r (passp) s 2 r (ort) s 13 r (and) s 13 r (visa) s 0 1190 p (requiremen) s 0 r (ts,) s 13 r (length) s 13 r (of) s 14 r (sta) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 44 c 13 r (etc.) s 20 r (Accoun) s 0 r (ting) s 12 r (or) s 14 r (billing) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 14 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 12 r (concern,) s 14 r (for) s 14 r (example,) s 14 r (visa) s 14 r (fees) s 0 1246 p (or) s 15 r (departure) s 15 r (taxes.) s 71 1342 p (ADs) s 16 r (can) s 17 r (express) s 17 r (similar) s 17 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 17 r (regarding) s 17 r (comm) s -1 r (unication) s 16 r (with) s 17 r (external) s 17 r (en) s -1 r (tities,) s 17 r (e.g.,) s 17 r (restrict) s 0 1398 p (in) s 0 r (ternal) s 21 r (systems) s 21 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (ailable) s 21 r (for) s 21 r (external) s 22 r (access) s 22 r (or) s 22 r (restrict) s 22 r (external) s 22 r (systems) s 21 r 97 c 0 r 118 c -2 r (ailable) s 21 r (for) s 21 r (in) s 0 r (ternal) s 0 1455 p (access.) s 43 r 84 c -3 r (ransit) s 22 r (tra\016c) s 22 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 22 r (or) s 22 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 22 r (not) s 22 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 22 r (allo) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ed,) s 23 r (or) s 23 r (it) s 23 r (ma) s -1 r 121 c 22 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 23 r (restricted) s 23 r (to) s 22 r (sp) s 1 r (eci\014c) s 23 r (source) s 0 1511 p (and/or) s 22 r (destination) s 22 r (ADs) s 22 r (or) s 22 r (end-systems.) s 40 r 80 c 0 r (olicies) s 21 r (can) s 22 r (also) s 22 r (em) s -1 r 98 c 1 r 111 c 1 r (dy) s 22 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 21 r (requiremen) s -1 r (ts,) s 23 r (e.g.,) s 0 1568 p (authen) s 0 r (tication) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (authorization) s 16 r (for) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (ter-AD) s 15 r (tra\016c,) s 17 r (as) s 16 r 119 c 0 r (ell) s 15 r (as) s 16 r (accoun) s 0 r (ting) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (billing) s 16 r (conditions) s 0 1624 p 91 c (14) s (].) s 71 1720 p (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (lev) s 0 r (el) s 15 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 16 r (are) s 16 r (primarily) s 16 r (concerned) s 17 r (with) s 16 r (unauthorized) s 16 r (access) s 16 r (to) s 17 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 15 r (resources,) s 0 1776 p (denial) s 17 r (of) s 17 r (service,) s 17 r (and) s 17 r (inappropriate) s 17 r (accrual) s 17 r (of) s 16 r (comm) s 0 r (unication-related) s 16 r 99 c 0 r (harges.) s 24 r (These) s 17 r (threats) s 17 r (can) s 0 1833 p (all) s 14 r (come) s 13 r (ab) s 1 r (out) s 14 r (through) s 14 r (attac) s -1 r (ks) s 13 r (on) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (authen) s 0 r (ticit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r (and) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (tegrit) s -1 r 121 c 12 r (of) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 13 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -2 r (et) s 13 r (tra\016c.) s 0 1889 p (Some) s 15 r (concerns) s 15 r (are) s 15 r (of) s 16 r (greater) s 15 r (imp) s 1 r (ortance) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (stub) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (orks) s 14 r (and) s 15 r (others,) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (transit) s 15 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (orks.) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 0 2048 p (2.2.1) s 70 r (Stub) s 17 r (and) s 18 r 84 c -4 r (ransit) s 17 r 80 c -1 r (olicies) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 2173 p (Due) s 11 r (largely) s 11 r (to) s 11 r (the) s 11 r (nature) s 11 r (of) s 12 r (service) s 11 r (pro) s -1 r (vided,) s 11 r (stub) s 11 r (and) s 12 r (transit) s 11 r (ADs) s 11 r (tend) s 11 r (to) s 11 r (express) s 11 r (di\013eren) s 0 r 116 c 10 r 112 c 1 r (olicies.) s 0 2230 p 80 c 0 r (olicies) s 12 r (expressed) s 14 r 98 c -1 r 121 c 13 r (stub) s 13 r (ADs,) s 14 r (for) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (most) s 14 r (part,) s 13 r (serv) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (to) s 13 r (protect) s 14 r (in) s -1 r (ternal) s 13 r (resources) s 13 r (from) s 14 r (external) s 0 2286 p (access,) s 16 r (while) s 16 r (those) s 15 r (expressed) s 16 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 14 r (transit) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (tend) s 16 r (to) s 15 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 15 r (cost-related.) s 22 r (Another) s 16 r 119 c 0 r 97 c -2 r 121 c 15 r (of) s 16 r (making) s 16 r (this) s 0 2343 p (distinction) s 12 r (is) s 12 r (to) s 12 r (observ) s 0 r 101 c 11 r (that) s 12 r (transit) s 12 r (ADs,) s 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 11 r (virtue) s 12 r (of) s 12 r (pro) s 0 r (viding) s 11 r (transit) s 12 r (service,) s 13 r (are) s 12 r (inheren) s -1 r (tly) s 12 r (more) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 0 2399 p (op) s -1 r (en) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 9 r (than) s 10 r (their) s 11 r (stub) s 10 r (coun) s 0 r (terparts.) s 17 r 70 c -3 r (urthermore,) s 11 r (sub) s -1 r 118 c -1 r (ersion) s 9 r (of) s 11 r (transit) s 10 r (AD's) s 10 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 11 r (will,) s 11 r (in) s 10 r (the) s 11 r 119 c -1 r (orst) s 0 2455 p (case,) s 15 r (result) s 14 r (in) s 15 r (denial) s 15 r (of) s 15 r (service,) s 14 r (whereas) s 15 r (sub) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (ersion) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (stub) s 15 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olices) s 15 r (can) s 14 r 112 c 2 r (oten) s -1 r (tially) s 14 r (disrupt) s 0 2512 p (the) s 15 r (end-systems) s 15 r (themselv) s 0 r (es.) s 19 r (Another) s 15 r (reason) s 15 r (for) s 16 r (separating) s 15 r (the) s 15 r (resp) s 1 r (ectiv) s 0 r 101 c 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r (is) s 15 r (the) s 16 r (di\013erence) s 0 2568 p (in) s 16 r (accoun) s 0 r (ting) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (billing) s 16 r (requiremen) s 0 r (ts.) s 22 r (Stub) s 16 r (ADs) s 16 r (are) s 17 r (more) s 16 r (lik) s -1 r (ely) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (bundle) s 16 r (comm) s 0 r (unication) s 15 r (costs) s 0 2625 p (in) s 0 r (to) s 16 r (billing) s 17 r (for) s 17 r (end) s 17 r (services,) s 17 r (if) s 17 r (an) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (billing) s 16 r 111 c 2 r (ccurs.) s 25 r 84 c -2 r (ransit) s 16 r (ADs) s 17 r (are) s 17 r (more) s 17 r (lik) s -1 r (ely) s 16 r (to) s 17 r 99 c 0 r (harge) s 16 r (for) s 0 2681 p (the) s 17 r (comm) s -1 r (unication) s 16 r (itself.) s 25 r (Finally) s -3 r 44 c 16 r (stub) s 17 r (AD) s 16 r 112 c 2 r (olicies) s 16 r (include) s 17 r (route) s 17 r (selection) s 16 r (criteria,) s 17 r (whic) s 0 r 104 c 16 r (dictate) s 964 2828 p 50 c @eop 1 @bop0 cmbx10.432-55 @sf [<7FFFFE7FFFFE7FFFFE7FFFFE00FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF 0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF0000FF00F8FF00FFFF00FF FF00FFFF0007FF00007F00001F00000700> 24 39 -5 0 34.370] 49 @dc [<FFFFFF80FFFFFF80FFFFFF80FFFFFF807FFFFFC03FFFFFC01FFFFFC00FFFFFC0078003C003E003C001F003C000F801E0007C 01E0003F01E0001F8000000FC0000007F0000007F8000003FC000001FE000000FF000000FF8000007FC000007FC000003FE0 00003FE03E003FE07F003FE0FF803FE0FF803FE0FF803FE0FF807FC0FF80FFC07F01FF807F07FF803FFFFF001FFFFC0007FF F80000FFC000> 32 39 -3 0 34.370] 50 @dc [<FFFF00000780FFFF00000F80FFFF00001F80FFFF00001F8003C000003F8003C000007F8003C00000FF8003C00001FF8003C0 0001FF8003C00003FF8003C00007FF8003C0000FFF8003C0001FFF8003C0001FFF8003C0003FF78003C0007FF78003C000FF E78003C001FFC78003C001FF878003C003FF078003C007FF078003C00FFE078003C00FFC078003C01FF8078003C03FF00780 03C07FF0078003C0FFE0078003C0FFC0078003C1FF80078003C3FF00078003C7FF00078003CFFE00078003CFFC00078003DF F800078003FFF000078003FFF000078003FFE0000780FFFFC001FFFEFFFF8001FFFEFFFF0001FFFEFFFF0001FFFE> 48 41 -3 0 53.797] 78 @dc 1 @bop1 cmbx10.432-55 @sf 0 45 p 49 c 92 r (In) s -1 r (tro) s 1 r (duction) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 0 186 p 65 c 19 r (collection) s 20 r (of) s 19 r (autonomous) s 19 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (orks) s 18 r (can) s 19 r 98 c 2 r 101 c 19 r (in) s 0 r (terconnected) s 18 r (to) s 20 r (form) s 19 r 97 c 19 r (single) s 20 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r (using) s 0 242 p (curren) s 0 r 116 c 13 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (orking) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 15 r (\(e.g.,) s 14 r (IP) s 15 r 91 c 0 r (38) s 0 r (]\).) s 20 r (Although) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (in) s 0 r (terconnection) s 13 r (promotes) s 15 r (transpar-) s 0 299 p (en) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (\015o) s 0 r 119 c 18 r (of) s 20 r (information) s 19 r (across) s 20 r (autonomous) s 19 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 18 r 98 c 1 r (oundaries,) s 21 r (participan) s 0 r 116 c 18 r (organizations) s 19 r 119 c 0 r (ould) s 0 355 p (lik) s 0 r 101 c 13 r (to) s 13 r (main) s 0 r (tain) s 13 r (their) s 14 r (autonom) s -1 r 121 c 13 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 13 r (indep) s 1 r (enden) s 0 r (tly) s 13 r (expressing) s 13 r (and) s 14 r (enforcing) s 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 13 r (usage) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies.) s 0 412 p (In) s 14 r (particular,) s 15 r (the) s 14 r (enforcemen) s 0 r 116 c 14 r (of) s 14 r (access) s 15 r (con) s -1 r (trol) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 14 r (with) s 15 r (resp) s 1 r (ect) s 15 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (organizational) s 14 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 0 468 p (resources) s 15 r 98 c 1 r (ecomes) s 16 r (of) s 15 r (primary) s 15 r (concern.) s 71 564 p (Net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 21 r (access) s 22 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 20 r (metho) s 2 r (ds) s 22 r (that) s 21 r (restrict) s 22 r (the) s 22 r (information) s 22 r (\015o) s 0 r 119 c 21 r 98 c 1 r (et) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (een) s 21 r (end-systems) s 22 r (on) s 0 620 p (individual) s 19 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (orks) s 18 r (ha) s 0 r 118 c -2 r 101 c 18 r 98 c 1 r (een) s 19 r (demonstrated) s 19 r 91 c 0 r (13) s 0 r 44 c 18 r (31) s 0 r 44 c 19 r 53 c 0 r (].) s 31 r (Moreo) s 0 r 118 c -2 r (er,) s 19 r (end-systems) s 19 r (emplo) s -1 r 121 c 18 r 97 c 19 r (range) s 0 676 p (of) s 18 r (op) s 1 r (erating) s 18 r (system) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (application) s 18 r (lev) s -1 r (el) s 17 r (mec) s 0 r (hanisms) s 17 r (that) s 18 r (restrict) s 18 r (access) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (data) s 18 r (and) s 18 r (resources.) s 0 733 p (Ho) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ev) s -1 r (er,) s 14 r (con) s -1 r (trolling) s 13 r (access) s 15 r (to) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 14 r (transit) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (net) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 13 r (resources) s 14 r (\(suc) s 0 r 104 c 13 r (as) s 14 r (routers) s 15 r (and) s 14 r (links\)) s 14 r (requires) s 14 r (addi-) s 0 789 p (tional) s 16 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 16 r (supp) s 2 r (ort) s 16 r 98 c 1 r (ecause) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (need) s 16 r (to) s 16 r (co) s 1 r (ordinate) s 16 r (routing) s 16 r (decisions) s 16 r (among) s 16 r (all) s 17 r (in) s -1 r (terv) s -1 r (ening) s 0 846 p (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (orks.) s 26 r (Organizations) s 18 r (cannot) s 17 r (simply) s 17 r (enforce) s 18 r 112 c 1 r (olicy) s 17 r (restrictions) s 18 r (on) s 17 r 97 c 17 r (unilateral) s 18 r (basis) s 17 r (at) s 17 r (pac) s 0 r 107 c -1 r (et) s 0 902 p (forw) s 0 r (arding) s 12 r (time.) s 19 r (In) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 12 r (routing) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 13 r (decisions) s 13 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 12 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 13 r (made) s 13 r (according) s 13 r (to) s 13 r 112 c 1 r (olicy-related) s 13 r (param-) s 0 959 p (eters) s 16 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 15 r (as) s 17 r (access) s 16 r (righ) s 0 r (ts) s 15 r (and) s 16 r (cost,) s 17 r (in) s 16 r (addition) s 17 r (to) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (traditional) s 17 r (parameters) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (connectivit) s 0 r 121 c 16 r (and) s 0 1015 p (dela) s 0 r 121 c 14 r 91 c 0 r (10) s 0 r 44 c 15 r 54 c 0 r (].) s 20 r (Consequen) s 0 r (tly) s -4 r 44 c 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicies) s 15 r 112 c 1 r (ertaining) s 15 r (to) s 15 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (resources) s 14 r 109 c 0 r (ust) s 14 r (either) s 15 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 15 r (implicit) s 15 r (in) s 15 r (the) s 0 1072 p (top) s 1 r (ology) s 14 r (of) s 13 r (an) s 13 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork,) s 13 r (or) s 13 r (adv) s 0 r (ertised) s 12 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 13 r (an) s 0 r (ticipated) s 12 r (resource) s 13 r (users.) s 20 r (Only) s 13 r (then) s 13 r (can) s 14 r (en) s -1 r (tities) s 0 1128 p (throughout) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 11 r (determine) s 12 r (the) s 12 r (logical,) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 13 r 112 c -1 r (olicy-b) s -3 r (ase) s -2 r 100 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 11 r (connectivit) s 0 r 121 c 11 r (of) s 12 r (an) s 13 r (in) s -1 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 11 r (and) s 0 1185 p (compute) s 15 r 118 c -1 r (alid) s 14 r (routes.) s 71 1280 p (This) s 21 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 22 r (addresses) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (design) s 22 r (of) s 21 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 22 r (for) s cmbx10.329-39 @sf 21 r (secure) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 21 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 20 r (of) s 22 r (transit) s 21 r (tra\016c) s 21 r (on) s 22 r (an) s 21 r (in-) s 0 1337 p (ternet) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork.) s 35 r 84 c -2 r (ransit) s 19 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 19 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 21 r (can) s 20 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 21 r (designed) s 20 r (with) s 21 r 118 c -2 r (arying) s 19 r (lev) s 0 r (els) s 20 r (of) s 20 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c -4 r 46 c 35 r (In) s 20 r (some) s 0 1393 p (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r (ts,) s 14 r (relativ) s 0 r (ely) s 13 r (vulnerable) s 14 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 14 r (ma) s 0 r 121 c 13 r 98 c 1 r 101 c 14 r (used) s 15 r (in) s 14 r (conjunction) s 14 r (with) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 14 r 112 c -1 r (ost) s 14 r (facto) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 14 r (detection) s 0 1450 p (mec) s 0 r (hanisms.) s 19 r (Most) s 14 r (of) s 15 r (the) s 14 r 119 c 0 r (ork) s 14 r (in) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (olicy-based) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (col) s 15 r (dev) s -1 r (elopmen) s -1 r 116 c 14 r (is) s 14 r 98 c 2 r (eing) s 14 r (conducted) s 15 r (with) s 14 r (suc) s 0 r 104 c 0 1506 p (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -2 r (ts) s 12 r (in) s 12 r (mind) s 13 r 91 c 0 r (10) s 0 r 44 c 12 r 54 c 0 r 44 c 13 r (16) s 0 r 44 c 12 r (28) s 0 r (].) s 19 r (This) s 13 r (pap) s 1 r (er) s 13 r (addresses) s 12 r (en) s 0 r (vironmen) s -1 r (ts) s 11 r (where) s 12 r 112 c 2 r (ost) s 12 r (facto) s 13 r (detection) s 0 1562 p (is) s 14 r (not) s 13 r (adequate) s 14 r (or) s 14 r 112 c 1 r (ossible) s 14 r (in) s 13 r 97 c 14 r (timely) s 14 r (manner.) s 19 r (In) s 14 r (particular,) s 14 r 119 c 0 r 101 c 13 r (address) s 13 r (the) s 14 r (design) s 14 r (and) s 13 r (costs) s 14 r (\(i.e.,) s 0 1619 p 112 c 1 r (erformance) s 19 r (and) s 19 r (manageabilit) s 0 r (y\)) s 18 r (of) s 19 r (incorp) s 1 r (orating) s 19 r (more) s 19 r (defensiv) s 0 r (e,) s cmti10.329-37 @sf 19 r (pr) s -2 r (eventative) s cmr10.329-34 @sf 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 18 r (measures) s 0 1675 p (in) s 0 r (to) s 14 r (the) s 15 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 15 r (for) s 16 r (con) s -1 r (trolling) s 14 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -1 r (ork) s 14 r (tra\016c.) s cmr8.300-13 @sf 1057 1659 p 49 c cmr10.329-34 @sf 71 1771 p (This) s 17 r (pap) s 2 r (er) s 17 r (is) s 18 r (organized) s 18 r (as) s 18 r (follo) s 0 r (ws.) s 27 r (As) s 18 r (further) s 17 r (in) s 0 r (tro) s 0 r (duction,) s 19 r (Section) s 18 r 50 c 18 r (discusses) s 17 r (the) s 18 r (in) s 0 r (tercon-) s 0 1827 p (nection) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (autonomous) s 16 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -1 r (orks.) s 22 r (Section) s 16 r 51 c 16 r 98 c 1 r (egins) s 16 r 98 c 0 r 121 c 15 r (considering) s 16 r (the) s 16 r (extension) s 16 r (of) s 16 r (net) s 0 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (access) s 0 1884 p (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (metho) s 2 r (ds) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (con) s 0 r (trol) s 14 r (transit) s 16 r (in) s 0 r (ternet) s -1 r 119 c -2 r (ork) s 15 r (tra\016c.) s 22 r (In) s 15 r (resp) s 2 r (onse) s 15 r (to) s 16 r (some) s 16 r (fundamen) s -1 r (tal) s 15 r (de\014cien-) s 0 1940 p (cies,) s 22 r (the) s 21 r (remainder) s 21 r (of) s 21 r (Section) s 21 r 51 c 21 r (describ) s 1 r (es) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (role) s 21 r (of) s 21 r (the) s 21 r (so-called) s 21 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 20 r (Routing) s 21 r (proto) s 1 r (cols) s 21 r (in) s 0 1997 p (pro) s 0 r (viding) s 17 r (transit) s 18 r (con) s -1 r (trol.) s 28 r (Next,) s 18 r (Section) s 18 r 52 c 18 r (outlines) s 18 r (the) s 18 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 17 r (concerns) s 18 r (particular) s 18 r (to) s 17 r (the) s 18 r 80 c 0 r (olicy) s 0 2053 p (Routing) s 21 r (proto) s 1 r (cols.) s 37 r (The) s 20 r (discussion) s 21 r (of) s 21 r (securit) s 0 r 121 c 19 r (is) s 21 r (con) s 0 r (tin) s -2 r (ued) s 20 r (in) s 21 r (the) s 20 r (remaining) s 21 r (sections) s 21 r (on) s 20 r (secure) s 0 2110 p (proto) s 1 r (col) s 17 r (design) s 16 r (\(Section) s 16 r (5\)) s 17 r (and) s 16 r (cost) s 16 r (assessmen) s 0 r 116 c 15 r 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(TR-90-14) s 518 1036 p (Deb) s 1 r (orah) s 22 r (Estrin) s 103 r (Gene) s 21 r (Tsudik) s cmr10.432-52 @sf 573 1135 p (Computer) s 20 r (Science) s 19 r (Departmen) s 0 r 116 c 540 1209 p (Univ) s 0 r (ersit) s -2 r 121 c 19 r (of) s 20 r (Southern) s 20 r (California) s 672 1284 p (Los) s 20 r (Angeles,) s 20 r (CA) s 20 r (90089) s @eop @end %! %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 1 -1 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman %%EndComments % % FrameMaker PostScript Prolog 2.0, for use with FrameMaker 2.0 % Copyright (c) 1986,87,89 by Frame Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. % % Known Problems: % Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1 /FMversion (2.0) def /FrameDict 170 dict def systemdict /errordict known not { /errordict 10 dict def errordict /rangecheck { stop } put } if % The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put FrameDict /bug false put mark % Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! currentfile 5 string readline 00 0000000000 cleartomark errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put FrameDict /bug get { /readline { /gstring exch def /gfile exch def /gindex 0 def { gfile read pop dup 10 eq {exit} if dup 13 eq {exit} if gstring exch gindex exch put /gindex gindex 1 add def } loop pop gstring 0 gindex getinterval true } def } if /FMVERSION { FMversion ne { /Times-Roman findfont 18 scalefont setfont 100 100 moveto (FrameMaker version does not match postscript_prolog!) dup = show showpage } if } def /FMLOCAL { FrameDict begin 0 def end } def /gstring FMLOCAL /gfile FMLOCAL /gindex FMLOCAL /orgxfer FMLOCAL /orgproc FMLOCAL /organgle FMLOCAL /orgfreq FMLOCAL FrameDict /graymode true put /yscale FMLOCAL /xscale FMLOCAL /PrintInColor systemdict /colorimage known def % Uncomment this line to force b&w on color printer % /PrintInColor false def PrintInColor { /HUE 0 def /SAT 0 def /BRIGHT 0 def % array of arrays Hue and Sat values for the separations [HUE BRIGHT] /Colors [[0 0 ] % black [0 0 ] % white [0.00 1.0] % red [0.37 1.0] % green [0.60 1.0] % blue [0.50 1.0] % cyan [0.83 1.0] % magenta [0.16 1.0] % comment ] def /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { BITMAPCOLOR } def /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { BITMAPCOLORc } def /K { Colors exch get dup 0 get /HUE exch store 1 get /BRIGHT exch store HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and {1.0 SAT sub setgray } {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor } ifelse } def /mysetgray { /SAT exch 1.0 exch sub store HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and {1.0 SAT sub setgray } {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor } ifelse } bind def } { /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { BITMAPGRAY } def /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { BITMAPGRAYc } def /mysetgray { setgray } bind def /K { pop } def } ifelse /max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def /min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def /mtx matrix defaultmatrix def /setmanualfeed { %%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True statusdict /manualfeed true put %%EndFeature } def /FMDOCUMENT { array /FMfonts exch def /#copies exch def 0 ne dup {setmanualfeed} if FrameDict begin /manualfeed exch def /paperheight exch def /paperwidth exch def setpapername manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse {manualpapersize} {false} ifelse {desperatepapersize} if /yscale exch def /xscale exch def currenttransfer cvlit /orgxfer exch def currentscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def /organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def end } def /pagesave FMLOCAL /orgmatrix FMLOCAL /landscape FMLOCAL /FMBEGINPAGE { FrameDict begin /pagesave save def 3.86 setmiterlimit /landscape exch 0 ne store landscape { 90 rotate 0 exch neg translate pop } { pop pop } ifelse xscale yscale scale /orgmatrix matrix def gsave } def /FMENDPAGE { grestore pagesave restore end showpage } def /fontname FMLOCAL /fontscale FMLOCAL /fontnum FMLOCAL /fontdict FMLOCAL /FMDEFINEFONT { FrameDict begin /fontname exch def /fontscale exch def /fontnum exch def /fontdict fontname findfont fontscale scalefont def fontdict /Encoding get StandardEncoding eq { fontdict DiacriticEncode /fontdict exch def } { fontdict NonDiacriticEncode /fontdict exch def } ifelse FMfonts fontnum fontnum fontdict definefont put end } def /FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS { newpath 0.0 0.0 moveto 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinecap 0 mysetgray } bind def /FMBEGINEPSF { end /FMEPSF save def /showpage {} def FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS [/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall fx fy translate rotate fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale llx neg lly neg translate } bind def /FMENDEPSF { FMEPSF restore FrameDict begin } bind def FrameDict begin /pagedimen { paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and {/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse } def /inch {72 mul} def /setpapername { /papersizedict 14 dict def papersizedict begin /papername /unknown def /Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen /LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen /Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen /Ledger 17.0 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen /Legal 8.5 inch 14.0 inch pagedimen /Statement 5.5 inch 8.5 inch pagedimen /Executive 7.5 inch 10.0 inch pagedimen /A3 11.69 inch 16.5 inch pagedimen /A4 8.26 inch 11.69 inch pagedimen /A4Small 7.47 inch 10.85 inch pagedimen /B4 10.125 inch 14.33 inch pagedimen /B5 7.16 inch 10.125 inch pagedimen end } def /papersize { papersizedict begin /Letter {lettertray} def /LetterSmall {lettertray lettersmall} def /Tabloid {11x17tray} def /Ledger {ledgertray} def /Legal {legaltray} def /Statement {statementtray} def /Executive {executivetray} def /A3 {a3tray} def /A4 {a4tray} def /A4Small {a4tray a4small} def /B4 {b4tray} def /B5 {b5tray} def /unknown {unknown} def papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get end statusdict begin stopped end } def /manualpapersize { papersizedict begin /Letter {letter} def /LetterSmall {lettersmall} def /Tabloid {11x17} def /Ledger {ledger} def /Legal {legal} def /Statement {statement} def /Executive {executive} def /A3 {a3} def /A4 {a4} def /A4Small {a4small} def /B4 {b4} def /B5 {b5} def /unknown {unknown} def papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get end stopped } def /desperatepapersize { statusdict /setpageparams known { paperwidth paperheight 0 1 statusdict begin {setpageparams} stopped pop end } if } def /savematrix { orgmatrix currentmatrix pop } bind def /restorematrix { orgmatrix setmatrix } bind def /dmatrix matrix def /dpi 72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def /freq dpi 18.75 div 8 div round dup 0 eq { pop 1 } if 8 mul dpi exch div def /sangle 1 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan def /DiacriticEncoding [ /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quotesingle /parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash /zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore /grave /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute /Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis /atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis /iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve /ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex /udieresis /dagger /.notdef /cent /sterling /section /bullet /paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute /dieresis /.notdef /AE /Oslash /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /yen /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /ordfeminine /ordmasculine /.notdef /ae /oslash /questiondown /exclamdown /logicalnot /.notdef /florin /.notdef /.notdef /guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /.notdef /Agrave /Atilde /Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /.notdef /.notdef /ydieresis /Ydieresis /fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl /periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand /Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /.notdef /Ograve /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron ] def /basefontdict FMLOCAL /newfontdict FMLOCAL /DiacriticEncode { /basefontdict exch def /newfontdict basefontdict maxlength dict def basefontdict {exch dup /FID ne {dup /Encoding eq {exch pop DiacriticEncoding} {exch} ifelse newfontdict 3 1 roll put } {pop pop} ifelse } forall newfontdict } bind def /NonDiacriticEncode { /basefontdict exch def /newfontdict basefontdict maxlength dict def basefontdict {exch dup /FID ne {exch newfontdict 3 1 roll put} {pop pop} ifelse } forall newfontdict } bind def /bwidth FMLOCAL /bpside FMLOCAL /bstring FMLOCAL /onbits FMLOCAL /offbits FMLOCAL /xindex FMLOCAL /yindex FMLOCAL /x FMLOCAL /y FMLOCAL /setpattern { /bwidth exch def /bpside exch def /bstring exch def /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def freq sangle landscape {90 add} if {/y exch def /x exch def /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def bstring yindex bwidth mul xindex 8 idiv add get 1 7 xindex 8 mod sub bitshift and 0 ne {/onbits onbits 1 add def 1} {/offbits offbits 1 add def 0} ifelse } setscreen {} settransfer offbits offbits onbits add div mysetgray /graymode false store } bind def /grayness { mysetgray graymode not { /graymode true store orgxfer cvx settransfer orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen } if } bind def /normalize { transform round exch round exch itransform } bind def /dnormalize { dtransform round exch round exch idtransform } bind def /lnormalize { 0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul 1 add exch idtransform pop } bind def /H { lnormalize setlinewidth } bind def /Z { setlinecap } bind def /X { fillprocs exch get exec } bind def /V { gsave eofill grestore } bind def /N { stroke } bind def /M {newpath moveto} bind def /E {lineto} bind def /D {curveto} bind def /O {closepath} bind def /n FMLOCAL /L { /n exch def newpath normalize moveto 2 1 n {pop normalize lineto} for } bind def /Y { L closepath } bind def /x1 FMLOCAL /x2 FMLOCAL /y1 FMLOCAL /y2 FMLOCAL /rad FMLOCAL /R { /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 y1 x2 y1 x2 y2 x1 y2 4 Y } bind def /RR { /rad exch def normalize /y2 exch def /x2 exch def normalize /y1 exch def /x1 exch def newpath x1 y1 rad add moveto x1 y2 x2 y2 rad arcto x2 y2 x2 y1 rad arcto x2 y1 x1 y1 rad arcto x1 y1 x1 y2 rad arcto closepath 16 {pop} repeat } bind def /C { grestore gsave R clip } bind def /U { grestore gsave } bind def /F { FMfonts exch get setfont } bind def /T { moveto show } bind def /RF { rotate 0 ne { -1 1 scale } if } bind def /TF { gsave moveto RF show grestore } bind def /P { moveto 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow } bind def /PF { gsave moveto RF 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow grestore } bind def /S { moveto 0 exch ashow } bind def /SF { gsave moveto RF 0 exch ashow grestore } bind def /B { moveto 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow } bind def /BF { gsave moveto RF 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow grestore } bind def /x FMLOCAL /y FMLOCAL /dx FMLOCAL /dy FMLOCAL /dl FMLOCAL /t FMLOCAL /t2 FMLOCAL /Cos FMLOCAL /Sin FMLOCAL /r FMLOCAL /W { dnormalize /dy exch def /dx exch def normalize /y exch def /x exch def /dl dx dx mul dy dy mul add sqrt def dl 0.0 gt { /t currentlinewidth def savematrix /Cos dx dl div def /Sin dy dl div def /r [Cos Sin Sin neg Cos 0.0 0.0] def /t2 t 2.5 mul 3.5 max def newpath x y translate r concat 0.0 0.0 moveto dl t 2.7 mul sub 0.0 rlineto stroke restorematrix x dx add y dy add translate r concat t 0.67 mul setlinewidth t 1.61 mul neg 0.0 translate 0.0 0.0 moveto t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div moveto 0.0 0.0 lineto t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div neg lineto stroke t setlinewidth restorematrix } if } bind def /G { gsave newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath fill grestore } bind def /A { gsave savematrix newpath 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch normalize 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch translate scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc restorematrix stroke grestore } bind def /x FMLOCAL /y FMLOCAL /w FMLOCAL /h FMLOCAL /xx FMLOCAL /yy FMLOCAL /ww FMLOCAL /hh FMLOCAL /FMsaveobject FMLOCAL /FMoptop FMLOCAL /FMdicttop FMLOCAL /BEGINPRINTCODE { /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def /FMoptop count 4 sub def /FMsaveobject save def userdict begin /showpage {} def FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS 3 index neg 3 index neg translate } bind def /ENDPRINTCODE { count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for FMsaveobject restore } bind def /gn { 0 { 46 mul cf read pop 32 sub dup 46 lt {exit} if 46 sub add } loop add } bind def /str FMLOCAL /cfs { /str sl string def 0 1 sl 1 sub {str exch val put} for str def } bind def /ic [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 0 {0 hx} {1 hx} {2 hx} {3 hx} {4 hx} {5 hx} {6 hx} {7 hx} {8 hx} {9 hx} {10 hx} {11 hx} {12 hx} {13 hx} {14 hx} {15 hx} {16 hx} {17 hx} {18 hx} {19 hx} {gn hx} {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {gn} {0 wh} {1 wh} {2 wh} {3 wh} {4 wh} {5 wh} {6 wh} {7 wh} {8 wh} {9 wh} {10 wh} {11 wh} {12 wh} {13 wh} {14 wh} {gn wh} {0 bl} {1 bl} {2 bl} {3 bl} {4 bl} {5 bl} {6 bl} {7 bl} {8 bl} {9 bl} {10 bl} {11 bl} {12 bl} {13 bl} {14 bl} {gn bl} {0 fl} {1 fl} {2 fl} {3 fl} {4 fl} {5 fl} {6 fl} {7 fl} {8 fl} {9 fl} {10 fl} {11 fl} {12 fl} {13 fl} {14 fl} {gn fl} ] def /sl FMLOCAL /val FMLOCAL /ws FMLOCAL /im FMLOCAL /bs FMLOCAL /cs FMLOCAL /len FMLOCAL /pos FMLOCAL /ms { /sl exch def /val 255 def /ws cfs /im cfs /val 0 def /bs cfs /cs cfs } bind def 400 ms /ip { is 0 cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop } bind def /wh { /len exch def /pos exch def ws 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop pos len } bind def /bl { /len exch def /pos exch def bs 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop pos len } bind def /s1 1 string def /fl { /len exch def /pos exch def /val cf s1 readhexstring pop 0 get def pos 1 pos len add 1 sub {im exch val put} for pos len } bind def /hx { 3 copy getinterval cf exch readhexstring pop pop } bind def /h FMLOCAL /w FMLOCAL /d FMLOCAL /lb FMLOCAL /bitmapsave FMLOCAL /is FMLOCAL /cf FMLOCAL /wbytes { dup 8 eq { pop } { 1 eq { 7 add 8 idiv } { 3 add 4 idiv } ifelse } ifelse } bind def /BEGINBITMAPBWc { 1 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAYc { 8 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BITc { 2 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /COMMONBITMAPc { /r exch def /d exch def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /lb w d wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def r /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BEGINBITMAPBW { 1 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAY { 8 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BIT { 2 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /COMMONBITMAP { /r exch def /d exch def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def r /is w d wbytes string def /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { cf is readhexstring pop } image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /Fmcc { /proc2 exch cvlit def /proc1 exch cvlit def /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx } bind def /colorsetup { currentcolortransfer /gryt exch def /blut exch def /grnt exch def /redt exch def /ngrayt 256 array def /nredt 256 array def /nbluet 256 array def /ngreent 256 array def 0 1 255 { /indx exch def /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def /k cynu magu min yelu min def /u k currentundercolorremoval exec def nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put ngrayt indx 1 k currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put } for {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} setcolortransfer {pop 0} setundercolorremoval {} setblackgeneration } bind def /fakecolorsetup { /tran 256 string def 0 1 255 { /ind exch def tran ind red ind get 77 mul green ind get 151 mul blue ind get 28 mul add add 256 idiv put } for currenttransfer { 255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div } exch Fmcc settransfer } bind def /BITMAPCOLOR { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is w d wbytes string def /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { cf is readhexstring pop } {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCOLORc { /d 8 def gsave translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def /lb w d wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def colorsetup /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPGRAY { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BITMAPGRAYc { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /ENDBITMAP { } bind def end %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup (2.0) FMVERSION 1 1 612 792 0 1 2 FMDOCUMENT /fillprocs 32 array def fillprocs 0 { 0.000000 grayness } put fillprocs 1 { 0.100000 grayness } put fillprocs 2 { 0.300000 grayness } put fillprocs 3 { 0.500000 grayness } put fillprocs 4 { 0.700000 grayness } put fillprocs 5 { 0.900000 grayness } put fillprocs 6 { 0.970000 grayness } put fillprocs 7 { 1.000000 grayness } put fillprocs 8 {<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 9 {<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 10 {<cccccccccccccccc> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 11 {<ffff0000ffff0000> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 12 {<8142241818244281> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 13 {<03060c183060c081> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 14 {<8040201008040201> 8 1 setpattern } put fillprocs 15 {} put fillprocs 16 { 1.000000 grayness } put fillprocs 17 { 0.900000 grayness } put 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450 33.92 9.11 304.6 488.11 A 298.11 536.69 290.89 516.45 2 L 1 H 2 Z 11 X N 4 X 90 450 33.92 9.11 301.72 514.43 G 0.5 H 0 Z 0 X 90 450 33.92 9.11 301.72 514.43 A 4 X 90 450 33.92 8.6 301.72 542.26 G 0 X 90 450 33.92 8.6 301.72 542.26 A 311.1 399.04 378.95 399.04 2 L 1 H 2 Z 10 X N 507 582 507 350 165 350 3 L 0 X N 165 350 112 350 2 L N 507 582 110 582 2 L N 110 582 112 350 2 L N 1 F (Figure 1: Example of AD interconnection) 204.81 333.82 T FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "1" 0 %%Trailer %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 1 -1 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman