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\f

\chapter {The Procedural DUA}

The \man libdsap(3n) library defines a set of procedure calls which
correspond to each 
of the X500 abstract operations.
This chapter describes those procedure calls.

\f

\section {Procedure Model}
\label{proc_model}

Each operation is accessed via a procedure call of the same name as the
operation, prefixed by ``\verb"ds_"''.
The procedure is supplied an argument structure, and returns either an error
or result structure.
For example the \verb"read" operation is invoked by calling
\verb"ds_read (argument,error,result)".

The return value of the procedures have the following common values, which
indicated whether an error or result is returned:-
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"DS\_OK":]        Operation completed successfully, the result
structure will have the corresponding result (if the operation generates
results).
\item [\verb"DS\_ERROR\_LOCAL":] Error within the DUA module
\item [\verb"DS\_ERROR\_CONNECT":] Failed to connect to a remote DSA
\item [\verb"DS\_ERROR\_PROVIDER":] Other OSI provider error 
\item [\verb"DS\_ERROR\_REMOTE":] Remote error.  Further details will  
be in the error parameter in the procedure call.
\end{describe}
These values defined in \file"quipu/ds\_error.h", which must be included
in your program.

\f

\section {Common Parameters}
All of the DAP operations described in Sections \ref{dap:bind} to \ref{modifyrdn}
have certain common parameters in their arguments and results.
These structures are now described.


\subsection {Arguments}
\label{common_args}

The common arguments are represented by the following structure:-
\begin{quote}\index{CommonArgs}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct common_args {
    ServiceControl        ca_servicecontrol;
    DN                    ca_requestor;

    struct op_progress    ca_progress;
    int                   ca_aliased_rdns;
#define CA_NO_ALIASDEREFERENCED -1
    struct extension    * ca_ext;
} CommonArgs;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The fields \verb"ca_ext", \verb"ca_progress", \verb"ca_requestor" 
and \verb"ca_aliased_rdns" are provided as
they are defined within X.500.  Neither the QUIPU DSA or DUA use these fields.

The field \verb"ca_servicecontrol" is used to select the type of service
the DSA should provide, the structure is given below

\begin{quote}\index{ServiceControl}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct svccontrol {    
    int         svc_options;
#define SVC_OPT_PREFERCHAIN             0X001
#define SVC_OPT_CHAININGPROHIBIT        0X002
#define SVC_OPT_LOCALSCOPE              0X004
#define SVC_OPT_DONTUSECOPY             0X008
#define SVC_OPT_DONTDERFERERENCEALIAS   0X010
    char        svc_prio;
#define SVC_PRIO_LOW    0
#define SVC_PRIO_MED    1
#define SVC_PRIO_HIGH   2
    int         svc_timelimit; 
#define SVC_NOTIMELIMIT -1
    int         svc_sizelimit;
#define SVC_NOSIZELIMIT -1
    int         svc_scopeofreferral;
#define SVC_REFSCOPE_NONE       -1
#define SVC_REFSCOPE_DMD        0
#define SVC_REFSCOPE_COUNTRY    1
} svccontrol, ServiceControl;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The values takes by each field within the ServiceControl
structure are described in full
in \cite{CCITT.Directory}.

\subsection {Results}
\label{common_results}

\begin{quote}\index{CommonResults}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct common_results {
    DN      cr_requestor;
    char    cr_aliasdereferenced;
} common_results, CommonResults;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The filed \verb"cr_aliasdereferenced" is set to \verb"TRUE" if the base
object of the operation was an alias, and was dereferenced.

The field \verb"cr_requestor" is provided as
it is are defined within X.500.  Neither the QUIPU DSA or DUA use this field.


\section {Continuation References}
\label{cont_ref}

``Continuation References'' are returned by the directory when the operation
asked for could not be fully completed, in which case
the structure \verb"ContinuationRef" is returned as part of the error or
results structures.
The structure is explained below:-

\begin{quote}\index{ContinuationRef}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct continuation_ref {
    DN          cr_name;
    struct op_progress cr_progress;
    int         cr_rdn_resolved;
#define CR_RDNRESOLVED_NOTDEFINED  -1
    int         cr_aliasedRDNs;
#define CR_NOALIASEDRDNS -1
    int         cr_reftype;
#define RT_UNDEFINED    -1
#define RT_SUPERIOR     1
#define RT_SUBORDINATE  2
#define RT_CROSS        3
#define RT_NONSPECIFICSUBORDINATE 4
    struct access_point cr_accesspoints;
    struct continuation_ref *cr_next;
}continuation_ref, *ContinuationRef;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"cr\_name":] The DN that has only been partially explored
\item [\verb"cr\_rdn\_resolved":] The number of RDNs in the name that have
been examined --- hence how far down the DIT the query has been taken
\item [\verb"cr\_aliasedRDNs":] If \verb"TRUE" then some of the RDNs were
aliases.
\item [\verb"cr\_reftype":] The type of reference that was used to get this
information
\item [\verb"cr\_accesspoints":] The access point of the DSA to contact.
The structure for an access point is as follows:-
\begin{quote}\index{access\_point}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct access_point { 
    DN                  ap_name;
    struct PSAPaddr     ap_address;
    struct access_point *ap_next;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"ap\_name":] The DN of the DSA to contact
\item [\verb"ap\_address":] The address of the DSA (derivable from the name)
\item [\verb"ap\_next":] There may be more than one access point, hence they
form a linked list structure.
\end{describe}
\item [\verb"cr\_next":] There may be more than one access point, if so they form
a linked list structure.
\end{describe}


\f

\section {Errors}

All DAP operations return a common error structure, which maps closely 
onto the service definitions.
An error is only returned if the operation failed, if successful (indicated
by the return value DS\_OK) the error structure returned is undefined.

\begin{quote}\index{DSError}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSError {
    int dse_type;
#define DSE_LOCALERROR          -2
#define DSE_REMOTEERROR         -1
#define DSE_NOERROR             0
#define DSE_ATTRIBUTEERROR      1
#define DSE_NAMEERROR           2
#define DSE_SERVICEERROR        3
#define DSE_REFERRAL            4
#define DSE_ABANDONED           5
#define DSE_SECURITYERROR       6
#define DSE_ABANDON_FAILED      7
#define DSE_UPDATEERROR         8
#define DSE_DSAREFERRAL         9
    union {
       struct DSE_attribute    dse_un_attribute;
       struct DSE_name         dse_un_name;
       struct DSE_service      dse_un_service;
       struct DSE_referral     dse_un_referral;
       struct DSE_abandon_fail dse_un_abandon_fail;
       struct DSE_security     dse_un_security;
       struct DSE_update       dse_un_update;
    }   dse_un;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The field \verb"dse_type" is used to indicate what sort of error has
occurred, and hence which structure from the union is used.

The value \verb"DSE_LOCALERROR" is used to indicate that the 
error came from within the DUA, there is no associated 
structure in the union for this error.

The value \verb"DSE_REMOTEERROR" is used to indicate that an
error occurred at the DSA end, and the request was rejected, again  there is
no associated structure in the union for this error.

The structures in the union for the other
error conditions are as described in the following Sections.


\subsection{Attribute Error}
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_attribute {
    DN DSE_at_name;
    struct DSE_at_problem DSE_at_plist;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"DSE\_at\_name":] The name of the entry causing the error
\item [\verb"DSE\_at\_plist":] A list of the errors:-
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_at_problem {
    int                     DSE_at_what;
#define DSE_AT_NOSUCHATTRIBUTE          1
#define DSE_AT_INVALIDATTRIBUTESYNTAX   2
#define DSE_AT_UNDEFINEDATTRIBUTETYPE   3
#define DSE_AT_INAPPROPRIATEMATCHING    4
#define DSE_AT_CONSTRAINTVIOLATION      5
#define DSE_AT_TYPEORVALUEEXISTS        6
    AttributeType           DSE_at_type;
    AttributeValue          DSE_at_value;
    struct DSE_at_problem * dse_at_next;
};
#define DSE_AT_NOPROBLEM ((struct DSE_at_problem*)0)
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The fields are used as follows:-
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"DSE\_at\_what":] Indicates which error has occurred.
\item [\verb"DSE\_at\_type":] The attribute type causing the error
\item [\verb"DSE\_at\_value":] The associated value (if any)
\item [\verb"dse\_at\_next":] There may be more than one such error --- if
so they form a linked list.
\end{describe}
\end{describe}



\subsection{Name Error}
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_name {
    int DSE_na_problem;
#define DSE_NA_NOSUCHOBJECT             1
#define DSE_NA_ALIASPROBLEM             2
#define DSE_NA_INVALIDATTRIBIBUTESYNTAX 3
#define DSE_NA_ALIASDEREFERENCE         4
    DN  DSE_na_matched;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\verb"DSE_na_matched" is the name of the entry that caused the error.

\subsection{Referral Errors}

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_referral {
    ContininuationRef DSE_ref_candidates;
    DN                DSE_ref_prefix;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The continuation reference supplies information on how the continue the
query.
The structure is described in Section~\ref{cont_ref}

The field \verb"DSE_ref_prefix" is for DSP only.

\subsection{Security Error}
\label{error_sec}
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_security {
    int DSE_sc_problem;
#define DSE_SC_AUTHENTICATION           1
#define DSE_SC_INVALIDCREDENTIALS       2
#define DSE_SC_ACCESSRIGHTS             3
#define DSE_SC_INVALIDSIGNATURE         4
#define DSE_SC_PROTECTIONREQUIRED       5
#define DSE_SC_NOINFORMATION            6
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\subsection{Service Error}
\label{error_ser}
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_service {
    int DSE_sv_problem;
#define DSE_SV_BUSY                         1
#define DSE_SV_UNAVAILABLE                  2
#define DSE_SV_UNWILLINGTOPERFORM           3
#define DSE_SV_CHAININGREQUIRED             4
#define DSE_SV_UNABLETOPROCEED              5
#define DSE_SV_INVALIDREFERENCE             6
#define DSE_SV_TIMELIMITEXCEEDED            7
#define DSE_SV_ADMINLIMITEXCEEDED           8
#define DSE_SV_LOOPDETECT                   9
#define DSE_SV_UNAVAILABLECRITICALEXTENSION 10
#define DSE_SV_OUTOFSCOPE		    11
#define DSE_SV_DITERROR			    12
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\subsection{Update Error}
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_update {
    int DSE_up_problem;
#define DSE_UP_NAMINGVIOLATION          1
#define DSE_UP_OBJECTCLASSVIOLATION     2
#define DSE_UP_NOTONNONLEAF             3
#define DSE_UP_NOTONRDN                 4
#define DSE_UP_ALREADYEXISTS            5
#define DSE_UP_AFFECTSMULTIPLEDSAS      6
#define DSE_UP_NOOBJECTCLASSMODS        7
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\subsection{Abandon Failure}
If an abandon operation fails then the following is used:-
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct DSE_abandon_fail {
    int DSE_ab_problem;
#define DSE_AB_NOSUCHOPERATION  1
#define DSE_AB_TOOLATE          2
#define DSE_AB_CANNOTABANDON    3
    int DSE_ab_invokeid;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\subsection {Error Handling Procedures}

The \man libdsap(3n) library has two routines for handling errors.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_error}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_error (ps,error)
PS ps;
struct DSError * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

This routine will take the error, and pretty-print the contents to the
PStream \verb"ps".

\begin{quote}\index{log\_ds\_error}\small\begin{verbatim}
log_ds_error (error)
struct DSError * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

This routine will take the error, print a simple message
in ``dsap\_log'' at ``LLOG\_EXCEPTIONS'' logging level, and a more detailed
report at ``LLOG\_TRACE'' logging level.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_error_free (err)
struct DSError * err;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

This frees the imbeded structures within the error structure, BUT NOT
\verb"DSError" itself.

\f

\section {Binding and Unbinding}
\label{dap:bind}

Before operations may be invoked, the DUA must BIND to the DSA.

The \verb"bind" procedure
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_bind}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_bind (arg, error, result)
    struct ds_bind_arg          * arg;
    struct ds_bind_arg          * result;
    struct ds_bind_error        * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
is used for this purpose.

You will need to include \file{quipu/bind.h} to use this procedure.

The \verb"ds_bind_arg" structure is defined as follows.
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_bind_arg {
    int  dba_version; 
#define DBA_VERSION_V1988 0x001
    DN   dba_dn;
    int  dba_passwd_len;
#define DBA_MAX_PASSWD_LEN 512
    char dba_passwd[DBA_MAX_PASSWD_LEN];
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"dba\_version":] should always be set to \verb"DBA_VERSION_V1988"
\item [\verb"dba\_dn":] is the name of the entity you wish to bind as, this
can be \verb"NULLDN" if you only require access to ``publically readable''
information.
\item [\verb"dba\_passwd":] The password required to bind as the entity.
This will be checked against the ``userPassword'' attribute in the entity.
\item [\verb"dsa\_passwd\_len"] The length of the string in \verb"dsa_passwd"
\end{describe}

The \verb"bind" operation will try to connect to the DSA, whose address is
defined in the external \verb"char *", ``\verb"dsa_address"'', the syntax of
the string is that of an ISODE PSAP address.

If \verb"ds_bind()" returns \verb"DS_OK", then you have a successful connection,
otherwise a \verb"ds_bind_error" structure will inform you 
of the error condition.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_bind_error {
    int  dbe_version;
    char dbe_type;
#define DBE_TYPE_SERVICE 0
#define DBE_TYPE_SECURITY 1
    int  dbe_value;        
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The filed \verb"dbe_value" takes a value as defined for a \verb"DSE_security"
or \verb"DSE_service" error shown in Sections \ref{error_sec} and
\ref{error_ser}.

The unbind operation has no parameters.
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_unbind}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_unbind ()
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
and is used to disconnect from the directory.

\f

\section {Read}

The read operation is used to access information from a particular
entity in the DSA.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_read}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_read (arg, error, result)
    struct ds_read_arg          * arg;    
    struct ds_read_result       * result;
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/list.h} to use this procedure.

The argument \verb"ds_read_arg" is used to formulate the DAP request:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_read_arg {
    CommonArgs         rda_common;
    DN                 rda_object;
    EntryInfoSelection rda_eis;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The parameters are used as follows:-
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"rda\_common":] The common arguments as described in
Section~\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"rda\_object":] The DN of the object you want to read
\item [\verb"rda\_eis":] The ``Entry Information Selection'', which defines
which attributes you want to be returned, this is defined in
Section~\ref{eis}
\end{describe}

The results returned on a \verb"DS_OK" return form the structure shown below:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_read_result {
    CommonResults rdr_common;
    EntryInfo     rdr_entry;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"rdr\_common":] The common results as described in
Section~\ref{common_results}
\item [\verb"rdr\_entry":] The ``Entry Information'', which contains the
attributes you requested. The structure is defined in Section~\ref{einfo}.
\end{describe}

\subsection {Entry Information Selection}
\label{eis}

Operations that return an Entry Information structure, will have an ``Entry
Information Selection'' in their arguments to specify exactly what the DSA
should return.   The structure is represented thus:-

\begin{quote}\index{EntryInfoSelection}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct {
    char                eis_allattributes;
    Attr_Sequence       eis_select;
    char                eis_infotypes;
#define EIS_ATTRIBUTETYPESONLY  0
#define EIS_ATTRIBUTESANDVALUES 1
} EntryInfoSelection;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The parameters are used as follows:-
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"eis\_allattributes":] If \verb"TRUE" the all attributes are required
\item [\verb"eis\_select":] If \verb"eis_allattributes" is \verb"FALSE" then
this field is used to specify the attributes you want.
ONLY the attribute types of this structure need to be set, any attribute
values will be ignored.
\item [\verb"eis\_infotypes":] If \verb"EIS_ATTRIBUTETYPESONLY" is set, then
only attribute types will be returned, otherwise the
values will also be returned.
\end{describe}

\subsection {Entry Information}
\label{einfo}

The structure ``Entry Information'' is used by some of the operations to
return data to the DUA.

\begin{quote}\index{EntryInfo}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct entrystruct { 
    DN                  ent_dn;
    Attr_Sequence       ent_attr;
    int                 ent_iscopy;
#define INFO_MASTER 0x000
#define INFO_COPY   0x001
#define INFO_CACHE  0x002
    time_t              ent_age;
    struct entrystruct  *ent_next;
} entrystruct, EntryInfo;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The parameters are used as follows:-
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"ent\_dn":] The DN of the entry
\item [\verb"ent\_attr":] The requested attributes of the requested entry
\item [\verb"ent\_iscopy":] This is either \verb"INFO_MASTER" or
\verb"INFO_COPY" indicationg whether master data or
copied data was used to generate the results.
\verb"INFO_CACHE" is not applicable to a DUA
\item [\verb"ent\_age":] This field is for DSA use only.
\item [\verb"ent\_next":] There may be many results, this is used to link them.
\end{describe}

NOTE, the fields \verb"ent_dn" and \verb"ent_attr" will only be partially
decoded when this structure is returned.
You should call the routines \verb"dn_decode()" and \verb"as_decode()"
described in Section~\ref{quipu_conv} if you want to use the structures
fully decoded.

\f

\section {Compare}

The compare operation is used to compare an asserted attribute, with an
attribute in the directory.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_compare}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_compare (arg, error, result)
    struct ds_compare_arg       * arg;    
    struct ds_compare_result    * result;
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/compare.h} to use this procedure.

The argument is as follows:-
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_compare_arg {
    CommonArgs cma_common;
    DN         cma_object;
    AVA        cma_purported;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"cma\_common":] The common arguments as described in
Section~\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"cma\_object":] The DN of the object you want to attribute
against.
\item [\verb"cma\_purported":] The attribute you want to compare.  This
structure is defined in Section~\ref{ava}.
\end{describe}

If successful, the result structure is as follows:-
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_compare_result {
    CommonResults cmr_common;
    DN            cmr_object;
    char          cmr_matched; 
    char          cmr_iscopy; 
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"cmr\_common":] The common results as described in
Section~\ref{common_results}
\item [\verb"cmr\_object":] The DN of the entry the attribute was compared
against.  This may not be the same as the DN supplied in the argument (e.g.,
if an alias was dereferenced).
\item [\verb"cmr\_matched":] If \verb"TRUE" then the attributes were the
same, otherwise they were different.
\item [\verb"cmr\_iscopy":] If \verb"TRUE" then the compare took place
against a copy of the attribute.
\end{describe}


\subsection {Attribute Value Assertion}
\label{ava}

An ``Attribute Value Assertion'' is used by some of the operations to
specify an attribute type/value pair, the structure used in this case is
shown below.

\begin{quote}\index{AVA}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct {
    AttributeType  ava_type;
    AttributeValue ava_value;
}AVA;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\f

\section {List}

The list operation is show below.
This returns a list of subordinates of the specified entry.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_list}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_list (arg, error, result)
    struct ds_list_arg          * arg;    
    struct ds_list_result       * result;
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/list.h} to use this procedure.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_list_arg {
    CommonArgs lsa_common;
    DN         lsa_object;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"lsa\_common":] The common arguments as described in
Section~\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"lsa\_object":] The DN of the object you want to list the
children of.
\end{describe}

The results of a successful list form the following structure:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_list_result {
    CommonResults        lsr_common;
    DN                   lsr_object;
    int                  lsr_copy; 
    struct subordinate * lsr_subordinates;
    int                  lsr_limitproblem;
#define LSR_NOLIMITPROBLEM      0
#define LSR_TIMELIMITEXCEEDED   1
#define LSR_SIZELIMITEXCEEDED   2
#define LSR_ADMINSIZEEXCEEDED   3
    ContinuationRef      lsr_cr;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"lsr\_common":] The common results as described in
Section~\ref{common_results}
\item [\verb"lsr\_object":]The DN of the entry whose children were listed.
This may not be the same as the DN supplied in the argument (e.g.,
if an alias was dereferenced) 
\item [\verb"lsr\_copy":] If \verb"TRUE" then the list took place
against a copy of the object.
\item [\verb"lsr\_subordinates":] This structure contains the RDNs
that were found below the base object.  The structure is as follows:-
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct subordinate {
    RDN                  sub_rdn;
    char                 sub_aliasentry; 
    struct subordinate * sub_next;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"sub\_rdn":] The RDN of this child.
\item [\verb"sub\_aliasentry":] If \verb"TRUE" then it is an alias entry.
\item [\verb"sub\_next":] A pointer to the next element in the list.
\end{describe}

\item [\verb"lsr\_limitproblem":] If NON zero, then the specified limit
problem occurred during the operation.
\item [\verb"lsr\_cr":] A list of continuation references.
Continuation References are described in 
Section~\ref{cont_ref}.
\end{describe}

\f

\section {Search}
\label{proc_search}
The search operation performs a key Directory functionality.  This is done on
the basis of 
filters as described in Section~\ref{filters} below
The operation is defined as:-
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_search}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_search (arg, error, result)
    struct ds_search_arg        * arg;    
    struct ds_search_result     * result;
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/ds\_search.h} to use this procedure.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_search_arg {
    CommonArgs         sra_common;
    DN                 sra_baseobject;
    int                sra_subset;
#define SRA_BASEOBJECT          0
#define SRA_ONELEVEL            1
#define SRA_WHOLESUBTREE        2
    Filter             sra_filter;
    EntryInfoSelection sra_eis;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"sra\_common":] The common arguments as described in
Section~\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"sra\_baseobject":] The DN of the object you want to start the
search from
\item [\verb"sra\_subset":] This specifies which part of the DIT to search.
\item [\verb"sra\_filter":] The filter to apply to the searched entries to
see if the entry is required.  Filters are discussed in Section~\ref{filters}
\item [\verb"sra\_eis":] The ``Entry Information Selection'', which defines
which attributes you want to be returned (if the filter is matched), 
this is defined in Section \ref{eis}
\end{describe}

The results form the following structure:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_search_result {
    char  srr_correlated;
    union {
        struct ds_search_unit   * srr_unit;
        struct ds_search_result * srr_parts;
    }     srr_un;
    struct ds_search_result * srr_next;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"srr\_correlated":] If \verb"TRUE" the the results are 
said to be correlated, that is, there will only be one element
in the list of search results.
A DSA may return uncorrelated result, in which case the routine
\begin{quote}\index{correlate\_search\_results}\small\begin{verbatim}
correlate_search_results(sr_res)
struct ds_search_result * sr_res;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
can be called, which will correlate the results.

NOTE QUIPU DSAs will always return correlated results.

\item [\verb"srr\_un":] If the results are uncorrelated then the 
union will contain a nested \verb"ds_search_result" structure, which 
contains a list of the uncorrelated results.

If the results are correlated, then this union will
contain a pointer to the correlated results.  These form the structure
\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_search_unit {
    CommonResults   srr_common;
    DN              srr_object;
    EntryInfo     * srr_entries;
    int             srr_limitproblem;
    ContinuationRef srr_cr;
};
#define CSR_common       srr_un.srr_unit->srr_common
#define CSR_object       srr_un.srr_unit->srr_object
#define CSR_entries      srr_un.srr_unit->srr_entries
#define CSR_limitproblem srr_un.srr_unit->srr_limitproblem
#define CSR_cr           srr_un.srr_unit->srr_cr
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
NOTE the \verb"#define"s to access the elements of this structure.
The fields are used as follows:
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"srr\_common":] The common results as described in
\ref{common_results}
\item [\verb"srr\_object":] The DN of the entry used as the base object of
the search.  This may not be the same as the DN supplied in the argument (e.g.,
if an alias was dereferenced)
\item [\verb"srr\_entries":] The ``Entry Information'', which contains the
attributes you requested. The structure is defined in Section \ref{einfo}.
\item [\verb"srr\_limitproblem":] If NON zero, then the specified limit
problem occurred during the operation.
\item [\verb"srr\_cr":] A list of continuation references.
Continuation References are described in 
Section~\ref{cont_ref}.
\end{describe}

\item [\verb"srr\_next":] This is a pointer to the next 
result in a list of uncorrelated results.
\end{describe}

\subsection {Filters}
\label{filters}

A filter in its simplest sense is a single \verb"filter_item".  This is
used to perform one of six basic tests on one attribute of an entry.
If the ``match'' is good, then the entry is returned as part of
the search result structure.
The six basic types of \verb"filter_item"
are represented by the structure below:-

\begin{quote}\index{filter\_item}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct filter_item {
    int         fi_type;
#define FILTERITEM_EQUALITY       0
#define FILTERITEM_SUBSTRINGS     1
#define FILTERITEM_GREATEROREQUAL 2
#define FILTERITEM_LESSOREQUAL    3
#define FILTERITEM_PRESENT        4
#define FILTERITEM_APPROX         5
    union {
        AttributeType     fi_un_type;
        AVA               fi_un_ava;
        Filter_Substrings fi_un_substrings;
    }           fi_un;
    Soundex     fi_soundex;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"fi\_type":] Defines the type of \verb"filter_item" being represented.
\item [\verb"fi\_un.fi\_un\_type":] \verb"FILTERITEM_PRESENT"
matches, just supply an AttributeType, an entry matches if this attribute
exists within the entry.

\item [\verb"fi\_un.fi\_un\_ava":] \verb"FILTERITEM_EQUALITY",
\verb"FILTERITEM_GREATEROREQUAL", \verb"FILTERITEM_LESSOREQUAL", and
\verb"FILTERITEM_APPROX" searches all
take an AVA (Attribute Value Assertion) structure, and return the entries
for which the attribute in the entry matches the asserted value.
The AVA structure is defined in Section~\ref{ava}.

\item [\verb"fi\_un.un\_substrings":] 
\verb"FILTERITEM_SUBSTRING" matches, use the substring structure defined below, to specify
which substrings to look for in the appropriate attribute.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct {
            AttributeType fi_sub_type;
            AV_Sequence   fi_sub_initial;
            AV_Sequence   fi_sub_any;
            AV_Sequence   fi_sub_final;
        } Filter_Substrings;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The \verb"AV_Sequence" structure is used to represent a string, and should be
treated as essentially a linked list of \verb"char *" parameters.
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"fi\_sub\_type":] The attribute that you want to perform a
substring search on
\item [\verb"fi\_sub\_initial":] This contains a single attribute value,
that must appear at the start of the string.
\item [\verb"fi\_sub\_any":] A set of values, which must appear in order in
the middle of the string.
\item [\verb"fi\_sun\_final":] This contains a single attribute value,
that must appear at the end of the string.
\end{describe}
\item [\verb"fi\_soundex":] For DSA use only.
\end{describe}

The single filter items can now be linked into a \verb"filter" structure
to build more complex search definitions:-

\begin{quote}\index{filter}\small\begin{verbatim}
typedef struct filter {
    char          flt_type;
#define FILTER_ITEM 0
#define FILTER_AND  1
#define FILTER_OR   2
#define FILTER_NOT  3
   struct filter * flt_next;
   union {
        struct filter_item   flt_un_item;
        struct filter      * flt_un_filter;
   }               flt_un;
}filter, *Filter;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"flt\_type":] This defines whether the filter is a single item,
or a more complex filter made up of one or more components.
\item [\verb"flt\_un.flt\_un\_item":] If the filter represents a
\verb"filter_item", then the item is placed here.
\item [\verb"flt\_un.flt\_un\_filter":] \verb"AND", \verb"OR" and \verb"NOT"
filters apply to a linked list of ``children'' filters.  This element is a
pointer to the head of that list.
\item [\verb"flt\_next":] If the parent filter is an \verb"AND", \verb"OR".
or\verb"NOT"
filter, then the component filters are linked using this field. 
NOTE that \verb"NOT" filters should contain a list of one child only.
\end{describe}

As an example, lets us consider a filter to represent a person whose name
is either ``Robbins'' OR ( ``Steve'' AND ``Kille'' ).  The structure would
look something like:-
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
flt_type = FILTER_OR
        - The filter is an OR filter
flt_un_filter.flt_type = FILTER_ITEM
        - First component or the OR is an item
flt_un_filter.flt_un_item = filter_item (Robbins)
        - The item should match "robbins"
flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_type = FILTER_AND
        - Second component or the OR is an AND filter
flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_un_filter.flt_type = FILTER_ITEM
        - First component or the AND is an item
flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_un_filter.flt_un_item = filter_item (Steve)
        - The item should match "Steve"
flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_type = FILTER_ITEM
        - Second component or the AND is an item
flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_un_filter.flt_next->flt_un_item = filter_item (Kille)
        - The item should match "Kille"
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
\f

\section {Modification Operations}\label{mod-op}

There are 4 operations available to modify the directory.

\subsection {Add}

To add an entry to the DIT use
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_addentry}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_addentry (arg, error)
    struct ds_addentry_arg      * arg;    
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/add.h} to use this procedure.

The argument you must supply is made up as follows:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_addentry_arg {
    CommonArgs    ada_common;
    DN            ada_object;
    Attr_Sequence ada_entry;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}


\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"ada\_common":] The common arguments as described in
\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"ada\_object":] The DN of the object you want to add
\item [\verb"ada\_entry":] The attributes you want to add for this entry.
This must contain the RDN of the entry, and an ``objectclass'' attribute.
Then, the other attribute MUST conform to the set of ``optional'' and
``mandatory'' attribute for that object class.
\end{describe}


\subsection {Remove}

This is used to remove an entry from the DIT.
Only leaf entries can be removed.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_removeentry}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_removeentry (arg, error)
    struct ds_removeentry_arg   * arg;    
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/remove.h} to use this procedure.

The argument you must supply is made up as follows:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_removeentry_arg {
    CommonArgs rma_common;
    DN         rma_object;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"rma\_common":] The common arguments as described in
\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"rma\_object":] The DN of the object you want to remove
\end{describe}


\subsection {Modify}

\verb"ModifyEntry" is used to modify the attributes of the specified entry.
There are strong restrictions on this operation as required by X.500.
Invalid operations result in errors, and as such none of the requested
modifications are made.
To modify an attribute you must first \verb"remove" it then \verb"add" a new
attribute.
You can not modify the RDN, you must use the \verb"ModifyRDN" operation
described in Section~\ref{modifyrdn} to do this.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_modifyentry}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_modifyentry (arg, error)
    struct ds_modifyentry_arg   * arg;    
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/modify.h} to use this procedure.

The argument you must supply is made up as follows:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_modifyentry_arg {
    CommonArgs        mea_common;
    DN                mea_object;
    struct entrymod * mea_changes;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"mea\_common":] The common arguments as described in
\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"mea\_object":] The DN of the object you want to modify
\item [\verb"mea\_changes":] A tree structure defining the changes you want to
make to the entry.
\begin{quote}\index{entrymod}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct entrymod {
    int               em_type;
#define EM_ADDATTRIBUTE         0
#define EM_REMOVEATTRIBUTE      1
#define EM_ADDVALUES            2
#define EM_REMOVEVALUES         3
    Attr_Sequence     em_what;
    struct entrymod * em_next;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"em\_type":] The type of modification this is.
\item [\verb"em\_what":] The attribute you want to add or remove.  If the
operation type is remove, then this structure should only contain an
attribute type, and not a value.
\item [\verb"em\_next":] A modify operation is built up with a series of
small modifications.  Hence this structure is a linked list.
The operation is seen as one atomic operation.
\end{describe}
\end{describe}


\subsection {ModifyRDN}
\label{modifyrdn}

To modify the RDN of an entry, you MUST use this operation ---
\verb"modifyEntry" can not be used.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_modifyrdn}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_modifyrdn (arg, error)
    struct ds_modifyrdn_arg     * arg;    
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

You will need to include \file{quipu/modifyrdn.h} to use this procedure.

The arguments are:-

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_modifyrdn_arg {
    CommonArgs mra_common;
    DN         mra_object;
    RDN        mra_newrdn;
    char       mra_deleterdn; 
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

\begin{describe}
\item [\verb"mra\_common":] The common arguments as described in
\ref{common_args}
\item [\verb"mra\_object":] The DN of the object you want to modify the name
of
\item [\verb"mra\_newrdn":] The new RDN.
\item [\verb"mra\_deleterdn":] if \verb"TRUE" then the old RDN will be
deleted as an attribute, otherwise it will remain an a non-distinguished
attribute.
\end{describe}

\f

\section {Abandon}

The abandon operation shown below is slightly
different to the other DUA operations.
It does not make much sense for a synchronous interface to
handle abandon directly.
In the next release, transparent use of abandon will be provided.

\begin{quote}\index{ds\_abandon}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_abandon (arg, error)
    struct ds_abandon_arg       * arg;    
    struct DSError              * error;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The argument structure contains a single parameter 
supplies the operation invocation id.

\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
struct ds_abandon_arg {
    int aba_invokeid;
};
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}


\f

\section {Multiple Associations}

The procedural interface described so far, has been based on the assumption 
of a connection to a single DSA.
However, it is possible to make connection to multiple DSAs, 
although none of the QUIPU interfaces use this facility.

\subsection {Multiple Binds}

The bind and unbind routines needed to make 
multiple association are as follows:-
\begin{quote}\index{dap\_bind}\small\begin{verbatim}
dap_bind (ad, arg, error, result, addr)
    int                         * ad;
    struct ds_bind_arg          *arg;
    struct ds_bind_arg          *result;
    struct ds_bind_error        *error;
    struct PSAPaddr             *addr;

dap_unbind (ad)
    int                         ad;
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}

The \verb"arg", \verb"error" and \verb"result" arguments are as defined 
in Section~\ref{dap:bind} for the routine \verb"ds_bind".

The argument \verb"ad" is the association descriptor of the association.
It should be different for each association.

The \verb"addr" argument in the address of the DSA you wish to contact.

\subsection {Other DAP Operations}

The other DAP operations (read, list, modify\ldots), use the same format
a already described, but with two extra integer parameters, thus
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_read}\small\begin{verbatim}
ds_read (arg, error, result)
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
becomes
\begin{quote}\index{ds\_read}\small\begin{verbatim}
dap_read (ad, id, arg, error, result)
\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
where \verb"ad" is the association descriptor used in the bind, and 
\verb"id" uniquely identifies the operation with respect to other
operation on the same association.

\f

\section {Asynchronous Access}

All of the procedures so far described make synchronous
associations to the DSA.
In the next release,
asynchronous access will be provided.
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