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0 K
V
72 746 540 756 R
V
72 32.67 540 42.67 R
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11 29 595 783 R
V
4 H
2 Z
9 X
N
143.46 88.36 146.99 102.9 151.71 88.7 147.59 88.53 4 Y
0 X
V
438 113.26 M
 372.79 69.96 372.79 69.96 259.89 69.96 D
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1 H
0 Z
N
7 X
90 450 63 28.19 105 694.24 G
3 H
2 Z
0 X
90 450 63 28.19 105 694.24 A
6 X
90 450 63 28.19 281 566.77 G
0 X
90 450 63 28.19 281 566.77 A
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90 450 63 28.19 461 685.78 G
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90 450 63 28.19 461 685.78 A
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126 719.92 M
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V
510 666.55 M
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N
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V
315.15 590.78 M
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75 671.12 M
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N
0 F
(REDIRECT from visa-router) 179 755.31 T
(create new entry) 154 735.29 T
(, HOST) 232.47 735.29 T
(-REQUEST to ACS) 268.68 735.29 T
(REFUSE from ACS or timeot ctr exceeded) 183 691.99 T
(activate entry) 360 549.08 T
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(VISA-GRANT from ACS) 356 562.55 T
(VISA-GRANT from ACS) 74 575.18 T
(destroy entry) 236 678.34 T
(timeout to ACS) 394 614.89 T
(resend HOST) 379 599.62 T
(-REQUEST) 443.51 599.62 T
(,) 500.59 599.62 T
( increment timeout ctr) 379 589.51 T
(.) 484.6 589.51 T
179.42 683.66 165 687.8 179.42 691.93 179.42 687.8 4 Y
V
396 687.8 179.18 687.8 2 L
2 Z
N
1 F
(IDLE) 84 689.41 T
(PENDING) 422 681 T
(ACTIVE) 246 564.16 T
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5 X
90 450 63 27.05 467 393.21 G
3 H
0 X
90 450 63 27.05 467 393.21 A
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V
132 425.98 M
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1 H
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N
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V
516 374.76 M
 597.38 273 598.97 271.02 362.42 270.98 D
N
0 F
(HOST) 185 459.82 T
(-REQUEST from visa-host) 215.21 459.82 T
(create new entry) 162 443.48 T
(, ACS-REQUEST to ACS) 240.47 443.48 T
(REFUSE from ACS or timeot ctr exceeded) 189 399.07 T
(activate entry) 353 260.94 T
(, VISA-GRANT to visa-router) 417.17 260.94 T
(visa expiration ) 0 -270 80 271.43 TF
(destroy entry) 0 -270 97 278.79 TF
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(,) 556.71 440.48 T
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(.) 547.6 430.79 T
185.42 391.02 171 395.15 185.42 399.29 185.42 395.15 4 Y
V
402 395.15 185.18 395.15 2 L
2 Z
N
1 F
(PENDING) 428 388.47 T
0 F
(and source host) 354 248.94 T
(ACS-REQUEST from peer ACS) 177 360 T
(activate entry) 120 345 T
(, VISA-GRANT to) 184.16 345 T
(local visa-router) 121 334 T
(, peer ACS and dest. host) 198.79 334 T
335.29 303.08 320.61 300.01 331.44 310.39 333.36 306.73 4 Y
V
110 374 M
 142.24 356 142.24 356 284.62 355.5 D
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N
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V
85.82 364.58 M
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 201.81 249.66 201.81 249.66 225 285.68 D
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N
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90 450 63 27.05 287 279.02 G
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90 450 63 27.05 287 279.02 A
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(ACTIVE) 252 276.36 T
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90 450 63 23.42 438 119.34 G
0 X
90 450 63 23.42 438 119.34 A
(ACTIVE) 404 115.64 T
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90 450 63 27.05 111 401.33 G
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90 450 63 27.05 111 401.33 A
(IDLE) 90 396.54 T
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90 450 63 23.42 169 123.94 G
0 X
90 450 63 23.42 169 123.94 A
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(outer) 283.78 37.85 T
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V
148 147.03 M
 164 162.61 164 162.61 288 163.05 D
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0 Z
N
(create and activate new entry) 69 560.02 T
(create and activate new entry) 222 153.6 T
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(destroy entry) 167 62.84 T
440 429.75 445.99 416 433.62 424.49 436.81 427.12 4 Y
V
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N
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V
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N
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N
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b(ault)19 b(T)-5 b(olerance)-90 2535 y Fm(F)m(ault)17 b(tolerance)h(in)g
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31 b(In)18 b(this)g(section,)i(w)o(e)e(consider)h(the)g(issues)g(of)f(state)h
(reco)o(v)o(ery)g(and)f(connection)-90 2634 y(repair.)2028
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(reapp)q(ears)h(shortly)-90 36 y(thereafter.)-28 104 y(When)j(a)f
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203 y(unlik)o(e)j(visa-routers,)g(do)g(not)g(k)o(eep)h(up-to-date)f
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(es)h(not)f(re\015ect)i(an)o(y)e(resource)-90 253 y(usage)h(since)g(a)f
(corresp)q(onding)h(visa)f(w)o(as)h(originally)d(issued.)23
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(irreco)o(v)o(erably)-90 303 y(lost)e(when)g(a)g(visa-router)g(crashes.)19
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(an)e(optimal)f(decision.)-28 370 y(IDPR)j(do)q(es)g(not)g(curren)o(tly)h(sp)
q(ecify)f(an)o(y)g(mec)o(hanism)e(for)h(the)i(reco)o(v)o(ery)g(from)d(PG)i
(crashes.)22 b(Belo)o(w,)15 b(w)o(e)g(outline)g(one)g(p)q(ossible)-90
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(tire)g(PR)g(table.)17 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(w)o(e)h(assume)e(that)h(all)e
(PGs)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(reliable)f(\(p)q(erhaps,)i(stored)g(in)f(stable)-90
538 y(storage\))j(kno)o(wledge)f(of)g(their)g(neigh)o(b)q(or)h(PGs.)k(When)c
(a)f(PG)g(reco)o(v)o(ers)i(from)c(a)i(crash)i(it)e(\014rst)h(announces)g
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(next)-90 637 y(PG)e(hop.)k(Ha)o(ving)12 b(collected)i(all)d(suc)o(h)j(en)o
(tries,)f(eac)o(h)h(neigh)o(b)q(or)e(comp)q(oses)h(a)g(sp)q(ecial)g(REFRESH)f
(pac)o(k)o(et)i(whic)o(h)e(it)h(forw)o(ards)g(to)f(the)-90
687 y(PG)h(in)f(question.)18 b(Up)q(on)13 b(receiving)g(REFRESH)g(pac)o(k)o
(ets)g(from)e(all)h(of)g(its)h(neigh)o(b)q(ors,)g(a)f(PG)h(should)g(b)q(e)g
(able)g(to)f(reconstruct)j(its)e(PR)-90 737 y(table)h(with)f(high)h(accuracy)
m(,)g(including)e(ev)o(en)j(suc)o(h)g(details)e(as)h(pac)o(k)o(et)h(and)e
(data)h(meters.)-28 805 y(This)g(approac)o(h)f(w)o(orks)g(b)q(est)i(for)e
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855 y(and)19 b(next)i(hop)e(PGs)h(are)g(de\014ned)g(for)g(TRANSITs.)35
b(Therefore,)22 b(in)d(order)h(to)g(fully)e(reco)o(v)o(er)j(a)e
Fl(lost)g Fm(PR,)g(a)h(PG)f(m)o(ust)g(receiv)o(e)-90 904 y(t)o(w)o(o)d
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(PR)f(table.)24 b(Resource)17 b(usage)f(meters)f(can)h(b)q(e)-90
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b(Hence,)18 b(there)f(is)e(no)h(longer)f(the)-90 1171 y(assurance)k(from)d(t)
o(w)o(o)h(indep)q(enden)o(t)h(sources.)31 b(Moreo)o(v)o(er,)18
b(in)f(b)q(oth)h(cases,)h(a)e(REFRESH)h(alw)o(a)o(ys)e(comes)h(from)f(a)h
(neigh)o(b)q(or)g(in)g(a)-90 1221 y(di\013eren)o(t)d(\(though)f
(directly-connected\))i(AD.)e(This)g(raises)g(the)h(issue)g(of)e(trust,)i
(i.e.,)e(what)h(kind)f(of)h(assurances)i(are)e(necessary)j(for)c(a)-90
1271 y(PG)h(to)g(reestablish)h(its)f(PR)f(table)h(reliably?)k(P)o(erhaps)d
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(neigh)o(b)q(or)f(crashes)j(and)e(subsequen)o(tly)h(demands)e(strong)h
(evidence)h(of)f(PRs')f(existence.)-90 1451 y Fc(6.2.2.2)48
b(Connection)14 b(and)h(Route)f(Repair)-90 1545 y Fm(An)g(issue)g(related)g
(to)g(state)g(reco)o(v)o(ery)h(is)f(connection)g(and)f(route)i(repair.)j
(When)c(a)f(visa-router)h(or)g(a)f(PG)g(crashes)j(and)d(then)i(fails)d(to)-90
1595 y(reco)o(v)o(er,)j(previously)e(authorized)i(tra\016c)f(will)e(b)q(e)j
(unable)e(to)h(propagate)g(as)g(exp)q(ected.)-28 1663 y(In)19
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(ailable,)f(connection)h(repair)h(will)e(not)h(succeed.)36
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(ADs,)-90 1830 y(not)h(ph)o(ysical)g(PGs.)26 b(Hence,)18 b(if)e(there)h(is)g
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(at)g(setup)h(time.)27 b(Barring)-90 1930 y(replication,)15
b(the)i(previous)f(hop)g(PG)g(ma)o(y)e(attempt)h(to)h(repair)g(the)h(PR)e(b)o
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(of)d(p)q(olicy)h(considerations,)g(a)g(transit)g(PG)f(can)i(not)e(attempt)h
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(from)f(its)i(original)e(source.)-28 2215 y(One)j(solution)f(is)g(to)g
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(alternate)g(route.)21 b(This)14 b(approac)o(h)g(is)g(simple)f(and)-90
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(same)f(destination)h(and)f Fl(bund)r(le)i Fm(them)-90 2382
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bop -90 -108 a Fe(6.2.3)55 b(Accoun)n(ting)19 b(and)g(Billing)-90
-14 y Fm(In)o(ternet)o(w)o(ork)e(comm)o(unication)c(has)k(b)q(een,)h(un)o
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36 y(c)o(hange)f(with)g(the)g(adv)o(en)o(t)g(of)f(in)o(ternet)o(w)o(ork)i(p)q
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153 y(siderations)17 b(for)f(usage)h(accoun)o(ting)f(are)h(extensiv)o(ely)g
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938 y(nal)g(on)h(Selected)d(Areas)j(in)e(Comm)o(unications)p
Fm(,)c(Ma)o(y)k(1989.)-69 1019 y([28])19 b(D.)11 b(Estrin)h(and)f(M.)g
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Fm(,)c Fc(A)o(CM)k(Com-)16 1069 y(puter)g(Comm)o(unications)f(Review)p
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1200 y(Systems)p Fm(,)12 b(T)m(o)h(app)q(ear)i(in)e(1991.)-69
1281 y([30])19 b(D.)13 b(Estrin)h(and)f(G.)f(Tsudik,)h(End-to-End)h
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Fl(Se)n(curity)f(Issues)h(in)g(Policy)g(R)n(outing)p Fm(,)g
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1461 y(Securit)o(y)14 b(and)h(Priv)m(acy)p Fm(,)e(Ma)o(y)g(1989.)-69
1542 y([32])19 b(D.)d(Estrin)h(and)f(G.)f(Tsudik,)h Fl(Visa)h(Scheme)h(for)f
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1723 y(Computer)15 b(Comm)o(unication)o(s)e(Review)p Fm(,)g(Octob)q(er)i
(1990.)-69 1804 y([34])k(Europ)q(ean)11 b(Computer)f(Man)o(ufacturers)h(Asso)
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Fm(,)f Fc(T)l(ec)o(hnical)e(Rep)q(ort)16 1854 y(ECMA/TC32-TG10/89/56)p
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Fm(,)d Fc(Pro)q(ceedings)j(of)16 2197 y(1989)g(National)e(Computer)g(Securit)
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b(S.)f(Hares,)i(D.)d(Katz)i Fl(A)n(dministr)n(ative)f(Domains)h(and)h(R)n
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318 y([46])19 b(P)m(.)13 b(Karger,)h Fl(A)o(uthentic)n(ation)h(and)g(Discr)n
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Fc(Computer)i(Net)o(w)o(orks)h(and)f(ISDN)16 368 y(Systems)p
Fm(,)e(Jan)o(uary)i(1986.)-69 450 y([47])19 b(C.)12 b(Ken)o(t)i(and)e(J.)h
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Fm(,)f Fc(Pro)q(ceedings)g(of)h(1987)h(A)o(CM)h(SIGCOMM)g(Symp)q(o-)16
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Fm(,)13 b Fc(RF)o(C)j(1113,)g(SRI)f(Net)o(w)o(ork)g(Information)e(Cen)o(ter)p
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Fl(Dissimilar)h(Gateway)h(Pr)n(oto)n(c)n(ol)f(\(DGP\))p Fm(,)g
Fc(W)l(orking)g(P)o(ap)q(er)p Fm(,)f(1988.)-69 1140 y([53])19
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1585 y(Comm)o(unications)p Fm(,)10 b(Ma)o(y)j(1980.)-69 1667
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eop
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(MD4)h(v)n(alue)-90 303 y(of)d Fk(S)-21 309 y Fj(AB)33 303
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303 y Fm(\).)17 b(The)11 b(length)g(of)f Fk(M)5 b(D)q Fm(4\()p
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(required)h(to)f(\014nd)g Fk(M)5 b(D)q Fm(4\()p Fk(S)598 359
y Fj(AB)652 353 y Fm(\))14 b(remains)f(a)h(heft)o(y)g(2)998
338 y Fi(128)1049 353 y Fm(.)-28 420 y(The)g(subtle)f(di\013erence)i(b)q(et)o
(w)o(een)f(the)g Fl(naive)f Fm(and)g(the)g(more)f Fl(e)n(duc)n(ate)n(d)i
Fm(brute)g(force)f(attac)o(ks)g(is)g(that,)g(in)f(the)i(latter,)f(the)g(in)o
(truder)-90 470 y(is)g(guaran)o(teed)i(to)e(disco)o(v)o(er)h
Fk(M)5 b(D)q Fm(4\()p Fk(S)515 476 y Fj(AB)569 470 y Fm(\))14
b(\(hence,)h(successfully)g(attac)o(king)d(the)j(proto)q(col\))e(in)g(at)h
(most)e(2)1616 455 y Fi(128)1681 470 y Fm(op)q(erations.)18
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(attac)o(k)-90 570 y Fl(deterministic)e Fm(as)h(opp)q(osed)g(to)g
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(an)537 842 y(^)530 853 y Fk(S)j Fm(suc)o(h)e(that)g Fk(M)5
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Fm(\))13 b(=)f Fk(M)5 b(D)q Fm(4\()p Fk(M)g Fd(jj)p Fk(S)1253
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(y)e(that)1914 842 y(^)1907 853 y Fk(S)i Fm(=)d Fk(S)2016 859
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1070 y(can)e(b)q(e)g(said)f(with)g(certain)o(t)o(y)g(ab)q(out)h(the)g(a)o(v)o
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(su\016x-equiv)n(alence)h(class)g(is)g(no)f(greater)i(than)f(that)f(of)g(an)h
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(tak)o(es)g(at)g(most)f(2)942 1222 y Fi(128)1007 1237 y Fm(op)q(erations)i
(to)e(\014nd)1351 1226 y(^)1344 1237 y Fk(S)1393 1213 y(:)1383
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