_O_n_l_i_n_e _M_a_n_u_a_l User Commands XCALC(1X) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE xcalc - scientific calculator for X SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS xxxxccccaaaallllcccc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-_t_o_o_l_k_i_t_o_p_t_i_o_n...] DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN _x_c_a_l_c is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C. OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS _x_c_a_l_c accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with two additional options: ----ssssttttiiiipppppppplllleeee This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance. ----rrrrppppnnnn This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30. OOOOPPPPEEEERRRRAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN _P_o_i_n_t_e_r _U_s_a_g_e: Operations may be performed with pointer but- ton 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard. Many common cal- culator operations have keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator. _C_a_l_c_u_l_a_t_o_r _K_e_y _U_s_a_g_e (_T_I _m_o_d_e): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of precedence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The parentheses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90". The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to paste the result of a calculation into text. The action procedures associated with each function are given below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator. The action used for all digit keys is ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt((((_n)))), where _n is the corresponding digit, 0..9. 1111////xxxx Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure is rrrreeeecccciiiipppprrrrooooccccaaaallll(((()))). xxxx^^^^2222 Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is ssssqqqquuuuaaaarrrreeee(((()))). SSSSQQQQRRRRTTTT Takes the square root of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is ssssqqqquuuuaaaarrrreeeeRRRRooooooootttt(((()))). CCCCEEEE////CCCC When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mis- take. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is cccclllleeeeaaaarrrr(((()))). AAAACCCC Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the state is ooooffffffff(((()))); to quit, qqqquuuuiiiitttt(((()))). IIIINNNNVVVV Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The corresponding action procedure is iiiinnnnvvvveeeerrrrsssseeee(((()))). ssssiiiinnnn Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arcsine. The corresponding action procedure is ssssiiiinnnneeee(((()))). ccccoooossss Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is ccccoooossssiiiinnnneeee(((()))). ttttaaaannnn Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnntttt(((()))). DDDDRRRRGGGG Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of of the calcula- tor ``liquid crystal'' display. When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and vice-versa. Exam- ple: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter "45 INV DRG". The display should now show something along the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees converted to radians. The correspond- ing action procedure is ddddeeeeggggrrrreeeeeeee(((()))). eeee The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action procedure is eeee(((()))). EEEEEEEE Used for entering exponential numbers. For exam- ple, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The corresponding action procedure is sssscccciiiieeeennnnttttiiiiffffiiiicccc(((()))). lllloooogggg Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display. For example, entering "3 INV log" should result in "1000". The correspond- ing action procedure is llllooooggggaaaarrrriiiitttthhhhmmmm(((()))). llllnnnn Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display. For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The corresponding action procedure is nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrraaaallllLLLLoooogggg(((()))). yyyy^^^^xxxx Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is 2^3. For a further exam- ple, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure is ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr(((()))). PPPPIIII The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action procedure is ppppiiii(((()))). xxxx!!!! Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The number in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long before that. The corresponding action procedure is ffffaaaacccc---- ttttoooorrrriiiiaaaallll(((()))). (((( Left parenthesis. The corresponding action pro- cedure for TI calculators is lllleeeeffffttttPPPPaaaarrrreeeennnn(((()))). )))) Right parenthesis. The corresponding action pro- cedure for TI calculators is rrrriiiigggghhhhttttPPPPaaaarrrreeeennnn(((()))). //// Division. The corresponding action procedure is ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeee(((()))). **** Multiplication. The corresponding action pro- cedure is mmmmuuuullllttttiiiippppllllyyyy(((()))). ---- Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is ssssuuuubbbbttttrrrraaaacccctttt(((()))). ++++ Addition. The corresponding action procedure is aaaadddddddd(((()))). ==== Perform calculation. The TI-specific action pro- cedure is eeeeqqqquuuuaaaallll(((()))). SSSSTTTTOOOO Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is ssssttttoooorrrreeee(((()))). RRRRCCCCLLLL Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is rrrreeeeccccaaaallllllll(((()))). SSSSUUUUMMMM Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is ssssuuuummmm(((()))). EEEEXXXXCCCC Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is eeeexxxxcccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee(((()))). ++++////---- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is nnnneeeeggggaaaatttteeee(((()))). .... Decimal point. The action procedure is ddddeeeecccciiiimmmmaaaallll(((()))). _C_a_l_c_u_l_a_t_o_r _K_e_y _U_s_a_g_e (_R_P_N _m_o_d_e): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is eeeennnntttteeeerrrr(((()))). <<<<---- This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering a number. It will erase digits from the display. (See BUGS). Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action procedure is bbbbaaaacccckkkk(((()))). OOOONNNN Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. To clear state, the action procedure is ooooffffffff; to quit, qqqquuuuiiiitttt(((()))). IIIINNNNVVVV Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the _f key on an HP calculator, but _x_c_a_l_c does not display multiple legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details. 11110000^^^^xxxx Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. The correspond- ing action procedure is tttteeeennnnppppoooowwwweeeerrrr(((()))). eeee^^^^xxxx Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action procedure is eeeeppppoooowwwweeeerrrr(((()))). SSSSTTTTOOOO Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key. RRRRCCCCLLLL Pushes the number from the specified memory loca- tion onto the stack. SSSSUUUUMMMM Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified memory location. xxxx::::yyyy Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack posi- tions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is XXXXeeeexxxxcccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeeeYYYY(((()))). RRRR vvvv Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The corresponding action pro- cedure is rrrroooollllllll(((()))). _b_l_a_n_k These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C. Their functionality has not been duplicated in _x_c_a_l_c. Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bbbbeeeellllllll(((()))), which rings the bell; and sssseeeelllleeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn(((()))), which performs a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display. AAAACCCCCCCCEEEELLLLEEEERRRRAAAATTTTOOOORRRRSSSS Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. _x_c_a_l_c provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The numeric keypad accelerators provided by _x_c_a_l_c should be intuitively correct. The accelerators defined by _x_c_a_l_c on the main keyboard are given below: TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accelerator TI Function HP Function SQRT SQRT r squareRoot() squareRoot() AC ON space clear() clear() AC <- Delete clear() back() AC <- Backspace clear() back() AC <- Control-H clear() back() AC Clear clear() AC ON q quit() quit() AC ON Control-C quit() quit() INV i i inverse() inverse() sin s s sine() sine() cos c c cosine() cosine() tan t t tangent() tangent() DRG DRG d degree() degree() e e e() ln ln l naturalLog() naturalLog() y^x y^x ^ power() power() PI PI p pi() pi() x! x! ! factorial() factorial() ( ( leftParen() ) ) rightParen() / / / divide() divide() * * * multiply() multiply() - - - subtract() subtract() + + + add() add() = = equal() 0..9 0..9 0..9 digit() digit() . . . decimal() decimal() +/- CHS n negate() negate() x:y x XexchangeY() ENTR Return enter() ENTR Linefeed enter() CCCCUUUUSSSSTTTTOOOOMMMMIIIIZZZZAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN The application class name is XCalc. _x_c_a_l_c has an enormous application defaults file which speci- fies the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a customized calculator by writing a private application defaults file, using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button. The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color resource specification might be: XCalc.ti.Command.background: gray50 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify: XCalc.ti.button20.background: black XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39: XCalc.ti.button22.background: white XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black WWWWIIIIDDDDGGGGEEEETTTT HHHHIIIIEEEERRRRAAAARRRRCCCCHHHHYYYY In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets which compose _x_c_a_l_c. In the nota- tion below, indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name. XCalc xcalc Form ti _o_r rpn (_t_h_e _n_a_m_e _d_e_p_e_n_d_s _o_n _t_h_e _m_o_d_e) Form bevel Form screen Label M Toggle LCD Label INV Label DEG Label RAD Label GRAD Label P Command button1 Command button2 Command button3 _a_n_d _s_o _o_n, ... Command button38 Command button39 Command button40 AAAAPPPPPPPPLLLLIIIICCCCAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN RRRREEEESSSSOOOOUUUURRRRCCCCEEEESSSS rrrrppppnnnn (Class RRRRppppnnnn) Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode. ssssttttiiiipppppppplllleeee (Class SSSSttttiiiipppppppplllleeee) Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays. ccccuuuurrrrssssoooorrrr (Class CCCCuuuurrrrssssoooorrrr) The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is ``hand2''. SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO X(1), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS HP mode: A bug report claims that the sequence of keys 5, ENTER, <- should clear the display, but it doesn't. CCCCOOOOPPPPYYYYRRRRIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTT Copyright 1988, 1989, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. See _X(_1) for a full statement of rights and permissions. AAAAUUUUTTTTHHHHOOOORRRRSSSS John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium August 1991 TX User's Reference