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Types: RcTekst
Names: »42-I2516.WP«
└─⟦481be0aa0⟧ Bits:30008870 Diskette med 42-I og 44-RT dokumenter
└─⟦this⟧ »42-I2516.WP«
╱0400274e0c0006000000000301483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
┆06┆i↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆CONTENTS┆05┆PAGE↲
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0. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 0-1↲
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1. DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP .......................................... 1-1↲
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2. SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................................................ 2-1↲
╞ 2.1 Hardware .................................................. 2-1↲
╞ 2.2 Optional Hardware ......................................... 2-2↲
╞ 2.3 Terminals ................................................. 2-2↲
╞ 2.4 Software .................................................. 2-3↲
╞ 2.5 Optional Software ......................................... 2-4↲
╞ 2.6 System Administrator ...................................... 2-4↲
╞ 2.7 Some System Examples ...................................... 2-5↲
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3. HARDWARE INSTALLATION .......................................... 3-1↲
╞ 3.1 Selection of Installation Site ............................ 3-1↲
╞ 3.2 Connections ............................................... 3-7↲
╞ 3.3 System Examples ........................................... 3-9↲
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4. XENIX AND UNIPLEX INSTALLATION ................................. 4-1↲
╞ 4.1 Installation of XENIX ..................................... 4-1↲
╞ ╞ 4.1.1 Distribution Format ................................ 4-1↲
╞ ╞ 4.1.2 Installing the Distribution ........................ 4-1↲
╞ 4.2 Installation of UNIPLEX ................................... 4-6↲
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5. CONFIGURATION .................................................. 5-1↲
╞ 5.1 Configuration of the ITC .................................. 5-1↲
╞ 5.2 Terminal Support .......................................... 5-3↲
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6. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR ........................................... 6-1↲
╞ 6.1 Introduction .............................................. 6-1↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.1 The Role of the System Manager ..................... 6-2↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.2 The XENIX System ................................... 6-2↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. Floppy-Only Systems .................. 6-3↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.4 Outline of This Chapter ............................ 6-3↲
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╞ 6.2 A First Look at XENIX ..................................... 6-5↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.1 A Word about Your XENIX System ..................... 6-5↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.2 Some Preliminaries ................................. 6-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard ............................. 6-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.2 XENIX File and Directory .................. 6-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ Naming Conventions↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.3 How to Use XENIX Commands ................ 6-11↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.3 Files and Directories ..............................6-12↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.3.1 The Hierarchy of Files and Directories ....6-13↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.3.2 File Manipulation Commands ................6-14↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.4 The XENIX Shell ....................................6-15↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.1 Controlling Input and Output ..............6-16↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.2 Redirection ...............................6-16↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.3 Pipes .....................................6-17↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.5 Frequently Used Commands ...........................6-19↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.1 Commands for Using Your Terminal ..........6-19↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ and Lineprinter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.2 File Manipulation Commands ................6-22↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.3 Basic System Utilities ....................6-27↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.6 Text Editing with Ed ...............................6-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.1 Invoking the Editor .......................6-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.2 Adding Text to a File .....................6-29↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.3 Saving Your File ..........................6-29↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.4 Exiting the Editor ........................6-30↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.5 Printing the Contents of Your File ........6-30↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.6 Deleting Text .............................6-31↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.7 Substituting Text .........................6-31↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.8 Searching .................................6-33↲
╞ 6.3 Getting the System Ready for Your Users ...................6-35↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.1 The Super-User .....................................6-35↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.2 Adding a User: The mkuser Program ..................6-36↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.3 The .profile File ..................................6-40↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.4 Removing a User: The rmuser Program ................6-40↲
╞ 6.4 controlling Access to Files and Directories ...............6-43↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.1 Setting Permissions: users, Groups, and Others .....6-43↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.1 Users .....................................6-43↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.2 Groups ....................................6-44↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.3 Permissions ...............................6-44↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.4 How to Change Permission Settings .........6-45↲
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┆06┆iii↲
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╞ ╞ 6.4.2 The File System ....................................6-46↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.3 Creating File Systems ..............................6-46↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.4 Mounted File Systems ...............................6-47↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.5 XENIX System Security ..............................6-48↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.1 Protection and Permission .................6-48↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.2 Password Security .........................6-49↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.3 Restating the Obvious .....................6-49↲
╞ 6.5 Keeping Your XENIX System Healthy .........................6-51↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.1 Processes ..........................................6-51↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.1.1 Daemon Processes ..........................6-52↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.1.2 The /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆/┆a1┆rc┆e1┆ File ..........................6-52↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.2 The Importance of Disk Space .......................6-52↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.1 The df command ............................6-53↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.2 The du Command ............................6-54↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.3 The find Command ..........................6-54↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.4 The quot Command ..........................6-55↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.3 Communicating with Other Users .....................6-55↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.4 File System Integrity ..............................6-56↲
╞ 6.6 Backing Up Your System ....................................6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.1 Formatting Floppy Disks ............................6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.2 Archiving and Taking Care of Your Disks ............6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.3 Using the tar Command ..............................6-58↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.4 Dump/Restore File System ...........................6-59↲
╞ 6.7 Common System Problems ....................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.1 Jammed Line Printer ................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.2 Forgotten Password .................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.3 System is Out of Space .............................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.4 System Files Damaged ...............................6-61↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.5 Terminal Difficulties ..............................6-61↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.6 Forgetting the Root Password .......................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.7 Removing a Directory ...............................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.8 Special Characters in Filenames ....................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.9 Runaway Processes ..................................6-63↲
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┆06┆iv↲
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╞ 6.A XENIX Files and directories ................................6-65↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.1 Do Not Touch .......................................6-65↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.2 /bin ...............................................6-66↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.3 /dev ...............................................6-66↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.4 /etc ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.5 /lib ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A 6 /mnt ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.7 /tmp ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.8 /usr ...............................................6-67↲
╞ 6.B The Multi-User System .....................................6-69↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.1 Shutting Down the System ...........................6-69↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.2 Setting Up Multiple Terminals ......................6-70↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.3 Setting User ID for Multiple Systems ...............6-71↲
╞ 6.C Glossary ..................................................6-72↲
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7. NORMAL USE ..................................................... 7-1↲
╞ 7.1 System Startup Procedure .................................. 7-1↲
╞ 7.2 XENIX System Running ...................................... 7-2↲
╞ 7.3 XENIX System Shutdown ..................................... 7-2↲
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8. RC3900 MENU SYSTEM ............................................. 8-1↲
╞ 8.1 Word Processing System Menu ............................... 8-3↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.1 Create a New Document .............................. 8-3↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.2 Edit a Document .................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.3 Print a Document ................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.4 Mail Merge ......................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.5 Change Directory ................................... 8-5↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.6 List Files ......................................... 8-5↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.7 Index System Menu .................................. 8-5↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.1 Names in This Directory Only .............. 8-5↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.2 Names in This and Subdirectories .......... 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.3 Names in a specified Directory ............ 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.4 Names on a Particular Subject ............. 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.5 find the Location of a File ............... 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.6 Classify the Contents of a File ........... 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.7 View the Start of a File .................. 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.8 View the End of a File .................... 8-8↲
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┆06┆v↲
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╞ ╞ 8.1.8 File Cheking Menu .................................. 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.1 View Spelling Errors in a File ............ 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.2 Save Spelling Errors ...................... 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.3 View Spelling Errors Saved ................ 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.4 Print Out Spelling Errors Saved ........... 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.5 Count Lines, Words, and Characters ........ 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.6 Full File Status Report ................... 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.7 List Files ................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.9 Utilities Menu .....................................8-10↲
╞ 8.2 Utilities Menu ............................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.1 Copy ...............................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.2 Erase ..............................................8-11↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.3 New Name ...........................................8-11↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.4 Open a New Directory ...............................8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.5 Remove an empty Directory ..........................8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.6 List Files ........................................ 8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.7 Time and Date ..................................... 8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.8 Monthly Calendar .................................. 8-13↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.9 Desk Calculator ................................... 8-13↲
╞ 8.3 Company Directory Menu ................................... 8-13↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.1 Look Up an Entry .................................. 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.2 Edit the Directory ................................ 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.3 Print the Directory ............................... 8-14↲
╞ 8.4 Electronic Mail Menu ..................................... 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.1 Mailboxes on the System ........................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.2 Send Mail to Another User ......................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.3 Collect Mail ...................................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.4 Who is Also on the Computer ....................... 8-16↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.5 Talk to Another User .............................. 8-16↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.6 Install Extended Facilities ....................... 8-16↲
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╞ 8.5 Nonstandard Facilities ................................... 8-17↲
╞ 8.6 Function Key Differences ................................. 8-17↲
↲
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┆06┆vi↲
9. ERROR HANDLING ................................................ 9-1↲
╞ 9.1 Test Lamp Flashes or Stays Lit during Power-Up ........... 9-1↲
╞ 9.2 Error Message during Power-Up ............................ 9-2↲
╞ 9.3 Unusual Behavior during Normal Use ....................... 9-3↲
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A. OTHER LITERATURE .............................................. A-1↲
╞ A.1 Books on the Unix System ................................. A-1↲
╞ A.2 Books on the C Programming Language ...................... A-1↲
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┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆0-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆0.╞ ╞ INTRODUCTION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆THE RC3900/1 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM from RC Computer is a high ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄performance multiuser computer system, which gives you the per-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄formance of a 16 bit microprocessor and the enormous flexibili┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ty of the XENIX *) operating system (a fully licensed version ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of Bell Laboratories UNIX Version 7).↲
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┆06┆RC3900/1↲
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┆84┆You may choose among the many utilities of the XENIX operating ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system in a simple menu driven way, or you can use the standard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell command language. The RC3900/1 system also includes the ↓
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┆19┆┆89┆┄┄powerful UNIPLEX **) word processing system. In addition RC ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Computer can supply a broad range of optional application pack-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ages. Of course you can connect a variety of terminals and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers to the system and get high performance computing, but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system is specifically optimized for the user friendly ter-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄minal RC855 and the fast matrix printer RC3991.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Congratulations on your choice of the RC3900 computer system.↲
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╞ ╞ *) XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.↲
╞ ╞ **) UNIPLEX is a trademark of Redwood.↲
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┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆1┆b3┆-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆1.╞ ╞ DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆When you bought the RC3900/1 system the standard documentation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described below was delivered. We have indicated what we think ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the System Administrator (SA) should concentrate on, and what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the Normal User (NU) should concentrate on.↲
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┆e1┆┆e1┆ 1. User's Guide, Volume 1↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This is the manual you are reading right now. It describes the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system setup, software installation procedures, configuration ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the terminals etc. Also described is the normal use of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, including the standard implemented menu system. Finally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a short chapter on error handling is included.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 0. Introduction↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Documentation Roadmap↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. System Overview↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Hardware Installation╞ (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. XENIX and UNIPLEX Installation (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. Configuration (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. System Administrator (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. Normal Use (NU)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. RC3900 Menu System (NU)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 9. Error Handling↲
╞ ╞ ╞ A. Other Literature (NU)↲
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╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆User's Guide, Volume 2, also called XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄(NU)↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This manual gives you a detailed introduction to the fundament-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄als of XENIX. It describes the editors in the system, that is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed, vi and sed. Also described is the Shell command interpre┄t-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄er.↲
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╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Introduction↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. Demonstration Run↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Basic Concepts↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. Frequently Used Procedures↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. Ed↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. Vi↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. The Shell↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. Sed↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 9. BC: A Calculator↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 10. An Introduction to the C Shell↲
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╞ ╞ 3. ┆84┆XENIX Programmer's Manual, Volume 1, also called the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄System Reference Manual↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Here is the down-to-the-detail description in 8 sections of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the available system calls, subroutines, special files, file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄formats, games, macro packages and maintenance. This manual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be your reference for most of the commands. Please note ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that this manual is also available on-line on the computer, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using the ┆a1┆man┆e1┆ command. References to this manual have the form:↲
↲
╞ ╞ /etc/shutdown(8)↲
╞ ╞ or↲
╞ ╞ cat(1)↲
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┆84┆which means that ┆a1┆shutdown┆e1┆ is described in Chapter 8, and ┆a1┆cat┆e1┆ in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Chapter 1.↲
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┆81┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Commands↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. System Calls↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Subroutines↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. Special Files↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. File Formats↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. Games↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. Miscellany↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. Maintenance↲
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╞ ╞ 4. XENIX Programmer's Manual, Volume 2↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Gives in a number of original articles and tutorials a general ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄overview of the UNIX facilities and many utilities.↲
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╞ ╞ There are articles on:↲
╞ ╞ ╞ General works, 1-2↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Getting started, 3-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Document preparation, 8-13↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Programming, 14-18↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Supporting tools and languages, 19-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Implementation, maintenance, and miscellaneous, 29-38↲
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╞ ╞ 5. UNIPLEX Manual↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This manual explains the use of the UNIPLEX word processing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, giving a detailed description of each command. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also described how to change the existing menus, if desired.↲
↲
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┆84┆Please note that a number of utilities are described in more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than one place. For example, the desk calculator BC is de- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribed on 20 pages in 2), 3 pages in 3) and finally 13 pages ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in 4).↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The present documentation for the RC3900/1 system is partly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄written by RC staff and partly a reprint of text from other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sources. This fact may be reflected by the appearance of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manuals. We hope that this will not prevent you from getting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the full benefit of the documentation.↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆2.╞ ╞ SYSTEM OVERVIEW↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter will give you information on the constituents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the RC3900/1 computer system, both the hardware used, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄standard and optional software.↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆2.1╞ ╞ Hardware↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3900/1 system consists of two major hardware modules, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is, the RC3922 Computer Unit and the RC3951 Disk Unit. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is always delivered with a rack designed for mounting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the two units.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3922 Computer Unit is based on the industry standard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multibus board format. It contains a number of multibus boards, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆CPU board using the Intel microprocessor 8086 and having a ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄128 Kbyte on-board dynamic RAM. Included on the CPU board ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄is also the memory management unit, which gives the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄system its important memory protection scheme.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Memory board with additional 512 Kbyte dynamic RAM with ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄error correcting circuitry.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Intelligent disk controller, which can control both ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄Winchester and floppy disks.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Intelligent terminal controller (ITC), which offloads the ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄host CPU by taking care of the communication with the con┄↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄nected terminals. The terminal controller has a powerful ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄on-board 80186 microprocessor. The ITC provides connection ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄to four V.24 interfaces, and further to the new RcCircuit.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3951 Disk Unit contains a Winchester disk and a floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk unit. Both disks have a physical media size of 5 1/4 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inches. The Winchester memory capacity is 32 Mbytes unformat┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ted, and it can hold 30 Mbytes formatted. The floppy disk capa-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄city is unformatted 1.6 Mbytes. The logical size of the floppy ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
is 8 inches, which means that it has the same number of tracks and bytes ↓
per track as 8 inch diskettes. The diskettes used in the system must be ↓
of good quality; we recommend Maxell MD2-HD (96 TPI).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.2╞ ╞ Optional Hardware↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆For use with the RC3900 computer system we recommend the matrix ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printer RC3991, which has a parallel Centronics interface. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printer features high speed - up to 250 cps. When used with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1, it gives the possibility of bold printing, under┄┄lin-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ing, elongated printing and red printing.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆It is also possible to connect a slower serial printer (matrix ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or letter quality printer) to the computer system, and have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄documents and letters printed out here.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆2.3╞ ╞ Terminals↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Introduced with ┆a1┆┆e1┆the present┆e1┆ RC3900/1 computer is also a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄local terminal network called RcCircuit II. It gives the possi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bility of connecting a large number of RC855 terminals to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer only by means of a simple double twisted pair cable. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄On the RC3900/1, however, the number of terminals on Circuit II ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is limited to 4, because of the performance of the 8086 micro┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor. To connect the RC855 terminals to Circuit II, they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must be upgraded with the TF305 feature.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The standard recommended terminal is the RC855, which can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used in connection with either Circuit II or V.24 interfaces. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The RC855 can be a work station (with connected floppy disk) or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply a terminal. The TTY emulator used with the RC3900/1 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be Version 4.0.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Depending on the national version of the terminal, you may have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄slightly different characters on the screen and the keyboard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than the ones indicated in this manual. (You might, for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, get a paragraph sign, #, instead of a number sign, ). ↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.4╞ ╞ ┆84┆Software↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The basic software of the RC3900/1 is the general purpose, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multiuser, interactive XENIX *) operating system. XENIX is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄enhanced version of the famous UNIX **) system. The present ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating system is XENIX V2.3, based on UNIX V.7.↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆↲
┆84┆The standard XENIX version has been enhanced by RC Computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄through the addition of several useful utilities.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Two of the standard XENIX utilities are the on-line manual and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer aided learning.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Also standard on the RC3900/1 system is the UNIPLEX ***) word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor and menu system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆┆84┆The great advantage of using a menu system is that even users ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄who don't know the underlying operating system can be guided by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄means of menus to the desired applications in a totally self-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄explanatory way. Also accessible, in a very simple way, through ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the menu system are many of the basic XENIX functions.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The UNIPLEX menu system allows the user to tailor the menus to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄his specific needs if desired. These modifications can be made ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply with almost any text editor by making simple changes in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system command file. If is also possible for the individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user on the system to have entirely different systems and menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characteristics.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When delivered from RC Computer, the system is configured with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a standard menu, which gives access to the standard implement-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed utilities and applications.↲
↲
╞ ╞ *) XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft.↲
╞ ╞ **) UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.↲
***) UNIPLEX is a trademark of Redwood.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The UNIPLEX word processor is a multiuser, full function word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor designed specifically for the users of UNIX/XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computers. It includes electronic mail, integrated spelling ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄checking, extra wide documents and reports, full cut and paste, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄comprehensive help and assistance together with printing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control and many other facilities.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.5╞ ╞ Optional Software↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆As an example of the optional software available for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 we can mention the Appointment Management System. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is an RC Computer developed application, which facilitates the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄planning of meetings and reservation of rooms.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The installation of the optional software is simple, as it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu driven. You merely have to select the newly purchased ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄application in the menu system, place the diskette in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diskette drive, and press one key on the keyboard - that's all.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.6╞ ╞ System Administrator↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆It might be wise to appoint one of your users as the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄administrator - the person responsible for the overall opera┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tion of the computer. He will have to know more about the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system than the ordinary users. He will be the one who knows ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the password of the super-user. He may also have responsibi┄lity ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for the configuration of the system - connected terminals, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers etc. - and for action in case of system abnormalities. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Please note that system error messages (if any) and a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system message (** Normal System Shutdown **) are only routed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to one specific terminal (see Ch. 3, Hardware Installation).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Please refer to Chapter 6 in this manual for further tasks of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system administrator.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.7╞ ╞ Some System Examples↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆On the following pages you see two examples of the use of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 computer in different configurations.↲
↲
↲
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 1↲
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┆06┆RC855 with RC Circuit II Option↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 2↲
┆14┆┆b3┆↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆3-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆3.╞ ╞ HARDWARE INSTALLATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before setting up the RC3900 computer system, please make sure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that there has not been damage to the equipment during trans-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄portation. If so, contact your supplier at once.↲
↲
╞ ╞ The RC3900/1 system comprises in its basic version:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922/1╞ ╞ ┆84┆Computer unit including power cable and ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄User's Manual (2 white RC ring binders).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3951╞ ╞ ┆84┆Disk unit including power cable and 3 ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄cables for connection to RC3922/1.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ F106╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Rack including power distribution outlet ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄and rear cover plate.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SW3001╞ ╞ ┆84┆Operating system software.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆(nine 5 1/4" diskettes) and XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄documentation (2 white RC ring binders).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SW3701╞ ╞ ┆84┆UNIPLEX software (one 5 1/4" diskette) and ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄documentation.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆3.1╞ ╞ Selection of Installation Site↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before installation of the system, you should consider the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following things:↲
↲
╞ ╞ FLOOR COVERING╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should select a floor covering that ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄will not give problems with static ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄electricity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ HUMIDITY╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆The humidity should not go below 40% (RH) - ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄this could also cause static discharges. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄Nor should the humidity go above 80% (RH) - ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄problems with dampness.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ LIGHT╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆The equipment should not be placed in ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄direct sunlight as this might raise the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄temperature unneccessarily.↲
↲
╞ ╞ TEMPERATURE╞ ╞ ┆84┆The room temperature during normal use ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄should be kept between 5┆81┆o┆82┆C and 30┆81┆o┆82┆C.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is turned off, temperatures ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄between 0┆81┆o┆82┆C and 50┆81┆o┆82┆C are tolerable.↲
↲
╞ ╞ POWER CONNECTION╞ ┆84┆The system is equipped with a three-con-↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄ductor power cable and should only be ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄connect┄ed to a power outlet with a built-in ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄ground. Other equipment connected to the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄computer (terminals etc.) should also be ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄grounded. The RC3900/1 can be connected to ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄power voltages between 200V AC and 240V AC.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before mounting the units in the rack, you must ┆a1┆release the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆shipping lock┆e1┆ of the Winchester disk drive in the RC3951 Disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Unit. This is done by first removing the cover of the RC3951 - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see figure 1.↲
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┆06┆Figure 1.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ 1) Pull down the two pins in both sides and push them backward.↲
╞ ╞ 2) Slowly push the cover backward and up.↲
╞ ╞ 3) Lift the cover up.↲
↲
┆84┆When the cover is removed, you can see the Winchester drive and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the shipping lock (figure 2). The shipping lock must be pushed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forward approx. 1.5 cm.↲
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┆06┆Figure 2.↲
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┆06┆Figure 3.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Then replace the cover, and when you push the pins A and B ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forward they will automatically lock the cover.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you, for any reason at a later time, should have to ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄transport the disk drive, then ┆a1┆remembe┆a1┆r┆e1┆┆a1┆ to┆e1┆┆a1┆ lock the ship-↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┆84┆ping lock.┆e1┆ This is done by pulling it approx. 1.5 cm out ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄of the Winchester.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Now you are ready to mount the RC3922/1 and RC3951 units in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rack. The double-height RC3922/1 computer unit is placed on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lower platform and the RC3951 disk unit is placed on the upper ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one. See figure 4. The rear of the two units is secured to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rack by means of a locking mechanism. See figure 5.↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This mechanism is found on both sides of both units.↲
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┆06┆Figure 4.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆Figure 5.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆When you place the rack-mounted system in its final location, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄make sure that there is a space of at least 10 cm on the sides ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and behind the unit. This is neccessary for sufficent cooling ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the unit.↲
↲
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════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆3.2╞ ╞ Connections↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The two units must be interconnected by means of three short ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄flat cables: Winchester disk A, Winchester disk B and flexible ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk. The three cables are supplied with the disk unit. See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄figure 6 for all the rear connections. The two power cables are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected to the power distribution panel that is delivered ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the rack. The two units have their own power switch, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must be turned on and off separately.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The minimum configuration of peripheral equipment is one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal. During the first phase of the XENIX software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄installation, the terminal must be connected to the consol ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connector K1. Later it is disconnected and moved to the V.24 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communication connector J1, if you did not have a terminal on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the J1 port already. This connection, J1, is special, as all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system messages are sent to this output. We recommend always ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄having a terminal connected to J1 (default setting 9600 baud, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄8 data bits, 1 stop bit, even parity).↲
↲
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┆06┆Figure 6.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆a1┆┆b0┆3.3╞ ╞ System Examples↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆On figure 7 and 8 you can see two examples of system configura-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tions and the necessary extra cables for connection. Also the RC ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄numbers of the cables are mentioned, if you should want to buy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you want to get the cables elsewhere, figure 9 shows the use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the different pins in the RC3900/1 connectors.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you make use of RcCircuit II, you connect the RC855 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals with the TF305 option. On Circuit II one can acces┄s ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a maximum of 4 RC855 terminals from the RC3900/1. These ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals must be configured with secondary addresses 0 through ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄3, the baud rate must be 9600 baud, even parity, 8 data bits ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and 1 stop bit. This requires the use of an RC TTY emula┄tor, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Version 4.0 or later.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 1↲
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┆06┆Figure 7.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 2↲
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┆82┆┆06┆Figure 8.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆┆a1┆┆b0┆RC3900/1 External Connections↲
↲
________________________________________________________________________↲
╞ PRINTER ! (25 pol D Sub female) ! KBL 599, 5m, to Centronics↲
╞ K1╞ ! --- " ---╞ ! CBL 561, 25m, to RC855, V.24↲
╞ J1 - J4 ! --- " --- ! ---- " ---- ---- " ----↲
C2 ! (5 pol DIN male) ! KBL 604, 5m, to wall outlet↲
C1 ! (3 pol DIN male) ! Not used↲
┆a1┆_┆05┆_↲
↲
╱0400274e0c0006000000000201483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
╱0400274e0c0006000000000301483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
↓
┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆ Pin No. PRINTER K1 J1 - J4 ↲
1 ! DATA STROBE ! !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
2 ! DATA 0 ! TDX !╞ TDX╞ ╞ !↲
3 ! 1╞ ! RDX ! RDX ╞ ╞ !↲
4 ! 2╞ ╞ ! RTS ! RTS╞ ╞ !↲
5 ! 3╞ ╞ ! CTS ! CTS (RFS) !↲
6 ! 4 ! DSR ! DSR !↲
7 ! 5 ! GND ! GND !↲
8 ! 6╞ ╞ ! ! CARRIER ON !↲
9 ! 7 ! ! !↲
10 ! ACKNOWLEDGE ! ! !↲
11 ! ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 12 ! PAPER END╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 13╞ ! SELECTED╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 14╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 15╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 16╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 17╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 18╞ ! GND╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 19 ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 20╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ DTR╞ !╞ DTR╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 21╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 22╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ! CALLING INDICATOR !↲
╞ ╞ 23╞ !╞ -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 24╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ┆a1┆╞ 25╞ ! !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
↲
┆06┆Figure 9.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆4-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.╞ ╞ XENIX AND UNIPLEX INSTALLATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter tells how to install the XENIX and UNIPLEX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1╞ ╞ Installation of XENIX↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This section describes how to install the XENIX distribution ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided on a set of mini-floppy diskettes onto an empty ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 computer system.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1.1╞ Distribution Format↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The distribution is organized as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ Bootable disk:╞ ┆84┆One floppy contains a minimum file system with ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄swap space and a boot track.↲
↲
╞ ╞ File system:╞ ┆84┆A set of floppies containing a dump in "tar" ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄format of the entire file system.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1.2╞ Installing the Distribution↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The following describes in detail the steps required to gene-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rate a XENIX system to run on the Winchester disk.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆First ensure that the machine is installed in accordance with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Chapter 3 of this manual. You must have a terminal on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄console port K1, and if possible one on the port J1 as well; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the latter is not required though. The baud rate on K1 should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be 9600 bauds or lower, 8 bit/char, 1 stop bit/char, and no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Note that, in the following description, ┆a1┆computer output┆e1┆ is in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dicated by underlining, whereas the user's response is not. ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Terminate all input with <CR>. Use <backspace> to erase the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄previous character, and <a> to erase the whole line. Text with┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in '()' is explanatory and is not meant to be entered literal┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ly.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1. ┆84┆┆84┆Turn on the CPU unit and the disk unit. Then press ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄<CR> on the console keyboard, and asterisks (*) will be ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄printed on the console. Press U (<shift>u) once or twice and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄if all is well, the following prompt will be seen on the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄console:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆RC3922 Monitor, iSBC 86/30 version, rel 1.6↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆Now insert the bootable disk, labled "DISK0", and close the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄drive door lever. The bootstrap program can now be loaded ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄and run, causing XENIX to be loaded and run. The argument ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄passed to the boot program is the name of the file it will ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄load and run. In the initial case this will be '/xenix.fd'.↲
↲
╞ ╞ (Load and Go from Floppy, pass argument "/xenix.fd")↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆.┆e1┆┆e1┆ LFG:/XENIX.FD↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆load ok, 10 records↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆From now on the output will be sent to the first direct line ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄on the ITC controller, J1. So, if you only have one terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄- now on the K1 port - change it to the J1 port, which from ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄now on will be the console. The terminal on J1 should be ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄configured to 8 databits, 1 stop bit, and even parity. In ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄any case disconnect the K1 port. If you already had a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄terminal on the J1 port, you should see the following output ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄there:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆mem = 514k↲
┆a1┆about to start itc 0┆e1┆↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆┆a1┆No Single-user login present↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Entering System Maintenance mode┆81┆↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆In any case press <CR> and the following output should ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄appear:↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆Xenix-86 2.3 Distribution System┆e1┆ ┆a1┆(Floppy)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆0b┆(backspace is h , erase line is u)↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆I think it's <date>↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Enter time yymmdd hhmm .ss : ┆e1┆↲
↲
Here you set the system's idea of the time. Say, today is↲
┆84┆7 September 1984 and it's 25 minutes past 10 in the morning; ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄you should enter: 8409071025↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX is now running on the floppy: the ' ' prompt indicates ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄that the super-user shell is running. Volume 1 of the ┆a1┆XENIX┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄┆a1┆Programmer's Manual┆e1┆ is now applicable.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3. ┆84┆We are now ready to make a file system on the Winchester ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄disk, and then boot up XENIX on it. This is done using the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄utility "/etc/mkwini", which formats the disk, makes the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄root and usr file systems, and copies a minimum system onto ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the root file system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (make system on Winchester)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆┆e1┆ /etc/mkwini↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (answer y for yes to the following)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆About to initialize drive, OK? ┆e1┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (Winchester formatting takes about 6 minutes)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (/etc/mkwini takes all told about 12 minutes)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (last output:)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆/etc/haltsys and reboot Xenix.┆e1┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (shut down system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆ /etc/haltsys↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆** Normal system shutdown **↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ 4. ┆84┆Now press the reset button or switch the CPU box off and on ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄again, and boot up XENIX from the Winchester disk: after ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄resetting, XENIX should be booted up automatically if you ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄have no terminal on the console serial port.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆mem = 514k↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆about to start itc 0↲
↲
┆a1┆No Single-user login present↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Entering System Maintenance mode↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆0b┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆I think it's <date> etc.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (you have to set the time again, see step 2)↲
↲
╞ ╞ 5. ┆84┆Now you will need to install the rest of the XENIX system on ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the Winchester disk. This is done using the utility ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄"/etc/mksys", which will create all standard directories and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄prompt you for the rest of the floppies:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ (install rest of system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆┆e1┆ /etc/mksys↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆System installation program↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Update ? Type yes or no (y/n):┆e1┆ n↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (no update, whole system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Installing complete XENIX system↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Creating standard directories↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (takes about 6 minutes)↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Please insert diskette no. 1↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Press <RETURN> when ready:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (all floppies are installed in this way)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Which ID do you want to give to your system:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆(now you should type ONE word, which will be your ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄systemid; this ID will be used if your system is to ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄communicate with another XENIX system; you may change the ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄systemid later, when you have become more familiar with ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄XENIX)↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆<your id> written to /etc/systemid↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆XENIX system installed!!↲
↲
╞ ╞ 6. ┆84┆The system is now fully installed on the Winchester disk. To ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄take the system multiuser, type <ctrl>d. Wait approximately ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄20 seconds; then press any key, and you should get a login ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄message:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆login:↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆Now type a user name (i.e. root) and you should be logged ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄in. To log out, type <ctrl>d. To shut the system down, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄always log in as root, and run /etc/shutdown(8). This ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄ensures that the system will always close down in an orderly ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄manner.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆For further details on operating procedures, see Chapter 6 of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.2╞ ╞ Installation of UNIPLEX↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Installation of the Uniplex System is simple. First log in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user. Then type the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ /usr/rcspe/installuniplex↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The installation script will prompt you to place the Master ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diskette in the floppy drive -- but everything else is taken ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄care of. The whole procedure should take less than five ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄minutes.↲
↲
╞ ╞ You can now use the system by typing the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ uniplex↲
↲
╞ ╞ For further information, consult the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆5-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.╞ ╞ CONFIGURATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter describes configuration of the intelligent termi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nal controller and connected terminals.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.1╞ ╞ Configuration of the ITC↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is loaded, the file /etc/itc is written into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the memory of the ITC (intelligent terminal controller). This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file contains the program that runs on the ITC when the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is running. Another file, /etc/itc_param, is also trans-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ferred to the ITC memory. This file contains parameters de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribing the four V.24 lines.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The etc/itc_param file consists of five lines, of which the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄first four lines each describes a V.24 line, i.e. line 1 de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribes the terminal connected to plug J1, line 2 describes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that connected to plug J2, and so on. Each of these four lines ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains five characters, and the format is shown on the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄page.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The fifth and last line in the /etc/itc_param file contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only one character, which should be zero (0). This character, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, must be changed to a one (1) if (and only if) the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system (the ITC firmware) is to be debugged. In this case, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ITC firmware will enter the debug monitor when loaded. Also, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<ctrl>a from the terminal connected to J1 will cause the firm┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ware to enter the debug monitor.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆NOTE: Be careful about the format of the /etc/itc_param file -- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the ITC firmware does not check the values!↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Format of terminal description line in /etc/itc_param file:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Char. No.┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆Value┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Meaning↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1╞ ╞ 0╞ 9600 bauds (XENIX adjustment to terminal) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 1 9600 bauds (110 bauds) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 9600 bauds (200 bauds) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 3 300 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 4 600 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 5 1200 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 6 2400 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 7 4800 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D >7 9600 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ (*) reserved for later versions↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2╞ ╞ 0 7 data bits/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 8 data bits/character↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3╞ ╞ 0 1 stop bit/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 1 stop bit/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 1 1/2 stop bits/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 3 2 stop bits/character↲
↲
╞ ╞ 4╞ ╞ 0 no parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 1 odd parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 no parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 3 even parity↲
↲
╞ ╞ 5╞ ╞ 0 direct line Terminals connected to normal↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 normal line╞ lines may log in. Printers↲
should be connected to direct↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ lines.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The default values are denoted by a D.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Thus, for example, if a terminal description line contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters with the values 81131, it means: 9600 bauds, 8 data ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bits/character, 1 stop bit/character, even parity, and normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line.↲
↲
╞ ╞ Note that each terminal description line is terminated by CR.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.2╞ ╞ Terminal Support↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆A number of utilities and applications, for example, vi and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄UNIPLEX, employ more advanced screen functions, such as cursor ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄addressing. Different terminals require different character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄strings in order to perform a function. The various functions ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and the correspondidng character strings are described in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file /etc/termcap. Each terminal supported has a two-letter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄entry -- a key -- in this file. The system uses the environment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parameter TERM as a key, i.e. if you are working on a terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose description corresponds to the key "qr", your TERM vari┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄able should be set to "qr". The TERM variable is usually set on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login in your ┆a1┆.profile┆e1┆ (SHELL) or ┆a1┆.cshrc┆e1┆ (C-SHELL) file. ↲
↲
╞ ╞ The keys in the /etc/termcap file are:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qr : RC855 - emulator Version 4.0↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qw : RC855 - emulator Version 1.0↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qq : RC822↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qu : qvt102 Qume↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In addition, a large number of terminals are described in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file /etc/termcap.old. If you wish to use a terminal entry from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this file, you must first copy the description to /etc/termcap.↲
↲
╞ ╞ For further information, see↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ PRINTENV(ucB)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SH(1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ CSH(ucB)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ environment(5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ termcap(5)↲
↲
╞ ╞ in Volume 1 of the ┆a1┆XENIX Programmer's Manual.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆ 6.┆0b┆↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1 Introduction↲
↲
┆84┆This chapter is intended to help you get the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system running on your computer, and keep the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄healthy. Even if you have never used the XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or for that matter, any other computer operating system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄before, it will give you enough information to give you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄confidence in your role as system manager. Each section ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provides directions for carrying out the procedures for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which you will be responsible, along with an overview of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system concepts. These procedures have been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄designed to make your job as easy as possible. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read the instructions carefully, you should have little ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄difficulty in maintaining your XENIX system. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction defines the role of the system manager and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄describes what you get in your XENIX distribution ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄package.↲
↲
┆84┆Since the system manager's job is a crucial one with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄many aspects, you should learn as much as you can about ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX system. By the time you have finished this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄chapter and feel comfortable with the tasks described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄here, you should be able to use a number of basic XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands successfully. This chapter is designed to get ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you going with your XENIX system without any prior ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience, and without needing to refer to other, more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄detailed documentation. Ideally, however, you should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begin to develop an understanding of the following, in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄order to make you more efficient in your work:↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX file structure - - the way in which the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄programs, as well as the data and programs you and other ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄users add, are organized on the system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆the command language of the XENIX "shell", which you will ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄be using to communicate with XENIX, a powerful tool for ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄increasing your productivity on the system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆at least one of the XENIX text editors, so that you can ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄make additions and changes to important system files.↲
↲
┆84┆Some basic information about these XENIX features is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided in the next section. However, as you gain more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience with XENIX, you will want to read the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Fundamentals manual so that you will be able to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄features of the XENIX system more fully. To do this, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there is no substitute for reading the documentation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully, and trying out the examples given in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tutorials. You may also want to refer to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Reference Manual (i.e. the XENIX Programmer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Manual, Vol. 1) when you have questions about how to use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄particular XENIX commands.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.1 The Role of the System Manager↲
↲
┆84┆You may have heard the term "system manager" or "system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄administrator" used to describe the person who has the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄overall responsibility for the health and welfare of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer system. On a large computer this is often a full ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time job for one or more people. On your system, of course, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you may have only a few users, or you may even be your own ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager. This will make your job considerably less ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time-consuming, but no less critical. Your tasks will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include↲
↲
. ┆84┆the initial installation of the XENIX system↲
↲
. ┆84┆adding and removing user accounts, passwords, and file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄systems↲
↲
. ┆84┆ensuring that system resources are efficiently ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄distributed↲
↲
. ┆84┆"backing up" or making copies of all files on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system to guard against the loss of programs and data, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄in case of user or hardware errors.↲
↲
┆84┆You will need to manage a library of floppy disks and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other storage media containing system backups, user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, and application programs. In addition, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also be called upon to give training and support to new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users and deal with hardware and software suppliers if ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄problems develop.↲
↲
┆84┆Sometimes your job may make you unpopular with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. For example, you may have to interrupt users for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scheduled backups or keep reminding them to remove their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄little-used files from an overcrowded disk. On the other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hand, doing your job well will result in an efficiently ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running system with productive, rather than frustrated, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. You will also be minimizing potentially time-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄consuming and expensive losses of programs, data, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄text.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.2 The XENIX System↲
↲
┆84┆Like any other operating system, the XENIX system is a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collection of programs which are resident in a computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄at all times and are designed to control its resources. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These programs make possible communication between the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄central processor, input/output devices (such as line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers and terminals), and storage devices (including ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hard and floppy disk drives). These programs also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control the user's access to the files on the system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and determine what share of processing time each program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will get. An operating system ensures processing time ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and disk space will be fairly distributed among users.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. Floppy-Only Systems↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX system is derived from UNIX operating system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄software developed by Bell Laboratories a number of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄years ago and widely used on larger computer systems. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The XENIX system is a multi-user and multi-tasking ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. That is, it allows more than one user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneous access to the computer's resources, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows more than one process or program to run at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄same time. In most respects, your XENIX system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identical to those on much larger and more expensive ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems. However, the extent to which you are able to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄utilize its features will depend somewhat on the size ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and characteristics of your hardware components. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Naturally, several users will be unable to work ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously unless you have several terminals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄attached to your system. However, with XENIX you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄still be able to create separate accounts and file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄storage areas for different users to access at different ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄times. More important from the system's point of view, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, is the total size of the disk resources ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available to you. If your system is equipped with a hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk as well as one or more floppy disk drives, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience few limitations.↲
↲
┆84┆In the sections which follow, it is generally assumed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you are working with a system equipped with a hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk and that you have several users, although many of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the same procedures also apply to single-user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄environments. If you are using a XENIX system without a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hard disk, you should turn immediately to the special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructions provided with your floppy-disk based ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.4 Outline of This Chapter↲
↲
┆84┆Since this chapter is directed at the user who is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄responsible for maintaining a healthy XENIX system, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections are organized by the type of maintenance task ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system manager will need to perform:↲
↲
┆84┆Section 6.1: Introduction↲
┆84┆The section you are now reading.↲
↲
Section 6.2: A First Look at Your XENIX system↲
┆84┆Although by no means an exhaustive introduction to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system, this section is intended to provide you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with sufficient information in order to get you started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a XENIX system manager.↲
↲
┆84┆Section 6.3: Getting the System Ready for Your Users↲
┆84┆This section explains how to create, change, and remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user accounts on your XENIX system.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
Section 6.4: Controlling Access to Files and Directories↲
┆84┆This section explains how the XENIX system restricts the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use of particular files and directories on your system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with "permissions" settings. It also explains the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following system maintenance tasks:↲
↲
- ┆84┆how to establish and change permission settings↲
↲
- how to create and change group ID's↲
↲
- how to determine file ownership and change it↲
↲
- how to deal with system security↲
↲
Section 6.5: Keeping Your System Healthy↲
┆84┆This section explains some of the system's self-checking ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes, and tells you how to manage the critical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄resource of disk space with some routine maintenance ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
Section 6.6: Backing Up Your System↲
┆84┆This section explains one of the system manager's most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄critical tasks: periodically making copies of everything ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system, to guard against the accidental loss of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important programs and data. It also explains how to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄format and copy floppy disks, and how to make copies of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user files from the hard disk to a floppy disk.↲
↲
Section 6.7: Common System Problems↲
┆84┆This section explains what to do if things do not run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄smoothly. Instructions are provided for solving some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄common system problems.↲
↲
Appendix 6.A: XENIX Files and Directories↲
┆84┆This appendix provides a roadmap to XENIX system files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories.↲
↲
Appendix 6.B: The Multi-user System↲
┆84┆This appendix explains some of the special problems of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄an environment with multiple users or several XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
Appendix 6.C: Glossary↲
┆84┆This appendix contains definitions of some common terms ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄relating to XENIX system operation.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2 A First Look at XENIX↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have installed XENIX on you system, you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ready to begin working. If you have never used a XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system before, this section will introduce you to some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄essential XENIX concepts, and teach you a few basic ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands. This information should be sufficient to get ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you started as a system manager, but if you are planning ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to use XENIX extensively, you should turn to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Fundamentals manual for a full description of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands and utilities. This section contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information about:↲
↲
. ┆84┆the use of your terminal keyboard↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX file and directory naming conventions and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄structure↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX shell and how to use XENIX commands↲
↲
. the most commonly used XENIX commands↲
↲
. the XENIX text editor, ed.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.1 A Word About Your XENIX System↲
↲
┆84┆This section will provide you with an overall ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction to the use of the XENIX system. Even if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have some experience working with microcomputer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating systems, there are some aspects of XENIX you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may find unique. If you are a newcomer to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System, or the UNIX operating system software from which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX is derived, there are several special features of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system you will want to become familiar with before ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you begin working.↲
↲
┆84┆In many respects, using the XENIX system is like working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with a much larger computer. Although you have the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄illusion that you are the only one working with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, XENIX is, in fact, a multi-user operating ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. That is, if your computer is equipped with extra ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals and at least one hard disk drive, it will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄support several users simultaneously. Normally, unless ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you specify otherwise, you will not see any evidence of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other users' work at your terminal. On the other hand, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you have only one terminal, the XENIX system still ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provides individual user accounts and a facility for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restricting access to different users' files, to allow ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for privacy and security. Procedures for creating user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accounts and setting permissions are described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Section 6.4, "Controlling Access to Files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Directories". Techniques for using these XENIX features ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to your advantage are also presented.↲
↲
┆84┆The way in which the XENIX system orders the information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you keep on the system is introduced in this ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄section. Your data is organized into files, which are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arranged hierarchically in system directories. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gives the user great flexibility in organizing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information logically and efficiently.↲
↲
┆84┆Another way in which the XENIX system is unusual is its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄capacity to allow you to do several things at once -- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄compile programs, run application programs, edit and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process text files. This feature, referred to as multi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tasking, can be a powerful enhancement to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄productivity. In order to take full advantage of it, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will want to learn as much as possible about the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell, a command language which allows you to run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄several processes simultaneously, write "scripts" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄doing complex sequences of tasks, and run programs while ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄leaving your terminal free for other work. An ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction to XENIX shell features is provided later ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on in this section.↲
↲
┆84┆Besides being an environment in which to run your own ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄application software, the XENIX system also offers a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄wide range of system utilities, and specialized software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄development and text processing software. This section ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will only introduce you to a few of the most commonly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used XENIX commands, just to get you started with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. To learn more about your XENIX system, read the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX Fundamentals manual.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2 Some Preliminaries↲
↲
┆84┆Before you can work successfully with your XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there are a few things you will have to know about how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to communicate with it. In particular, you will have to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know how to use the keys on your terminal keyboard, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄few rules about XENIX file naming conventions, and how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to correctly enter commands on the system so that you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can get XENIX to do what you want.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard↲
↲
┆84┆First, let's take a brief look at your terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄keyboard. In most respects, the keyboard of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal is exactly like that of a typewriter. Most of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the letters, numerals, and punctuation marks are in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄same place, and you will quickly discover that the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"spacebar", "backspace", "repeat", and "shift" keys ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄behave in much the same way as they would on any ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typewriter. However, there are a few differences you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be aware of before you begin working. You may not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use keys that "look alike" interchangeably - the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄uppercase letter "O" and zero, for example, or the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase "l" and the number one (1). All computers will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recognize these as separate characters, so be sure you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄always type the correct one.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆You should note that some of the keys on your keyboard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have a special meaning when you are using XENIX. These ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include control-characters used to produce XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters that don't appear on your keyboard, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄various "escape" keys or sequences used to exit from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, terminate activities, log out, or stop the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄movement of text on your screen.↲
↲
┆84┆Angle brackets (< >) are used in this chapter to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄represent keys. Note that whenever you are asked to type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the <CONTROL> key along with some other key that you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should always press the <CONTROL> key first, and hold it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄down while you type the second key, just as you would ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hold down the shift key on a typewriter while typing the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄letter you want to capitalize. Here is a list of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄most commonly used characters and sequences:↲
↲
backslash ( ) ┆84┆The XENIX backslash ( ) character can be ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄obtained by typing <CONTROL-/> (or ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄Danish Ø).↲
↲
pipe ( ) ┆84┆You will frequently have use for the ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄XENIX pipe ( ) character, and you will ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄certainly see it often in XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄documentation, although it does not ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄appear on your keyboard. It can be ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄entered by typing <CONTROL-1> (or Danish ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄ø).↲
↲
<CONTROL-S> ┆84┆Typing the "control" and "s" keys ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄simultaneously will stop text from ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄"scrolling", that is, moving up and off ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄the screen. To start scrolling again, ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄type <CONTROL-Q>.↲
↲
<CONTROL-D> ┆84┆You will have several important uses for ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄the <CONTROL-D> sequence:↲
↲
- to log out↲
↲
- ┆84┆to bring the system up from ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄maintenance mode↲
↲
- ┆84┆to exit from certain XENIX programs ↲
↲
<BREAK> ┆84┆In addition to special uses it may have ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄in specific XENIX programs, the <BREAK> ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄key (RUBOUT or Danish SLET TEGN) will ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄interrupt any command you have entered ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄and return you to the system prompt ($).↲
↲
<ENTER> ┆84┆In some documentation you may also see ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄this key named <RETURN>, for "carriage ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄return". You must type the <ENTER> or ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄<RETURN> key after a command for XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄to receive the instructions.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.2 XENIX File and Directory Naming Conventions↲
↲
┆84┆As we will see later, all information on your system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄organized into files and directories. First, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important to learn a few rules about what you can name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄these files and directories. All XENIX files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories may have names up to fourteen characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long, including any combination of uppercase and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase letters and numbers. You may not use the slash ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(/) character, and you should also avoid using all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄punctuation marks except the period (.) and special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters, because they often have unexpected meanings ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for XENIX.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Wild Card Characters↲
↲
┆84┆Be especially cautious in your use of the two "wild ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄card" characters, question mark (?) and star (*). Wild ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄card characters are used to replace filenames or parts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of filenames. The question mark replaces a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄character; the star can replace several characters, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even an entire name.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, to save typing you might refer to your file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆chap2.s┆e1┆ as any of the following:↲
↲
chap?.s *2.s *2*↲
↲
┆84┆If you wish to invoke a command involving several files, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can use the "wild card" capability to process all of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them at once. So, if you wish to refer to all of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄chapters (e.g., chap1.s, chap2.s, etc.), you can just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type↲
↲
*.s↲
↲
┆84┆to tell XENIX that you mean "all the files ending in .s" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or even use "*" alone to mean "every file". Of course, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you are giving XENIX some command like "remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files", you should be extremely careful about using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄these wild card characters. The star can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄anywhere in a filename, and can occur several times.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Matching a Pattern Range↲
↲
┆84┆If you have used a consistent convention for naming ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files - let's say with consecutive letters or numbers, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX offers you the ability to name a group of files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specifying a range. For example, suppose you want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄print only chapters 1 through 4, and 9. Then you can say ↲
↲
pr chap 12349 *↲
↲
┆84┆The brackets ( and ) mean "match any of the characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inside the brackets". A range of consecutive letters or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄digits can be abbreviated, so you can also do this with↲
↲
pr chap 1-49 *↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
┆84┆(This does not match forty-nine filenames, but only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄five.) Letters can also be used within brackets: " a-z " ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄matches any character in the range "a" through "z".↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Absolute and Relative Pathnames↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX files are grouped in directories and arranged ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hierarchically. That is, a directory, which contains a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collection of files, may be a member of yet another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, and so forth. This results in the formation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of a tree with branches:↲
↲
/ (root directory)↲
┆a1┆ ! ↲
! ! ! !↲
etc bin dev usr↲
! !↲
file1 fred↲
!↲
file1↲
file2↲
↲
┆84┆The "root" of this tree is the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ directory, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄convention called "slash"(/). XENIX identifies files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄their "pathnames", the path you take along the branches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of this tree to arrive at the named file. The steps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄along the way are separated by slashes (/). In the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diagram, for example, there are two files called ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄One of these is, in fact, /┆a1┆etc/file1┆e1┆. The other file is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/fred/file1┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX file structure is discussed at greater length ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the next subsection. For now, however, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient that you understand the "pathname" concept ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when you work with directories and files. Every single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX file and directory has both a filename and an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄absolute "pathname", the route you would have to take to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reach the file from the root directory. The absolute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pathname is unique for each file in the system; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄filenames are unique only within directories and need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be unique system-wide. This is similar to someone ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose "absolute" name is John Robert Smith, but whom ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everyone calls John. The name John need not be unique, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄although it will greatly simplify life if John Robert ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Smith is a unique name.↲
↲
┆84┆A pathname is a sequence of directory names followed by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a simple filename, each separated from the previous one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by a slash. If a pathname begins with a slash it is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄absolute pathname, that is, the search for the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins at the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ of the entire tree. Otherwise, it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins at the user's current, or "working" directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and is called a "relative" pathname, because it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specifies a path relative to the current directory.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆In most cases, a filename and its corresponding pathname ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be used interchangeably.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Sample Names↲
↲
┆84┆Here are some samples of legitimate XENIX file and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory names:↲
↲
/ ┆84┆The absolute pathname of the root ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄directory of the entire file system.↲
↲
/bin ┆84┆The directory containing most of the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄frequently used XENIX commands.↲
↲
/usr ┆84┆The directory containing each user's ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄personal directory. The ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄subdirectory, /┆a1┆usr/bin┆e1┆ contains ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄frequently used XENIX commands not ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄in /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆.↲
↲
/dev ┆84┆The directory containing files ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄corresponding to each available ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄physical device (e.g., terminals, ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄lineprinters, and disks).↲
↲
/lib ┆84┆The directory containing special ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄data files used by some standard ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄commands.↲
↲
/tmp ┆84┆This directory contains temporary ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄scratch files.↲
↲
/usr/joe/project/A ┆84┆This is a typical full pathname. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄This one happens to be a file named ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄┆a1┆A┆e1┆ in the directory named ┆a1┆project┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄belonging to the user named ┆a1┆joe┆e1┆.↲
↲
bin/x ┆84┆A relative pathname; it names the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄file ┆a1┆x┆e1┆ in subdirectory ┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ of the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current working directory. If the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current directory is /, it names ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆bin/x┆e1┆. If the current directory is ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/joe┆e1┆, it names /┆a1┆usr/joe/bin/x┆e1┆.↲
↲
file1 ┆84┆Name of an ordinary file in the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Two Special Shorthand Names↲
↲
┆84┆Each user resides "in" a directory called the current ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. All files and directories have a "parent" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, which is the one immediately above and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"containing" the given file or directory. The XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system provides special shorthand notations for this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory and for the current directory:↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
. ┆84┆The shorthand name of the current directory. Thus ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄./┆a1┆filexxx┆e1┆ names the same file as ┆a1┆filexxx┆e1┆, if such a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄file exists in the current directory.↲
↲
.. ┆84┆The shorthand name of the current directory's parent ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄directory. For example, if you use the XENIX command, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄cd, which changes your directory to the one you name:↲
↲
cd ..↲
↲
┆84┆you would be changing to the directory called "..", ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the parent of the directory you were in before.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.3 How to Use XENIX Commands↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX command may be typed whenever the prompt ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄appears, indicating that you are in the "shell", the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command level of the system. This prompt will either be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a dollar sign ($) or a number sign ( ). XENIX commands ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄generally consist of single lowercase words, which may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be followed by one or more "switches" and "arguments". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Most often the argument will be a filename. Every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command must be followed by typing <ENTER>, even though ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this is not noted specifically in most text examples.↲
↲
┆84┆To take a simple example, you can use the command cat to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄look at the contents of a file. If you type↲
↲
$ cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆the contents of ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ will appear on your screen.↲
↲
┆84┆To use another example, the command lc lists the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of whatever directory you name. Therfore,↲
↲
$ lc /usr/fred↲
↲
┆84┆will give you a list of files and directories in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory /┆a1┆usr/fred┆e1┆. One thing to note: When you type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX commands, be sure to include or omit spaces ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exactly as indicated; it is best to think of the "space" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a character like any other.↲
↲
┆84┆Whether you are typing at the terminal, or executing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands from a file, XENIX always reads commands from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command lines. The command line is a line of characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is scanned and read by the shell command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄interpreter to determine what to do next. You must type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<ENTER> at the end of every command - the command will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be submitted until you do. If you make a mistake ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄while typing a line, you can use either the <BKSP> or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U> keys. The XENIX shell then reads the command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line and executes the appropriate command. If you type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<INTERRUPT> before you have typed <ENTER>, the command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is aborted.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆When you type a command, you are actually invoking a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program. In XENIX, a program is a file, which has an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executable status. The XENIX shell looks for a program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the command name and executes it. Some commands may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also contain "switches" - these specify options or other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arguments as needed by the program. Multiple commands ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can be entered on a single command line so long as they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are separated by a semicolon (;). For example, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following prints out the current date and the name of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the current working directory:↲
↲
date ; pwd↲
↲
┆84┆Two XENIX commands date, and pwd, are joined on a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line with the semicolon.↲
↲
┆84┆Commands can be submitted for processing in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄background by putting an ampersand (&) at the end of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command. This leaves your terminal free. You can execute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other commands from your terminal while the first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command executes in the background. This is a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄feature of the XENIX shell to facilitate multi-tasking - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the capacity to do more than one task at once.↲
↲
Commands have the following general syntax:↲
↲
cmd ┆a1┆switches┆e1┆ ┆a1┆argument┆e1┆┆a1┆s┆e1┆ ┆a1┆filenames┆e1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆In practically all cases, command names are all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase. Switches are added options available when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executing the command. They always precede other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arguments and filenames. Switches consist of a dash ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prefix (-) and an identifying letter or number. Some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄switches are also prefixed by a plus sign (+). Switches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can often be grouped as a single switch as in:↲
↲
ls -arl↲
↲
┆84┆which invokes the -a, -r, and -1 switches simultanously. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Sometimes, however, switches must be invoked separately.↲
↲
┆84┆There are various types of arguments. An argument may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a string of text, as in:↲
↲
grep 'string of text' outfile↲
↲
┆84┆In the above example, "string of text" is an argument; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is the string of text that the grep command searches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for in the file ┆a1┆outfile┆e1┆. ┆a1┆Outfile┆e1┆ is a filename argument ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that specifies the name of a file required by the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3 Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX stores information on the computer in "files", in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄much the same way as you might store an important memo ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or record in a file folder. Computer files may contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄various types of information, such as the text of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄document, a program, or lines of data, but they are all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄treated in the same way. Furthermore, XENIX gives you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the option of collecting groups of files in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"directories", much as you might organize file folders ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into categories and put them in labeled file drawers so ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that they can be found easily. The organization of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories is quite flexible. You will soon ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find that your decisions about what to name files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄where you decide to put them can make your work on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system more efficient, just as you would expect to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄able to do your work faster in an office where you could ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find all your important records quickly.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3.1 The Hierarchy of Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆It is important to emphasize here that XENIX files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories can be organized hierarchically. That is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each XENIX directory can contain other directories, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄well as files, and those directories can also contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories. Therefore, you can create a pyramid of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories within directories.↲
↲
┆84┆To take a simple example, in Subsection 6.3.2 ┆a1┆┆e1┆John Doe┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is added to the system with the mkuser program. One of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the things that the mkuser program does is to give John ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a work space of his own, a "home" directory, called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/johnd┆e1┆. Now you can see that the directory ┆a1┆johnd┆e1┆ is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in fact, a subdirectory of another directory called ┆a1┆usr┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which contains the home directories of all the users on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system. Undoubtedly, as soon as John logs in to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system for the first time he will begin to create new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories to store his work in.↲
↲
┆84┆Let's say he creates a directory called ┆a1┆payroll┆e1┆ in which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to put various payroll programs and data files, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another called ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ in which to store important pieces ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of electronic mail he receives from other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Perhaps he will also create a simple file for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄himself right in his home directory called ┆a1┆list┆e1┆, which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains a list of things to do. The results would look ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄like this (directories are indicated in brackets):↲
↲
/ ↲
!↲
usr ↲
!↲
johnd ↲
┆a1┆ ! ↲
! ! !↲
memos payroll list↲
file1 file1 ↲
file2 file2↲
program↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3.2 File Manipulation Commands↲
↲
┆84┆At this point, you will need to learn a few XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands for creating, moving, copying and deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories. To create the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for example, John Doe had to type↲
↲
$ mkdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆Now, in order to make the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory his "current" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or working directory, he would need to type:↲
↲
$ cd /usr/johnd/memos↲
↲
┆84┆The command cd stands for "change directory". He is now ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the directory ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ or, to give its full pathname, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄location, /┆a1┆usr/johnd/memos┆e1┆. To create a new file, type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the character ">", followed by the filename: Let's say ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄John wants to create a new file in his ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆:↲
↲
>newproject↲
↲
┆84┆There is now a file in the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆. The lc command lists the contents of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory:↲
↲
file1 newproject↲
file2↲
↲
┆84┆Files can be moved and copied from one directory to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another. Suppose John wishes to move the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ to a new directory created for his new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄project, ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆. First, he can create ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the mkdir command, and then he can move the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file from the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory with the mv command, as in:↲
↲
mv newproject /usr/johnd/acct.proj↲
↲
If he uses↲
↲
cd /usr/johnd/acct.proj↲
↲
┆84┆to move himself into the ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory, and uses ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lc command, the ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file will appear in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄list of files in the ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory. When XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄moves a file, it removes it from the old directory and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄puts the file in the new one. If John wished to keep a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copy of ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ in the old ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory, thus ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄making ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ a file in both directories, he could ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the cp command to create another identical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file in the other directory. Note that XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows you to have two files of the same name, as long ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as they are in different directories.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆If you no longer need a file, just use the rm command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove it. The command↲
↲
$rm newproject↲
↲
┆84┆removes the file ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ from the directory. Once ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄again, this can be verified with the lc command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Similarly, you can remove an entire directory by using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the command rmdir as in↲
↲
$rmdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆However, XENIX will not allow you to remove a directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without first removing all of the files in it. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type either↲
↲
$rm file1 file2 newproject↲
↲
┆84┆or, using a special XENIX character, the star (*), which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄stands for everything, enter↲
↲
$rm *↲
↲
┆84┆Be cautious about using the star; it really will remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everything. Also, you cannot be in the directory you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing, so move back to the directory above it. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even lets you type two commands together, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄separate them with a semicolon (;).↲
↲
$cd /usr/johnd;rmdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆As you work more with the XENIX system, you will want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know a great deal more about these and other commands to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manipulate files and directories. Read whatever XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄documentation you have available for a more detailed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discussion of the XENIX file structure, and practice ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using these commands until you are comfortable with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4 The XENIX Shell↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX shell is your interface with the system. Every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time you log in to XENIX you are, in fact, invoking a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"shell" - this shell speaks a command language which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows you to specify input and output, run several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes simultaneously by placing them in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄background, or link two processes together, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connecting the output of one process to the input of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX shell has many of the features of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programming language, and allows you to prepare complex ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scripts to run long sequences of processes. Techniques ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for using the shell as a powerful aid to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄productivity on the system are introduced in detail in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX Fundamentals manual.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.1 Controlling Input and Output↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX handles input and output from commands in a unique ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄way: it assumes that input and output are associated ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the terminal from which the command originates. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄That is, input comes from the keyboard and output goes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the terminal screen. To illustrate typical command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input and output, type:↲
↲
cat↲
↲
┆84┆This command now expects input from your keyboard. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will accept as many lines of text as you can type as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input, until you type a <CONTROL-D> as an end-of-file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄indicator. For example, type:↲
↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆When you type the <CONTROL-D>, input ends and output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins. The cat command then immediately outputs the two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines that you typed. Since output is sent to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal screen by default, that is where the two lines ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are sent. Thus, the complete session will look like this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your terminal screen:↲
↲
$cat↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
$↲
↲
┆84┆However, you can specify that input and/or output be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"redirected". Input may come from a file instead of from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal keyboard, and output may be directed to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file or to a lineprinter, instead of to the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen. Also, you can create "pipes" to allow the output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from one command to become the input to another.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.2 Redirection↲
↲
┆84┆Instead of having your input come directly from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal, or watching the output of some process come to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your screen, you can ask XENIX to take a file you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specify as input, and output the results of the process ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into another file. In XENIX, a file can replace the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal for either input or output. For example, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command↲
↲
ls↲
↲
┆84┆displays a list of files in your current directory on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your terminal screen. But if you say↲
↲
ls >filelist↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆a list of your files is placed in the file ┆a1┆filelist┆e1┆. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file called ┆a1┆filelist┆e1┆ does not exist, XENIX will create ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it. The output redirection symbol (>) means "put the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output from the command into the following file, rather ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than display it on the terminal screen".↲
↲
┆84┆You can also combine several files into one, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cat command:↲
↲
cat f1 f2 f3 >temp↲
↲
┆84┆This command says "take the contents of these three ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and put them all into a file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆".↲
↲
┆84┆The output append symbol (>>) works in much the same way ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as output redirection, except that it means "add to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end of". That is↲
↲
cat file1 file2 file3 >>temp↲
↲
┆84┆means to concatenate ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆a1┆┆e1┆ to the end ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of whatever is already in ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆. Thus, if you already had ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information in the file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆, instead of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄replacing the old contents of ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ with the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆e1┆, these three files will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄placed at the end of the old file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ instead. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄As with normal output redirection, if ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ doesn't ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exist, it is created for you.↲
↲
╱04002f4e0a0006000000000201413140000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050f19232d37414b555f69737d8791ff04╱
╱0400274e0c0006000000000201483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
↓
┆84┆The input redirection symbol (<) means to take the input ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for a program from the following file, instead of from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal. This allows you to make up a script of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄editing commands and put them into a file called ┆a1┆script┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then you could execute the commands in the script on a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file using the XENIX editor by typing:↲
↲
ed file <script↲
↲
┆84┆As another example, you could use ed to prepare a letter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in file ┆a1┆letter.txt┆e1┆, then send it to several people with↲
↲
mail adam eve mary joe <letter.txt↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.3 Pipes↲
↲
┆84┆Pipes are a unique feature of the XENIX system. A pipe ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is simply a way to connect the output of one command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the input of another command, so that the two run as a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of commands called a pipeline.↲
↲
For example↲
↲
╞ pr memo1 memo2 memo3↲
↲
┆84┆prints the files named ┆a1┆memo1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆memo2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆memo3┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄beginning each on a new page. Suppose you want them run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄together instead. You could type:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
cat memo1 memo2 memo3>temp↲
pr <temp↲
rm temp↲
↲
┆84┆to put the contents of the three memo files into a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆, print it, then remove. However, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄quite a bit simpler to take the output of cat and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connect it to the input of pr, using a pipe:↲
↲
cat memo1 memo2 memo3 pr↲
↲
┆84┆The vertical bar ( ) means to take the output from cat, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which would normally have gone to the terminal, and put ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it into pr to be formatted.↲
↲
┆84┆There are many other examples of pipes. For example,↲
↲
ls pr -3↲
↲
┆84┆prints a list of your files in three columns. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program wc counts the number of lines, words, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in its input, and who prints a list of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the users currently logged in, one per line. Thus,↲
↲
who wc↲
↲
tells how many people are logged in. And of course↲
↲
ls wc↲
↲
counts your files.↲
↲
┆84┆Any program that reads from the terminal keyboard can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read from a pipe instead. Any program that displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output to the terminal screen can send input to a pipe. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄You can have as many elements in a pipeline as you wish.↲
↲
┆84┆Many XENIX programs are written so that they take their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input from one or more files, if file arguments are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄given. If no arguments are given, they read from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal keyboard, and thus can be used in pipelines. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For example↲
↲
pr 3 albert.txt bernard.txt carl.txt↲
↲
┆84┆prints, in order, the files ┆a1┆albert.text┆e1┆, ┆a1┆bernard.txt┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and ┆a1┆carl.txt┆e1┆. But in↲
↲
cat albert.txt bernard.txt carl.txt pr↲
↲
┆84┆pr prints the concatenation of these files coming down ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the pipeline. The difference is that here, ┆a1┆albert.txt┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆bernard.txt┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆carl.txt┆e1┆ are run together and then ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄treated as one file rather than three.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5 Frequently Used Commands↲
↲
┆84┆In this subsection, some common XENIX commands are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄summarized. You will find these descriptions of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄immediate use to you while you are just getting started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using your XENIX system. However, as you learn more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about the system, you should read the XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual, which is a complete introduction to the use of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX system. The commands listed here represent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄three types of activities:↲
↲
. ┆84┆logging in and out, using your terminal and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄lineprinter, and dealing with processes running on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system↲
↲
. ┆84┆manipulating files, directories, and your position in ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄the file hierarchy↲
↲
. using some basic system utilities↲
↲
┆84┆Where possible, try each of these commands out as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read about them. There is no substitute for practice.↲
↲
┆b0┆Logging In↲
↲
┆84┆To gain access to the system, respond to the "login:" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prompt by typing your account name followed by <ENTER>. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then respond to the ┆a1┆password┆e1┆: prompt with your password. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For example, a login for the user ┆a1┆joe┆e1┆ might look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
login:joe↲
password:abracadabra↲
↲
┆84┆The password will NOT appear on the terminal screen as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you type it.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.1 Commands for Using Your Terminal and Lineprinter↲
↲
┆b0┆Logging Out↲
↲
┆84┆The logout procedure is simple - all you need to do is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆Since within other programs, <CONTROL-D> signifies the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end-of-file to the system, at times it may be necessary ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to type <CONTROL-D> several times before you can log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄yourself out.↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Your Password↲
↲
┆84┆To change your password, use the passwd command. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwd command will prompt you twice for the answer. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user joe, a session might go like this:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
Changing password for joe↲
Old password:abracadabra↲
New password: Bazookah↲
Retype new password: Bazookah↲
↲
┆84┆To maintain security, ┆a1┆┆e1┆your responses are NOT shown on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen┆e1┆. It is best to mix uppercase and lowercase ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄letters and make the password greater than five ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in length.↲
↲
┆b0┆Setting Terminal Options↲
↲
┆84┆There are a number of terminal options that can be set ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the command stty. When entered without parameters, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄stty displays the current terminal settings. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, typical output might look like this:↲
↲
speed 9600 baud↲
erase ' h' ; kill ' u'↲
even -nl↲
↲
┆84┆This says that the rate of data transmission to and from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal is 9600 baud, that the backspace character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(erase) is <CONTROL-H>, that the line kill character is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U>, that even parity is set, and that <ENTER> ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄signifies the beginning of a new line. Each of the above ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characteristics can be set by using the stty command, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with entries in a special file called .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆. (See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Section 6.3, "Getting the System Ready for Your Users".)↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Terminals↲
↲
┆84┆If you have to log in to XENIX on a terminal of a type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different than the terminal you normally use, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄need to change the shell TERM variable. This is normally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set to the proper default terminal when you log in, but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you switch terminals, you'll need to type something ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄like:↲
↲
TERM=┆a1┆termname┆e1┆; export TERM↲
↲
┆84┆where ┆a1┆termname┆e1┆ is the name of a know terminal. A wide ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄variety of terminals are supported; terminal names are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listed in the system file named /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆. (See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Appendix 6.B, "Notes on the Multi-user System").↲
↲
┆b0┆Erasing a Command Line↲
↲
┆84┆If you make a mistake while typing a command line, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can erase the current line and retype a new one. Enter a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U>, as shown below:↲
↲
kat file2<CONTROL-U>↲
cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆In this case, the first line is aborted and a newline is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄generated automatically so that typing may resume. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then can enter the correct command line.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆Halting Screen Output↲
↲
┆84┆If you are examining the contents of a file on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal screen, you can keep the contents from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scrolling off the screen faster than you can read them. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄To temporarily halt a program's output to the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen, type <CONTROL-S>. To resume output, type any key ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄except <INTERRUPT>.↲
↲
┆b0┆Sending a File to the Lineprinter↲
↲
To print files on the lineprinter, type:↲
↲
lpr file1↲
↲
for one file, or↲
↲
lpr file1 file2 file3↲
↲
for several files.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also paginate and print a file of raw text, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typing:↲
↲
pr textfile lpr↲
↲
┆84┆The pr and lpr commands are very often used together, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected by a pipe.↲
↲
┆84┆As another example, to sort, paginate, and print a file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
sort datafile pr lpr↲
↲
┆b0┆Getting Line Printer Queue Information↲
↲
┆84┆More than one file may be waiting to be printed at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lineprinter. XENIX does not require that the file be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed before the lpr command finishes. Instead, lpr ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄makes sure only that the file is placed in a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory where it will wait its turn to be printed. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you have problems with your lineprinter, or want to see ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄how many files are waiting in the queue, type:↲
↲
ls -1 /usr/spool/lpd↲
↲
┆b0┆Finding out What Processes are Running↲
↲
┆84┆Because you may have several processes running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously, you may want to check what is currently ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running. The ps command stands for "process status" and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lists information about all the processes associated ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with your terminal. For instance, the output from a ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command might look like this:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
10308 38 1:36 ed chap02.man↲
49 38 0:29 -sh↲
11267 38 0:00 sh -c ps↲
↲
┆84┆The "PID" column gives a unique process identification ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number that can be used to kill a particular process. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The "TTY" column gives the terminal that the process is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄associated with. The "TIME" column gives the cumulative ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution time for the process.↲
↲
┆b0┆Killing a Process↲
↲
┆84┆To stop execution of a process, you can type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<INTERRUPT>. However, to kill all of your processes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executing in the background, you will need to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄kill command. Type:↲
↲
kill 0↲
↲
┆84┆to kill all of your processes. To kill only a specified ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process executing in the background, first use the ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to find out which processes are running and what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄their process ID numbers are:↲
↲
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
3459 03 0:15 -sh↲
4831 03 1:52 ed chap01.s↲
5185 03 0:00 sh -c ps↲
↲
Next, you might type↲
↲
kill 4831↲
↲
┆84┆where 4831 is the PID of the process that you want ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄killed.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.2 File Manipulation Commands↲
↲
┆b0┆Creating Files↲
↲
To create a new file, simply type:↲
↲
>filename↲
↲
┆84┆Here, ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆ is the name of the newly created file. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The greater-than sign (>) is used to redirect output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the terminal to a file. In general, new files are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created automatically by commands as needed.↲
↲
┆b0┆Displaying File Contents↲
↲
┆84┆To display the contents of a file, use the cat command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Cat displays the contents of a file on the default ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄standard output file which is the terminal screen. For ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, the following command displays the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ on the screen:↲
↲
cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆Cat can also display the contents of more than one file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as in↲
↲
cat file1 file2↲
↲
┆b0┆Combining Files↲
↲
┆84┆The cat command stands for "concatenate". It can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to combine several files into one new file. Thus, to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄combine the two files named ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄create a new file named ┆a1┆bigfile┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
cat file1 file2 >bigfile↲
↲
┆84┆The greater-than sign (>) is used to redirect normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output of the cat command from the terminal screen to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the new file.↲
↲
┆b0┆Moving a File↲
↲
┆84┆You can use the mv command in two different ways. First, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can move a file so that it has a new name. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance, to move a file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆ to a new file named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆book┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv text book↲
↲
┆84┆After this move completes, no file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆ will exist ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the working directory. In effect, you are actually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄renaming the file called ┆a1┆text┆e1┆. You can also move a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into a specified directory. You must give the name of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the destination directory after the name of the file you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are moving. For instance, to move ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆ into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the directory named /┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv file1 file2 /tmp↲
↲
┆84┆The two files you have moved will disappear from your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄working directory, and be added to the directory /┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The above command has exactly the same effect as typing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following two commands:↲
↲
mv file1 /tmp/file1↲
mv file2 /tmp/file2↲
↲
┆84┆Remember that the mv command always checks to see if the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄last argument is the name of a directory, and if so, all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files designated by filename arguments are moved into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that directory.↲
↲
mv anon johndoe↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Copying a File↲
↲
┆84┆There are two ways in which you can use the cp command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄First, you can copy one file to another file. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also copy one or more files into a directory. To create ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄two copies of a file in your own working directory, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must rename the new copy. To do this, type:↲
↲
cp file clone-of-file↲
↲
┆84┆You will now have two files with identical contents in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory.↲
↲
┆84┆To copy three files into a directory named ┆a1┆filedir┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
cp file1 file2 file3 filedir↲
↲
┆84┆In the above command, three files are copied into the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory ┆a1┆filedir┆e1┆; the original versions still reside in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory. There is a one-to-one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄correspondence between the names in the two directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆Deleting A File↲
↲
┆84┆To delete or remove files, simply type:↲
↲
rm file1 file2↲
↲
┆84┆In the above command, the files ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆ are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removed from your working directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Printing Your Working Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The pwd command stands for "print working directory". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For instance, if your current working directory is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/joe┆e1┆, then when you type↲
↲
pwd↲
↲
you will get the output:↲
↲
/usr/joe↲
↲
┆84┆You should always think of yourself as residing "in" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Listing Directory Contents↲
↲
┆84┆The most basic directory command is ls. The ls command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sorts and lists the names of the files and directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that reside in a given directory. Unless you specify ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄otherwise, the contents of your working directory are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listed. If arguments are given, then for each directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄argument ls lists the contents of the given directory; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for each file argument, ls repeats its name. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance, if you type↲
↲
ls↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆84┆the output from the command might typically look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
dir1↲
dir2↲
dir3↲
file1↲
file2 ↲
file3↲
↲
Using the same directory, the command↲
↲
ls d*↲
↲
┆84┆would list the files within each of the directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆dir1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆dir2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆dir3┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆84┆The lc command, which stands for "list in columns", ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints names in columns, so more information can fit on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen at once than with ls. A sample listing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄follows:↲
↲
atfile help oem size v0↲
bin lib papers src v1↲
calendar maketape po termcap v2↲
cmds memos port termnames v5↲
convert mgr probs test.s↲
doem mkfs rand testdir↲
errs msg rand.c ttc↲
errs.sh nroff sco typeset↲
↲
┆84┆Lc also lets you recursively list a directory and all of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄its subdirectories by typing↲
↲
lc -R↲
↲
where the -R stands for recursive.↲
↲
┆84┆A command very similar to ls and lc is l. L gives an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄expanded "long" listing of a directory, producing an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output that might look someting like this:↲
↲
total 501↲
drwxr-x--- 2 boris 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir1↲
drwxr-x--- 2 enid 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir2↲
drwxr-x--- 2 iris 592 Apr 6 11:12 dir3↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 282 Apr 7 15:11 file1↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 72 Apr 7 13:50 file2↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 1403 Apr 1 13:22 file3↲
↲
┆84┆Reading from left to right, the information given for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each file or directory includes:↲
↲
1. Permissions↲
↲
2. Number of links↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
3. Owner↲
↲
4. Size in bytes↲
↲
5. Time of last modification↲
↲
6. Filename↲
↲
┆84┆The information in this listing and how to change ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permissions are discussed below.↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Your Working Directory↲
↲
┆84┆Your working directory represents your location in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system: it is "where you are" in XENIX. To alter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your location in the XENIX file system, you need only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
cd↲
↲
┆84┆This changes your working directory to that of your home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. To move to any other directory, simply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specify that directory as an argument to cd. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance↲
↲
cd /usr↲
↲
┆84┆moves you to the /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ directory. Because you are always ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"in" your working directory, changing working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories is much like "traveling" from directory to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Creating a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To create a subdirectory in your working directory, use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mkdir command. For instance, to create a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆, simply type:↲
↲
mkdir phonenumbers↲
↲
┆84┆Now you will have a new, empty directory in your home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Removing a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To remove a directory located in your working directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the rmdir command. For instance, to remove the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆ from the current directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply type:↲
↲
rmdir phonenumbers↲
↲
┆84┆The directory ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆ must be empty before it can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be removed. This prevents you from accidentally deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Renaming a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To rename a directory, use the mv command, just as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄would if you were moving a file. Note that directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and their contents cannot be moved with the mv command; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they can only be renamed. For instance, to rename the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory ┆a1┆little.dir┆e1┆ to ┆a1┆big.dir┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv little.dir big.dir↲
↲
┆84┆This is a simple renaming operation; no files are moved.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.3 Basic System Utilities↲
↲
┆b0┆Finding Out Who is on the System↲
↲
┆84┆The who command lists the names, terminal line numbers, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and login times of all users currently logged on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. For example, type:↲
↲
who↲
↲
┆84┆This command should produce something like the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output on your terminal screen:↲
↲
arnold tty02 Apr 7 10:02↲
daphne tty21 Apr 7 07:47↲
elliot tty23 Apr 7 14:21↲
ellen tty25 Apr 7 08:36↲
gus tty26 Apr 7 09:55↲
adrian tty28 Apr 7 14:21↲
↲
┆b0┆Sorting a File↲
↲
┆84┆The sort command is one of the most useful XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing commands. By default, sort sorts the lines of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file according to the ASCII collating sequence. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, to sort a file named ┆a1┆phonelist┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
sort phonelist↲
↲
┆84┆In the above case, the sorted contents of the file are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displayed on the screen. To create a sorted version of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆phonelist┆e1┆ named ┆a1┆phonesort┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
sort phonelist >phonesort↲
↲
┆84┆Note that sort is useful in sorting the output from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other commands. For example, to sort the output from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution of a who command, type:↲
↲
who sort >whosort↲
↲
┆84┆A wide variety of other sorting options are available ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for sort.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Searching for a Pattern in a File↲
↲
┆84┆The grep command selects and extracts lines from a file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printing only those lines that match a given pattern.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, to print out all lines in a file containing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the word "tty38", type:↲
↲
grep 'tty38' file↲
↲
┆84┆In general, you should always enclose the pattern you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are searching for in single quotation marks ('), so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special metacharacters are not expanded unexpectedly by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the shell command interpreter.↲
↲
┆84┆┆b0┆Finding Out the Time and Date↲
↲
┆84┆To get the current time and date simply type↲
↲
date↲
↲
┆84┆You will get a simple answer in the following form:↲
↲
Tue Feb 18 19:02:19 PST 1983↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6 Text Editing with Ed↲
↲
┆84┆Text editing - the capacity to manipulate the contents ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of any file, whether it contains written text, data, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program code - is essential for using any computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. XENIX offers several editors, and related ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pattern recognition and file comparison utilities for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use both in text processing and programming. These tools ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are discussed at length in the XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual. In your role as system manager you have already ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been introduced to several important XENIX files - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆, .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆, and /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆, to name a few. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will soon find that you need to add or change these, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other files on the system.↲
↲
┆84┆This is a brief summary of some of the many functions of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX text editor, ed. It does not contain an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exhaustive list of ed commands, nor does it even begin ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to demonstrate the wide range of editing functions ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄possible on your XENIX system. However, it should help ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you to get you started using a text editor with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient dexterity to do your routine system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄management tasks.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.1 Invoking the Editor↲
↲
To invoke ed, type:↲
↲
ed ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆where ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆ is the name of the file you want to edit. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄If no name is given, a question mark (?) is printed. ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄This is not an error. You are simply creating a new file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to edit. The text in the new file is kept in a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄buffer file while you are working on it. Think of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄buffer as a work space - a kind of scratch pad with a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temporary copy of the file you are editing. You tell ed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄what to do to your text by typing instructions called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"commands". Most commands consist of a single letter, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which must be typed in lowercase. Each command is typed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on a separate line and followed by <ENTER>, just like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typing a XENIX system command. Ed will respond to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands without giving you any prompts or messages. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you make an error typing commands in ed, it will answer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you with:↲
↲
?↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.2 Adding Text to a File↲
↲
┆84┆To add lines of text to the file you are editing, just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type an "a" for append, followed by <ENTER>. Next, enter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lines of text you want, like this:↲
↲
a↲
Now is the time↲
for all good men↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
.↲
↲
┆84┆To stop appending, type a line that contains only a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄period on a line by itself. A period (.) is used to tell ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed that you have finished appending.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.3 Saving Your File↲
↲
┆84┆It's likely that you will want to save your text for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄later use. To save the contents of your file, use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write command, w, followed by the name of the file that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you want to write to. This copies the temporary buffer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents to the file you name, replacing any previous ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of this file. For example, to save the text in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
w text↲
↲
┆84┆Leave a space between w and the filename. Writing a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄just makes a permanent copy of your text, so you can go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on adding lines to the copy you are editing. If you use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the w command without naming a file, ed writes back out ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the file that you named when you invoked ed. Because ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed always works on a copy of a file, not the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄itself, no change in the contents of a file takes place ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄until you give a w command.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.4 Exiting the Editor↲
↲
┆84┆To terminate a session with ed, save the text you're ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄working on by writing it to a file using the w command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then type:↲
↲
q↲
↲
┆84┆The system responds with the XENIX prompt character. At ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this point your buffer vanishes, along with the text you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have been working on, which is why you want to write it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄out before quitting - unless you have made a mistake, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and do not want to keep your new file. Actually, ed will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄print "?", if you try to quit without writing. At that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄point, write out the text if you want; if not, type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another q.↲
↲
┆84┆It's good practice to name your file when you first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄start using ed:↲
↲
ed file↲
↲
┆84┆then just type w or q. This way, you can type w from time ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to time and be secure in the knowledge that if you got ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the filename right in the beginning, you are writing out ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the proper file each time.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.5 Printing the Contents of Your File↲
↲
┆84┆To see the contents of the buffer (or parts of it) on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal screen, use the "print" command, p. To do ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this, specify the lines where you want printing to begin ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and where you want it to end, separated by a comma, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄followed by the letter "p". Thus, to print the first two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines, (that is, lines 1 through 2) type:↲
↲
1,2p↲
↲
┆84┆Suppose you want to print all the lines in the buffer. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then you can use the dollar sign ($), which stands for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the line number of the last line in the buffer". Use it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this way:↲
↲
1,$p↲
↲
┆84┆This will print all the lines in the file (from line 1 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the last line).↲
↲
To print the last line, type:↲
↲
$p↲
↲
┆84┆You can print any single line by typing the line number, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄followed by a p. Thus↲
↲
lp↲
↲
prints the first line of text.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆84┆In fact, you can print any single line by typing just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the line number; there's no need to type the letter p. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄So if you type↲
↲
$↲
↲
ed prints the last line of the buffer.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also save effort in specifying lines by using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄plus and minus as line numbers by themselves. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example↲
↲
-↲
↲
┆84┆by itself is a command to move back up one line in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file.↲
↲
┆84┆Ed maintains a record of the last line that you did ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄anything to (in this case, line 3, which you just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed) so that it can be used instead of an explicit ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line number. The line most recently acted on is referred ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to with a period (.) and is called "dot". Dot is a line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number in the same way that dollar ($) is; it means ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the current line", or loosely, "the line you most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recently did something to". You can find out the value ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of dot at any time by typing:↲
↲
.=↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.6 Deleting Text↲
↲
┆84┆To delete text from the file you are editing, use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"delete" command, d. The lines to be deleted are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specified for d exactly as they are for p:↲
↲
┆a1┆starting-line,ending-line┆e1┆d↲
↲
thus, the command↲
↲
4,$d ↲
↲
┆84┆deletes lines 4 through the end. There are now three ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines left in our example, as you can check by typing:↲
↲
1,$p↲
↲
┆84┆Notice that $ now is line 3! Dot is set to the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line after the last line deleted, unless the last line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deleted is the last line of your file. In that case, dot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is set to $.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.7 Substituting Text↲
↲
┆84┆The "substitute" command, s, is used to replace one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string of characters with another. You can use this ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to change individual words or letters within a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line or group of lines. For example, suppose that, due ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to a typing error, line 1 says:↲
↲
Now is th time↲
↲
┆84┆The letter "e" has been left off of the word "the". You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can use s to fix this up:↲
↲
1s/th/the/↲
↲
┆84┆This substitutes the characters "the" in line 1 for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters "th". To verify that the substitution has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄worked, type↲
↲
p↲
↲
to get↲
↲
Now is the time↲
↲
┆84┆which is what you wanted. Notice that dot must have been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set to the line where the substitution took place, since ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the p command printed that line. Dot is always set this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄way with the s command.↲
↲
The syntax for the substitute command is:↲
↲
┆a1┆starting-line,ending-line┆e1┆s┆a1┆/pattern/replacement/┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆The string of characters between the first pair of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄slashes is replaced by whatever is between the second ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pair, in all the lines between ┆a1┆starting-line┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆ending-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆line┆e1┆. Only the first occurrence on each line is changed, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however. The rules for line numbers are the same as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄those for p, except that dot is set to the last line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄changed. However, if no substitution takes place, dot is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not changed. This causes printing of a question mark (?) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a warning.↲
↲
Thus, you can type↲
↲
1,$ s/speling/spelling/↲
↲
┆84┆and correct the first spelling mistake on each line in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the text.↲
↲
┆84┆If no line numbers are given, the s command assumes we ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mean "make the substitution on line dot", so it changes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄things only on the current line. This leads to the very ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄common sequence↲
↲
s/something/something else/p↲
↲
┆84┆which makes some correction on the current line, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then prints it, to make sure it worked out right. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(Notice that there is a p on the same line as the s ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command. With few exceptions, p can follow any command; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄no other multi-command lines are legal.) To change all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occurrences on the current line, you should type:↲
↲
s/something/something else/g↲
↲
┆84┆where g stands for a global substitution of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occurrences on the line.↲
↲
It's also legal to type↲
↲
s/string//↲
↲
┆84┆which means "change the first string of characters to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nothing", or in other words, remove them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.8 Searching↲
↲
┆84┆Suppose you have the following three lines of text:↲
↲
Now is the time↲
for all good men↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
↲
┆84┆Now, suppose you want to find the line that contains the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄word "their", so that you can change it to the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the". With a file only three lines long, it's pretty ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easy to keep track of which line the word "their" is on. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄But if the file contained several hundred lines, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you'd been making changes, deleting and rearranging ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines, and so on, you would no longer really know what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this line number would be. Instead, you would use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄context searching. Context searching is simply a method ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of specifying the desired line, regardless of what its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number is, by specifying some textual pattern contained ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the line.↲
↲
┆84┆The way to say "search for a line that contains this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄particular string of characters" is to type:↲
↲
/string of characters we want to find/↲
↲
For example, the ed command↲
↲
/their/↲
↲
┆84┆is a context search which is sufficient to find the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired line. It will locate the next occurrence of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters between slashes ("their"). It also sets dot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to that line and prints the line for verification:↲
↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
↲
┆84┆"Next occurrence" means that ed starts looking for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string at line .+1, searches to the end of the buffer, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then continues at line 1 and searches to line dot. (That ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is, the search "wraps around" from $ to 1). It scans ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all the lines in the buffer until it either finds the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired line or gets back to dot again. If the given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string of characters can't be found in any line, ed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints an error message:↲
↲
?↲
↲
Otherwise, ed prints the line it found.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3 Getting the System Ready for Your Users↲
↲
┆84┆Now that you have some experience turning on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, and using your keyboard to enter commands, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should begin to feel comfortable in your role as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager.↲
↲
┆84┆One of XENIX's special features is its capacity to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄support multiple users. Even if your system has only one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal, several people may be using the system at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different times. With XENIX, each user accesses, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"logs in", to the system under a separate name and is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assigned a workspace, or "user directory" of his own. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Each user is assigned a password to prevent unauthorized ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users from accessing information on the system. Your job ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as system manager is to create and maintain user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accounts.↲
↲
┆84┆In this section you will be introduced to one special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user on the system: the "super-user", and learn the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following simple procedures:↲
↲
. how to add users to the system with the mkuser program↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to remove users from the system with the rmuser ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄program↲
↲
. how to change a user's password↲
↲
┆84┆You will also be introduced to two important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files: /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ and .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.1 The Super-User↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX restricts access to many of its own system files, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and provides a protection mechanism to allow users to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restrict use of their own files. There is one user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, who has unlimited access to the system: the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄aptly named "super-user", whose login name is "root". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Because the "super-user" has unrestricted access to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄every file on the system, many regular system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance duties require you to log in as "root". Only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the "root" can add or remove user accounts, for example. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄However, because the super-user's access is unlimited, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simple mistakes can cause massive damage to system and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user files, or even bring down the system itself. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Therefore, the number of individuals who are given the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user password should be extremely limited, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄those users who are authorized to act as super-user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄including the system manager, should log in as super-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user only when absolutely necessary to perform a system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance task.↲
↲
┆84┆One continuing responsibility you will have as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager is creating and maintaining "accounts" for each ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of your users. Please remember that even if you are the ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only user on your system, you should create a working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account for yourself and consistently log in as an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ordinary user, unless you must be super-user in order to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perform a maintenance task. Accidental misuse of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user powers can result in disaster.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.2 Adding a User: The mkuser Program↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program makes the process of adding a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user as easy as possible for you. To prevent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unauthorized users from creating "logins" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄themselves, you must be logged in as "root" to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program. When you are logged in as root, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see a number sign ( ) prompt on the screen rather than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the dollar sign ($) which prompts ordinary user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄activities. Simply type↲
↲
mkuser↲
↲
┆84┆and hit the <ENTER> or <RETURN> key. The system will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respond with the following lines:↲
↲
┆06┆Mkuser ↓
↲
┆06┆Add a user to the system↲
↲
┆06┆Do you require detailed instructions? (y/n/q):┆a1┆ ┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆You must respond with one of these three letters. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer with the letter "q", which stands for "quit", the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program will terminate, and return you to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Note that typing the letter "q", the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"quit", or hitting the <BREAK> key will terminate the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program at any time, unless you are specifically ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructed NOT to use it. When you are more familiar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with mkuser you will probably answer "n" for no, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄do not need to read the explanation again. If you answer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"y" for yes, you will be provided with more information.↲
↲
┆84┆You will need to know the meaning of three terms in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄order to continue:↲
↲
login name ┆84┆is the name by which the user will be ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄known to the system. It is generally ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄convenient to shorten this for easy ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄entry to, perhaps, a first name and ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄last initial (johnd), a first initial ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄and last name (jdoe), or three ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄initials (jad).↲
↲
comment ┆84┆gives you space to record any ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄information about your new user, such ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄as his department and phone extension ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄(Accounting 333). You are limited to ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄twenty characters, including spaces.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
initial password ┆84┆is the password you, as system ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄manager, assign to your new users. The ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄user may change this password after he ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄has logged in with the initial ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄password. (optional)↲
↲
┆84┆After you have read the instructions, you may continue ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to use mkuser by hitting the <ENTER> key.↲
↲
┆84┆The program will now ask you to enter the new user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login name. Note the rules for a valid entry; you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be allowed to create an invalid entry. For example,↲
↲
login name: johnd↲
↲
┆84┆After you hit <ENTER>, you will be asked for a comment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄entry. This entry is limited to a total of 20 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters, including spaces.↲
↲
┆06┆Please enter Comment>--------------------↲
>Accounting 333↲
↲
┆84┆If you do not wish to enter a comment, just type <ENTER> ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instead. Now mkuser will show you the entire entry it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄has created for the new user in a special system file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆. This entry includes the following:↲
↲
user ID ┆84┆The mkuser program will arbitrarily ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄create user ID (you will often see this ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄abbreviated in XENIX documentation as ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄"uid") numbers for each new user account, ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄starting at 200. Numbers below 200 are ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄reserved for system IDs like root and ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄cron.↲
↲
group ID ┆84┆The group ID is an optional facility for ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄allowing joint access to the same files. ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄mkuser will initially set the group id of ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄all new users to 50. In effect, all users ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄belong to the same "group", and they ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄share access to all files. If greater ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄privacy is desired, or if you wish to ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄create true group IDs, the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄file may be edited, using your text ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄editor.↲
↲
home directory ┆84┆The mkuser program automatically creates ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄a work space for the new user, a ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄"directory" of the same name as the login ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄name, located in the /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ parent ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄directory. In this example, the directory ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄would be:↲
↲
/usr/johnd↲
↲
comment field ┆84┆This will contain whatever information ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄you have entered (in this case, John ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄Doe's department and phone extension).↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
shell ┆84┆The shell is a XENIX program which ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄prompts for and interprets user commands, ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄normally /┆a1┆bin/sh┆e1┆ unless otherwise ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄specified.↲
↲
The /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ entry for you:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
User name is johnd↲
Comment field is: Accounting 333↲
Password file entry is:↲
┆e1┆┆e1┆↲
johnd:j9djf:204:204:Accounting 333:/usr/johnd:/bin/sh:↲
↲
Do you want to change anything? (y/n/q):↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆Every user of the system must have an entry in this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. Note that every field is separated by a colon (:).↲
↲
┆84┆The empty field, ::, after the login name is the password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄field. If you enter a password it will contain a strange ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of characters, which is the "encrypted", or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄coded, version of the password you created.↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program will give you an opportunity to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change the user name, or comment at this point, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer "n" for no.↲
↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆06┆You can change any of the following items:↲
↲
┆06┆username↲
↲
┆06┆comment↲
┆84┆┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆If you hit <BREAK>, the mkuser program will terminate ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without adding the new user. If you do not hit <BREAK>, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it will report:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆06┆Password file updated↲
Home directory /usr/johnd created↲
/usr/johnd/.profile created↲
Test mail sent to user: johnd↲
User johnd added to this system.↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆Now John Doe can use the system but you can also give ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄him a password if you answer (y) yes to the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question appearing on the screen:↲
↲
┆84┆Do you want to give John Doe a password (y/n)?↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆If you answered yes, the program will ask you for a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password entry. You are encouraged to mix uppercase and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase letters, digits, and special characters to make ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the password hard to guess. After the user logs in for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the first time with the password you give him, he can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change it with the passwd command. (See Section 6.2 for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a description of the passwd command). Please type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully because the password will NOT appear on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen as you type; you will not be able to see if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have made a mistake. You will be asked twice for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password; if the two entries are not identical, XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will not accept them.↲
↲
┆84┆Now John Doe can use the system as soon as you tell him ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄his login name and password (if any).↲
↲
┆84┆When he logs in for the first time with his new login ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name and password, he will receive the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆You have mail↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If John is at all curious, he will type the command↲
↲
mail↲
↲
and the system will respond↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆From root date ↲
Welcome to XENIX!↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If he chooses, he may change his password at this point ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by entering the command↲
↲
passwd↲
↲
XENIX will respond:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Changing password for johnd.↲
Old password:↲
New password:↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆John enters his old password, followed by his choice of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a new password. the passwd command automatically updates ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the entry in the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file.↲
↲
┆84┆After you have been acting in the role of system manager ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for a while, you may have reason to change entries in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file directly, such as creating new ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄group IDs. If you are logged in as super-user, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be able to edit /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ like any other file, with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following precautions:↲
↲
. ┆84┆Always use the passwd command to change passwords.↲
↲
. ┆84┆Make changes to /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ when the system is ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄relatively idle.↲
↲
. Never touch system IDs, like "cron" or "root".↲
↲
. ┆84┆Save a copy of the old /etc/passwd file under another ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄name, for example:↲
↲
cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd-↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.3 The .profile File↲
↲
┆84┆When any user, including root, or the super-user, first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logs in, a file in that user's "home" directory called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ is executed automatically. This file performs ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄several functions:↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system what kind of terminal the user is ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄working on.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It establishes the name of the user's home directory.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system where to look for programs the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄user runs.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system where the user's electronic mail ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄box is located.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It determines the meaning of certain characters on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄terminal, such as "kill" and "backspace".↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program automatically creates the .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file in each user's directory, with entries which should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be suitable. However, if changes are necessary, it can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be edited like any XENIX file, using your text editor. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Ordinary users may edit their own .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.4 Removing a User: The rmuser Program↲
↲
┆84┆Of course, it is sometimes necessary to remove a user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the system. If John Doe gets a job with another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄company, naturally the system manager will want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prevent him from continuing to access the payroll files. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄In removing a user from the system, the rmuser program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄does the following:↲
↲
. deletes the user's entry in the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file↲
↲
. removes the user's home directory↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆84┆However, rmuser will do nothing unless all of John's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories are either removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, or moved to the directories of other users. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is not a good idea to remove a user's files from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system until they have been "saved" or copied to floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks by one of the methods described in Section 6.6, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"Backing Up Your System". After you have made a backup ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copy of the files, simply type:↲
↲
cd /usr/johnd↲
rm -fr *↲
↲
┆84┆and all of John's files will be deleted.↲
↲
┆84┆After this, you can use the rmuser program to remove his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login from the system. Just type the command rmuser, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄making sure that you are logged in as root. You should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆****rmuser-remove a user from the system****↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆followed by a description of what rmuser does. At the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end of the description you will see:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Press ENTER when you are ready.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆You will be prompted for the name of the user you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄going to remove from the system.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Enter name of id to be removed↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆rmuser will then delete that user's entry in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password file, remove his mail box, .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄home directory.↲
↲
┆84┆Once again, before you remove a user ID from the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you should make sure the user's mail box is empty, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that all files belonging to that user ID have been saved ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or deleted as required. The rmuser program will refuse ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to remove a user ID or any of its files if one or more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the following checks fails:↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user name given is one of the "system" user names, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄such as root, sys, sysinfo, cron, or uucp.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
. ┆84┆The user ID is below 200. (Only system IDs have ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄numbers below 200).↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user's mail box exists and is not empty.↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user's home directory contains files other than ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆.↲
↲
You should now see the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Removing user johnd from the system. CONFIRM? (y/n/q):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If you answer "y", johnd will be removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆User johnd removed from the system↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If you answer "n" or "q" johnd's account will remain. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Rmuser will now give you a chance to remove another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Do you want to remove another user? (y/n/q):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆You may repeat the removal process. Of course, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have accidentally removed a user (remember, you can't ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove the user if he has any files on the system), no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄harm is done. Just use mkuser to recreate his user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4 Controlling Access to Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆In this section, you will learn about one of your most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important responsibilities as system manager - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄controlling your users' access to the files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories on your system. Because XENIX offers several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different tools for controlling access, you will have a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄great deal of flexibility in restricting system usage ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for both efficiency and security. In the previous two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections you have been introduced to the way that XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄organizes the information on the system with files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories, and the way in which user accounts are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄added and removed from the system. In this section the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following concepts are introduced:↲
↲
. the definition of users, groups, and others↲
↲
. ┆84┆the assignment of permissions to restrict file access↲
↲
. the creation, mounting and unmounting of file systems↲
↲
. the need for system security↲
↲
You will learn the following procedures:↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to determine the permission of files and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄directories↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to set and change permissions to files and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄directories↲
↲
. how to create and mount a file system↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1 Setting Permissions: Users, Groups, and Others↲
↲
┆84┆As system manager you will be responsible for adding and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing user accounts on the system. Each user is given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a unique password to ensure privacy, and optionally, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄group affiliation that allows a number of users to share ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access to files. You will also need to know something ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about how permission to access files on the system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assigned to users, groups, and others on the system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.1 Users↲
↲
┆84┆Any user who has a valid login name and a password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recognized by the system may log in, and proceed to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access files, edit text, or run programs. But not every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user should have access to every file on the system.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, John Doe would probably not want every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to be able to read or change the payroll files he ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created in the previous section. So XENIX provides a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄method of strictly controlling access to each individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file and directory with permission or protection ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄settings. Naturally, every user has access to all the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories which are in his home directory. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄When the user logs in, this is where he is initially ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄positioned. Ordinarily, a user cannot access other files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories, unless the necessary permissions have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been set.↲
↲
┆84┆Only the super-user has unlimited power to access files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system, which makes logging in as "root" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temptingly convenient. But since the XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄protection mechanism does not apply to the super-user, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄single mistake made by the super-user can cause massive ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄damage to other users' programs and data, and possibly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even bring down the entire system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.2 Groups↲
↲
┆84┆Generally, a user will restrict access to the files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories he owns by setting the permission for that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. This can prevent other users from changing, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perhaps even reading, his files. However, some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories and files need to be shared by several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users, while still remaining restricted from everyone ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄else. Thus XENIX offers a group ID which allows more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than one user the same access. In practice, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄decide not to use this feature on a small system. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will automatically set the group ID as if every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄belonged to the same group; you may change this as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.3 Permissions↲
↲
┆84┆In order to get a look at the permission settings for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all the files in a directory, we can use a variant of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lc command, 1. Here is a sample output:↲
↲
-rw-rw---- 1 johnd 11515 Nov 17 14:21 file1↲
-rw-rw---- 1 johnd 12337 Nov 16 10:15 file2↲
-rwxrwx--x 1 freds 7712 Oct 10 09:02 program↲
↲
┆84┆The command gives you quite a lot of information. Just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the right of the name of the user who created the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file, you will see the size of the file (information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which will be of special interest to you when you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄short on disk space and are trying to decide what files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to remove), the date and time when that file was either ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created or last changed, and the name of the file or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆84┆Now look carefully at the pattern of ten letters and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dashes on the left. The first space is easily explained. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A "d" indicates a directory, a "-" means an ordinary ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. The other nine characters are a representation of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the nine possible combinations of permission which can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be assigned to any file. These nine can be divided into ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄three groups of three, read (r), write (w), and execute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(x) permissions for each of the following categories: ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the "user" who is the owner of the file, the "group" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose members have been defined by the system manager, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and "other" which includes everyone else. In each case a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dash (-) denies permission, and the letters "r," "w," ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and "x" allow it. The entry↲
↲
-rwxrwxrwx 1 johnd 32 Oct 19 10:00 public↲
↲
┆84┆indicates that everyone, owner, group, and other, has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄full access rights to a file called ┆a1┆public┆e1┆ created by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄John Doe.↲
↲
┆84┆Of course there are some files which John might want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄keep private. For example, the ┆a1┆list┆e1┆ file in his home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, which contains his personal "to do" list. So, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the permission setting on this file would look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
-rw------- 1 johnd 3 Nov 18 07:31 list↲
↲
┆84┆Permissions are set for directories in the same way as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, but you should note these differences. No user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even the super-user, can write on a directory. The "x" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is taken to mean "search," rather than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execute in the case of directories. Search (x) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is required to cd to a directory or cat a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file in it.↲
↲
┆84┆Read (r) permission is required to use the lc command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Write (w) permission is required to use mkdir or rmdir, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or create a file in a directory. Thus, if a directory's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is set "r-x", you can access all of its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, subject to any permissions that might be set for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any individual files. If the directory is "rwx", you can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄do anything in it. If a directory is "--x", you can only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access a file if you know its name.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.4 How to Change Permission Settings↲
↲
┆84┆When you add a file or directory, your XENIX system will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄automatically set some default permissions for you. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These are read (r) and write (w) permission for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user, read-only (r) for group and other permission ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄setting:↲
↲
-rw-r--r--↲
↲
┆84┆If you decide to change a setting you will need to learn ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the chmod or "change mode" command. To enter the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command, you will have to say whose permission is to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change ("u", "g", or "o" for user, group and other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respectively), and you will also have to indicate ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whether you are adding (+) or removing (-) permission. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄After this, give the type of permission (r, w, or x), ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then the file or directory name. So, for example, to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change the file "program" from a permission setting of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read and write for user, group, and other (-rw-rw-rw-) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to also allow everyone to execute the file you would ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄need to type:↲
↲
$ chmod ugo+x program↲
↲
┆84┆Or, instead of "ugo" you could type the letter "a" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all:↲
↲
$ chmod a+x program↲
↲
┆84┆Now, to take read and write permission away from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everyone else besides you and the members of your group, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can use:↲
↲
$ chmod o-rw program↲
↲
┆84┆If you get the order, or syntax, of this command wrong, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX will sometimes answer with a bit of help:↲
↲
Usage: chmod ugoa +-= rwxtugo file↲
↲
┆84┆The items in brackets are "options". You will not need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the other options besides "rwx" in the last set of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄brackets. After using chmod always try the 1 command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄check the results. If you make a mistake, no harm is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄done; just change the permissions again.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.2 The File System↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX performs the task of disk storage management for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all users of the system. It allocates disk space upon ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄demand, keeps track of where on the disk the data is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄written and retrieves any part of it when given the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"pathname" of the file. When a file is no longer needed, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it can be deleted and XENIX returns the space it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occupied to the pool of available free space. A disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device contains not only the files themselves, but also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the information needed to locate the files on the disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and manage them. Together, these are called the "file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system". A simple XENIX system contains one disk device ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which is set up as a single file system, with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exception of a small area reserved for swapping, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process of switching data back and forth from the disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the main memory of the computer. Instead of being ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used as a single storage area, however, the disk may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄partitioned into several distinct areas. Each partition ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be a separate file system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.3 Creating File Systems↲
↲
┆84┆You may find it convenient to set the system up so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file system is resident on a floppy disk. To do this, ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you must create the file system on the floppy with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkfs command. Be sure you have a formatted floppy disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available, with nothing of value on it; it must have a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write-enable tab. (For directions on how to format a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk, see Section 6.6). If a file system already exists ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on disk, it will be destroyed by this procedure. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Remember, each of the devices on your system has a name, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and each device has a corresponding file by the same name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the /┆a1┆dev┆e1┆ directory. The floppy disk drives are called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"fd0", "fd1", and so forth. (Hard disk drives are named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"hd0", "hd1", etc.). Insert a floppy disk in one of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄floppy drives, and enter one of the following command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines. Be sure to give XENIX the correct drive name and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄note whether you have a single-sided or double-sided ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄floppy disk.↲
↲
┆84┆If you have a double-sided disk, you will need to enter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the command line:↲
↲
$ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 2448 2 16↲
↲
If you have a single-sided disk, use:↲
↲
$ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 1216 2 16↲
↲
┆84┆The numbers "2448" and "1216" represent the total number ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of disk blocks on the floppy disk for double- and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄single-sided disks respectively. The numbers "2" and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"16" are magic numbers which tell XENIX how to arrange ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information on the disk.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.4 Mounted File Systems↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have created file systems on floppy disks, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will have to use the mount command in order to access ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them. XENIX must be told about any file systems other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ system, which is always present on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. If you have several often used floppy-based file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems, you can place the mount command and the names ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the file systems in the /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file, which is read ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by the system when it is first booted.↲
↲
┆84┆To mount a file system on the floppy in drive 0 onto the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory called /┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ type:↲
↲
$ /etc/mount /dev/fd0 /acct.records↲
↲
┆84┆The directory you are mounting must be empty and not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your current, working directory. Once you have typed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this, ┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ becomes the top level directory on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the floppy disk. Any new directories you create in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ are resident on the floppy disk. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mounted file system is attached to the root system.↲
↲
Before removing the mounted floppy, type:↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
$ /etc/umount /dev/fd0↲
↲
┆84┆This "unmounts" the file system and leaves it in a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄consistent state.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5 XENIX System Security↲
↲
┆84┆Although security is more of an issue on larger systems, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄every system manager must take into consideration the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄protection of data and programs from unauthorized ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inspection or change. This concern may be present no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄matter how many regular users you have. Even if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only one terminal attached to your XENIX system, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have different users authorized to access the system for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different tasks at different times. The key to system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄security is to use XENIX tools to maximum advantage. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Intelligent decisions about the following can make a big ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different in overall system security:↲
↲
. the establishment of user accounts and group ID↲
↲
. initial password selection and changing of passwords↲
↲
. ┆84┆the assignment of permissions to maximize file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄protection, while still allowing convenient access to ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄user files and directories.↲
↲
┆84┆In addition, you should consider taking physical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄security precautions:↲
↲
. removing the key from the hard disk↲
↲
. organizing and locking up floppies↲
↲
. ┆84┆making sure all your users log out when they are ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄finished working↲
↲
. protecting the work area from intrusion↲
↲
. ┆84┆protecting the computer and disks from physical damage ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄through exposure to cigarette smoke, spilled coffee, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄or the use of ball point pens to make notations on ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄disk labels, etc.↲
↲
. ┆84┆keeping some backups off-site, in case of disaster in ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄the computer area.↲
↲
┆84┆Once again, be sure that you limit the use of the super-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user login, to minimize the risk of accidentally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄damaging system files and programs.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.1 Protection and Permission↲
↲
┆84┆When considering the assignment of permissions, note the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special case of access permissions for directories. ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Remember that the execute permission bit for directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄grants permission to search the directory for a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file during the scanning of a pathname. If a user has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execute permission, but not read permission, to a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, he may access files in that directory, even ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄though he is unable to read the contents of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. Write permission on a directory means that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user may create and delete files in that directory.↲
↲
┆84┆The capacity of the "super-user" to read and write to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any file in any directory, and change any permission ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄settings can present serious security problems. The root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password can only be given to individuals who are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄authorized to read and change any file in the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Also, the use of the root login should be severely ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restricted because of potential damage to the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Even the system manager must be extremely cautious about ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operations undertaken while logged in as root.↲
↲
┆84┆To ensure both data privacy and integrity, it is usually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient to set the permission on your files so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they are inaccessible to others. However, if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄some special reason to protect a text file, you can use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the crypt command to "encode" document text. This should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not normally be required on a system where "read" access ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄has been limited.↲
↲
┆84┆Needless to say, the system manager must be careful to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assign the correct protection to the files under his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control. In particular, it is necessary that special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device files be protected from writing, and probably ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reading, by ordinary users when sensitive files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄belonging to other users are stored on the system. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easy to write programs that examine and change files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accessing the device on which the files are resident.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.2 Password Security↲
↲
┆84┆You should discourage users from choosing passwords that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are easily remembered, and hence readily guessed: these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tend to be short, from a limited alphabet, often found ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the dictionary, and frequently something obvious like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user's own nickname or license plate number. They ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be reminded that this defeats the idea of having ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwords. Passwords should be at least six characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long and randomly chosen from an alphabet which includes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄digits and special characters.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.3 Restating the Obvious↲
↲
┆84┆The most obvious but often neglected security problem ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄results from users failing to log out of the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when they finish their work, leaving all the files to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which they have access vulnerable to unauthorized use. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Inexperienced users should be repeatedly reminded to log ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄out. Restricting access to the work area, locking up ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄archives of floppy-based data and programs, and removing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the key to the hard disk are simple protective measures ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that can be taken if a high level of security is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄required.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5 Keeping Your XENIX System Healthy↲
↲
┆84┆Keeping your XENIX system running smoothly depends ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄largely on two factors:↲
↲
. ┆84┆maintaining file system integrity, that is, having ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄"clean" file systems↲
↲
. ┆84┆ensuring that adequate free disk space is available ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄to the users↲
↲
┆84┆In this section you will learn about XENIX processes - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄what XENIX does with the programs and other tasks on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Some automatic system-checking programs called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"daemons" are introduced, along with an important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system file called /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆. Then, you will be introduced ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to a number of XENIX tools which will aid you, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager, in performing system maintenance tasks. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These programs help you clean up files and file systems ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by reporting how much disk space is being used and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄helping you locate little used files. Finally, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄learn how to communicate with the other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, so that you can enlist their cooperation in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄preserving the health of the system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.1 Processes↲
↲
┆84┆All functions running on the system - including system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and user programs, editing, etc. - are "processes". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Several users may each have several processes running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously and it is often necessary to check ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whether certain processes are running, in order to stop ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or "kill" them. The ps, or "process status", command can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be used to list the processes currently running. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output of ps is the list of processes running from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal at which you typed the command. When, however, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you add the switch "-a":↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆your output will be all the processes running on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system:↲
↲
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
167 co 0:04↲
603 01 1:01 vi file.c↲
↲
┆84┆The first column is the process ID, the name by which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the process is identified if, for example, you need to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄kill it. The second column is the number of the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from which the process is running; note that several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes may be running from a single terminal. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄next column is the total time for which the process has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been running. Finally, the name of the command or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program is given. You will often have use for the ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command while doing system mainenance.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.1.1 Daemon Processes↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to those programs which you yourself will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use in the course of your system maintenance work, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be aware that there are also a few other programs ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that run automatically whenever you use your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. These are called "daemons" (pronounced like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"demons"). These daemon programs periodically check the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system or perform basic system functions. Some examples ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of daemons are:↲
↲
. ┆84┆update "updates" the disk by automatically writing ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄information from memory back to your disk every thirty ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄seconds. This ensures that in the unlikely event that ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄your system "crashes" or halts abnormally, the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄information recorded on disk will be as current as ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄possible.↲
↲
. ┆84┆lpd superintends the operation of the lineprinter.↲
↲
. ┆84┆cron acts like an alarm clock, allowing you to execute ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄commands and jobs at times you specify in advance. It ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄repeatedly looks in a file called /┆a1┆usr/lib/crontab┆e1┆ for ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄instructions to perform these functions.↲
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆6.5.1.2 The /etc/rc File↲
↲
┆84┆Ordinarily, the commands to start these daemons running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are put in the /┆a1┆┆a1┆┆a1┆e┆e1┆┆a1┆tc/rc┆e1┆ file, which runs automatically at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the time you boot XENIX. The /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file also contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directions to the system to perform other functions. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, it may contain a message that greets you when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you log in, or direct the system to ask you for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time. If you have file systems which need to be mounted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mount commands can also be placed in /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆, so ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that these file systems are automatically mounted when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system is booted. If you are logged in as root, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may edit the /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file, to add the names of file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems which need to be mounted or change the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄greeting message. You can also add commands to perform ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any functions you decide must be repeated whenever the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is rebooted.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2 The Importance of Disk Space↲
↲
┆84┆Available disk space rapidly becomes a precious ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commodity on any computer system. As users compile ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, edit files, or perform other tasks, they are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄competing for this valuable resource. On a typical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, the potential for running out of free disk space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is very high, and when this actually occurs, no new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files can be created, nor can any existing files expand. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄If possible, each file system should contain ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄approximately 15% free space, more if usage of the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system fluctuates, less if it is relatively stable. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is extremely important that you anticipate the risk of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running out of space. Regard the task of monitoring disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space as an essential part of preventive maintenance.↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX offers some techniques for finding out how much ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄free space exists in a particular file system, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄determining which files might be candidates for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deletion if there is a shortage of space. The XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands that will help you determine the status of disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space on a file system and help you remove unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files are:↲
↲
df disk free↲
du disk usage↲
find find files↲
↲
┆84┆Each of these is introduced briefly in the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections. However, you will probably also want to refer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the XENIX System Reference volume for more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.1 The df Command↲
↲
┆84┆This command prints out the number of free blocks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available in whatever file system is specified. If no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system is specified, the free space in all normally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mounted file systems is printed. You can just type in↲
↲
df↲
↲
or you can specify a file system:↲
↲
df /dev/root↲
↲
The output will look something like:↲
↲
/dev/root 7008↲
↲
┆84┆This indicates that the root file system has 7008 free ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk blocks.↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, you must know the size of your hard or floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk in blocks to determine what percentage of the total ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk these numbers represent. The table below summarizes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the sizes of typical floppy and hard disks in both ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄blocks and kilobytes:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆a1┆ ┆06┆ DISK STATISTICS ╞ ↲
┆a2┆┆e2┆┆a1┆ Media Blocks Kbytes ↲
┆06┆ ┆a1┆ 8" single floppy 1216 608 ↲
┆a1┆ 8" double floppy 2448 1224 ↲
┆a1┆ 8-meg. hard 14,909 7454.5 ↲
┆a1┆ 12-meg. hard 20,961 10480.5 ↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆With experience, you will come to know your system usage ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄well enough to know whether disk space is critical.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.2 The du Command↲
↲
┆84┆Let's suppose that you discover when you use the df ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command that you have a shortage of disk space. Now you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have to do some detective work to find out where space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be wasted on your system. The command du gives the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number of blocks that are used by files in the specified ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory and each of its subdirectories. If you use du ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with no filename specified, it will report the size in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄blocks, of every directory and file, starting at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. Or, you can give it a file or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory name. In this case, you would probably search ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the entire /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ directory for excessively large files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories. Part of the output might look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
du /usr↲
208 /usr/anthonys/admin↲
378 /usr/anthonys/mp↲
999 /usr/anthonys/junk↲
1585 /usr/anthonys↲
26 /usr/johnd/memos↲
235 /usr/johnd/payroll↲
261 /usr/johnd↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.3 The find Command↲
↲
┆84┆The find command is an extremely useful tool for finding ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files by size, date, owner, and date of last access. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will help you locate old files that the user rarely or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄never accesses but has neglected to remove, or files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that seem excessively large. Incidentally, you can also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the find command to locate a file if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forgotten where it is in your directory hierarchy.↲
↲
┆84┆In the preceding example we used the du command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄search /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ for possible wasted space, and discovered a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄suspicious file named /┆a1┆usr/anthonys/junk┆e1┆ with a size of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄999 blocks. You could also use the find command with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"-atime" specification followed by a number of days ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄within which a file hasn't been accessed. You may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discover that the file /┆a1┆usr/anthonys/junk┆e1┆ has not been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accessed for a month. It is probably safe to remove it.↲
↲
┆84┆Occasionally, while you are working on the system you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may inexplicably get the message:↲
↲
memory fault -- core dumped↲
↲
┆84┆This does not mean that there is something wrong with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your system. An error in a program causes XENIX to ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄automatically store output in a binary file called ┆a1┆core┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in your current directory. Most users will not bother to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access this file, but will often forget to delete it; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this is often a good place to look for wasted disk space. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(Files named ┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆ are other likely candidates).↲
↲
┆84┆In the following example, the find command can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to search for all the files named ┆a1┆core┆e1┆ which have not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been accessed for a week.↲
↲
find /usr/anthonys -name core -atime +7 -print↲
↲
┆84┆The specification "-name" means you want the find ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to look for a file by the name which follows. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The specification "-atime" means you want to search for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files which have not been accessed within the number of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄days which follow. Be sure to specify "-print", or the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find command will not let you know what it found. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Because the various forms of the find command are rather ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄complicated, it is a good idea to consult the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Reference volume for more details.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.4 The quot Command↲
↲
┆84┆The quot command is another useful reporting tool. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints the number of blocks currently owned by each user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the named file system. If you type↲
↲
quot -n /filesys↲
↲
┆84┆it will give you a list of all files and their owners in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the file system called ┆a1┆filesys┆e1┆.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.3 Communicating With Other Users↲
↲
┆84┆Enlisting the cooperation of your users is, in a way, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one of your most powerful maintenance tools. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Communication with the other system users can be a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tactic to aid you in your quest for free disk space. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, the /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆ file, which contains the "message ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the day", can be edited to gently remind users that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space is low and that old files should be deleted. If, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in using the tools described above, you discover that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one particular user has more than his fair share of disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space, try a message directed at the offender, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mail command, if the mail program is available on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
mail anthonys↲
It's time to clean up your files! <CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆You can also reach all the users who are logged in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄immediately with the wall (write all) command, if it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available on your system.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
wall↲
There is a shortage of free disk space.↲
Clean up your unused files.<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆Try to reserve the use of wall for emergencies, however, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄because it disrupts other users. Also, remember to edit ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆ file daily, so that the users don't come ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to expect old and unreliable information.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.4 File System Integrity↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to the problem of maintaining adequate disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space, there is the possibility that a file system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄develop inconsistencies. A file system consists of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, and these files, in turn, consist of blocks of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bytes. If a block of information is bad, then the file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and potentially the entire file system, is compromised. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A file system's integrity is compromised when it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄internally inconsistent. This occurs either when the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system has not been shut down properly or if there is a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hardware error due to faulty disk drives or floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks.↲
↲
┆84┆A program called fsck, or file system check, is the tool ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX uses to check the consistency of file systems and, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if necessary, repair them. If the system has not been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shut down normaly, the next time you attempt to boot the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system you will be asked if the system should proceed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with "cleaning". You should always answer yes to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question. If your file system is "dirty", that is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inconsistent, all of your files are at risk.↲
↲
┆84┆The fsck program is responsible for file system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cleaning. If you have reason to suspect that file system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inconsistency is responsible for any abnormal behavior, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you should invoke fsck, followed by the name of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄questionable file system. However, you should not use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄fsck indiscriminately, because it will occasionally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete damaged files during its cleanup process.↲
↲
Here is an example:↲
↲
fsck /dev/hd0↲
↲
** Phase 1 - Check Blocks↲
** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames↲
** Phase 3 - check Connectivity↲
** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts↲
** Phase 5 - Check Free List↲
426 files 6753 blocks 7008 free↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6 Backing Up Your System↲
↲
┆84┆The importance of "backing up" or making copies of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the files on your system cannot be overemphasized. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Backups are the only insurance your users have against ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time-consuming and costly losses of their programs and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄data. You should no more consider skipping a scheduled ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup, because you think you won't be needing it, than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you would consider skipping an insurance payment. In ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄addition to inevitable, everyday user mistakes - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deleting, changing, or writing over files, there are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄more catastrophic possibilities: accidental damage to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system software or hardware failure. If you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lucky, you will rarely need to use your backup copies, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄but nonetheless you must have a systematic plan for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scheduling backups. You must also determine how often a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄full backup is required, and decide where, and for how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long, you will store your backups. Some suggestions are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided here, but you will have to assess the needs of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the users on your own system.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX system offers several ways to make copies of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system and user files. Which method or methods you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄choose will depend on several factors: whether you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a hard disk or floppy-only system, how often the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of your disks change significantly and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄total size of your system. The following procedures are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discussed in this section:↲
↲
. ┆84┆using the tar program to copy the contents of a file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system↲
↲
. ┆84┆using the dump/restor commands to backup and restore ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄file systems↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.1 Formatting Floppy Disks↲
↲
┆84┆Before you can use a floppy disk, you must format it, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using the command:↲
↲
/etc/format /dev/fdall↲
↲
┆84┆The floppy disk can now be used by the tar or dump ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.2 Archiving and Taking Care of Your Disks↲
↲
┆84┆You will rapidly accumulate a great number of floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks. These will include:↲
↲
. XENIX distribution disks↲
↲
. application packages↲
↲
. user file systems↲
↲
. backups↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆Each full, or "periodic", backup of the XENIX system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄require a large number of floppy disks (e.g. seven or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄eight double-sided disks to back up a XENIX system with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄an 8-megabyte hard disk). You must have enough disks on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hand to keep the backup disks in reserve for several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄weeks, as well as sufficient spares on hand for your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. In addition, you should develop a simple but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logical method for organizing, labeling, and storing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your disks. Since your floppy disks will contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄valuable, and in some cases, irreplaceable data, a high ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄priority should be given to safety and security. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should consider designating an off-site storage area in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which to keep alternate backups, to enable recovery from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a disater which damages your computer area.↲
↲
┆84┆You should develop a consistent policy for saving your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backups; resist the temptation to immediately reuse the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup disks. Anticipate that users will occasionally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ask for the restoration of relatively old files. One ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄approach is to save the full or "periodic" backup disks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for an indefinite period after they are made, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄incremental backups for at least two weeks. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easily rotate these disks back into use for new backups.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.3 ┆a8┆┆e8┆Using the tar Command↲
↲
┆84┆The tar program is one convenient way to copy a small ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number of files or directories to floppy disks. Although ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is a more complicated command, you may wish to use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tar, because it allows you to copy files to floppy disks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without shutting down the system. To use tar, make sure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you are logged in as root, insert a formatted floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk in the drive, and type the command in the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄form:↲
↲
tar cvf /dev/fd file1 file2 file3↲
↲
┆84┆Note that you must follow tar and the switches cvf with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the name of the device to which you want the files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copied. In the above example, ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are being copied to floppy drive 0. Note that you need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not use either mkfs or the mount command to copy to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk. If you are copying directories, the whole ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory tree starting from the directory or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories you name will be copied. To get your copies ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄back onto the hard disk, position yourself in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory into which you need to copy the files or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories and type:↲
↲
tar xvf /dev/fd↲
↲
┆84┆Consult the XENIX System Reference manual for more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information about using the tar command.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.4 Dump/Restore File System↲
↲
┆84┆Use of the dump(1) and restor(1) commands will enable ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you to perform a more differentiated backup (incremental ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dump). For further information, see the ┆a1┆XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆Programmer's Manual┆e1┆, Vol. 1.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7 Common System Problems↲
↲
┆84┆If you follow the instructions in this chapter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully, you will have few problems with your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. However, some difficulties are inevitable with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any computer system. Included here is a discussion of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄how to deal with some common system problems.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.1 Jammed Lineprinter↲
↲
┆84┆You will need super-user powers to carry out these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructions, so first be sure you are logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"root". Now, do the following in this order:↲
↲
1. ┆84┆Check to see which process "owns" the line printer ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄and determine its process ID number, using the ps -a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄command:↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
2. ┆84┆Use the kill command, with the -9 switch to remove ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the process.↲
↲
kill -9 process ID number ↲
↲
3. ┆84┆Remove the file /┆a1┆usr/spool/lpd/lock┆e1┆ and queue another ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄print job:↲
↲
cd /usr/spool/lpd↲
rm -f lock↲
↲
4. ┆84┆Resubmit the print job:↲
↲
pr file lpr&↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.2 Forgotten Password↲
↲
┆84┆For security reasons, there is no way to determine an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄existing password. If a user forgets his password, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager - or someone who has the authority to log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in as super-user - must create a new password, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwd command, followed by the name of the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account:↲
↲
passwd joeb↲
New Passwd:↲
Reenter passwd:↲
↲
This will give a user called "joeb" a new password.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.3 System is Out of Space↲
↲
┆84┆This requires some work. If, after using the df command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you see that there is very little space on the file ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, or the system gives you an "out of space" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄message, you will have to use the find and quot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands and some good judgment to find and delete ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄little-used files. (These procedures are described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄detail in Section 6.5, "Keeping Your System Healthy".)↲
↲
┆84┆If you are chronically short of space, remind users ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄regularly to clean up their files, using the message of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the day file, /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆.╞ ↲
↲
┆84┆It is generally a good idea to maintain 15% free space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your file system, if possible.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6┆a1┆.7.4 System Files Damaged↲
↲
┆84┆It is possible to remove or damage important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files while logged in as root. To recover these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, you must be in "single-user" mode. To do this, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bring the system down with the shutdown command, then ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reboot the system. Now, when you see the message:↲
↲
┆84┆Type control-d to proceed with normal startup↲
┆84┆(or give root password for system maintenance):↲
↲
┆84┆respond with the root password, followed by <ENTER>. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Follow the normal procedure for restoring files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 6.6. In this case, you will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restoring your files to the root directory, /. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, if /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ is lost or damage, it can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recovered by using the following:↲
↲
restor xf /dev/rfd0 /etc/passwd↲
↲
┆84┆In this example, the /etc/passwd file is restored from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the disk in floppy disk drive 0. If damage to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files is very extensive, it is a good idea to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reinstall your XENIX system again, using your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distribution package and Section 4.1 of this manual. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then restore all your working files and programs from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your most recent backup floppy disks.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.5 Terminal Difficulties↲
↲
┆84┆Occasionally, you may experience difficulties with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal. For example, if you use the <BREAK> key to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exit from a screen-oriented program, like the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄text editor vi, there is a possibility that you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄leave the terminal in a "no echo" or "raw" mode. This is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄very confusing because you will be unable to see any ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output at your terminal. Try the following to reset the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal:↲
↲
<CONTROL-J>↲
stty echo -raw <CONTROL-J>↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆Note that the first time you type <CONTROL-J>, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄probably get an error message. The system is responding ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄first to the invisible message you attempted to type on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen. Just try it a second time. The stty command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is terminated with a <CONTROL-J>, not an <ENTER>. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are in "no echo" mode, of course, you will not see the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command as you type it.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.6 Forgetting the Root Password↲
↲
┆84┆DON'T! There is no way to recover from the loss of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄root password, except to reinstall your XENIX system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the XENIX distribution floppies, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures described in Section 4.1, then using your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup floppy disks to restore your system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.7 Removing a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆Sometimes when you try to use the rmdir command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove a directory, you will get a message saying that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the directory is not empty, even though the lc command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄does not list any files. Remember that there may be one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or more files beginning with "." (.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆, for example) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which do not show up in lc output. There are also two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files in every directory called "." and ".." (This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄naming convention is explained in Section 6.2). The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command rm* will NOT delete these; the asterisk (*) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will not pick up these files. Use↲
↲
lc -a↲
↲
to see these files and then↲
↲
rm .*↲
↲
to remove them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.8 Special Characters in Filenames↲
↲
┆84┆You should never use any of the following special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in the name of a file or directory, because ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they have special meanings to XENIX (see the discussion ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of naming conventions in Section 6.2):↲
↲
< > . / ? ' " ; ( ) * & $↲
↲
┆84┆If you accidentally type any of the above special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters into a filename they can be very difficult to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove. Files with special characters in their names can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be extremely difficult to remove. The worst case is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄beginning a file name with a dash (-). The rm command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄thinks the "-" is a flag and reports an error. If rm ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄won't work, try renaming the file with the mv command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as in the following case where a file is named -┆a1┆┆a1┆x┆e1┆:↲
↲
mv -x junk↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆Then remove it. As a last resort, move everything else to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another directory, and do↲
↲
rm -rf dir↲
↲
┆84┆on the old directory. Then use mv to rename the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temporary directory to the old name. Do not try to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete oddly named files with wild card characters like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄asterisk (*) and question mark (?) unless you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄thought it out carefully. You can easily end up deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everything in your directory.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.9 Runaway Processes↲
↲
┆84┆You may occasionally find yourself cursed by "runaway ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes" - processes that you cannot stop, or unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output comming to your terminal. Try the following, in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this order of preference:↲
↲
1. ┆84┆Wait until the process finishes. This is by far the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄safest course of action, unless the process is ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄causing harm.↲
↲
2. Try pressing <BREAK>.↲
↲
3. ┆84┆A process may prevent you from accessing the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄(e.g. it may either be running in the foreground and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄not accepting input, or running in the background and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄producing lots of output to the screen). In this ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄case, go to another terminal (if you have one) and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄run↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆This variant of the ps command tells you about all the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄processes running on the system, so that you can ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄determine the process ID (PID column) of the unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄process on the first terminal. Then, logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄root, try the following:↲
↲
kill -2 PID↲
kill -3 PID↲
↲
If neither of these work, try↲
↲
kill -9 PID↲
↲
┆84┆This last variant is sure to work, but may leave ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄temporary files in the system, or leave the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄in an unknown state. Between each kill command, wait ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄a few seconds to see if the process terminates, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄before trying the next one.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆b0┆↓
4. ┆84┆In the event that a program prevents you from using ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the system, and you don't have another terminal from ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄which to issue the kill command, you may have to ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄resort to using the <RESET> switch. This should only ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄be done if ABSOLUTELY necessary. Listen for the sound ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄of activity on your hard disk. If you must reset the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄system, wait a couple of minutes until the system is ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄not accessing the disk, so that the system will be as ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄consistent as possible when shut down in this ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄abnormal state.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A XENIX Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆As system manager, you will be encountering certain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX directories often. For now, it is sufficient to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know their names and general contents. However, as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gain more experience, you may become curious about XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or decide that you want to make some changes. If you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄considering changing, moving, or deleting any XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files or directories, it is absolutely essential ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you read the following information very carefully. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄There are, of course, several cases in which you might ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄decide to make these modifications, but you must proceed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄very cautiously:↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may need to move commands between XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄distribution disks 2 and 3, if you are operating a ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄floppy-only system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may wish to remove unused commands or other files ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄from a crowded disk, to make room for your own ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄applications.↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may need to edit files to adapt the system to your ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄own special software or hardware requirements. An ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄example of this might be adding an entry in the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file, if you are using an unusual, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄previously unsupported terminal. See Appendix 6.B, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄"The Multi-user System".↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, you should not attempt any modifications ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unless you have done a full backup of your system. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will also quickly discover that many of these files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories are owned by root, and you will need to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logged in as super-user to access them. This protects ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system from accidental damage. Also, note the list ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of files in the first section below. You should not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄touch these under ANY circumstances. The loss of these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files is irrecoverable; you may not even be able to boot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your system again. If any essential files are lost, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will need to recreate your XENIX system from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distribution disks, repeating the installation procedure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 4.1 of this manual. Then you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have to boot the system again and restore all your files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the most recent backup.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.1 Do Not Touch↲
↲
┆84┆You may have some, or all, of the following files on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Do not remove them:↲
↲
/┆a1┆fdboot↲
↲
/┆a1┆xenix↲
↲
/┆a1┆hdboot↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
/┆a1┆z80ctl↲
↲
/┆a1┆diskutil↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.2 /bin↲
↲
┆84┆The /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ directory contains all executable XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands. The following should not be removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory:↲
↲
basename echo passwd su↲
cp expr rm sync↲
date fsck sh tar↲
dump login sleep restor↲
dumpdir mv stty↲
↲
┆84┆One final note: do not remove a file with the peculiar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name " " from the /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ directory; it is required for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operation of system shell scripts.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.3 /dev↲
↲
┆84┆This directory contains special device files which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control access to peripheral devices. You should not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete or change any of them, since they are used by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄essential XENIX commands.↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/console┆e1┆ system console↲
/┆a1┆dev/fd0┆e1┆ floppy drive 0↲
/┆a1┆dev/fd1┆e1┆ floppy drive 1↲
/┆a1┆dev/hd0┆e1┆ hard disk 0↲
/┆a1┆dev/lp┆e1┆ lineprinter↲
/┆a1┆dev/mem┆e1┆ physical memory↲
/┆a1┆dev/null┆e1┆ ┆84┆null device (used to redirect unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄output)╞ ↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/rXX┆e1┆ ┆84┆unbuffered interface to corresponding ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄device name↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/root┆e1┆ root file structure↲
/┆a1┆dev/swap┆e1┆ swap area↲
/┆a1┆dev/ttyXX┆e1┆ terminals↲
/┆a1┆dev/tty┆e1┆ ┆84┆the terminal you are using (the system ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄will supply the number)↲
↲
┆84┆Please note that you should never rename any of these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files. The system relies on some of these names. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄However, you can use the ln command to link a name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄variant. For example, use the command:↲
↲
ln /dev/fd0 /dev/floppy0↲
↲
┆84┆If you do accidentally destroy a special device file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you will have to restore it from a backup done with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sysadmin program. The tar command will not handle ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special device files.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.4 /etc↲
↲
┆84┆The /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆ directory contains miscellaneous system data ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, as well as administrative and other system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs. Some of these are:↲
↲
/┆a1┆etc/mtab┆e1┆ mounted device table↲
/┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ password file↲
/┆a1┆etc/mount┆e1┆ for mounting a file structure↲
/┆a1┆etc/mkfs┆e1┆ for creating a file structure↲
/┆a1┆etc/init┆a1┆┆e1┆ first process after boot↲
/┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ bootup shell script↲
↲
┆84┆You should not touch any files in the /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆ directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄except /┆a1┆etc/ttys┆e1┆ to add or subtract terminals from your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, and /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ to add terminal types. You will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also want to edit /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆, the file containing the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄message of the day, which is sent to all users when they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄log in.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.5 /lib↲
↲
┆84┆It is not a good idea to delete anything from this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, although it contains mostly libraries for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄C compiler. If you are not using the C compiler you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not need them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.6 /mnt↲
↲
┆84┆This is an empty directory for mounting other file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.7 /tmp↲
↲
┆84┆This directory contains temporary files, many of which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can be deleted if you are short of disk space. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Naturally, you should check these individually before ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing them while processes are still running. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also put a command in /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ to do this automatically ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄at the time of each boot:↲
↲
rm -fr /tmp↲
mkdir /tmp↲
chmod 777 /tmp↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.8 /usr↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to all the users' home directories, the ┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory contains the following:↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/bin┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more commands, generally ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄those less frequently used or non-↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄essential to XENIX system operation.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
/┆a1┆usr/include┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains header files for compiling ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄C programs. Can be deleted if you ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄are not using the C compiler.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/lib┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more libraries and data ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄files used by various commands; ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄should not be deleted.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/spool┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains various spoolers which ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄store files in directories (e.g. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/spool/lpd┆e1┆).↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/tmp┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more temporary files which ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄might be deleted.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/adm/messages┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains a record of all the console ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄error messages. Typically, these are ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄reports of disk errors, along with ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄some record of user errors, such as ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄"out of disk space" messages. The ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄messages are useful for determining ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄whether you have a hardware problem; ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄you can scan a week's worth of ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄messages and see, for example, if ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄one particular drive is generating ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄an unusual number of errors. You ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄will not see every disk error as it ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄appears on the console screen. This ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄file is likely to grow quickly, so ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄periodically check it, print it out, ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄and delete the file. Save the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄printout as a record of your ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄problems.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B The Multi-User System↲
↲
┆84┆If you have a XENIX system with a hard disk and several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals, you will be able to use a number of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands intended for systems with several simultaneous ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. These include commands which allow you to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄determine which other users are presently on the system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄such as who. You will also be able to communicate with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other users on the system with wall, which broadcasts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any message you type after the prompt, as well as with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mail program, if it is available on your system. Of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄course, even if you are alone on the system, it is often ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄convenient to mail information to other users; they will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄receive it when they log in. You may even use mail to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄send helpful reminders to yourself.↲
↲
┆84┆However, there are several special cautions that apply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to multi-user system environments. These are described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄here.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.1 Shutting Down the System↲
↲
┆84┆As you have been warned in Section 4.1 of this manual, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is extremely important to log out and shut the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄down correctly. You should be especially cautious if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have several users on your system, so that you do not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accidentally terminate any processes they may have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running. Because there may be several users working on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX simultaneously, the system is set up so that only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a user with super-user powers may shut the system down. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄So, you will have to log out of your ordinary user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account by typing <CONTROL-D> once again, and log back ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in as "root". When you see the prompt, type:↲
↲
shutdown<ENTER>↲
↲
You will be asked:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Minutes till shutdown? (0-15):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆Be sure you give the other users adequate warning to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄finish what they are doing and log off the system. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will even have the opportunity to broadcast a message, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perhaps saying how long the system will be down.↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have entered the time until shutdown, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see something like:↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Xenix Shutdown in 0 minutes.↲
Clean up and log off.↲
All logged off now.↲
Broadcast Message...↲
↲
Xenix will now terminate.↲
Kill -15 25 21 23↲
**NORMAL SYSTEM SHUTDOWN**↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆Do not turn off the computer until you see a "Normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Shutdown" message.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also use the haltsys command, but you will have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to be careful that all your users are off the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Use the who command to find out if anyone else is logged ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in. Even if no one is actually still logged in, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes may still be running on the system. The output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the command↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆should be checked carefully to determine whether this is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the case. Users can be alerted that you are about to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bring down the system with the wall command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.2 Setting Up Multiple Terminals↲
↲
┆84┆In order to use your system, you must tell XENIX what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type of terminal you are using. The characteristics of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all commonly used terminals are stored in a system file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆, which is called by the user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file at login time. If you look at any user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ you will see an entry like:↲
↲
TERM=trs16; export TERM↲
TERMCAP=/etc/termcap; export TERMCAP↲
↲
┆84┆In this example the "TERM" variable is set to ┆a1┆trs16┆e1┆, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in other words, tells the system to look in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file for the ┆a1┆trs16┆e1┆ entry. In this example ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"trs16" is an abbreviated name of the terminal model ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which you are using. The entry contains information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about the special characteristics of the keyboard.↲
↲
┆84┆Of course, if you have several different types of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals attached to your system, or facilities for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dialing up from other locations, users may be logging in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from different terminals at different times. As system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager, you must make your users aware that if they log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in from a terminal other than the one specified in their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, they will have to reset the terminal type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by typing a command after they log in, or they may be ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unable to use the system. If you log in from a terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other than the one specified in your .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reset the terminal type by typing the abbreviated name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the terminal you are using after you log in. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example:↲
↲
TERM=vt100↲
export TERM↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, the users will have to know which terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type they are using and the way in which that terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name is abbreviated in the /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information can be found in the ┆a1┆┆e1┆XENIX System Reference ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual┆e1┆. It is a good idea to print a copy of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file on your system to determine which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals are supported.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.3 Setting User ID For Multiple Systems↲
↲
┆84┆If you are working in an environment with several XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems, and users wish to work on more than one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer, moving their files back and forth on floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks, they will need to have valid logins and "home" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories on each system. Please note, however, that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user must be assigned the same user ID number on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each system if he wishes to transfer file systems ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄between computers. If you customarily add user accounts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the mkuser program, be aware that the assignment of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a user ID number is done automatically and arbitrarily.↲
↲
┆84┆Therefore, you must edit the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file to supply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identical user ID numbers for each of your systems. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password file entry will look something like this:↲
↲
johnd:j9djf:204:50:Accounting 333:/usr/johnd:/bin/sh:↲
↲
┆84┆The user ID number is the one immediately following the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄encrypted password. You may use any number over 200, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long as it does not belong to another user. Check to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄make sure the entries are identical for all the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems you are working with.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.C GLOSSARY↲
↲
┆84┆Here is a list of word that occur in this chapter and in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other XENIX documentation. It includes the definition of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄some commonly used computer terms and concepts, as well ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as some terms specific to the XENIX System, with an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄emphasis on terms related to system operation and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Access┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆Your ability to look at, change, and use files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories. To have access, you must first have a valid ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄acccount on your XENIX system, as well as individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and/or group permission for the files you wish to work ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Account↲
↲
┆84┆An account is your authorization to use the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX maintains a list of all valid user logins - that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is, user names, passwords, and optional group ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identification.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Accounting↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX facility for tracking system usage. XENIX keeps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a record of processes run on the system and how much the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is used by a given user.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Application↲
↲
┆84┆Application programs perform specific user tasks, such ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as word processing, accounting, inventory, or business ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forecasting. These programs may be purchased with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system or in separate packages, or written by system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Archive↲
↲
┆84┆Archiving is the process of copying files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories to floppy disks, and removing the files from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system. Archiving should be done for programs and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files which are little used in order to save space on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your hard disk.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Argument↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX commands are often followed by an argument, most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commonly the name of a file to which the command will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄applied.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Background↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX is a multitasking system, which can run more than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one process, or program, at once. Commands may be run in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the background by putting the ampersand character (&) at ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the end of the command line. Background processes leave ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal free, and other processes may be started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without waiting for a background process to finish.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Backup↲
↲
┆84┆The process of making a copy of all the data on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system in case the original is destroyed or damaged.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Basic System↲
↲
┆84┆Your XENIX basic system contains system programs, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄utilities, and frequntly used commands. It does not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include specialized software development or text ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing packages, or any other application software.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Boot↲
↲
┆84┆This a frequently used computer term to describe the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of programs which start up your system. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distinguished from physically turning on, or powering ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄up, the computer, or the installation of XENIX software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your system for the first time.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆CPU↲
↲
The central processing unit of your computer.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Child Process↲
↲
┆84┆Refers to a process which is created by another, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parent, process.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Command↲
↲
┆84┆This is your request to the system to perform a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄task. Commands may be system programs or shell ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Configuration↲
↲
┆84┆This term refers to the particular collection of devices ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you have on your system, and the way these are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected, such as a "floppy-only" or "8-megabyte hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk" configuration.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Console↲
↲
┆84┆This is the controlling terminal for the XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from which the system is first booted, and to which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄error messages about serious system conditions are sent.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Cursor↲
↲
┆84┆The cursor, typically represented by a lighted square on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your terminal screen, indicates where the next character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you type will appear.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Core File↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆A file which is sometimes produced when a program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminates unexpectedly due to some fault, such as an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄illegal instruction or data access, or when a user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accidentally types a quit at the keyboard. This file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will automatically be stored in your current working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, and should be deleted to save disk space.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Device Driver↲
↲
┆84┆A set of routines which enable the XENIX system to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control and pass data to and from an input/output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device, such as a lineprinter or disk drive.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Device Special File↲
↲
┆84┆This is a XENIX file which provides direct access to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄physical device. Writing to a device special file causes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the data to be sent directly to the device. These files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are in the /┆a1┆dev┆e1┆ directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Directory↲
↲
┆84┆A directory is a file containing the names of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collectuion of files. The XENIX system offers the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄capacity to organize information hierarhically by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allowing you to group related files into directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Disk Drive↲
↲
┆84┆A device that stores information in magnetic form on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄surface of a either a hard or floppy disk, and which can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access data from any point on the disk.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File System↲
↲
┆84┆A collection of files associated with a physical disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄drive, which is attached to, or mounted on, the root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File Structure↲
↲
┆84┆A hierarchically organized collection of files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File↲
↲
┆84┆The basic unit of storage on your system. All data, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, and text are stored in files.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Format↲
↲
┆84┆Both hard and floppy disks must be prepared to accept ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX data with the formatting program called diskutil.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆┆b0┆┆a1┆Group↲
↲
┆84┆A number of users may be designated as having identical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access rights to certain files, and are listed in a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/group┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Group ID↲
↲
┆b0┆┆f0┆┆84┆Each user on the system is assigned to a group, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄identified by a number taken from the password file when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄the user logs in. Each process started by the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄inherits that group ID.↲
↲
┆84┆┆b0┆┆a1┆Home Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The directory where you are automatically postioned when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you log in. The home directory is set up by the login ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process from the information in the password file. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell maintains a shell variable "$HOME" which is set ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the home directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Kernel↲
↲
┆84┆The term "XENIX kernel" is usually used to refer to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄code in the file /xenix. This is the program loaded at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄boot time, and contains routines to implement all the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system calls, task scheduling, and interrupt handling. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄It also contains the programs which control ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communication to the input/output devices.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Login↲
↲
┆84┆This is the process of typing your name and password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into the computer in order to begin work.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Mount↲
↲
┆84┆The process of attaching a file structure to the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
╞ ┆a1┆┆b0┆Multi-user↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆When most XENIX systems are booted they come up in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"single-user" mode, with just the "super-user" logged in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system console. When the "super-user" logs out, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system goes "multi-user", and users can log in on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other terminals.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Multi-tasking↲
↲
┆84┆The capacity to run two or more tasks, or programs, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Permission↲
↲
┆84┆Access to files and directories on your XENIX system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be limited by assigning read, write, execute, and search ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permissions.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Parent↲
↲
┆84┆This term has two meanings in the XENIX system. A parent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process is one which sets another, child process going. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A parent directory is the directory immediately above ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the current one in the directory tree.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Operating System↲
↲
┆84┆This is the collection of programs which control the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user's interaction with the system and determine how the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄total resources of the computer are allocated to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄individual users and programs. An operating system also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄controls communication with input/output devices such as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals and lineprinters. The XENIX system is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating system.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Output↲
↲
┆84┆The result of processing by the computer, generally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communicated to the user via terminal or lineprinter.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Password↲
↲
┆84┆A user's account is optionally protected by a password, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which the user must type when requested along with his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account name, in order to gain access to the system.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Pathname↲
↲
┆84┆This is the name of a file or directory, expressed as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the path down which you must travel from the root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory in order to reach it.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Pipe↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆This is a mechanism symbolized bythe pipe character↲
╞ ┆84┆( ), which allows the user to connect two processes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄together.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Prompt↲
↲
┆84┆The prompt is the signal that the system is ready to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accept the user's input. The two XENIX prompts are the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number sign ( ), if you are logged in as super-user, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dollar sign ($), the ordinary system prompt.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Root Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The directory at the top of the XENIX file structure, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called "/", which contains XENIX system-level files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Root┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆A synonym for the "super-user". Also the name for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory at the top of the directory tree, refered to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as slash (/). ↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Scroll↲
↲
┆84┆The way in which text moves up and down on your terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Shell↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX command line interpreter which accepts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands from the user and passes them to the system for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Single User↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX system configurered for only one user. You may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also see this term used to describe the mode in which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system first comes up, when the user is logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"super-user" at the system console. In this mode the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄date can be set and file system cleaning performed.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Stand-Alone↲
↲
┆84┆Refers to programs which run independently of XENIX. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Examples are: diskutil, hdinit, and firsttime.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Super-User↲
↲
┆84┆Also known as root. Because the super-user has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unrestricted access to the file system, this user ID ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be used very cautiously.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Swapping↲
↲
┆84┆If there are more active processes in the system than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there is space for in memory, the system moves them back ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and forth to the disk while they are not actually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆System Management↲
↲
┆84┆Those functions performed by a user appointed as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager, or administrator, including the establishment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of user accounts, disk maintenance, and backups.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Tar File↲
↲
┆84┆A file produced by the so-called tape archive program, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tar. This is usually written directly to floppy disk or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄magnetic tape.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆User ID↲
↲
┆84┆Each user on the system is identified by a number which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is recorded in the password file. All files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories in the file system belong to a user ID, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that user may specify whether and how other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system may access each file and directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Working Directory↲
↲
Your current position in the file structure hierarchy.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆7-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.╞ ╞ NORMAL USE↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter describes the XENIX system startup and shutdown ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.1╞ ╞ System Startup Procedure↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1. ┆84┆Check that there is no diskette in the RC3951 diskette ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄drive.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆Apply power to terminals connected to the RC3922 (in ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄particu┄lar the terminal connected to J1, where system ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄messages will appear).↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3. Apply power to the RC3922/1 and RC3951.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 4. Observe the RC3922/1 status lamps.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3922 has six status lamps, labeled from left to right:↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆TEST, DISK, CIRCUIT XMIT, CIRCUIT RCV, LAN XMIT, and LAN RCV. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄In the RC3922/1, the two LAN lamps are not connected, and will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄never light. In a normal RC3922/1 startup sequence, the status ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lamps will light as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Lamps Lit┆e1┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Duration┆e1┆ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Phase↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1 : all four╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922 power switched on↲
╞ ╞ 2 : TEST╞ ╞ ╞ approx. 10 sec. RC3922 selftest↲
╞ ╞ 3 : DISK╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ xx sec. ┆84┆program load from Win┄↓
┆19┆┆af┆┄┄ches┄ter disk↲
╞ ╞ 4 : DISK CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV ╞ program running↲
╞ (5) : TEST DISK╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ program load failure↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When XENIX is running, the DISK lamp indicates a disk transfer. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV lamps indicate that the terminal control┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ler (ITC) is receiving/answering commands. If the TEST and DISK ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lamps are lit at the same time, consult Chapter 9 of this manu-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄al.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In the selftest phase, approximately 12 lines of test results ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are output on the terminal connected to RC3922/1 plug J1. De-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pending on the terminal (e.g. RC855 or RC822) this output may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄appear on the screen as nonsense on account of parity checking.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When XENIX is ready, a message will appear on the system termi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nal (plug J1) requesting the root password or <ctrl>d. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respond with the root password, XENIX will enter system main-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tenance mode; if you respond with <ctrl>d, the system will go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multiuser. If you do not respond within 15 seconds, the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will proceed as if you had typed <ctrl>d.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.2╞ ╞ XENIX System Running↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is booted and running multiuser, as described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the previous section, you will be able to log in. The first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user to log in will be asked for the date and time of day.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.3╞ ╞ XENIX System Shutdown↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should always shut the system down before turning the power ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄off; if you do not, XENIX will indicate possible errors in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system the next time you boot. To shut the system down, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you must be logged in as root (super-user) and use the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ /etc/shutdown↲
↲
╞ ╞ After some other message, the message↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ** normal system shutdown **↲
↲
╞ ╞ will appear, and you may turn the power off.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should always shut the system down at the end of working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hours in order to prolong the lifetime of the Winchester disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄drive.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆05┆8-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.╞ ╞ RC3900 MENU SYSTEM↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter briefly describes the RC3900 menu system insofar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as it differs from the menu system described in the Uniplex ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual. As shown in the diagram on the next page, the RC3900 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu system is like a tree; the main menu is the trunk, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following are branches:↲
↲
╞ ╞ - word processing system menu↲
╞ ╞ - utilities menu↲
╞ ╞ - company directory menu↲
╞ ╞ - electronic mail menu↲
╞ ╞ - telex service menu↲
╞ ╞ - room management system menu↲
╞ ╞ - appointment management system menu↲
╞ ╞ - file transfer service menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Each of these menus in turn contains branches. The first four ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menus are included in the standard RC3900 menu system, and are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in the present chapter. The last four menus represent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nonstandard facilities, which must be purchased and installed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄separately, and are described in other publications.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3900 menu system builds on the XENIX operating system. In ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following sections, the underlying XENIX command is indi┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cat┄ed for most of the options described. These commands may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄studied in the XENIX Programmer's Guide. The terminal user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also request a display of the portion of the XENIX Programmer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Guide that describes a particular command. This is done on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu level by entering the command:↲
<ctrl>x man XENIX-command-name↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When displayed on the terminal, the menus and instructions in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the RC3900 menu system are largely self-explanatory, and for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this reason the following sections describe mostly things which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may not be readily apparent. Simple examples are given where ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄examples are relevant. In these examples, whatever is entered ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by the terminal user is shown underlined, e.g. ┆a1┆20*9/5+32┆e1┆; the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pressing of the "Return" key at the end of a line is not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shown. The reader will find a basic key description in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Uniplex manual, which provides a fuller explanation of many ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄things which are treated summarily in this chapter.↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆MAIN MENU↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Word Processing System Menu (8.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Create a new document (8.1.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Edit a document (8.1.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print a document (8.1.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Mail merge (8.1.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Change directory (8.1.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.1.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Index System Menu (8.1.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in this directory only (8.1.7.1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in this and subdirectories (8.1.7.2)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in a specified directory (8.1.7.3)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names on a particular subject (8.1.7.4)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Find the location of a file (8.1.7.5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Classify the contents of a file (8.1.7.6)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View the start of a file (8.1.7.7)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View the end of a file (8.1.7.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ File Checking Menu (8.1.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View spelling errors in a file (8.1.8.1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Save spelling errors (8.1.8.2)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View spelling errors saved (8.1.8.3)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print out spelling errors saved (8.1.8.4)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Count lines, words, and characters (8.1.8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Full file status report (8.1.8.6)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.1.8.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Utilities Menu (8.1.9)┆e1┆ (continues)↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆MAIN MENU┆e1┆ (continued)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Utilities Menu (8.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Copy (8.2.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Erase (8.2.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ New name (8.2.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Open a new directory (8.2.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Remove an empty directory (8.2.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.2.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Time and date (8.2.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Monthly calendar (8.2.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Desk calculator (8.2.9)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Company Directory Menu (8.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Look up an entry (8.3.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Edit the directory (8.3.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print the directory (8.3.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Electronic Mail Menu (8.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Mailboxes on the system (8.4.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Send mail to another user (8.4.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Collect mail (8.4.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Who is also on the computer (8.4.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Talk to another user (8.4.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Install extended facilities (8.4.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Telex Service Menu (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Room Management System (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Appointment Management System Menu (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ File Transfer Service Menu (8.5)↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1╞ ╞ W - Word Processing System Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option W on the main menu displays the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing system menu, from which the options described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this section can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.1╞ C - Create a new document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a file name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command creates a new file named advent in the cur┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rent directory, and then clears the screen, so that the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can type and edit the file. For further information, see the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.2╞ E - Edit a document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a file name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
╞ ╞ I just created my first file.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the contents of the (existing) file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄named advent in the current directory, so that the user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄edit the file. For further information, see the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.3╞ P - Print a document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option P on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter the name of a file to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the print set-up instruction sheet ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for the file named advent in the current directory. The print ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set-up instruction sheet is self-explanatory.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.4╞ M - Mail merge↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter the name of a standard text ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the mail merge instruction sheet for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the file named advent in the current directory. For further ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information, see the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.5╞ D - Change directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option D on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a directory name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Letters↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command changes the current directory to the sub-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named Letters. XENIX command: cd↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.6╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays a listing of all file names in the current directory. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7╞ I - Index System Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option I on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays the index system menu, from which the options ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in this subsection can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.1╞ 1 - Names in this directory only↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 1 on the index system menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of the names of all files and subdirectories in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.2╞ 2 - Names in this and subdirectories↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 2 on the index system menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of the names of all files in the current directory and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in any subdirectory. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.3╞ 3 - Names in a specified directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 3 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to specify a directory listing in any of four diffe┄r-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ent ways. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆-1↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays a listing of all file names, with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄statistical information, in the current directory. See further ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Subsection 8.1.8.6. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.4╞ 4 - Names on a particular subject↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 4 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter a subject to be looked for. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆time↲
╞ ╞ ./temp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the file name temp, as this file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains the word time. Note that the pathname of the file is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displayed, where "." stands for the current directory (usually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/usr/user-name, which indicates that the file is in the user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login directory). XENIX command: grep↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.5╞ 5 - Find the location of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 5 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a file to be found. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆sec?↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part1/sec1↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part1/sec2↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part2/sec1↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the pathnames (cf. 8.1.7.4) of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files named sec?. Note the use of the wildcard character "?" to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄indicate any single character in the name. XENIX command: find↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.6╞ 6 - Classify the contents of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 6 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆wp.back.up↲
╞ ╞ wp.back.up: ascii text↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the classification of the file named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄wp.back.up. XENIX command: file↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.7╞ 7 - View the start of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 7 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user has done so, the first part of the file is displayed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for identification. XENIX command: head↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.8╞ 8 - View the end of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 8 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user has done so, the last part of the file is displayed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for identification. XENIX command: tail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8╞ F - File Checking Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option F on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays the file checking menu, from which the options de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribed in this subsection can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.1╞ 1 - View spelling errors in a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 1 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be checked for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄spelling. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ citozens↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the misspelled word citozens in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file named temp. XENIX command: spell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.2╞ 2 - Save spelling errors↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 2 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be checked for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄spelling. When the user has done so, the file is checked, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any misspelled word is saved in a special file named badspell. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX command: spell > badspell↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.3╞ 3 - View spelling errors saved↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 3 on the file checking menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of the file badspell (cf. 8.1.8.2) for editing. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ May 11 15:05 1984 Page 1↲
╞ ╞ citozens↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: more badspell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.4╞ 4 - Print out spelling errors ↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 4 on the file checking menu prints out the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of the file badspell (cf. 8.1.8.3). XENIX command:↲
╞ ╞ lpr badspell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.5╞ 5 - Count lines, words, and characters↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 5 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ 4 16 76 temp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays a count of 4 lines, 16 words, and 76 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters for the file named temp. XENIX command: wc↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.6╞ 6 - Full file status report↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 6 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ -rw-r--r-- 1 joe 76 Apr 6 16:33 temp↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the following statistical informa┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tion for the file named temp:↲
↲
╞ ╞ access and execution permissions:╞ -rw-r--r--↲
╞ ╞ names by which the file is known (links): 1↲
╞ ╞ user who owns the file:╞ ╞ ╞ joe↲
╞ ╞ file size in characters (bytes):╞ ╞ 76↲
╞ ╞ date and time of latest modification: Apr 6 16:33↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Similar statistical information is displayed by the -1 command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Subsection 8.1.7.3. XENIX command: ls -l↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.7╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the file checking menu is equivalent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to selection of option 3 on the index system menu (8.1.7.3).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.9╞ U - Utilities Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option U on the word processing system menu is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄equivalent to selection of option U on the main menu, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 8.2.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2╞ ╞ U - Utilities Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option U on the main menu displays the utilities ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu, from which the options described in this section can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.1╞ C - Copy↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name, first for the original file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then for the new file. Example:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ original file temp↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆savetemp↲
╞ ╞ new file savetemp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above commands make a copy of the file named temp and name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the copy savetemp. XENIX command: cp↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.2╞ E - Erase↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name for the original file. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆oldtemp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Following user confirmation, the above command removes the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄named oldtemp from the current directory. XENIX command: rm↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.3╞ N - New name↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option N on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name, first for the original file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then for the new file. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ original file temp↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆example↲
╞ ╞ new file example↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command changes the file name temp to the file name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example. XENIX command: mv↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.4╞ O - Open a new directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option O on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a subdirectory. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Report↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command creates a new directory named Report in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. XENIX command: mkdir↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.5╞ R - Remove an empty directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option R on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a subdirectory. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Draft↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command removes the subdirectory named Draft, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided the latter contains no files. XENIX command: rmdir↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.6╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the utilities menu is equivalent to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selection of option 3 on the index system menu (8.1.7.3) or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄option L on the file checking menu (8.1.8.7).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.7╞ T - Time and date↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option T on the utilities menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current date and time of day. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆Fri May 11 09:06:23 GMT 1984↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: date↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.8╞ M - Monthly calendar↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a year or a month and year. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆9 1752↲
╞ ╞ ╞ September 1752↲
╞ ╞ S M Tu W Th F S↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1 2 14 15 16↲
╞ ╞ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23↲
╞ ╞ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: cal↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.9╞ D - Desk calculator↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option D on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter input to the calculator program. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆20*9/5+32↲
╞ ╞ 68↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command activates the program, which calculates the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer shown. XENIX command: bc↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3╞ ╞ C - Company Directory Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the main menu displays the company ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory menu, from which the options described in this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄section can be selected.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.1╞ L - Look up an entry↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the company directory menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a pattern to be looked for. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆rc↲
╞ ╞ RC Ballerup ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Glostrup ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Ålborg, Nørresundby ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Odense, TS ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Præstø ...↲
╞ ╞ RC/TS Esbjerg ...↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays all entries containing the pattern ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rc. The user must press the key combination <ctrl>d in order to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄return to the menu.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.2╞ E - Edit the directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the company directory menu displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the contents of the company directory, so that the user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄edit it (cf. 8.1.2).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.3╞ P - Print the directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option P on the company directory menu displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the print set-up instruction sheet for the company directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(cf.8.1.3).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4╞ ╞ E - Electronic Mail Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the main menu displays the electronic ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mail menu, from which the options described in this section can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be selected.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.1╞ M - Mailboxes on the system↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the electronic mail menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of all mailboxes on the system (cf. 8.4.2). XENIX com┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mand: ls /usr/spool/mail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.2╞ S - Send mail to another user↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option S on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a user to send mail to, i.e. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the name of his mailbox (cf. 8.4.1). Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆moe↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Shall I wake you at four every day next week too?↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆<ctrl>d↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The mailbox name, moe, is followed on the next line by the mes-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sage to be sent. The key combination <ctrl>d must be used to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminate the external function invoked by this option. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user to whom mail was sent next logs into the computer, he ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will be informed that there is mail in his mailbox. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command: mail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.3╞ C - Collect mail↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the electronic mail menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄latest piece of mail (if any) in the user's mailbox. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆From moe Fri May 11 16:59:32 1984↲
╞ ╞ Yes, wake me again next week, if you don't mind.↲
╞ ╞ ?↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The message, on the second line, is preceded by a header. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question mark is a prompt to the user to enter a command indi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cating what should be done with the mail. For a list of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available commands, the user can enter a question mark. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command: mail↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.4╞ W - Who is also on the computer↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option W on the electronic mail menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user name, terminal name, and time of logging in for every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄currently on the computer (cf. 8.4.5). Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ root tty0 May 9 09:01↲
╞ ╞ moe tty1 May 9 09:30↲
╞ ╞ joe tty2 May 9 10:06↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: who↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.5╞ T - Talk to another user↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option T on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name and location of a person to talk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to (cf. 8.4.4). Example of a conversation between two users, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the sequence of which is indicated in parentheses:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆user joe terminal display┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆user moe terminal display↲
╞ ╞ ┆81┆------------------------- -------------------------┆82┆↲
╞ ╞ ( 1) ┆a1┆moe tty1┆e1┆╞ ╞ ╞ ( 2) ┆a1┆┆e1┆Message from joe tty2↲
╞ ╞ ( 3) ┆a1┆I was to wake you.-o-┆e1┆ ( 4) I was to wake you.-o-↲
╞ ╞ ( 6) Message from moe tty1 ( 5) ┆a1┆joe tty2↲
╞ ╞ ( 8) Thanks a lot!-oo- ( 7) ┆a1┆Thanks a lot!-oo-↲
╞ ╞ (10) EOF ( 9) ┆a1┆<ctrl>d↲
╞ ╞ (11) ┆a1┆<ctrl>d┆e1┆ (12) EOF↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The use of "-o-" (for "over") and "-oo-" (for "over and out") ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is not mandatory, but helpful. The key combination <ctrl>d must ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be used to terminate the external function invoked by this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄option. ("EOF" is short for "end of file"). XENIX command: ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.6╞ I - Install extended facilities↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option I on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄install new facilities instruction sheet, which tells how to go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about installing extended electronic mail facilities.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.5╞ ╞ Nonstandard Facilities↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆An install new facilities instruction sheet is displayed on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selection of any of the following options on the main menu:↲
↲
╞ ╞ T - Telex Service↲
╞ ╞ R - Room Management System↲
╞ ╞ A - Appointment Management System↲
╞ ╞ F - File Transfer Service↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.6╞ ╞ Function Key Differences↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The function key combinations used in the RC3900 system differ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from those described in the Uniplex manual as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Uniplex┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆RC3900┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆Function↲
↲
╞ ╞ <ctrl>x╞ <ctrl>g╞ delete line↲
╞ ╞ <esc> h╞ <esc> ?╞ quick help↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆9-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.╞ ╞ ERROR HANDLING↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The system contains two microprocessors, located respectively ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system CPU (central processing unit) and ITC (intelli-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gent terminal controller) boards. Both boards execute built-in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selftests after power-up, and deliver selftest results to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected terminal: the system CPU board to the console inter-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄face K1 (usually not connected) and the ITC board to J1 (should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄always be connected).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Each board, moreover, drives two LED (light-emitting diode) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄status lamps. TEST and DISK are driven by the system CPU ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄board, and CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV by the ITC board.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.1╞ ╞ TEST Lamp Flashes or Stays Lit during Power-Up↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the lamp labeled TEST starts flashing or is lit continuously ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for more than 15 seconds, the built-in selftest may have ┄ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄failed. If this happens, connect a terminal to the console ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inter┄face K1 and restart the system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the CPU selftest now sees that a "test console" is present ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(DSR active), it will not start to execute until the console ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄baud rate has been determined. The selftest can determine this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when the console operator types one upper-case U for 9600, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄4800, or 2400 bauds or two upper-case U's for 1200, 600, or 300 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bauds. No other baud rates are supported.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The "test console" should always be configured as follows: 8 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄data bits/character, 2 stop bits/character, and no parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In the baud rate determination phase, the selftest writes aste┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄risks (*) to the console at 9600 bauds, but these may appe┄ar as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄garbage or not at all when the attached terminal operates at a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different baud rate.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If an error is detected during the selftest, the program writes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the console which test failed. Note down the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄such a message and report the error to RC Computer.↲
↲
╞ ╞ If the selftest terminates successfully, it writes↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922 Monitor, iSBC 86/30 version, rel 1.6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
╞ ╞ ("." is a prompt) to the console.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Now type LG <CR> (Load and Go) from the console to boot the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system. If the boot is unsuccessful, the loader program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lights the TEST and DISK lamps together, and writes↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Winchester load timeout↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
╞ ╞ ("." is a prompt) to the console.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.2╞ ╞ Error Message during Power-Up↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the system was not shut down properly, it will write an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄error message during the next power-up, and ask whether the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system should be cleaned. Always answer y (yes) to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the ITC board selftest detects an error during power-up, it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will write a message to the terminal connected to J1. The con-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄figuration of this terminal will be 9600 bauds, 8 data bits/ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄character, 1 stop bit/character, and no parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If such a message is displayed, note down its contents and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄report the error to RC Computer.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.3╞ ╞ Unusual Behavior during Normal Use↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Unusual behavior during normal use could be caused by a number ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of factors. For further information, see Section 6.5 of this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆A-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.╞ ╞ OTHER LITERATURE↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.1╞ ╞ Books on the Unix System↲
↲
Bourne, Steve. ┆a1┆The UNIX System.┆e1┆ Reading, Massachusetts:↲
╞ ╞ Addison-Wesley, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Gauthier, Richard. ┆a1┆Using the UNIX System.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs,↲
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1981.↲
╞ ╞ McGilton, Henry and Morgan, Rachel. ┆a1┆Introducing the UNIX↲
┆19┆┄┄┆84┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆System.┆e1┆ New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Thomas, Rebecca and Yates, Jean. ┆a1┆A User Guide to the UNIX ↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆System.┆e1┆ Berkeley, California: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Waite, Mitchell; Martin, Donald; and Prata, Steve. ┆a1┆Unix Primer↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Plus.┆e1┆ Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams and Co., 1983.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.2╞ ╞ Books on the C Programming Language↲
↲
╞ ╞ Feuer, Alan R. ┆a1┆The C Puzzle Book.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:↲
╞ ╞ Prentice-Hall, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Hancock, Les and Krieger, Morris. ┆a1┆The C Primer.┆e1┆ New York, New↲
╞ ╞ York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Kernighan, Brian W. and Ritchie, Dennis M. ┆a1┆The C Programming↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Language.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1978.↲
╞ ╞ Plum, Thomas. ┆a1┆C Programming Standards and Guidelines.┆e1┆ Cardiff,↲
╞ ╞ New Jersey: Plum Hall, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Plum, Thomas. ┆a1┆Learning to Program in C.┆e1┆ Cardiff, New Jersey:↲
╞ ╞ Plum Hall, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Zahn, C.T. ┆a1┆C Notes.┆e1┆ New York, New York: Yourdon Press, 1979.↲
↲
┆1a┆┆1a┆New York: Yordon Press,