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Types: RcTekst
Names: »42-I2516.WP«
└─⟦481be0aa0⟧ Bits:30008870 Diskette med 42-I og 44-RT dokumenter
└─⟦this⟧ »42-I2516.WP«
╱0400274e0c0006000000000301483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
┆06┆i↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆CONTENTS┆05┆PAGE↲
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0. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 0-1↲
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1. DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP .......................................... 1-1↲
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2. SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................................................ 2-1↲
╞ 2.1 Hardware .................................................. 2-1↲
╞ 2.2 Optional Hardware ......................................... 2-2↲
╞ 2.3 Terminals ................................................. 2-2↲
╞ 2.4 Software .................................................. 2-3↲
╞ 2.5 Optional Software ......................................... 2-4↲
╞ 2.6 System Administrator ...................................... 2-4↲
╞ 2.7 Some System Examples ...................................... 2-5↲
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3. HARDWARE INSTALLATION .......................................... 3-1↲
╞ 3.1 Selection of Installation Site ............................ 3-1↲
╞ 3.2 Connections ............................................... 3-7↲
╞ 3.3 System Examples ........................................... 3-9↲
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4. XENIX AND UNIPLEX INSTALLATION ................................. 4-1↲
╞ 4.1 Installation of XENIX ..................................... 4-1↲
╞ ╞ 4.1.1 Distribution Format ................................ 4-1↲
╞ ╞ 4.1.2 Installing the Distribution ........................ 4-1↲
╞ 4.2 Installation of UNIPLEX ................................... 4-6↲
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5. CONFIGURATION .................................................. 5-1↲
╞ 5.1 Configuration of the ITC .................................. 5-1↲
╞ 5.2 Terminal Support .......................................... 5-3↲
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6. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR ........................................... 6-1↲
╞ 6.1 Introduction .............................................. 6-1↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.1 The Role of the System Manager ..................... 6-2↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.2 The XENIX System ................................... 6-2↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. Floppy-Only Systems .................. 6-3↲
╞ ╞ 6.1.4 Outline of This Chapter ............................ 6-3↲
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╞ 6.2 A First Look at XENIX ..................................... 6-5↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.1 A Word about Your XENIX System ..................... 6-5↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.2 Some Preliminaries ................................. 6-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard ............................. 6-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.2 XENIX File and Directory .................. 6-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ Naming Conventions↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.2.3 How to Use XENIX Commands ................ 6-11↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.3 Files and Directories ..............................6-12↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.3.1 The Hierarchy of Files and Directories ....6-13↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.3.2 File Manipulation Commands ................6-14↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.4 The XENIX Shell ....................................6-15↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.1 Controlling Input and Output ..............6-16↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.2 Redirection ...............................6-16↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.4.3 Pipes .....................................6-17↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.5 Frequently Used Commands ...........................6-19↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.1 Commands for Using Your Terminal ..........6-19↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ and Lineprinter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.2 File Manipulation Commands ................6-22↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.5.3 Basic System Utilities ....................6-27↲
╞ ╞ 6.2.6 Text Editing with Ed ...............................6-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.1 Invoking the Editor .......................6-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.2 Adding Text to a File .....................6-29↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.3 Saving Your File ..........................6-29↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.4 Exiting the Editor ........................6-30↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.5 Printing the Contents of Your File ........6-30↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.6 Deleting Text .............................6-31↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.7 Substituting Text .........................6-31↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.2.6.8 Searching .................................6-33↲
╞ 6.3 Getting the System Ready for Your Users ...................6-35↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.1 The Super-User .....................................6-35↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.2 Adding a User: The mkuser Program ..................6-36↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.3 The .profile File ..................................6-40↲
╞ ╞ 6.3.4 Removing a User: The rmuser Program ................6-40↲
╞ 6.4 controlling Access to Files and Directories ...............6-43↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.1 Setting Permissions: users, Groups, and Others .....6-43↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.1 Users .....................................6-43↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.2 Groups ....................................6-44↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.3 Permissions ...............................6-44↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.1.4 How to Change Permission Settings .........6-45↲
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┆06┆iii↲
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╞ ╞ 6.4.2 The File System ....................................6-46↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.3 Creating File Systems ..............................6-46↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.4 Mounted File Systems ...............................6-47↲
╞ ╞ 6.4.5 XENIX System Security ..............................6-48↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.1 Protection and Permission .................6-48↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.2 Password Security .........................6-49↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.4.5.3 Restating the Obvious .....................6-49↲
╞ 6.5 Keeping Your XENIX System Healthy .........................6-51↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.1 Processes ..........................................6-51↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.1.1 Daemon Processes ..........................6-52↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.1.2 The /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆/┆a1┆rc┆e1┆ File ..........................6-52↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.2 The Importance of Disk Space .......................6-52↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.1 The df command ............................6-53↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.2 The du Command ............................6-54↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.3 The find Command ..........................6-54↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6.5.2.4 The quot Command ..........................6-55↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.3 Communicating with Other Users .....................6-55↲
╞ ╞ 6.5.4 File System Integrity ..............................6-56↲
╞ 6.6 Backing Up Your System ....................................6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.1 Formatting Floppy Disks ............................6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.2 Archiving and Taking Care of Your Disks ............6-57↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.3 Using the tar Command ..............................6-58↲
╞ ╞ 6.6.4 Dump/Restore File System ...........................6-59↲
╞ 6.7 Common System Problems ....................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.1 Jammed Line Printer ................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.2 Forgotten Password .................................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.3 System is Out of Space .............................6-60↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.4 System Files Damaged ...............................6-61↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.5 Terminal Difficulties ..............................6-61↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.6 Forgetting the Root Password .......................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.7 Removing a Directory ...............................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.8 Special Characters in Filenames ....................6-62↲
╞ ╞ 6.7.9 Runaway Processes ..................................6-63↲
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┆06┆iv↲
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╞ 6.A XENIX Files and directories ................................6-65↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.1 Do Not Touch .......................................6-65↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.2 /bin ...............................................6-66↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.3 /dev ...............................................6-66↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.4 /etc ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.5 /lib ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A 6 /mnt ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.7 /tmp ...............................................6-67↲
╞ ╞ 6.A.8 /usr ...............................................6-67↲
╞ 6.B The Multi-User System .....................................6-69↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.1 Shutting Down the System ...........................6-69↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.2 Setting Up Multiple Terminals ......................6-70↲
╞ ╞ 6.B.3 Setting User ID for Multiple Systems ...............6-71↲
╞ 6.C Glossary ..................................................6-72↲
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7. NORMAL USE ..................................................... 7-1↲
╞ 7.1 System Startup Procedure .................................. 7-1↲
╞ 7.2 XENIX System Running ...................................... 7-2↲
╞ 7.3 XENIX System Shutdown ..................................... 7-2↲
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8. RC3900 MENU SYSTEM ............................................. 8-1↲
╞ 8.1 Word Processing System Menu ............................... 8-3↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.1 Create a New Document .............................. 8-3↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.2 Edit a Document .................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.3 Print a Document ................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.4 Mail Merge ......................................... 8-4↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.5 Change Directory ................................... 8-5↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.6 List Files ......................................... 8-5↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.7 Index System Menu .................................. 8-5↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.1 Names in This Directory Only .............. 8-5↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.2 Names in This and Subdirectories .......... 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.3 Names in a specified Directory ............ 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.4 Names on a Particular Subject ............. 8-6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.5 find the Location of a File ............... 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.6 Classify the Contents of a File ........... 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.7 View the Start of a File .................. 8-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.7.8 View the End of a File .................... 8-8↲
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┆06┆v↲
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╞ ╞ 8.1.8 File Cheking Menu .................................. 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.1 View Spelling Errors in a File ............ 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.2 Save Spelling Errors ...................... 8-8↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.3 View Spelling Errors Saved ................ 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.4 Print Out Spelling Errors Saved ........... 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.5 Count Lines, Words, and Characters ........ 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.6 Full File Status Report ................... 8-9↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8.1.8.7 List Files ................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.1.9 Utilities Menu .....................................8-10↲
╞ 8.2 Utilities Menu ............................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.1 Copy ...............................................8-10↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.2 Erase ..............................................8-11↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.3 New Name ...........................................8-11↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.4 Open a New Directory ...............................8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.5 Remove an empty Directory ..........................8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.6 List Files ........................................ 8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.7 Time and Date ..................................... 8-12↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.8 Monthly Calendar .................................. 8-13↲
╞ ╞ 8.2.9 Desk Calculator ................................... 8-13↲
╞ 8.3 Company Directory Menu ................................... 8-13↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.1 Look Up an Entry .................................. 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.2 Edit the Directory ................................ 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.3.3 Print the Directory ............................... 8-14↲
╞ 8.4 Electronic Mail Menu ..................................... 8-14↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.1 Mailboxes on the System ........................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.2 Send Mail to Another User ......................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.3 Collect Mail ...................................... 8-15↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.4 Who is Also on the Computer ....................... 8-16↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.5 Talk to Another User .............................. 8-16↲
╞ ╞ 8.4.6 Install Extended Facilities ....................... 8-16↲
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╞ 8.5 Nonstandard Facilities ................................... 8-17↲
╞ 8.6 Function Key Differences ................................. 8-17↲
↲
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┆06┆vi↲
9. ERROR HANDLING ................................................ 9-1↲
╞ 9.1 Test Lamp Flashes or Stays Lit during Power-Up ........... 9-1↲
╞ 9.2 Error Message during Power-Up ............................ 9-2↲
╞ 9.3 Unusual Behavior during Normal Use ....................... 9-3↲
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A. OTHER LITERATURE .............................................. A-1↲
╞ A.1 Books on the Unix System ................................. A-1↲
╞ A.2 Books on the C Programming Language ...................... A-1↲
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┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆0-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆0.╞ ╞ INTRODUCTION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆THE RC3900/1 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM from RC Computer is a high ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄performance multiuser computer system, which gives you the per-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄formance of a 16 bit microprocessor and the enormous flexibili┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ty of the XENIX *) operating system (a fully licensed version ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of Bell Laboratories UNIX Version 7).↲
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┆06┆RC3900/1↲
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┆84┆You may choose among the many utilities of the XENIX operating ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system in a simple menu driven way, or you can use the standard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell command language. The RC3900/1 system also includes the ↓
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┆19┆┆89┆┄┄powerful UNIPLEX **) word processing system. In addition RC ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Computer can supply a broad range of optional application pack-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ages. Of course you can connect a variety of terminals and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers to the system and get high performance computing, but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system is specifically optimized for the user friendly ter-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄minal RC855 and the fast matrix printer RC3991.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Congratulations on your choice of the RC3900 computer system.↲
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╞ ╞ *) XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.↲
╞ ╞ **) UNIPLEX is a trademark of Redwood.↲
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┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆1┆b3┆-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆1.╞ ╞ DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆When you bought the RC3900/1 system the standard documentation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described below was delivered. We have indicated what we think ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the System Administrator (SA) should concentrate on, and what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the Normal User (NU) should concentrate on.↲
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┆e1┆┆e1┆ 1. User's Guide, Volume 1↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This is the manual you are reading right now. It describes the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system setup, software installation procedures, configuration ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the terminals etc. Also described is the normal use of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, including the standard implemented menu system. Finally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a short chapter on error handling is included.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 0. Introduction↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Documentation Roadmap↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. System Overview↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Hardware Installation╞ (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. XENIX and UNIPLEX Installation (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. Configuration (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. System Administrator (SA)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. Normal Use (NU)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. RC3900 Menu System (NU)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 9. Error Handling↲
╞ ╞ ╞ A. Other Literature (NU)↲
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╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆User's Guide, Volume 2, also called XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄(NU)↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This manual gives you a detailed introduction to the fundament-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄als of XENIX. It describes the editors in the system, that is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed, vi and sed. Also described is the Shell command interpre┄t-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄er.↲
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╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Introduction↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. Demonstration Run↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Basic Concepts↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. Frequently Used Procedures↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. Ed↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. Vi↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. The Shell↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. Sed↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 9. BC: A Calculator↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 10. An Introduction to the C Shell↲
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╞ ╞ 3. ┆84┆XENIX Programmer's Manual, Volume 1, also called the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄System Reference Manual↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Here is the down-to-the-detail description in 8 sections of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the available system calls, subroutines, special files, file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄formats, games, macro packages and maintenance. This manual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be your reference for most of the commands. Please note ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that this manual is also available on-line on the computer, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using the ┆a1┆man┆e1┆ command. References to this manual have the form:↲
↲
╞ ╞ /etc/shutdown(8)↲
╞ ╞ or↲
╞ ╞ cat(1)↲
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┆84┆which means that ┆a1┆shutdown┆e1┆ is described in Chapter 8, and ┆a1┆cat┆e1┆ in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Chapter 1.↲
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┆81┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Chapter↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1. Commands↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 2. System Calls↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 3. Subroutines↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 4. Special Files↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 5. File Formats↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 6. Games↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 7. Miscellany↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 8. Maintenance↲
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╞ ╞ 4. XENIX Programmer's Manual, Volume 2↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Gives in a number of original articles and tutorials a general ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄overview of the UNIX facilities and many utilities.↲
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╞ ╞ There are articles on:↲
╞ ╞ ╞ General works, 1-2↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Getting started, 3-7↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Document preparation, 8-13↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Programming, 14-18↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Supporting tools and languages, 19-28↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Implementation, maintenance, and miscellaneous, 29-38↲
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╞ ╞ 5. UNIPLEX Manual↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This manual explains the use of the UNIPLEX word processing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, giving a detailed description of each command. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also described how to change the existing menus, if desired.↲
↲
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┆84┆Please note that a number of utilities are described in more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than one place. For example, the desk calculator BC is de- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribed on 20 pages in 2), 3 pages in 3) and finally 13 pages ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in 4).↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The present documentation for the RC3900/1 system is partly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄written by RC staff and partly a reprint of text from other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sources. This fact may be reflected by the appearance of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manuals. We hope that this will not prevent you from getting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the full benefit of the documentation.↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆2.╞ ╞ SYSTEM OVERVIEW↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter will give you information on the constituents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the RC3900/1 computer system, both the hardware used, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄standard and optional software.↲
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┆a1┆┆b0┆2.1╞ ╞ Hardware↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3900/1 system consists of two major hardware modules, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is, the RC3922 Computer Unit and the RC3951 Disk Unit. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is always delivered with a rack designed for mounting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the two units.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3922 Computer Unit is based on the industry standard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multibus board format. It contains a number of multibus boards, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆CPU board using the Intel microprocessor 8086 and having a ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄128 Kbyte on-board dynamic RAM. Included on the CPU board ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄is also the memory management unit, which gives the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄system its important memory protection scheme.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Memory board with additional 512 Kbyte dynamic RAM with ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄error correcting circuitry.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Intelligent disk controller, which can control both ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄Winchester and floppy disks.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Intelligent terminal controller (ITC), which offloads the ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄host CPU by taking care of the communication with the con┄↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄nected terminals. The terminal controller has a powerful ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄on-board 80186 microprocessor. The ITC provides connection ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄to four V.24 interfaces, and further to the new RcCircuit.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3951 Disk Unit contains a Winchester disk and a floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk unit. Both disks have a physical media size of 5 1/4 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inches. The Winchester memory capacity is 32 Mbytes unformat┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ted, and it can hold 30 Mbytes formatted. The floppy disk capa-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄city is unformatted 1.6 Mbytes. The logical size of the floppy ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
is 8 inches, which means that it has the same number of tracks and bytes ↓
per track as 8 inch diskettes. The diskettes used in the system must be ↓
of good quality; we recommend Maxell MD2-HD (96 TPI).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.2╞ ╞ Optional Hardware↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆For use with the RC3900 computer system we recommend the matrix ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printer RC3991, which has a parallel Centronics interface. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printer features high speed - up to 250 cps. When used with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1, it gives the possibility of bold printing, under┄┄lin-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ing, elongated printing and red printing.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆It is also possible to connect a slower serial printer (matrix ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or letter quality printer) to the computer system, and have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄documents and letters printed out here.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆2.3╞ ╞ Terminals↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Introduced with ┆a1┆┆e1┆the present┆e1┆ RC3900/1 computer is also a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄local terminal network called RcCircuit II. It gives the possi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bility of connecting a large number of RC855 terminals to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer only by means of a simple double twisted pair cable. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄On the RC3900/1, however, the number of terminals on Circuit II ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is limited to 4, because of the performance of the 8086 micro┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor. To connect the RC855 terminals to Circuit II, they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must be upgraded with the TF305 feature.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The standard recommended terminal is the RC855, which can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used in connection with either Circuit II or V.24 interfaces. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The RC855 can be a work station (with connected floppy disk) or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply a terminal. The TTY emulator used with the RC3900/1 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be Version 4.0.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Depending on the national version of the terminal, you may have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄slightly different characters on the screen and the keyboard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than the ones indicated in this manual. (You might, for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, get a paragraph sign, #, instead of a number sign, ). ↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.4╞ ╞ ┆84┆Software↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The basic software of the RC3900/1 is the general purpose, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multiuser, interactive XENIX *) operating system. XENIX is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄enhanced version of the famous UNIX **) system. The present ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating system is XENIX V2.3, based on UNIX V.7.↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆↲
┆84┆The standard XENIX version has been enhanced by RC Computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄through the addition of several useful utilities.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Two of the standard XENIX utilities are the on-line manual and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer aided learning.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Also standard on the RC3900/1 system is the UNIPLEX ***) word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor and menu system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆┆84┆The great advantage of using a menu system is that even users ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄who don't know the underlying operating system can be guided by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄means of menus to the desired applications in a totally self-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄explanatory way. Also accessible, in a very simple way, through ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the menu system are many of the basic XENIX functions.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The UNIPLEX menu system allows the user to tailor the menus to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄his specific needs if desired. These modifications can be made ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply with almost any text editor by making simple changes in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system command file. If is also possible for the individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user on the system to have entirely different systems and menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characteristics.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When delivered from RC Computer, the system is configured with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a standard menu, which gives access to the standard implement-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed utilities and applications.↲
↲
╞ ╞ *) XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft.↲
╞ ╞ **) UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.↲
***) UNIPLEX is a trademark of Redwood.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The UNIPLEX word processor is a multiuser, full function word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processor designed specifically for the users of UNIX/XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computers. It includes electronic mail, integrated spelling ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄checking, extra wide documents and reports, full cut and paste, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄comprehensive help and assistance together with printing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control and many other facilities.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.5╞ ╞ Optional Software↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆As an example of the optional software available for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 we can mention the Appointment Management System. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is an RC Computer developed application, which facilitates the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄planning of meetings and reservation of rooms.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The installation of the optional software is simple, as it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu driven. You merely have to select the newly purchased ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄application in the menu system, place the diskette in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diskette drive, and press one key on the keyboard - that's all.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.6╞ ╞ System Administrator↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆It might be wise to appoint one of your users as the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄administrator - the person responsible for the overall opera┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tion of the computer. He will have to know more about the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system than the ordinary users. He will be the one who knows ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the password of the super-user. He may also have responsibi┄lity ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for the configuration of the system - connected terminals, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers etc. - and for action in case of system abnormalities. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Please note that system error messages (if any) and a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system message (** Normal System Shutdown **) are only routed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to one specific terminal (see Ch. 3, Hardware Installation).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Please refer to Chapter 6 in this manual for further tasks of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system administrator.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆2.7╞ ╞ Some System Examples↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆On the following pages you see two examples of the use of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 computer in different configurations.↲
↲
↲
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 1↲
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┆06┆RC855 with RC Circuit II Option↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 2↲
┆14┆┆b3┆↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆3-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆3.╞ ╞ HARDWARE INSTALLATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before setting up the RC3900 computer system, please make sure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that there has not been damage to the equipment during trans-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄portation. If so, contact your supplier at once.↲
↲
╞ ╞ The RC3900/1 system comprises in its basic version:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922/1╞ ╞ ┆84┆Computer unit including power cable and ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄User's Manual (2 white RC ring binders).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3951╞ ╞ ┆84┆Disk unit including power cable and 3 ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄cables for connection to RC3922/1.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ F106╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆Rack including power distribution outlet ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄and rear cover plate.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SW3001╞ ╞ ┆84┆Operating system software.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆(nine 5 1/4" diskettes) and XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄documentation (2 white RC ring binders).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SW3701╞ ╞ ┆84┆UNIPLEX software (one 5 1/4" diskette) and ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄documentation.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆3.1╞ ╞ Selection of Installation Site↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before installation of the system, you should consider the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following things:↲
↲
╞ ╞ FLOOR COVERING╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should select a floor covering that ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄will not give problems with static ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄electricity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ HUMIDITY╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆The humidity should not go below 40% (RH) - ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄this could also cause static discharges. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄Nor should the humidity go above 80% (RH) - ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄problems with dampness.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ LIGHT╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆The equipment should not be placed in ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄direct sunlight as this might raise the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄temperature unneccessarily.↲
↲
╞ ╞ TEMPERATURE╞ ╞ ┆84┆The room temperature during normal use ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄should be kept between 5┆81┆o┆82┆C and 30┆81┆o┆82┆C.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is turned off, temperatures ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄between 0┆81┆o┆82┆C and 50┆81┆o┆82┆C are tolerable.↲
↲
╞ ╞ POWER CONNECTION╞ ┆84┆The system is equipped with a three-con-↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄ductor power cable and should only be ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄connect┄ed to a power outlet with a built-in ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄ground. Other equipment connected to the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄computer (terminals etc.) should also be ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄grounded. The RC3900/1 can be connected to ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄power voltages between 200V AC and 240V AC.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Before mounting the units in the rack, you must ┆a1┆release the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆shipping lock┆e1┆ of the Winchester disk drive in the RC3951 Disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Unit. This is done by first removing the cover of the RC3951 - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see figure 1.↲
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┆06┆Figure 1.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ 1) Pull down the two pins in both sides and push them backward.↲
╞ ╞ 2) Slowly push the cover backward and up.↲
╞ ╞ 3) Lift the cover up.↲
↲
┆84┆When the cover is removed, you can see the Winchester drive and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the shipping lock (figure 2). The shipping lock must be pushed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forward approx. 1.5 cm.↲
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┆06┆Figure 2.↲
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┆06┆Figure 3.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆Then replace the cover, and when you push the pins A and B ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forward they will automatically lock the cover.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you, for any reason at a later time, should have to ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄transport the disk drive, then ┆a1┆remembe┆a1┆r┆e1┆┆a1┆ to┆e1┆┆a1┆ lock the ship-↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┆84┆ping lock.┆e1┆ This is done by pulling it approx. 1.5 cm out ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄of the Winchester.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Now you are ready to mount the RC3922/1 and RC3951 units in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rack. The double-height RC3922/1 computer unit is placed on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lower platform and the RC3951 disk unit is placed on the upper ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one. See figure 4. The rear of the two units is secured to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rack by means of a locking mechanism. See figure 5.↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This mechanism is found on both sides of both units.↲
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┆06┆Figure 4.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆Figure 5.↲
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╞ ╞ ┆84┆When you place the rack-mounted system in its final location, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄make sure that there is a space of at least 10 cm on the sides ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and behind the unit. This is neccessary for sufficent cooling ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the unit.↲
↲
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════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆3.2╞ ╞ Connections↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The two units must be interconnected by means of three short ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄flat cables: Winchester disk A, Winchester disk B and flexible ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk. The three cables are supplied with the disk unit. See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄figure 6 for all the rear connections. The two power cables are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected to the power distribution panel that is delivered ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the rack. The two units have their own power switch, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must be turned on and off separately.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The minimum configuration of peripheral equipment is one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal. During the first phase of the XENIX software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄installation, the terminal must be connected to the consol ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connector K1. Later it is disconnected and moved to the V.24 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communication connector J1, if you did not have a terminal on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the J1 port already. This connection, J1, is special, as all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system messages are sent to this output. We recommend always ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄having a terminal connected to J1 (default setting 9600 baud, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄8 data bits, 1 stop bit, even parity).↲
↲
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┆06┆Figure 6.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆a1┆┆b0┆3.3╞ ╞ System Examples↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆On figure 7 and 8 you can see two examples of system configura-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tions and the necessary extra cables for connection. Also the RC ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄numbers of the cables are mentioned, if you should want to buy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you want to get the cables elsewhere, figure 9 shows the use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the different pins in the RC3900/1 connectors.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If you make use of RcCircuit II, you connect the RC855 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals with the TF305 option. On Circuit II one can acces┄s ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a maximum of 4 RC855 terminals from the RC3900/1. These ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals must be configured with secondary addresses 0 through ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄3, the baud rate must be 9600 baud, even parity, 8 data bits ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and 1 stop bit. This requires the use of an RC TTY emula┄tor, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Version 4.0 or later.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 1↲
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┆06┆Figure 7.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆┆b0┆RC3900/1↲
┆06┆┆b0┆SYSTEM EXAMPLE No. 2↲
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┆82┆┆06┆Figure 8.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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┆06┆┆a1┆┆b0┆RC3900/1 External Connections↲
↲
________________________________________________________________________↲
╞ PRINTER ! (25 pol D Sub female) ! KBL 599, 5m, to Centronics↲
╞ K1╞ ! --- " ---╞ ! CBL 561, 25m, to RC855, V.24↲
╞ J1 - J4 ! --- " --- ! ---- " ---- ---- " ----↲
C2 ! (5 pol DIN male) ! KBL 604, 5m, to wall outlet↲
C1 ! (3 pol DIN male) ! Not used↲
┆a1┆_┆05┆_↲
↲
╱0400274e0c0006000000000201483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
╱0400274e0c0006000000000301483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
↓
┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆ Pin No. PRINTER K1 J1 - J4 ↲
1 ! DATA STROBE ! !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
2 ! DATA 0 ! TDX !╞ TDX╞ ╞ !↲
3 ! 1╞ ! RDX ! RDX ╞ ╞ !↲
4 ! 2╞ ╞ ! RTS ! RTS╞ ╞ !↲
5 ! 3╞ ╞ ! CTS ! CTS (RFS) !↲
6 ! 4 ! DSR ! DSR !↲
7 ! 5 ! GND ! GND !↲
8 ! 6╞ ╞ ! ! CARRIER ON !↲
9 ! 7 ! ! !↲
10 ! ACKNOWLEDGE ! ! !↲
11 ! ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 12 ! PAPER END╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 13╞ ! SELECTED╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 14╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 15╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 16╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 17╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 18╞ ! GND╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 19 ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 20╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ DTR╞ !╞ DTR╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 21╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 22╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ! CALLING INDICATOR !↲
╞ ╞ 23╞ !╞ -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ╞ 24╞ ! -╞ ╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
╞ ┆a1┆╞ 25╞ ! !╞ ╞ !╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ !↲
↲
┆06┆Figure 9.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆4-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.╞ ╞ XENIX AND UNIPLEX INSTALLATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter tells how to install the XENIX and UNIPLEX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1╞ ╞ Installation of XENIX↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This section describes how to install the XENIX distribution ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided on a set of mini-floppy diskettes onto an empty ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄RC3900/1 computer system.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1.1╞ Distribution Format↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The distribution is organized as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ Bootable disk:╞ ┆84┆One floppy contains a minimum file system with ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄swap space and a boot track.↲
↲
╞ ╞ File system:╞ ┆84┆A set of floppies containing a dump in "tar" ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄format of the entire file system.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.1.2╞ Installing the Distribution↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The following describes in detail the steps required to gene-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rate a XENIX system to run on the Winchester disk.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆First ensure that the machine is installed in accordance with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Chapter 3 of this manual. You must have a terminal on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄console port K1, and if possible one on the port J1 as well; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the latter is not required though. The baud rate on K1 should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be 9600 bauds or lower, 8 bit/char, 1 stop bit/char, and no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Note that, in the following description, ┆a1┆computer output┆e1┆ is in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dicated by underlining, whereas the user's response is not. ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Terminate all input with <CR>. Use <backspace> to erase the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄previous character, and <a> to erase the whole line. Text with┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in '()' is explanatory and is not meant to be entered literal┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ly.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1. ┆84┆┆84┆Turn on the CPU unit and the disk unit. Then press ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄<CR> on the console keyboard, and asterisks (*) will be ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄printed on the console. Press U (<shift>u) once or twice and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄if all is well, the following prompt will be seen on the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄console:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆RC3922 Monitor, iSBC 86/30 version, rel 1.6↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆Now insert the bootable disk, labled "DISK0", and close the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄drive door lever. The bootstrap program can now be loaded ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄and run, causing XENIX to be loaded and run. The argument ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄passed to the boot program is the name of the file it will ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄load and run. In the initial case this will be '/xenix.fd'.↲
↲
╞ ╞ (Load and Go from Floppy, pass argument "/xenix.fd")↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆.┆e1┆┆e1┆ LFG:/XENIX.FD↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆load ok, 10 records↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆From now on the output will be sent to the first direct line ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄on the ITC controller, J1. So, if you only have one terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄- now on the K1 port - change it to the J1 port, which from ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄now on will be the console. The terminal on J1 should be ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄configured to 8 databits, 1 stop bit, and even parity. In ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄any case disconnect the K1 port. If you already had a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄terminal on the J1 port, you should see the following output ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄there:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆mem = 514k↲
┆a1┆about to start itc 0┆e1┆↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆┆a1┆No Single-user login present↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Entering System Maintenance mode┆81┆↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆In any case press <CR> and the following output should ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄appear:↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆Xenix-86 2.3 Distribution System┆e1┆ ┆a1┆(Floppy)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆0b┆(backspace is h , erase line is u)↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆I think it's <date>↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Enter time yymmdd hhmm .ss : ┆e1┆↲
↲
Here you set the system's idea of the time. Say, today is↲
┆84┆7 September 1984 and it's 25 minutes past 10 in the morning; ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄you should enter: 8409071025↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX is now running on the floppy: the ' ' prompt indicates ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄that the super-user shell is running. Volume 1 of the ┆a1┆XENIX┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄┆a1┆Programmer's Manual┆e1┆ is now applicable.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3. ┆84┆We are now ready to make a file system on the Winchester ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄disk, and then boot up XENIX on it. This is done using the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄utility "/etc/mkwini", which formats the disk, makes the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄root and usr file systems, and copies a minimum system onto ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the root file system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (make system on Winchester)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆┆e1┆ /etc/mkwini↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (answer y for yes to the following)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆About to initialize drive, OK? ┆e1┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (Winchester formatting takes about 6 minutes)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (/etc/mkwini takes all told about 12 minutes)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (last output:)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆/etc/haltsys and reboot Xenix.┆e1┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (shut down system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆ /etc/haltsys↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆** Normal system shutdown **↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ 4. ┆84┆Now press the reset button or switch the CPU box off and on ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄again, and boot up XENIX from the Winchester disk: after ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄resetting, XENIX should be booted up automatically if you ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄have no terminal on the console serial port.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆mem = 514k↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆about to start itc 0↲
↲
┆a1┆No Single-user login present↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Entering System Maintenance mode↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆0b┆↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆I think it's <date> etc.↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (you have to set the time again, see step 2)↲
↲
╞ ╞ 5. ┆84┆Now you will need to install the rest of the XENIX system on ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the Winchester disk. This is done using the utility ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄"/etc/mksys", which will create all standard directories and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄prompt you for the rest of the floppies:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ (install rest of system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆┆a1┆┆e1┆_┆e1┆┆e1┆ /etc/mksys↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆System installation program↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Update ? Type yes or no (y/n):┆e1┆ n↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (no update, whole system)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Installing complete XENIX system↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Creating standard directories↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (takes about 6 minutes)↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Please insert diskette no. 1↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Press <RETURN> when ready:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ (all floppies are installed in this way)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Which ID do you want to give to your system:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆84┆(now you should type ONE word, which will be your ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄systemid; this ID will be used if your system is to ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄communicate with another XENIX system; you may change the ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄systemid later, when you have become more familiar with ↓
┆19┆┆8e┆┄┄XENIX)↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆<your id> written to /etc/systemid↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆XENIX system installed!!↲
↲
╞ ╞ 6. ┆84┆The system is now fully installed on the Winchester disk. To ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄take the system multiuser, type <ctrl>d. Wait approximately ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄20 seconds; then press any key, and you should get a login ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄message:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆login:↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆Now type a user name (i.e. root) and you should be logged ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄in. To log out, type <ctrl>d. To shut the system down, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄always log in as root, and run /etc/shutdown(8). This ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄ensures that the system will always close down in an orderly ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄manner.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆For further details on operating procedures, see Chapter 6 of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆4.2╞ ╞ Installation of UNIPLEX↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Installation of the Uniplex System is simple. First log in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user. Then type the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ /usr/rcspe/installuniplex↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The installation script will prompt you to place the Master ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diskette in the floppy drive -- but everything else is taken ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄care of. The whole procedure should take less than five ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄minutes.↲
↲
╞ ╞ You can now use the system by typing the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ uniplex↲
↲
╞ ╞ For further information, consult the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆5-┆0b┆↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.╞ ╞ CONFIGURATION↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter describes configuration of the intelligent termi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nal controller and connected terminals.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.1╞ ╞ Configuration of the ITC↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is loaded, the file /etc/itc is written into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the memory of the ITC (intelligent terminal controller). This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file contains the program that runs on the ITC when the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is running. Another file, /etc/itc_param, is also trans-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ferred to the ITC memory. This file contains parameters de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribing the four V.24 lines.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The etc/itc_param file consists of five lines, of which the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄first four lines each describes a V.24 line, i.e. line 1 de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribes the terminal connected to plug J1, line 2 describes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that connected to plug J2, and so on. Each of these four lines ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains five characters, and the format is shown on the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄page.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The fifth and last line in the /etc/itc_param file contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only one character, which should be zero (0). This character, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, must be changed to a one (1) if (and only if) the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system (the ITC firmware) is to be debugged. In this case, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ITC firmware will enter the debug monitor when loaded. Also, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<ctrl>a from the terminal connected to J1 will cause the firm┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ware to enter the debug monitor.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆NOTE: Be careful about the format of the /etc/itc_param file -- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the ITC firmware does not check the values!↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Format of terminal description line in /etc/itc_param file:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Char. No.┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆Value┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Meaning↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1╞ ╞ 0╞ 9600 bauds (XENIX adjustment to terminal) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 1 9600 bauds (110 bauds) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 9600 bauds (200 bauds) (*)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 3 300 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 4 600 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 5 1200 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 6 2400 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 7 4800 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D >7 9600 bauds↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ (*) reserved for later versions↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2╞ ╞ 0 7 data bits/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 8 data bits/character↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3╞ ╞ 0 1 stop bit/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 1 stop bit/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 1 1/2 stop bits/character↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 3 2 stop bits/character↲
↲
╞ ╞ 4╞ ╞ 0 no parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 1 odd parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ 2 no parity↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 3 even parity↲
↲
╞ ╞ 5╞ ╞ 0 direct line Terminals connected to normal↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ D 1 normal line╞ lines may log in. Printers↲
should be connected to direct↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ lines.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The default values are denoted by a D.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Thus, for example, if a terminal description line contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters with the values 81131, it means: 9600 bauds, 8 data ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bits/character, 1 stop bit/character, even parity, and normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line.↲
↲
╞ ╞ Note that each terminal description line is terminated by CR.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆5.2╞ ╞ Terminal Support↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆A number of utilities and applications, for example, vi and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄UNIPLEX, employ more advanced screen functions, such as cursor ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄addressing. Different terminals require different character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄strings in order to perform a function. The various functions ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and the correspondidng character strings are described in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file /etc/termcap. Each terminal supported has a two-letter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄entry -- a key -- in this file. The system uses the environment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parameter TERM as a key, i.e. if you are working on a terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose description corresponds to the key "qr", your TERM vari┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄able should be set to "qr". The TERM variable is usually set on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login in your ┆a1┆.profile┆e1┆ (SHELL) or ┆a1┆.cshrc┆e1┆ (C-SHELL) file. ↲
↲
╞ ╞ The keys in the /etc/termcap file are:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qr : RC855 - emulator Version 4.0↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qw : RC855 - emulator Version 1.0↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qq : RC822↲
╞ ╞ ╞ qu : qvt102 Qume↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In addition, a large number of terminals are described in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file /etc/termcap.old. If you wish to use a terminal entry from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this file, you must first copy the description to /etc/termcap.↲
↲
╞ ╞ For further information, see↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ PRINTENV(ucB)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ SH(1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ CSH(ucB)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ environment(5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ termcap(5)↲
↲
╞ ╞ in Volume 1 of the ┆a1┆XENIX Programmer's Manual.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆ 6.┆0b┆↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1 Introduction↲
↲
┆84┆This chapter is intended to help you get the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system running on your computer, and keep the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄healthy. Even if you have never used the XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or for that matter, any other computer operating system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄before, it will give you enough information to give you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄confidence in your role as system manager. Each section ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provides directions for carrying out the procedures for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which you will be responsible, along with an overview of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system concepts. These procedures have been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄designed to make your job as easy as possible. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read the instructions carefully, you should have little ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄difficulty in maintaining your XENIX system. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction defines the role of the system manager and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄describes what you get in your XENIX distribution ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄package.↲
↲
┆84┆Since the system manager's job is a crucial one with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄many aspects, you should learn as much as you can about ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX system. By the time you have finished this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄chapter and feel comfortable with the tasks described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄here, you should be able to use a number of basic XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands successfully. This chapter is designed to get ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you going with your XENIX system without any prior ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience, and without needing to refer to other, more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄detailed documentation. Ideally, however, you should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begin to develop an understanding of the following, in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄order to make you more efficient in your work:↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX file structure - - the way in which the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄programs, as well as the data and programs you and other ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄users add, are organized on the system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆the command language of the XENIX "shell", which you will ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄be using to communicate with XENIX, a powerful tool for ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄increasing your productivity on the system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆at least one of the XENIX text editors, so that you can ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄make additions and changes to important system files.↲
↲
┆84┆Some basic information about these XENIX features is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided in the next section. However, as you gain more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience with XENIX, you will want to read the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Fundamentals manual so that you will be able to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄features of the XENIX system more fully. To do this, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there is no substitute for reading the documentation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully, and trying out the examples given in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tutorials. You may also want to refer to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Reference Manual (i.e. the XENIX Programmer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Manual, Vol. 1) when you have questions about how to use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄particular XENIX commands.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.1 The Role of the System Manager↲
↲
┆84┆You may have heard the term "system manager" or "system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄administrator" used to describe the person who has the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄overall responsibility for the health and welfare of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer system. On a large computer this is often a full ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time job for one or more people. On your system, of course, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you may have only a few users, or you may even be your own ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager. This will make your job considerably less ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time-consuming, but no less critical. Your tasks will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include↲
↲
. ┆84┆the initial installation of the XENIX system↲
↲
. ┆84┆adding and removing user accounts, passwords, and file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄systems↲
↲
. ┆84┆ensuring that system resources are efficiently ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄distributed↲
↲
. ┆84┆"backing up" or making copies of all files on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system to guard against the loss of programs and data, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄in case of user or hardware errors.↲
↲
┆84┆You will need to manage a library of floppy disks and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other storage media containing system backups, user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, and application programs. In addition, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also be called upon to give training and support to new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users and deal with hardware and software suppliers if ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄problems develop.↲
↲
┆84┆Sometimes your job may make you unpopular with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. For example, you may have to interrupt users for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scheduled backups or keep reminding them to remove their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄little-used files from an overcrowded disk. On the other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hand, doing your job well will result in an efficiently ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running system with productive, rather than frustrated, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. You will also be minimizing potentially time-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄consuming and expensive losses of programs, data, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄text.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.2 The XENIX System↲
↲
┆84┆Like any other operating system, the XENIX system is a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collection of programs which are resident in a computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄at all times and are designed to control its resources. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These programs make possible communication between the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄central processor, input/output devices (such as line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printers and terminals), and storage devices (including ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hard and floppy disk drives). These programs also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control the user's access to the files on the system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and determine what share of processing time each program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will get. An operating system ensures processing time ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and disk space will be fairly distributed among users.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. Floppy-Only Systems↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX system is derived from UNIX operating system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄software developed by Bell Laboratories a number of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄years ago and widely used on larger computer systems. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The XENIX system is a multi-user and multi-tasking ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. That is, it allows more than one user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneous access to the computer's resources, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows more than one process or program to run at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄same time. In most respects, your XENIX system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identical to those on much larger and more expensive ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems. However, the extent to which you are able to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄utilize its features will depend somewhat on the size ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and characteristics of your hardware components. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Naturally, several users will be unable to work ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously unless you have several terminals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄attached to your system. However, with XENIX you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄still be able to create separate accounts and file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄storage areas for different users to access at different ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄times. More important from the system's point of view, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, is the total size of the disk resources ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available to you. If your system is equipped with a hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk as well as one or more floppy disk drives, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄experience few limitations.↲
↲
┆84┆In the sections which follow, it is generally assumed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you are working with a system equipped with a hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk and that you have several users, although many of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the same procedures also apply to single-user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄environments. If you are using a XENIX system without a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hard disk, you should turn immediately to the special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructions provided with your floppy-disk based ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.1.4 Outline of This Chapter↲
↲
┆84┆Since this chapter is directed at the user who is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄responsible for maintaining a healthy XENIX system, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections are organized by the type of maintenance task ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system manager will need to perform:↲
↲
┆84┆Section 6.1: Introduction↲
┆84┆The section you are now reading.↲
↲
Section 6.2: A First Look at Your XENIX system↲
┆84┆Although by no means an exhaustive introduction to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system, this section is intended to provide you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with sufficient information in order to get you started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a XENIX system manager.↲
↲
┆84┆Section 6.3: Getting the System Ready for Your Users↲
┆84┆This section explains how to create, change, and remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user accounts on your XENIX system.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
Section 6.4: Controlling Access to Files and Directories↲
┆84┆This section explains how the XENIX system restricts the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use of particular files and directories on your system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with "permissions" settings. It also explains the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following system maintenance tasks:↲
↲
- ┆84┆how to establish and change permission settings↲
↲
- how to create and change group ID's↲
↲
- how to determine file ownership and change it↲
↲
- how to deal with system security↲
↲
Section 6.5: Keeping Your System Healthy↲
┆84┆This section explains some of the system's self-checking ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes, and tells you how to manage the critical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄resource of disk space with some routine maintenance ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
Section 6.6: Backing Up Your System↲
┆84┆This section explains one of the system manager's most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄critical tasks: periodically making copies of everything ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system, to guard against the accidental loss of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important programs and data. It also explains how to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄format and copy floppy disks, and how to make copies of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user files from the hard disk to a floppy disk.↲
↲
Section 6.7: Common System Problems↲
┆84┆This section explains what to do if things do not run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄smoothly. Instructions are provided for solving some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄common system problems.↲
↲
Appendix 6.A: XENIX Files and Directories↲
┆84┆This appendix provides a roadmap to XENIX system files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories.↲
↲
Appendix 6.B: The Multi-user System↲
┆84┆This appendix explains some of the special problems of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄an environment with multiple users or several XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
Appendix 6.C: Glossary↲
┆84┆This appendix contains definitions of some common terms ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄relating to XENIX system operation.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2 A First Look at XENIX↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have installed XENIX on you system, you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ready to begin working. If you have never used a XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system before, this section will introduce you to some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄essential XENIX concepts, and teach you a few basic ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands. This information should be sufficient to get ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you started as a system manager, but if you are planning ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to use XENIX extensively, you should turn to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Fundamentals manual for a full description of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands and utilities. This section contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information about:↲
↲
. ┆84┆the use of your terminal keyboard↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX file and directory naming conventions and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄structure↲
↲
. ┆84┆the XENIX shell and how to use XENIX commands↲
↲
. the most commonly used XENIX commands↲
↲
. the XENIX text editor, ed.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.1 A Word About Your XENIX System↲
↲
┆84┆This section will provide you with an overall ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction to the use of the XENIX system. Even if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have some experience working with microcomputer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating systems, there are some aspects of XENIX you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may find unique. If you are a newcomer to the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System, or the UNIX operating system software from which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX is derived, there are several special features of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system you will want to become familiar with before ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you begin working.↲
↲
┆84┆In many respects, using the XENIX system is like working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with a much larger computer. Although you have the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄illusion that you are the only one working with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, XENIX is, in fact, a multi-user operating ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. That is, if your computer is equipped with extra ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals and at least one hard disk drive, it will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄support several users simultaneously. Normally, unless ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you specify otherwise, you will not see any evidence of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other users' work at your terminal. On the other hand, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you have only one terminal, the XENIX system still ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provides individual user accounts and a facility for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restricting access to different users' files, to allow ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for privacy and security. Procedures for creating user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accounts and setting permissions are described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Section 6.4, "Controlling Access to Files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Directories". Techniques for using these XENIX features ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to your advantage are also presented.↲
↲
┆84┆The way in which the XENIX system orders the information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you keep on the system is introduced in this ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄section. Your data is organized into files, which are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arranged hierarchically in system directories. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gives the user great flexibility in organizing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information logically and efficiently.↲
↲
┆84┆Another way in which the XENIX system is unusual is its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄capacity to allow you to do several things at once -- ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄compile programs, run application programs, edit and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process text files. This feature, referred to as multi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tasking, can be a powerful enhancement to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄productivity. In order to take full advantage of it, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will want to learn as much as possible about the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell, a command language which allows you to run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄several processes simultaneously, write "scripts" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄doing complex sequences of tasks, and run programs while ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄leaving your terminal free for other work. An ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄introduction to XENIX shell features is provided later ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on in this section.↲
↲
┆84┆Besides being an environment in which to run your own ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄application software, the XENIX system also offers a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄wide range of system utilities, and specialized software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄development and text processing software. This section ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will only introduce you to a few of the most commonly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used XENIX commands, just to get you started with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. To learn more about your XENIX system, read the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX Fundamentals manual.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2 Some Preliminaries↲
↲
┆84┆Before you can work successfully with your XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there are a few things you will have to know about how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to communicate with it. In particular, you will have to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know how to use the keys on your terminal keyboard, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄few rules about XENIX file naming conventions, and how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to correctly enter commands on the system so that you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can get XENIX to do what you want.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard↲
↲
┆84┆First, let's take a brief look at your terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄keyboard. In most respects, the keyboard of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal is exactly like that of a typewriter. Most of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the letters, numerals, and punctuation marks are in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄same place, and you will quickly discover that the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"spacebar", "backspace", "repeat", and "shift" keys ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄behave in much the same way as they would on any ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typewriter. However, there are a few differences you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be aware of before you begin working. You may not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use keys that "look alike" interchangeably - the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄uppercase letter "O" and zero, for example, or the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase "l" and the number one (1). All computers will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recognize these as separate characters, so be sure you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄always type the correct one.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆You should note that some of the keys on your keyboard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have a special meaning when you are using XENIX. These ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include control-characters used to produce XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters that don't appear on your keyboard, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄various "escape" keys or sequences used to exit from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, terminate activities, log out, or stop the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄movement of text on your screen.↲
↲
┆84┆Angle brackets (< >) are used in this chapter to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄represent keys. Note that whenever you are asked to type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the <CONTROL> key along with some other key that you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should always press the <CONTROL> key first, and hold it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄down while you type the second key, just as you would ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hold down the shift key on a typewriter while typing the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄letter you want to capitalize. Here is a list of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄most commonly used characters and sequences:↲
↲
backslash ( ) ┆84┆The XENIX backslash ( ) character can be ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄obtained by typing <CONTROL-/> (or ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄Danish Ø).↲
↲
pipe ( ) ┆84┆You will frequently have use for the ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄XENIX pipe ( ) character, and you will ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄certainly see it often in XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄documentation, although it does not ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄appear on your keyboard. It can be ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄entered by typing <CONTROL-1> (or Danish ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄ø).↲
↲
<CONTROL-S> ┆84┆Typing the "control" and "s" keys ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄simultaneously will stop text from ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄"scrolling", that is, moving up and off ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄the screen. To start scrolling again, ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄type <CONTROL-Q>.↲
↲
<CONTROL-D> ┆84┆You will have several important uses for ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄the <CONTROL-D> sequence:↲
↲
- to log out↲
↲
- ┆84┆to bring the system up from ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄maintenance mode↲
↲
- ┆84┆to exit from certain XENIX programs ↲
↲
<BREAK> ┆84┆In addition to special uses it may have ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄in specific XENIX programs, the <BREAK> ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄key (RUBOUT or Danish SLET TEGN) will ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄interrupt any command you have entered ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄and return you to the system prompt ($).↲
↲
<ENTER> ┆84┆In some documentation you may also see ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄this key named <RETURN>, for "carriage ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄return". You must type the <ENTER> or ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄<RETURN> key after a command for XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆99┆┄┄to receive the instructions.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.2 XENIX File and Directory Naming Conventions↲
↲
┆84┆As we will see later, all information on your system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄organized into files and directories. First, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important to learn a few rules about what you can name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄these files and directories. All XENIX files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories may have names up to fourteen characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long, including any combination of uppercase and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase letters and numbers. You may not use the slash ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(/) character, and you should also avoid using all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄punctuation marks except the period (.) and special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters, because they often have unexpected meanings ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for XENIX.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Wild Card Characters↲
↲
┆84┆Be especially cautious in your use of the two "wild ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄card" characters, question mark (?) and star (*). Wild ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄card characters are used to replace filenames or parts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of filenames. The question mark replaces a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄character; the star can replace several characters, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even an entire name.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, to save typing you might refer to your file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆chap2.s┆e1┆ as any of the following:↲
↲
chap?.s *2.s *2*↲
↲
┆84┆If you wish to invoke a command involving several files, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can use the "wild card" capability to process all of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them at once. So, if you wish to refer to all of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄chapters (e.g., chap1.s, chap2.s, etc.), you can just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type↲
↲
*.s↲
↲
┆84┆to tell XENIX that you mean "all the files ending in .s" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or even use "*" alone to mean "every file". Of course, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you are giving XENIX some command like "remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files", you should be extremely careful about using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄these wild card characters. The star can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄anywhere in a filename, and can occur several times.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Matching a Pattern Range↲
↲
┆84┆If you have used a consistent convention for naming ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files - let's say with consecutive letters or numbers, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX offers you the ability to name a group of files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specifying a range. For example, suppose you want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄print only chapters 1 through 4, and 9. Then you can say ↲
↲
pr chap 12349 *↲
↲
┆84┆The brackets ( and ) mean "match any of the characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inside the brackets". A range of consecutive letters or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄digits can be abbreviated, so you can also do this with↲
↲
pr chap 1-49 *↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
┆84┆(This does not match forty-nine filenames, but only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄five.) Letters can also be used within brackets: " a-z " ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄matches any character in the range "a" through "z".↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Absolute and Relative Pathnames↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX files are grouped in directories and arranged ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hierarchically. That is, a directory, which contains a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collection of files, may be a member of yet another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, and so forth. This results in the formation ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of a tree with branches:↲
↲
/ (root directory)↲
┆a1┆ ! ↲
! ! ! !↲
etc bin dev usr↲
! !↲
file1 fred↲
!↲
file1↲
file2↲
↲
┆84┆The "root" of this tree is the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ directory, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄convention called "slash"(/). XENIX identifies files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄their "pathnames", the path you take along the branches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of this tree to arrive at the named file. The steps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄along the way are separated by slashes (/). In the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄diagram, for example, there are two files called ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄One of these is, in fact, /┆a1┆etc/file1┆e1┆. The other file is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/fred/file1┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX file structure is discussed at greater length ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the next subsection. For now, however, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient that you understand the "pathname" concept ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when you work with directories and files. Every single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX file and directory has both a filename and an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄absolute "pathname", the route you would have to take to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reach the file from the root directory. The absolute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pathname is unique for each file in the system; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄filenames are unique only within directories and need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be unique system-wide. This is similar to someone ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose "absolute" name is John Robert Smith, but whom ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everyone calls John. The name John need not be unique, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄although it will greatly simplify life if John Robert ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Smith is a unique name.↲
↲
┆84┆A pathname is a sequence of directory names followed by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a simple filename, each separated from the previous one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by a slash. If a pathname begins with a slash it is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄absolute pathname, that is, the search for the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins at the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ of the entire tree. Otherwise, it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins at the user's current, or "working" directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and is called a "relative" pathname, because it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specifies a path relative to the current directory.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆In most cases, a filename and its corresponding pathname ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be used interchangeably.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Sample Names↲
↲
┆84┆Here are some samples of legitimate XENIX file and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory names:↲
↲
/ ┆84┆The absolute pathname of the root ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄directory of the entire file system.↲
↲
/bin ┆84┆The directory containing most of the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄frequently used XENIX commands.↲
↲
/usr ┆84┆The directory containing each user's ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄personal directory. The ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄subdirectory, /┆a1┆usr/bin┆e1┆ contains ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄frequently used XENIX commands not ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄in /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆.↲
↲
/dev ┆84┆The directory containing files ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄corresponding to each available ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄physical device (e.g., terminals, ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄lineprinters, and disks).↲
↲
/lib ┆84┆The directory containing special ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄data files used by some standard ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄commands.↲
↲
/tmp ┆84┆This directory contains temporary ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄scratch files.↲
↲
/usr/joe/project/A ┆84┆This is a typical full pathname. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄This one happens to be a file named ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄┆a1┆A┆e1┆ in the directory named ┆a1┆project┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄belonging to the user named ┆a1┆joe┆e1┆.↲
↲
bin/x ┆84┆A relative pathname; it names the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄file ┆a1┆x┆e1┆ in subdirectory ┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ of the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current working directory. If the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current directory is /, it names ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆bin/x┆e1┆. If the current directory is ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/joe┆e1┆, it names /┆a1┆usr/joe/bin/x┆e1┆.↲
↲
file1 ┆84┆Name of an ordinary file in the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄current directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Two Special Shorthand Names↲
↲
┆84┆Each user resides "in" a directory called the current ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. All files and directories have a "parent" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, which is the one immediately above and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"containing" the given file or directory. The XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system provides special shorthand notations for this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory and for the current directory:↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
. ┆84┆The shorthand name of the current directory. Thus ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄./┆a1┆filexxx┆e1┆ names the same file as ┆a1┆filexxx┆e1┆, if such a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄file exists in the current directory.↲
↲
.. ┆84┆The shorthand name of the current directory's parent ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄directory. For example, if you use the XENIX command, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄cd, which changes your directory to the one you name:↲
↲
cd ..↲
↲
┆84┆you would be changing to the directory called "..", ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the parent of the directory you were in before.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.2.3 How to Use XENIX Commands↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX command may be typed whenever the prompt ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄appears, indicating that you are in the "shell", the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command level of the system. This prompt will either be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a dollar sign ($) or a number sign ( ). XENIX commands ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄generally consist of single lowercase words, which may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be followed by one or more "switches" and "arguments". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Most often the argument will be a filename. Every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command must be followed by typing <ENTER>, even though ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this is not noted specifically in most text examples.↲
↲
┆84┆To take a simple example, you can use the command cat to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄look at the contents of a file. If you type↲
↲
$ cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆the contents of ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ will appear on your screen.↲
↲
┆84┆To use another example, the command lc lists the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of whatever directory you name. Therfore,↲
↲
$ lc /usr/fred↲
↲
┆84┆will give you a list of files and directories in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory /┆a1┆usr/fred┆e1┆. One thing to note: When you type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX commands, be sure to include or omit spaces ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exactly as indicated; it is best to think of the "space" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a character like any other.↲
↲
┆84┆Whether you are typing at the terminal, or executing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands from a file, XENIX always reads commands from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command lines. The command line is a line of characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that is scanned and read by the shell command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄interpreter to determine what to do next. You must type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<ENTER> at the end of every command - the command will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be submitted until you do. If you make a mistake ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄while typing a line, you can use either the <BKSP> or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U> keys. The XENIX shell then reads the command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line and executes the appropriate command. If you type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<INTERRUPT> before you have typed <ENTER>, the command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is aborted.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆When you type a command, you are actually invoking a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program. In XENIX, a program is a file, which has an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executable status. The XENIX shell looks for a program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the command name and executes it. Some commands may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also contain "switches" - these specify options or other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arguments as needed by the program. Multiple commands ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can be entered on a single command line so long as they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are separated by a semicolon (;). For example, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following prints out the current date and the name of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the current working directory:↲
↲
date ; pwd↲
↲
┆84┆Two XENIX commands date, and pwd, are joined on a single ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line with the semicolon.↲
↲
┆84┆Commands can be submitted for processing in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄background by putting an ampersand (&) at the end of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command. This leaves your terminal free. You can execute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other commands from your terminal while the first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command executes in the background. This is a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄feature of the XENIX shell to facilitate multi-tasking - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the capacity to do more than one task at once.↲
↲
Commands have the following general syntax:↲
↲
cmd ┆a1┆switches┆e1┆ ┆a1┆argument┆e1┆┆a1┆s┆e1┆ ┆a1┆filenames┆e1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆In practically all cases, command names are all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase. Switches are added options available when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executing the command. They always precede other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄arguments and filenames. Switches consist of a dash ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prefix (-) and an identifying letter or number. Some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄switches are also prefixed by a plus sign (+). Switches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can often be grouped as a single switch as in:↲
↲
ls -arl↲
↲
┆84┆which invokes the -a, -r, and -1 switches simultanously. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Sometimes, however, switches must be invoked separately.↲
↲
┆84┆There are various types of arguments. An argument may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a string of text, as in:↲
↲
grep 'string of text' outfile↲
↲
┆84┆In the above example, "string of text" is an argument; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is the string of text that the grep command searches ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for in the file ┆a1┆outfile┆e1┆. ┆a1┆Outfile┆e1┆ is a filename argument ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that specifies the name of a file required by the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3 Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX stores information on the computer in "files", in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄much the same way as you might store an important memo ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or record in a file folder. Computer files may contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄various types of information, such as the text of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄document, a program, or lines of data, but they are all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄treated in the same way. Furthermore, XENIX gives you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the option of collecting groups of files in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"directories", much as you might organize file folders ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into categories and put them in labeled file drawers so ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that they can be found easily. The organization of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories is quite flexible. You will soon ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find that your decisions about what to name files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄where you decide to put them can make your work on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system more efficient, just as you would expect to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄able to do your work faster in an office where you could ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find all your important records quickly.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3.1 The Hierarchy of Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆It is important to emphasize here that XENIX files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories can be organized hierarchically. That is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each XENIX directory can contain other directories, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄well as files, and those directories can also contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories. Therefore, you can create a pyramid of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories within directories.↲
↲
┆84┆To take a simple example, in Subsection 6.3.2 ┆a1┆┆e1┆John Doe┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is added to the system with the mkuser program. One of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the things that the mkuser program does is to give John ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a work space of his own, a "home" directory, called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/johnd┆e1┆. Now you can see that the directory ┆a1┆johnd┆e1┆ is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in fact, a subdirectory of another directory called ┆a1┆usr┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which contains the home directories of all the users on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system. Undoubtedly, as soon as John logs in to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system for the first time he will begin to create new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories to store his work in.↲
↲
┆84┆Let's say he creates a directory called ┆a1┆payroll┆e1┆ in which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to put various payroll programs and data files, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another called ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ in which to store important pieces ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of electronic mail he receives from other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Perhaps he will also create a simple file for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄himself right in his home directory called ┆a1┆list┆e1┆, which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains a list of things to do. The results would look ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄like this (directories are indicated in brackets):↲
↲
/ ↲
!↲
usr ↲
!↲
johnd ↲
┆a1┆ ! ↲
! ! !↲
memos payroll list↲
file1 file1 ↲
file2 file2↲
program↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.3.2 File Manipulation Commands↲
↲
┆84┆At this point, you will need to learn a few XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands for creating, moving, copying and deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories. To create the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for example, John Doe had to type↲
↲
$ mkdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆Now, in order to make the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory his "current" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or working directory, he would need to type:↲
↲
$ cd /usr/johnd/memos↲
↲
┆84┆The command cd stands for "change directory". He is now ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the directory ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ or, to give its full pathname, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄location, /┆a1┆usr/johnd/memos┆e1┆. To create a new file, type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the character ">", followed by the filename: Let's say ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄John wants to create a new file in his ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆:↲
↲
>newproject↲
↲
┆84┆There is now a file in the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆. The lc command lists the contents of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory:↲
↲
file1 newproject↲
file2↲
↲
┆84┆Files can be moved and copied from one directory to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another. Suppose John wishes to move the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ to a new directory created for his new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄project, ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆. First, he can create ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the mkdir command, and then he can move the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file from the ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory with the mv command, as in:↲
↲
mv newproject /usr/johnd/acct.proj↲
↲
If he uses↲
↲
cd /usr/johnd/acct.proj↲
↲
┆84┆to move himself into the ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory, and uses ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lc command, the ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file will appear in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄list of files in the ┆a1┆acct.proj┆e1┆ directory. When XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄moves a file, it removes it from the old directory and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄puts the file in the new one. If John wished to keep a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copy of ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ in the old ┆a1┆memos┆e1┆ directory, thus ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄making ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ a file in both directories, he could ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the cp command to create another identical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ file in the other directory. Note that XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows you to have two files of the same name, as long ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as they are in different directories.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆If you no longer need a file, just use the rm command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove it. The command↲
↲
$rm newproject↲
↲
┆84┆removes the file ┆a1┆newproject┆e1┆ from the directory. Once ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄again, this can be verified with the lc command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Similarly, you can remove an entire directory by using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the command rmdir as in↲
↲
$rmdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆However, XENIX will not allow you to remove a directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without first removing all of the files in it. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type either↲
↲
$rm file1 file2 newproject↲
↲
┆84┆or, using a special XENIX character, the star (*), which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄stands for everything, enter↲
↲
$rm *↲
↲
┆84┆Be cautious about using the star; it really will remove ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everything. Also, you cannot be in the directory you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing, so move back to the directory above it. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even lets you type two commands together, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄separate them with a semicolon (;).↲
↲
$cd /usr/johnd;rmdir memos↲
↲
┆84┆As you work more with the XENIX system, you will want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know a great deal more about these and other commands to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manipulate files and directories. Read whatever XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄documentation you have available for a more detailed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discussion of the XENIX file structure, and practice ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using these commands until you are comfortable with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4 The XENIX Shell↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX shell is your interface with the system. Every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time you log in to XENIX you are, in fact, invoking a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"shell" - this shell speaks a command language which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allows you to specify input and output, run several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes simultaneously by placing them in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄background, or link two processes together, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connecting the output of one process to the input of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX shell has many of the features of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programming language, and allows you to prepare complex ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scripts to run long sequences of processes. Techniques ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for using the shell as a powerful aid to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄productivity on the system are introduced in detail in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX Fundamentals manual.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.1 Controlling Input and Output↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX handles input and output from commands in a unique ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄way: it assumes that input and output are associated ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the terminal from which the command originates. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄That is, input comes from the keyboard and output goes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the terminal screen. To illustrate typical command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input and output, type:↲
↲
cat↲
↲
┆84┆This command now expects input from your keyboard. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will accept as many lines of text as you can type as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input, until you type a <CONTROL-D> as an end-of-file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄indicator. For example, type:↲
↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆When you type the <CONTROL-D>, input ends and output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄begins. The cat command then immediately outputs the two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines that you typed. Since output is sent to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal screen by default, that is where the two lines ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are sent. Thus, the complete session will look like this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your terminal screen:↲
↲
$cat↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
this is two lines↲
of input↲
$↲
↲
┆84┆However, you can specify that input and/or output be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"redirected". Input may come from a file instead of from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal keyboard, and output may be directed to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file or to a lineprinter, instead of to the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen. Also, you can create "pipes" to allow the output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from one command to become the input to another.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.2 Redirection↲
↲
┆84┆Instead of having your input come directly from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal, or watching the output of some process come to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your screen, you can ask XENIX to take a file you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specify as input, and output the results of the process ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into another file. In XENIX, a file can replace the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal for either input or output. For example, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command↲
↲
ls↲
↲
┆84┆displays a list of files in your current directory on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your terminal screen. But if you say↲
↲
ls >filelist↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆a list of your files is placed in the file ┆a1┆filelist┆e1┆. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file called ┆a1┆filelist┆e1┆ does not exist, XENIX will create ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it. The output redirection symbol (>) means "put the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output from the command into the following file, rather ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than display it on the terminal screen".↲
↲
┆84┆You can also combine several files into one, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cat command:↲
↲
cat f1 f2 f3 >temp↲
↲
┆84┆This command says "take the contents of these three ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and put them all into a file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆".↲
↲
┆84┆The output append symbol (>>) works in much the same way ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as output redirection, except that it means "add to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end of". That is↲
↲
cat file1 file2 file3 >>temp↲
↲
┆84┆means to concatenate ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆a1┆┆e1┆ to the end ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of whatever is already in ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆. Thus, if you already had ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information in the file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆, instead of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄replacing the old contents of ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ with the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆e1┆, these three files will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄placed at the end of the old file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ instead. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄As with normal output redirection, if ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆ doesn't ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exist, it is created for you.↲
↲
╱04002f4e0a0006000000000201413140000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050f19232d37414b555f69737d8791ff04╱
╱0400274e0c0006000000000201483160000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050a0f14191e23282d32373c41464bff04╱
↓
┆84┆The input redirection symbol (<) means to take the input ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for a program from the following file, instead of from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal. This allows you to make up a script of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄editing commands and put them into a file called ┆a1┆script┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then you could execute the commands in the script on a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file using the XENIX editor by typing:↲
↲
ed file <script↲
↲
┆84┆As another example, you could use ed to prepare a letter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in file ┆a1┆letter.txt┆e1┆, then send it to several people with↲
↲
mail adam eve mary joe <letter.txt↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.4.3 Pipes↲
↲
┆84┆Pipes are a unique feature of the XENIX system. A pipe ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is simply a way to connect the output of one command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the input of another command, so that the two run as a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of commands called a pipeline.↲
↲
For example↲
↲
╞ pr memo1 memo2 memo3↲
↲
┆84┆prints the files named ┆a1┆memo1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆memo2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆memo3┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄beginning each on a new page. Suppose you want them run ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄together instead. You could type:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
cat memo1 memo2 memo3>temp↲
pr <temp↲
rm temp↲
↲
┆84┆to put the contents of the three memo files into a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file called ┆a1┆temp┆e1┆, print it, then remove. However, it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄quite a bit simpler to take the output of cat and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connect it to the input of pr, using a pipe:↲
↲
cat memo1 memo2 memo3 pr↲
↲
┆84┆The vertical bar ( ) means to take the output from cat, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which would normally have gone to the terminal, and put ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it into pr to be formatted.↲
↲
┆84┆There are many other examples of pipes. For example,↲
↲
ls pr -3↲
↲
┆84┆prints a list of your files in three columns. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program wc counts the number of lines, words, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in its input, and who prints a list of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the users currently logged in, one per line. Thus,↲
↲
who wc↲
↲
tells how many people are logged in. And of course↲
↲
ls wc↲
↲
counts your files.↲
↲
┆84┆Any program that reads from the terminal keyboard can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read from a pipe instead. Any program that displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output to the terminal screen can send input to a pipe. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄You can have as many elements in a pipeline as you wish.↲
↲
┆84┆Many XENIX programs are written so that they take their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄input from one or more files, if file arguments are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄given. If no arguments are given, they read from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal keyboard, and thus can be used in pipelines. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For example↲
↲
pr 3 albert.txt bernard.txt carl.txt↲
↲
┆84┆prints, in order, the files ┆a1┆albert.text┆e1┆, ┆a1┆bernard.txt┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and ┆a1┆carl.txt┆e1┆. But in↲
↲
cat albert.txt bernard.txt carl.txt pr↲
↲
┆84┆pr prints the concatenation of these files coming down ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the pipeline. The difference is that here, ┆a1┆albert.txt┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆bernard.txt┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆carl.txt┆e1┆ are run together and then ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄treated as one file rather than three.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5 Frequently Used Commands↲
↲
┆84┆In this subsection, some common XENIX commands are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄summarized. You will find these descriptions of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄immediate use to you while you are just getting started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using your XENIX system. However, as you learn more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about the system, you should read the XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual, which is a complete introduction to the use of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX system. The commands listed here represent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄three types of activities:↲
↲
. ┆84┆logging in and out, using your terminal and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄lineprinter, and dealing with processes running on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system↲
↲
. ┆84┆manipulating files, directories, and your position in ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄the file hierarchy↲
↲
. using some basic system utilities↲
↲
┆84┆Where possible, try each of these commands out as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read about them. There is no substitute for practice.↲
↲
┆b0┆Logging In↲
↲
┆84┆To gain access to the system, respond to the "login:" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prompt by typing your account name followed by <ENTER>. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then respond to the ┆a1┆password┆e1┆: prompt with your password. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For example, a login for the user ┆a1┆joe┆e1┆ might look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
login:joe↲
password:abracadabra↲
↲
┆84┆The password will NOT appear on the terminal screen as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you type it.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.1 Commands for Using Your Terminal and Lineprinter↲
↲
┆b0┆Logging Out↲
↲
┆84┆The logout procedure is simple - all you need to do is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆Since within other programs, <CONTROL-D> signifies the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end-of-file to the system, at times it may be necessary ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to type <CONTROL-D> several times before you can log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄yourself out.↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Your Password↲
↲
┆84┆To change your password, use the passwd command. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwd command will prompt you twice for the answer. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user joe, a session might go like this:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
Changing password for joe↲
Old password:abracadabra↲
New password: Bazookah↲
Retype new password: Bazookah↲
↲
┆84┆To maintain security, ┆a1┆┆e1┆your responses are NOT shown on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen┆e1┆. It is best to mix uppercase and lowercase ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄letters and make the password greater than five ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in length.↲
↲
┆b0┆Setting Terminal Options↲
↲
┆84┆There are a number of terminal options that can be set ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the command stty. When entered without parameters, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄stty displays the current terminal settings. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, typical output might look like this:↲
↲
speed 9600 baud↲
erase ' h' ; kill ' u'↲
even -nl↲
↲
┆84┆This says that the rate of data transmission to and from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal is 9600 baud, that the backspace character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(erase) is <CONTROL-H>, that the line kill character is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U>, that even parity is set, and that <ENTER> ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄signifies the beginning of a new line. Each of the above ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characteristics can be set by using the stty command, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with entries in a special file called .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆. (See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Section 6.3, "Getting the System Ready for Your Users".)↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Terminals↲
↲
┆84┆If you have to log in to XENIX on a terminal of a type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different than the terminal you normally use, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄need to change the shell TERM variable. This is normally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set to the proper default terminal when you log in, but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if you switch terminals, you'll need to type something ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄like:↲
↲
TERM=┆a1┆termname┆e1┆; export TERM↲
↲
┆84┆where ┆a1┆termname┆e1┆ is the name of a know terminal. A wide ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄variety of terminals are supported; terminal names are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listed in the system file named /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆. (See ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Appendix 6.B, "Notes on the Multi-user System").↲
↲
┆b0┆Erasing a Command Line↲
↲
┆84┆If you make a mistake while typing a command line, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can erase the current line and retype a new one. Enter a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<CONTROL-U>, as shown below:↲
↲
kat file2<CONTROL-U>↲
cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆In this case, the first line is aborted and a newline is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄generated automatically so that typing may resume. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then can enter the correct command line.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆Halting Screen Output↲
↲
┆84┆If you are examining the contents of a file on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal screen, you can keep the contents from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scrolling off the screen faster than you can read them. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄To temporarily halt a program's output to the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen, type <CONTROL-S>. To resume output, type any key ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄except <INTERRUPT>.↲
↲
┆b0┆Sending a File to the Lineprinter↲
↲
To print files on the lineprinter, type:↲
↲
lpr file1↲
↲
for one file, or↲
↲
lpr file1 file2 file3↲
↲
for several files.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also paginate and print a file of raw text, by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typing:↲
↲
pr textfile lpr↲
↲
┆84┆The pr and lpr commands are very often used together, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected by a pipe.↲
↲
┆84┆As another example, to sort, paginate, and print a file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
sort datafile pr lpr↲
↲
┆b0┆Getting Line Printer Queue Information↲
↲
┆84┆More than one file may be waiting to be printed at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lineprinter. XENIX does not require that the file be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed before the lpr command finishes. Instead, lpr ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄makes sure only that the file is placed in a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory where it will wait its turn to be printed. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you have problems with your lineprinter, or want to see ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄how many files are waiting in the queue, type:↲
↲
ls -1 /usr/spool/lpd↲
↲
┆b0┆Finding out What Processes are Running↲
↲
┆84┆Because you may have several processes running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously, you may want to check what is currently ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running. The ps command stands for "process status" and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lists information about all the processes associated ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with your terminal. For instance, the output from a ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command might look like this:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
10308 38 1:36 ed chap02.man↲
49 38 0:29 -sh↲
11267 38 0:00 sh -c ps↲
↲
┆84┆The "PID" column gives a unique process identification ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number that can be used to kill a particular process. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The "TTY" column gives the terminal that the process is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄associated with. The "TIME" column gives the cumulative ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution time for the process.↲
↲
┆b0┆Killing a Process↲
↲
┆84┆To stop execution of a process, you can type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄<INTERRUPT>. However, to kill all of your processes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄executing in the background, you will need to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄kill command. Type:↲
↲
kill 0↲
↲
┆84┆to kill all of your processes. To kill only a specified ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process executing in the background, first use the ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to find out which processes are running and what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄their process ID numbers are:↲
↲
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
3459 03 0:15 -sh↲
4831 03 1:52 ed chap01.s↲
5185 03 0:00 sh -c ps↲
↲
Next, you might type↲
↲
kill 4831↲
↲
┆84┆where 4831 is the PID of the process that you want ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄killed.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.2 File Manipulation Commands↲
↲
┆b0┆Creating Files↲
↲
To create a new file, simply type:↲
↲
>filename↲
↲
┆84┆Here, ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆ is the name of the newly created file. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The greater-than sign (>) is used to redirect output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the terminal to a file. In general, new files are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created automatically by commands as needed.↲
↲
┆b0┆Displaying File Contents↲
↲
┆84┆To display the contents of a file, use the cat command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Cat displays the contents of a file on the default ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄standard output file which is the terminal screen. For ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, the following command displays the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ on the screen:↲
↲
cat file1↲
↲
┆84┆Cat can also display the contents of more than one file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as in↲
↲
cat file1 file2↲
↲
┆b0┆Combining Files↲
↲
┆84┆The cat command stands for "concatenate". It can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to combine several files into one new file. Thus, to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄combine the two files named ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄create a new file named ┆a1┆bigfile┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
cat file1 file2 >bigfile↲
↲
┆84┆The greater-than sign (>) is used to redirect normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output of the cat command from the terminal screen to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the new file.↲
↲
┆b0┆Moving a File↲
↲
┆84┆You can use the mv command in two different ways. First, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can move a file so that it has a new name. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance, to move a file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆ to a new file named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆book┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv text book↲
↲
┆84┆After this move completes, no file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆ will exist ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the working directory. In effect, you are actually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄renaming the file called ┆a1┆text┆e1┆. You can also move a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into a specified directory. You must give the name of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the destination directory after the name of the file you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are moving. For instance, to move ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆ into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the directory named /┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv file1 file2 /tmp↲
↲
┆84┆The two files you have moved will disappear from your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄working directory, and be added to the directory /┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The above command has exactly the same effect as typing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following two commands:↲
↲
mv file1 /tmp/file1↲
mv file2 /tmp/file2↲
↲
┆84┆Remember that the mv command always checks to see if the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄last argument is the name of a directory, and if so, all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files designated by filename arguments are moved into ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that directory.↲
↲
mv anon johndoe↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Copying a File↲
↲
┆84┆There are two ways in which you can use the cp command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄First, you can copy one file to another file. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also copy one or more files into a directory. To create ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄two copies of a file in your own working directory, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄must rename the new copy. To do this, type:↲
↲
cp file clone-of-file↲
↲
┆84┆You will now have two files with identical contents in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory.↲
↲
┆84┆To copy three files into a directory named ┆a1┆filedir┆e1┆, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
cp file1 file2 file3 filedir↲
↲
┆84┆In the above command, three files are copied into the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory ┆a1┆filedir┆e1┆; the original versions still reside in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory. There is a one-to-one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄correspondence between the names in the two directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆Deleting A File↲
↲
┆84┆To delete or remove files, simply type:↲
↲
rm file1 file2↲
↲
┆84┆In the above command, the files ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆ are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removed from your working directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Printing Your Working Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The pwd command stands for "print working directory". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄For instance, if your current working directory is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/joe┆e1┆, then when you type↲
↲
pwd↲
↲
you will get the output:↲
↲
/usr/joe↲
↲
┆84┆You should always think of yourself as residing "in" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your working directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Listing Directory Contents↲
↲
┆84┆The most basic directory command is ls. The ls command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sorts and lists the names of the files and directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that reside in a given directory. Unless you specify ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄otherwise, the contents of your working directory are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listed. If arguments are given, then for each directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄argument ls lists the contents of the given directory; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for each file argument, ls repeats its name. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance, if you type↲
↲
ls↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆84┆the output from the command might typically look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
dir1↲
dir2↲
dir3↲
file1↲
file2 ↲
file3↲
↲
Using the same directory, the command↲
↲
ls d*↲
↲
┆84┆would list the files within each of the directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆dir1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆dir2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆dir3┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆84┆The lc command, which stands for "list in columns", ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints names in columns, so more information can fit on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen at once than with ls. A sample listing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄follows:↲
↲
atfile help oem size v0↲
bin lib papers src v1↲
calendar maketape po termcap v2↲
cmds memos port termnames v5↲
convert mgr probs test.s↲
doem mkfs rand testdir↲
errs msg rand.c ttc↲
errs.sh nroff sco typeset↲
↲
┆84┆Lc also lets you recursively list a directory and all of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄its subdirectories by typing↲
↲
lc -R↲
↲
where the -R stands for recursive.↲
↲
┆84┆A command very similar to ls and lc is l. L gives an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄expanded "long" listing of a directory, producing an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output that might look someting like this:↲
↲
total 501↲
drwxr-x--- 2 boris 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir1↲
drwxr-x--- 2 enid 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir2↲
drwxr-x--- 2 iris 592 Apr 6 11:12 dir3↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 282 Apr 7 15:11 file1↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 72 Apr 7 13:50 file2↲
-rw-r----- 1 olaf 1403 Apr 1 13:22 file3↲
↲
┆84┆Reading from left to right, the information given for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each file or directory includes:↲
↲
1. Permissions↲
↲
2. Number of links↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
3. Owner↲
↲
4. Size in bytes↲
↲
5. Time of last modification↲
↲
6. Filename↲
↲
┆84┆The information in this listing and how to change ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permissions are discussed below.↲
↲
┆b0┆Changing Your Working Directory↲
↲
┆84┆Your working directory represents your location in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system: it is "where you are" in XENIX. To alter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your location in the XENIX file system, you need only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type:↲
↲
cd↲
↲
┆84┆This changes your working directory to that of your home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. To move to any other directory, simply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specify that directory as an argument to cd. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instance↲
↲
cd /usr↲
↲
┆84┆moves you to the /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ directory. Because you are always ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"in" your working directory, changing working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories is much like "traveling" from directory to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Creating a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To create a subdirectory in your working directory, use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mkdir command. For instance, to create a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆, simply type:↲
↲
mkdir phonenumbers↲
↲
┆84┆Now you will have a new, empty directory in your home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆Removing a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To remove a directory located in your working directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the rmdir command. For instance, to remove the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆ from the current directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simply type:↲
↲
rmdir phonenumbers↲
↲
┆84┆The directory ┆a1┆phonenumbers┆e1┆ must be empty before it can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be removed. This prevents you from accidentally deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Renaming a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆To rename a directory, use the mv command, just as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄would if you were moving a file. Note that directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and their contents cannot be moved with the mv command; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they can only be renamed. For instance, to rename the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory ┆a1┆little.dir┆e1┆ to ┆a1┆big.dir┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
mv little.dir big.dir↲
↲
┆84┆This is a simple renaming operation; no files are moved.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.5.3 Basic System Utilities↲
↲
┆b0┆Finding Out Who is on the System↲
↲
┆84┆The who command lists the names, terminal line numbers, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and login times of all users currently logged on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. For example, type:↲
↲
who↲
↲
┆84┆This command should produce something like the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output on your terminal screen:↲
↲
arnold tty02 Apr 7 10:02↲
daphne tty21 Apr 7 07:47↲
elliot tty23 Apr 7 14:21↲
ellen tty25 Apr 7 08:36↲
gus tty26 Apr 7 09:55↲
adrian tty28 Apr 7 14:21↲
↲
┆b0┆Sorting a File↲
↲
┆84┆The sort command is one of the most useful XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing commands. By default, sort sorts the lines of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file according to the ASCII collating sequence. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, to sort a file named ┆a1┆phonelist┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
sort phonelist↲
↲
┆84┆In the above case, the sorted contents of the file are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displayed on the screen. To create a sorted version of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆phonelist┆e1┆ named ┆a1┆phonesort┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
sort phonelist >phonesort↲
↲
┆84┆Note that sort is useful in sorting the output from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other commands. For example, to sort the output from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution of a who command, type:↲
↲
who sort >whosort↲
↲
┆84┆A wide variety of other sorting options are available ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for sort.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆Searching for a Pattern in a File↲
↲
┆84┆The grep command selects and extracts lines from a file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printing only those lines that match a given pattern.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, to print out all lines in a file containing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the word "tty38", type:↲
↲
grep 'tty38' file↲
↲
┆84┆In general, you should always enclose the pattern you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are searching for in single quotation marks ('), so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special metacharacters are not expanded unexpectedly by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the shell command interpreter.↲
↲
┆84┆┆b0┆Finding Out the Time and Date↲
↲
┆84┆To get the current time and date simply type↲
↲
date↲
↲
┆84┆You will get a simple answer in the following form:↲
↲
Tue Feb 18 19:02:19 PST 1983↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6 Text Editing with Ed↲
↲
┆84┆Text editing - the capacity to manipulate the contents ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of any file, whether it contains written text, data, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program code - is essential for using any computer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. XENIX offers several editors, and related ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pattern recognition and file comparison utilities for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use both in text processing and programming. These tools ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are discussed at length in the XENIX Fundamentals ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual. In your role as system manager you have already ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been introduced to several important XENIX files - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆, .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆, and /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆, to name a few. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will soon find that you need to add or change these, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other files on the system.↲
↲
┆84┆This is a brief summary of some of the many functions of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the XENIX text editor, ed. It does not contain an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exhaustive list of ed commands, nor does it even begin ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to demonstrate the wide range of editing functions ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄possible on your XENIX system. However, it should help ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you to get you started using a text editor with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient dexterity to do your routine system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄management tasks.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.1 Invoking the Editor↲
↲
To invoke ed, type:↲
↲
ed ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆where ┆a1┆filename┆e1┆ is the name of the file you want to edit. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄If no name is given, a question mark (?) is printed. ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄This is not an error. You are simply creating a new file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to edit. The text in the new file is kept in a special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄buffer file while you are working on it. Think of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄buffer as a work space - a kind of scratch pad with a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temporary copy of the file you are editing. You tell ed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄what to do to your text by typing instructions called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"commands". Most commands consist of a single letter, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which must be typed in lowercase. Each command is typed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on a separate line and followed by <ENTER>, just like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄typing a XENIX system command. Ed will respond to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands without giving you any prompts or messages. If ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you make an error typing commands in ed, it will answer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you with:↲
↲
?↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.2 Adding Text to a File↲
↲
┆84┆To add lines of text to the file you are editing, just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type an "a" for append, followed by <ENTER>. Next, enter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lines of text you want, like this:↲
↲
a↲
Now is the time↲
for all good men↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
.↲
↲
┆84┆To stop appending, type a line that contains only a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄period on a line by itself. A period (.) is used to tell ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed that you have finished appending.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.3 Saving Your File↲
↲
┆84┆It's likely that you will want to save your text for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄later use. To save the contents of your file, use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write command, w, followed by the name of the file that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you want to write to. This copies the temporary buffer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents to the file you name, replacing any previous ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of this file. For example, to save the text in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file named ┆a1┆text┆e1┆, type:↲
↲
w text↲
↲
┆84┆Leave a space between w and the filename. Writing a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄just makes a permanent copy of your text, so you can go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on adding lines to the copy you are editing. If you use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the w command without naming a file, ed writes back out ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the file that you named when you invoked ed. Because ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ed always works on a copy of a file, not the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄itself, no change in the contents of a file takes place ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄until you give a w command.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.4 Exiting the Editor↲
↲
┆84┆To terminate a session with ed, save the text you're ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄working on by writing it to a file using the w command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then type:↲
↲
q↲
↲
┆84┆The system responds with the XENIX prompt character. At ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this point your buffer vanishes, along with the text you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have been working on, which is why you want to write it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄out before quitting - unless you have made a mistake, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and do not want to keep your new file. Actually, ed will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄print "?", if you try to quit without writing. At that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄point, write out the text if you want; if not, type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another q.↲
↲
┆84┆It's good practice to name your file when you first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄start using ed:↲
↲
ed file↲
↲
┆84┆then just type w or q. This way, you can type w from time ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to time and be secure in the knowledge that if you got ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the filename right in the beginning, you are writing out ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the proper file each time.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.5 Printing the Contents of Your File↲
↲
┆84┆To see the contents of the buffer (or parts of it) on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal screen, use the "print" command, p. To do ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this, specify the lines where you want printing to begin ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and where you want it to end, separated by a comma, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄followed by the letter "p". Thus, to print the first two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines, (that is, lines 1 through 2) type:↲
↲
1,2p↲
↲
┆84┆Suppose you want to print all the lines in the buffer. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then you can use the dollar sign ($), which stands for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the line number of the last line in the buffer". Use it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this way:↲
↲
1,$p↲
↲
┆84┆This will print all the lines in the file (from line 1 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the last line).↲
↲
To print the last line, type:↲
↲
$p↲
↲
┆84┆You can print any single line by typing the line number, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄followed by a p. Thus↲
↲
lp↲
↲
prints the first line of text.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆84┆In fact, you can print any single line by typing just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the line number; there's no need to type the letter p. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄So if you type↲
↲
$↲
↲
ed prints the last line of the buffer.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also save effort in specifying lines by using ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄plus and minus as line numbers by themselves. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example↲
↲
-↲
↲
┆84┆by itself is a command to move back up one line in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file.↲
↲
┆84┆Ed maintains a record of the last line that you did ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄anything to (in this case, line 3, which you just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed) so that it can be used instead of an explicit ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line number. The line most recently acted on is referred ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to with a period (.) and is called "dot". Dot is a line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number in the same way that dollar ($) is; it means ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the current line", or loosely, "the line you most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recently did something to". You can find out the value ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of dot at any time by typing:↲
↲
.=↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.6 Deleting Text↲
↲
┆84┆To delete text from the file you are editing, use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"delete" command, d. The lines to be deleted are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄specified for d exactly as they are for p:↲
↲
┆a1┆starting-line,ending-line┆e1┆d↲
↲
thus, the command↲
↲
4,$d ↲
↲
┆84┆deletes lines 4 through the end. There are now three ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines left in our example, as you can check by typing:↲
↲
1,$p↲
↲
┆84┆Notice that $ now is line 3! Dot is set to the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line after the last line deleted, unless the last line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deleted is the last line of your file. In that case, dot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is set to $.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.7 Substituting Text↲
↲
┆84┆The "substitute" command, s, is used to replace one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string of characters with another. You can use this ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to change individual words or letters within a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄line or group of lines. For example, suppose that, due ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to a typing error, line 1 says:↲
↲
Now is th time↲
↲
┆84┆The letter "e" has been left off of the word "the". You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can use s to fix this up:↲
↲
1s/th/the/↲
↲
┆84┆This substitutes the characters "the" in line 1 for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters "th". To verify that the substitution has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄worked, type↲
↲
p↲
↲
to get↲
↲
Now is the time↲
↲
┆84┆which is what you wanted. Notice that dot must have been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set to the line where the substitution took place, since ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the p command printed that line. Dot is always set this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄way with the s command.↲
↲
The syntax for the substitute command is:↲
↲
┆a1┆starting-line,ending-line┆e1┆s┆a1┆/pattern/replacement/┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆The string of characters between the first pair of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄slashes is replaced by whatever is between the second ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pair, in all the lines between ┆a1┆starting-line┆e1┆ and ┆a1┆ending-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆line┆e1┆. Only the first occurrence on each line is changed, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however. The rules for line numbers are the same as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄those for p, except that dot is set to the last line ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄changed. However, if no substitution takes place, dot is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not changed. This causes printing of a question mark (?) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as a warning.↲
↲
Thus, you can type↲
↲
1,$ s/speling/spelling/↲
↲
┆84┆and correct the first spelling mistake on each line in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the text.↲
↲
┆84┆If no line numbers are given, the s command assumes we ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mean "make the substitution on line dot", so it changes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄things only on the current line. This leads to the very ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄common sequence↲
↲
s/something/something else/p↲
↲
┆84┆which makes some correction on the current line, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then prints it, to make sure it worked out right. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(Notice that there is a p on the same line as the s ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command. With few exceptions, p can follow any command; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄no other multi-command lines are legal.) To change all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occurrences on the current line, you should type:↲
↲
s/something/something else/g↲
↲
┆84┆where g stands for a global substitution of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occurrences on the line.↲
↲
It's also legal to type↲
↲
s/string//↲
↲
┆84┆which means "change the first string of characters to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nothing", or in other words, remove them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.2.6.8 Searching↲
↲
┆84┆Suppose you have the following three lines of text:↲
↲
Now is the time↲
for all good men↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
↲
┆84┆Now, suppose you want to find the line that contains the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄word "their", so that you can change it to the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"the". With a file only three lines long, it's pretty ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easy to keep track of which line the word "their" is on. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄But if the file contained several hundred lines, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you'd been making changes, deleting and rearranging ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines, and so on, you would no longer really know what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this line number would be. Instead, you would use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄context searching. Context searching is simply a method ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of specifying the desired line, regardless of what its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number is, by specifying some textual pattern contained ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the line.↲
↲
┆84┆The way to say "search for a line that contains this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄particular string of characters" is to type:↲
↲
/string of characters we want to find/↲
↲
For example, the ed command↲
↲
/their/↲
↲
┆84┆is a context search which is sufficient to find the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired line. It will locate the next occurrence of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters between slashes ("their"). It also sets dot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to that line and prints the line for verification:↲
↲
to come to the aid of their party.↲
↲
┆84┆"Next occurrence" means that ed starts looking for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string at line .+1, searches to the end of the buffer, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then continues at line 1 and searches to line dot. (That ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is, the search "wraps around" from $ to 1). It scans ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all the lines in the buffer until it either finds the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired line or gets back to dot again. If the given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄string of characters can't be found in any line, ed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints an error message:↲
↲
?↲
↲
Otherwise, ed prints the line it found.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3 Getting the System Ready for Your Users↲
↲
┆84┆Now that you have some experience turning on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, and using your keyboard to enter commands, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should begin to feel comfortable in your role as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager.↲
↲
┆84┆One of XENIX's special features is its capacity to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄support multiple users. Even if your system has only one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal, several people may be using the system at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different times. With XENIX, each user accesses, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"logs in", to the system under a separate name and is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assigned a workspace, or "user directory" of his own. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Each user is assigned a password to prevent unauthorized ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users from accessing information on the system. Your job ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as system manager is to create and maintain user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accounts.↲
↲
┆84┆In this section you will be introduced to one special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user on the system: the "super-user", and learn the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following simple procedures:↲
↲
. how to add users to the system with the mkuser program↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to remove users from the system with the rmuser ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄program↲
↲
. how to change a user's password↲
↲
┆84┆You will also be introduced to two important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files: /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ and .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.1 The Super-User↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX restricts access to many of its own system files, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and provides a protection mechanism to allow users to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restrict use of their own files. There is one user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄however, who has unlimited access to the system: the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄aptly named "super-user", whose login name is "root". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Because the "super-user" has unrestricted access to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄every file on the system, many regular system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance duties require you to log in as "root". Only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the "root" can add or remove user accounts, for example. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄However, because the super-user's access is unlimited, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simple mistakes can cause massive damage to system and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user files, or even bring down the system itself. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Therefore, the number of individuals who are given the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user password should be extremely limited, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄those users who are authorized to act as super-user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄including the system manager, should log in as super-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user only when absolutely necessary to perform a system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance task.↲
↲
┆84┆One continuing responsibility you will have as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager is creating and maintaining "accounts" for each ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of your users. Please remember that even if you are the ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only user on your system, you should create a working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account for yourself and consistently log in as an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ordinary user, unless you must be super-user in order to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perform a maintenance task. Accidental misuse of your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄super-user powers can result in disaster.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.2 Adding a User: The mkuser Program↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program makes the process of adding a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user as easy as possible for you. To prevent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unauthorized users from creating "logins" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄themselves, you must be logged in as "root" to use the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program. When you are logged in as root, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see a number sign ( ) prompt on the screen rather than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the dollar sign ($) which prompts ordinary user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄activities. Simply type↲
↲
mkuser↲
↲
┆84┆and hit the <ENTER> or <RETURN> key. The system will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respond with the following lines:↲
↲
┆06┆Mkuser ↓
↲
┆06┆Add a user to the system↲
↲
┆06┆Do you require detailed instructions? (y/n/q):┆a1┆ ┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆You must respond with one of these three letters. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer with the letter "q", which stands for "quit", the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program will terminate, and return you to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Note that typing the letter "q", the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"quit", or hitting the <BREAK> key will terminate the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkuser program at any time, unless you are specifically ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructed NOT to use it. When you are more familiar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with mkuser you will probably answer "n" for no, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄do not need to read the explanation again. If you answer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"y" for yes, you will be provided with more information.↲
↲
┆84┆You will need to know the meaning of three terms in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄order to continue:↲
↲
login name ┆84┆is the name by which the user will be ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄known to the system. It is generally ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄convenient to shorten this for easy ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄entry to, perhaps, a first name and ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄last initial (johnd), a first initial ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄and last name (jdoe), or three ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄initials (jad).↲
↲
comment ┆84┆gives you space to record any ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄information about your new user, such ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄as his department and phone extension ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄(Accounting 333). You are limited to ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄twenty characters, including spaces.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
initial password ┆84┆is the password you, as system ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄manager, assign to your new users. The ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄user may change this password after he ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄has logged in with the initial ↓
┆19┆┆9b┆┄┄password. (optional)↲
↲
┆84┆After you have read the instructions, you may continue ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to use mkuser by hitting the <ENTER> key.↲
↲
┆84┆The program will now ask you to enter the new user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login name. Note the rules for a valid entry; you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not be allowed to create an invalid entry. For example,↲
↲
login name: johnd↲
↲
┆84┆After you hit <ENTER>, you will be asked for a comment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄entry. This entry is limited to a total of 20 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters, including spaces.↲
↲
┆06┆Please enter Comment>--------------------↲
>Accounting 333↲
↲
┆84┆If you do not wish to enter a comment, just type <ENTER> ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instead. Now mkuser will show you the entire entry it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄has created for the new user in a special system file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆. This entry includes the following:↲
↲
user ID ┆84┆The mkuser program will arbitrarily ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄create user ID (you will often see this ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄abbreviated in XENIX documentation as ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄"uid") numbers for each new user account, ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄starting at 200. Numbers below 200 are ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄reserved for system IDs like root and ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄cron.↲
↲
group ID ┆84┆The group ID is an optional facility for ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄allowing joint access to the same files. ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄mkuser will initially set the group id of ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄all new users to 50. In effect, all users ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄belong to the same "group", and they ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄share access to all files. If greater ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄privacy is desired, or if you wish to ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄create true group IDs, the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄file may be edited, using your text ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄editor.↲
↲
home directory ┆84┆The mkuser program automatically creates ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄a work space for the new user, a ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄"directory" of the same name as the login ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄name, located in the /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ parent ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄directory. In this example, the directory ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄would be:↲
↲
/usr/johnd↲
↲
comment field ┆84┆This will contain whatever information ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄you have entered (in this case, John ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄Doe's department and phone extension).↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
shell ┆84┆The shell is a XENIX program which ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄prompts for and interprets user commands, ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄normally /┆a1┆bin/sh┆e1┆ unless otherwise ↓
┆19┆┆98┆┄┄specified.↲
↲
The /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ entry for you:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
User name is johnd↲
Comment field is: Accounting 333↲
Password file entry is:↲
┆e1┆┆e1┆↲
johnd:j9djf:204:204:Accounting 333:/usr/johnd:/bin/sh:↲
↲
Do you want to change anything? (y/n/q):↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆Every user of the system must have an entry in this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. Note that every field is separated by a colon (:).↲
↲
┆84┆The empty field, ::, after the login name is the password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄field. If you enter a password it will contain a strange ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of characters, which is the "encrypted", or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄coded, version of the password you created.↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program will give you an opportunity to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change the user name, or comment at this point, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer "n" for no.↲
↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆06┆You can change any of the following items:↲
↲
┆06┆username↲
↲
┆06┆comment↲
┆84┆┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆If you hit <BREAK>, the mkuser program will terminate ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without adding the new user. If you do not hit <BREAK>, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it will report:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆06┆Password file updated↲
Home directory /usr/johnd created↲
/usr/johnd/.profile created↲
Test mail sent to user: johnd↲
User johnd added to this system.↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆84┆Now John Doe can use the system but you can also give ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄him a password if you answer (y) yes to the next ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question appearing on the screen:↲
↲
┆84┆Do you want to give John Doe a password (y/n)?↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆84┆If you answered yes, the program will ask you for a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password entry. You are encouraged to mix uppercase and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lowercase letters, digits, and special characters to make ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the password hard to guess. After the user logs in for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the first time with the password you give him, he can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change it with the passwd command. (See Section 6.2 for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a description of the passwd command). Please type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully because the password will NOT appear on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen as you type; you will not be able to see if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have made a mistake. You will be asked twice for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password; if the two entries are not identical, XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will not accept them.↲
↲
┆84┆Now John Doe can use the system as soon as you tell him ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄his login name and password (if any).↲
↲
┆84┆When he logs in for the first time with his new login ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name and password, he will receive the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆You have mail↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If John is at all curious, he will type the command↲
↲
mail↲
↲
and the system will respond↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆From root date ↲
Welcome to XENIX!↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If he chooses, he may change his password at this point ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by entering the command↲
↲
passwd↲
↲
XENIX will respond:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Changing password for johnd.↲
Old password:↲
New password:↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆John enters his old password, followed by his choice of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a new password. the passwd command automatically updates ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the entry in the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file.↲
↲
┆84┆After you have been acting in the role of system manager ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for a while, you may have reason to change entries in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file directly, such as creating new ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄group IDs. If you are logged in as super-user, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be able to edit /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ like any other file, with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following precautions:↲
↲
. ┆84┆Always use the passwd command to change passwords.↲
↲
. ┆84┆Make changes to /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ when the system is ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄relatively idle.↲
↲
. Never touch system IDs, like "cron" or "root".↲
↲
. ┆84┆Save a copy of the old /etc/passwd file under another ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄name, for example:↲
↲
cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd-↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.3 The .profile File↲
↲
┆84┆When any user, including root, or the super-user, first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logs in, a file in that user's "home" directory called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ is executed automatically. This file performs ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄several functions:↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system what kind of terminal the user is ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄working on.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It establishes the name of the user's home directory.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system where to look for programs the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄user runs.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It tells the system where the user's electronic mail ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄box is located.↲
↲
. ┆84┆It determines the meaning of certain characters on the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄terminal, such as "kill" and "backspace".↲
↲
┆84┆The mkuser program automatically creates the .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file in each user's directory, with entries which should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be suitable. However, if changes are necessary, it can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be edited like any XENIX file, using your text editor. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Ordinary users may edit their own .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.3.4 Removing a User: The rmuser Program↲
↲
┆84┆Of course, it is sometimes necessary to remove a user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the system. If John Doe gets a job with another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄company, naturally the system manager will want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prevent him from continuing to access the payroll files. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄In removing a user from the system, the rmuser program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄does the following:↲
↲
. deletes the user's entry in the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file↲
↲
. removes the user's home directory↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆84┆However, rmuser will do nothing unless all of John's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories are either removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, or moved to the directories of other users. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is not a good idea to remove a user's files from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system until they have been "saved" or copied to floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks by one of the methods described in Section 6.6, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"Backing Up Your System". After you have made a backup ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copy of the files, simply type:↲
↲
cd /usr/johnd↲
rm -fr *↲
↲
┆84┆and all of John's files will be deleted.↲
↲
┆84┆After this, you can use the rmuser program to remove his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login from the system. Just type the command rmuser, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄making sure that you are logged in as root. You should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆****rmuser-remove a user from the system****↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆followed by a description of what rmuser does. At the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄end of the description you will see:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Press ENTER when you are ready.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆You will be prompted for the name of the user you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄going to remove from the system.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Enter name of id to be removed↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆rmuser will then delete that user's entry in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password file, remove his mail box, .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄home directory.↲
↲
┆84┆Once again, before you remove a user ID from the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you should make sure the user's mail box is empty, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that all files belonging to that user ID have been saved ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or deleted as required. The rmuser program will refuse ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to remove a user ID or any of its files if one or more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the following checks fails:↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user name given is one of the "system" user names, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄such as root, sys, sysinfo, cron, or uucp.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
. ┆84┆The user ID is below 200. (Only system IDs have ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄numbers below 200).↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user's mail box exists and is not empty.↲
↲
. ┆84┆The user's home directory contains files other than ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆.↲
↲
You should now see the message:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Removing user johnd from the system. CONFIRM? (y/n/q):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If you answer "y", johnd will be removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆User johnd removed from the system↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆If you answer "n" or "q" johnd's account will remain. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Rmuser will now give you a chance to remove another ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Do you want to remove another user? (y/n/q):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆You may repeat the removal process. Of course, if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have accidentally removed a user (remember, you can't ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove the user if he has any files on the system), no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄harm is done. Just use mkuser to recreate his user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4 Controlling Access to Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆In this section, you will learn about one of your most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄important responsibilities as system manager - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄controlling your users' access to the files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories on your system. Because XENIX offers several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different tools for controlling access, you will have a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄great deal of flexibility in restricting system usage ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for both efficiency and security. In the previous two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections you have been introduced to the way that XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄organizes the information on the system with files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories, and the way in which user accounts are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄added and removed from the system. In this section the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following concepts are introduced:↲
↲
. the definition of users, groups, and others↲
↲
. ┆84┆the assignment of permissions to restrict file access↲
↲
. the creation, mounting and unmounting of file systems↲
↲
. the need for system security↲
↲
You will learn the following procedures:↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to determine the permission of files and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄directories↲
↲
. ┆84┆how to set and change permissions to files and ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄directories↲
↲
. how to create and mount a file system↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1 Setting Permissions: Users, Groups, and Others↲
↲
┆84┆As system manager you will be responsible for adding and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing user accounts on the system. Each user is given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a unique password to ensure privacy, and optionally, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄group affiliation that allows a number of users to share ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access to files. You will also need to know something ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about how permission to access files on the system is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assigned to users, groups, and others on the system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.1 Users↲
↲
┆84┆Any user who has a valid login name and a password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recognized by the system may log in, and proceed to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access files, edit text, or run programs. But not every ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user should have access to every file on the system.↲
↲
┆84┆For example, John Doe would probably not want every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to be able to read or change the payroll files he ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created in the previous section. So XENIX provides a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄method of strictly controlling access to each individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file and directory with permission or protection ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄settings. Naturally, every user has access to all the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files and directories which are in his home directory. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄When the user logs in, this is where he is initially ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄positioned. Ordinarily, a user cannot access other files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories, unless the necessary permissions have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been set.↲
↲
┆84┆Only the super-user has unlimited power to access files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system, which makes logging in as "root" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temptingly convenient. But since the XENIX file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄protection mechanism does not apply to the super-user, a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄single mistake made by the super-user can cause massive ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄damage to other users' programs and data, and possibly ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even bring down the entire system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.2 Groups↲
↲
┆84┆Generally, a user will restrict access to the files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories he owns by setting the permission for that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. This can prevent other users from changing, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perhaps even reading, his files. However, some ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories and files need to be shared by several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users, while still remaining restricted from everyone ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄else. Thus XENIX offers a group ID which allows more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than one user the same access. In practice, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄decide not to use this feature on a small system. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will automatically set the group ID as if every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄belonged to the same group; you may change this as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄desired.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.3 Permissions↲
↲
┆84┆In order to get a look at the permission settings for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all the files in a directory, we can use a variant of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the lc command, 1. Here is a sample output:↲
↲
-rw-rw---- 1 johnd 11515 Nov 17 14:21 file1↲
-rw-rw---- 1 johnd 12337 Nov 16 10:15 file2↲
-rwxrwx--x 1 freds 7712 Oct 10 09:02 program↲
↲
┆84┆The command gives you quite a lot of information. Just ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the right of the name of the user who created the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file, you will see the size of the file (information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which will be of special interest to you when you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄short on disk space and are trying to decide what files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to remove), the date and time when that file was either ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄created or last changed, and the name of the file or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆84┆Now look carefully at the pattern of ten letters and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dashes on the left. The first space is easily explained. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A "d" indicates a directory, a "-" means an ordinary ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. The other nine characters are a representation of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the nine possible combinations of permission which can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be assigned to any file. These nine can be divided into ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄three groups of three, read (r), write (w), and execute ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(x) permissions for each of the following categories: ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the "user" who is the owner of the file, the "group" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whose members have been defined by the system manager, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and "other" which includes everyone else. In each case a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dash (-) denies permission, and the letters "r," "w," ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and "x" allow it. The entry↲
↲
-rwxrwxrwx 1 johnd 32 Oct 19 10:00 public↲
↲
┆84┆indicates that everyone, owner, group, and other, has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄full access rights to a file called ┆a1┆public┆e1┆ created by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄John Doe.↲
↲
┆84┆Of course there are some files which John might want to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄keep private. For example, the ┆a1┆list┆e1┆ file in his home ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, which contains his personal "to do" list. So, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the permission setting on this file would look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
-rw------- 1 johnd 3 Nov 18 07:31 list↲
↲
┆84┆Permissions are set for directories in the same way as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, but you should note these differences. No user, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄even the super-user, can write on a directory. The "x" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is taken to mean "search," rather than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execute in the case of directories. Search (x) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is required to cd to a directory or cat a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file in it.↲
↲
┆84┆Read (r) permission is required to use the lc command. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Write (w) permission is required to use mkdir or rmdir, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or create a file in a directory. Thus, if a directory's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permission is set "r-x", you can access all of its ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, subject to any permissions that might be set for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any individual files. If the directory is "rwx", you can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄do anything in it. If a directory is "--x", you can only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access a file if you know its name.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.1.4 How to Change Permission Settings↲
↲
┆84┆When you add a file or directory, your XENIX system will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄automatically set some default permissions for you. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These are read (r) and write (w) permission for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user, read-only (r) for group and other permission ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄setting:↲
↲
-rw-r--r--↲
↲
┆84┆If you decide to change a setting you will need to learn ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the chmod or "change mode" command. To enter the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command, you will have to say whose permission is to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change ("u", "g", or "o" for user, group and other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respectively), and you will also have to indicate ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whether you are adding (+) or removing (-) permission. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄After this, give the type of permission (r, w, or x), ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄then the file or directory name. So, for example, to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄change the file "program" from a permission setting of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄read and write for user, group, and other (-rw-rw-rw-) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to also allow everyone to execute the file you would ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄need to type:↲
↲
$ chmod ugo+x program↲
↲
┆84┆Or, instead of "ugo" you could type the letter "a" for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all:↲
↲
$ chmod a+x program↲
↲
┆84┆Now, to take read and write permission away from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everyone else besides you and the members of your group, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you can use:↲
↲
$ chmod o-rw program↲
↲
┆84┆If you get the order, or syntax, of this command wrong, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX will sometimes answer with a bit of help:↲
↲
Usage: chmod ugoa +-= rwxtugo file↲
↲
┆84┆The items in brackets are "options". You will not need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the other options besides "rwx" in the last set of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄brackets. After using chmod always try the 1 command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄check the results. If you make a mistake, no harm is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄done; just change the permissions again.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.2 The File System↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX performs the task of disk storage management for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all users of the system. It allocates disk space upon ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄demand, keeps track of where on the disk the data is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄written and retrieves any part of it when given the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"pathname" of the file. When a file is no longer needed, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it can be deleted and XENIX returns the space it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄occupied to the pool of available free space. A disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device contains not only the files themselves, but also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the information needed to locate the files on the disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and manage them. Together, these are called the "file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system". A simple XENIX system contains one disk device ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which is set up as a single file system, with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exception of a small area reserved for swapping, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process of switching data back and forth from the disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the main memory of the computer. Instead of being ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄used as a single storage area, however, the disk may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄partitioned into several distinct areas. Each partition ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be a separate file system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.3 Creating File Systems↲
↲
┆84┆You may find it convenient to set the system up so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a file system is resident on a floppy disk. To do this, ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you must create the file system on the floppy with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mkfs command. Be sure you have a formatted floppy disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available, with nothing of value on it; it must have a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write-enable tab. (For directions on how to format a new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk, see Section 6.6). If a file system already exists ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on disk, it will be destroyed by this procedure. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Remember, each of the devices on your system has a name, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and each device has a corresponding file by the same name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the /┆a1┆dev┆e1┆ directory. The floppy disk drives are called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"fd0", "fd1", and so forth. (Hard disk drives are named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"hd0", "hd1", etc.). Insert a floppy disk in one of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄floppy drives, and enter one of the following command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lines. Be sure to give XENIX the correct drive name and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄note whether you have a single-sided or double-sided ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄floppy disk.↲
↲
┆84┆If you have a double-sided disk, you will need to enter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the command line:↲
↲
$ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 2448 2 16↲
↲
If you have a single-sided disk, use:↲
↲
$ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 1216 2 16↲
↲
┆84┆The numbers "2448" and "1216" represent the total number ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of disk blocks on the floppy disk for double- and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄single-sided disks respectively. The numbers "2" and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"16" are magic numbers which tell XENIX how to arrange ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information on the disk.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.4 Mounted File Systems↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have created file systems on floppy disks, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will have to use the mount command in order to access ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄them. XENIX must be told about any file systems other ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄than the ┆a1┆root┆e1┆ system, which is always present on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. If you have several often used floppy-based file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems, you can place the mount command and the names ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the file systems in the /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file, which is read ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by the system when it is first booted.↲
↲
┆84┆To mount a file system on the floppy in drive 0 onto the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory called /┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ type:↲
↲
$ /etc/mount /dev/fd0 /acct.records↲
↲
┆84┆The directory you are mounting must be empty and not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your current, working directory. Once you have typed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this, ┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ becomes the top level directory on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the floppy disk. Any new directories you create in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄┆a1┆acct.records┆e1┆ are resident on the floppy disk. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mounted file system is attached to the root system.↲
↲
Before removing the mounted floppy, type:↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
$ /etc/umount /dev/fd0↲
↲
┆84┆This "unmounts" the file system and leaves it in a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄consistent state.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5 XENIX System Security↲
↲
┆84┆Although security is more of an issue on larger systems, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄every system manager must take into consideration the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄protection of data and programs from unauthorized ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inspection or change. This concern may be present no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄matter how many regular users you have. Even if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄only one terminal attached to your XENIX system, you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have different users authorized to access the system for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different tasks at different times. The key to system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄security is to use XENIX tools to maximum advantage. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Intelligent decisions about the following can make a big ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different in overall system security:↲
↲
. the establishment of user accounts and group ID↲
↲
. initial password selection and changing of passwords↲
↲
. ┆84┆the assignment of permissions to maximize file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄protection, while still allowing convenient access to ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄user files and directories.↲
↲
┆84┆In addition, you should consider taking physical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄security precautions:↲
↲
. removing the key from the hard disk↲
↲
. organizing and locking up floppies↲
↲
. ┆84┆making sure all your users log out when they are ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄finished working↲
↲
. protecting the work area from intrusion↲
↲
. ┆84┆protecting the computer and disks from physical damage ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄through exposure to cigarette smoke, spilled coffee, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄or the use of ball point pens to make notations on ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄disk labels, etc.↲
↲
. ┆84┆keeping some backups off-site, in case of disaster in ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄the computer area.↲
↲
┆84┆Once again, be sure that you limit the use of the super-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user login, to minimize the risk of accidentally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄damaging system files and programs.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.1 Protection and Permission↲
↲
┆84┆When considering the assignment of permissions, note the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special case of access permissions for directories. ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Remember that the execute permission bit for directories ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄grants permission to search the directory for a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file during the scanning of a pathname. If a user has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execute permission, but not read permission, to a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, he may access files in that directory, even ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄though he is unable to read the contents of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory. Write permission on a directory means that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user may create and delete files in that directory.↲
↲
┆84┆The capacity of the "super-user" to read and write to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any file in any directory, and change any permission ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄settings can present serious security problems. The root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password can only be given to individuals who are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄authorized to read and change any file in the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Also, the use of the root login should be severely ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restricted because of potential damage to the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Even the system manager must be extremely cautious about ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operations undertaken while logged in as root.↲
↲
┆84┆To ensure both data privacy and integrity, it is usually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sufficient to set the permission on your files so that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they are inaccessible to others. However, if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄some special reason to protect a text file, you can use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the crypt command to "encode" document text. This should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not normally be required on a system where "read" access ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄has been limited.↲
↲
┆84┆Needless to say, the system manager must be careful to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄assign the correct protection to the files under his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control. In particular, it is necessary that special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device files be protected from writing, and probably ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reading, by ordinary users when sensitive files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄belonging to other users are stored on the system. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easy to write programs that examine and change files by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accessing the device on which the files are resident.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.2 Password Security↲
↲
┆84┆You should discourage users from choosing passwords that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are easily remembered, and hence readily guessed: these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tend to be short, from a limited alphabet, often found ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the dictionary, and frequently something obvious like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user's own nickname or license plate number. They ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be reminded that this defeats the idea of having ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwords. Passwords should be at least six characters ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long and randomly chosen from an alphabet which includes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄digits and special characters.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.4.5.3 Restating the Obvious↲
↲
┆84┆The most obvious but often neglected security problem ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄results from users failing to log out of the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when they finish their work, leaving all the files to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which they have access vulnerable to unauthorized use. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Inexperienced users should be repeatedly reminded to log ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄out. Restricting access to the work area, locking up ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄archives of floppy-based data and programs, and removing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the key to the hard disk are simple protective measures ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that can be taken if a high level of security is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄required.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5 Keeping Your XENIX System Healthy↲
↲
┆84┆Keeping your XENIX system running smoothly depends ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄largely on two factors:↲
↲
. ┆84┆maintaining file system integrity, that is, having ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄"clean" file systems↲
↲
. ┆84┆ensuring that adequate free disk space is available ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄to the users↲
↲
┆84┆In this section you will learn about XENIX processes - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄what XENIX does with the programs and other tasks on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Some automatic system-checking programs called ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"daemons" are introduced, along with an important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system file called /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆. Then, you will be introduced ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to a number of XENIX tools which will aid you, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager, in performing system maintenance tasks. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄These programs help you clean up files and file systems ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by reporting how much disk space is being used and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄helping you locate little used files. Finally, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄learn how to communicate with the other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, so that you can enlist their cooperation in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄preserving the health of the system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.1 Processes↲
↲
┆84┆All functions running on the system - including system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and user programs, editing, etc. - are "processes". ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Several users may each have several processes running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously and it is often necessary to check ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄whether certain processes are running, in order to stop ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or "kill" them. The ps, or "process status", command can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be used to list the processes currently running. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output of ps is the list of processes running from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal at which you typed the command. When, however, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you add the switch "-a":↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆your output will be all the processes running on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system:↲
↲
PID TTY TIME CMD↲
167 co 0:04↲
603 01 1:01 vi file.c↲
↲
┆84┆The first column is the process ID, the name by which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the process is identified if, for example, you need to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄kill it. The second column is the number of the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from which the process is running; note that several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes may be running from a single terminal. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄next column is the total time for which the process has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been running. Finally, the name of the command or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄program is given. You will often have use for the ps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command while doing system mainenance.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d8┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.1.1 Daemon Processes↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to those programs which you yourself will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use in the course of your system maintenance work, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be aware that there are also a few other programs ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that run automatically whenever you use your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. These are called "daemons" (pronounced like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"demons"). These daemon programs periodically check the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system or perform basic system functions. Some examples ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of daemons are:↲
↲
. ┆84┆update "updates" the disk by automatically writing ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄information from memory back to your disk every thirty ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄seconds. This ensures that in the unlikely event that ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄your system "crashes" or halts abnormally, the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄information recorded on disk will be as current as ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄possible.↲
↲
. ┆84┆lpd superintends the operation of the lineprinter.↲
↲
. ┆84┆cron acts like an alarm clock, allowing you to execute ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄commands and jobs at times you specify in advance. It ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄repeatedly looks in a file called /┆a1┆usr/lib/crontab┆e1┆ for ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄instructions to perform these functions.↲
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆6.5.1.2 The /etc/rc File↲
↲
┆84┆Ordinarily, the commands to start these daemons running ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are put in the /┆a1┆┆a1┆┆a1┆e┆e1┆┆a1┆tc/rc┆e1┆ file, which runs automatically at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the time you boot XENIX. The /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file also contains ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directions to the system to perform other functions. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, it may contain a message that greets you when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you log in, or direct the system to ask you for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time. If you have file systems which need to be mounted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mount commands can also be placed in /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆, so ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that these file systems are automatically mounted when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system is booted. If you are logged in as root, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may edit the /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ file, to add the names of file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems which need to be mounted or change the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄greeting message. You can also add commands to perform ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any functions you decide must be repeated whenever the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is rebooted.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2 The Importance of Disk Space↲
↲
┆84┆Available disk space rapidly becomes a precious ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commodity on any computer system. As users compile ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, edit files, or perform other tasks, they are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄competing for this valuable resource. On a typical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, the potential for running out of free disk space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is very high, and when this actually occurs, no new ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files can be created, nor can any existing files expand. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄If possible, each file system should contain ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄approximately 15% free space, more if usage of the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system fluctuates, less if it is relatively stable. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is extremely important that you anticipate the risk of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running out of space. Regard the task of monitoring disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space as an essential part of preventive maintenance.↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX offers some techniques for finding out how much ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄free space exists in a particular file system, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄determining which files might be candidates for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deletion if there is a shortage of space. The XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands that will help you determine the status of disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space on a file system and help you remove unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files are:↲
↲
df disk free↲
du disk usage↲
find find files↲
↲
┆84┆Each of these is introduced briefly in the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sections. However, you will probably also want to refer ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the XENIX System Reference volume for more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.1 The df Command↲
↲
┆84┆This command prints out the number of free blocks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available in whatever file system is specified. If no ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system is specified, the free space in all normally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mounted file systems is printed. You can just type in↲
↲
df↲
↲
or you can specify a file system:↲
↲
df /dev/root↲
↲
The output will look something like:↲
↲
/dev/root 7008↲
↲
┆84┆This indicates that the root file system has 7008 free ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk blocks.↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, you must know the size of your hard or floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk in blocks to determine what percentage of the total ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk these numbers represent. The table below summarizes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the sizes of typical floppy and hard disks in both ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄blocks and kilobytes:↲
┆a1┆ ↲
↲
┆a1┆ ┆06┆ DISK STATISTICS ╞ ↲
┆a2┆┆e2┆┆a1┆ Media Blocks Kbytes ↲
┆06┆ ┆a1┆ 8" single floppy 1216 608 ↲
┆a1┆ 8" double floppy 2448 1224 ↲
┆a1┆ 8-meg. hard 14,909 7454.5 ↲
┆a1┆ 12-meg. hard 20,961 10480.5 ↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆With experience, you will come to know your system usage ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄well enough to know whether disk space is critical.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.2 The du Command↲
↲
┆84┆Let's suppose that you discover when you use the df ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command that you have a shortage of disk space. Now you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have to do some detective work to find out where space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may be wasted on your system. The command du gives the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number of blocks that are used by files in the specified ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory and each of its subdirectories. If you use du ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with no filename specified, it will report the size in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄blocks, of every directory and file, starting at the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. Or, you can give it a file or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory name. In this case, you would probably search ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the entire /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ directory for excessively large files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and directories. Part of the output might look like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this:↲
↲
du /usr↲
208 /usr/anthonys/admin↲
378 /usr/anthonys/mp↲
999 /usr/anthonys/junk↲
1585 /usr/anthonys↲
26 /usr/johnd/memos↲
235 /usr/johnd/payroll↲
261 /usr/johnd↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.3 The find Command↲
↲
┆84┆The find command is an extremely useful tool for finding ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files by size, date, owner, and date of last access. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will help you locate old files that the user rarely or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄never accesses but has neglected to remove, or files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that seem excessively large. Incidentally, you can also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄use the find command to locate a file if you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forgotten where it is in your directory hierarchy.↲
↲
┆84┆In the preceding example we used the du command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄search /┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ for possible wasted space, and discovered a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄suspicious file named /┆a1┆usr/anthonys/junk┆e1┆ with a size of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄999 blocks. You could also use the find command with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"-atime" specification followed by a number of days ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄within which a file hasn't been accessed. You may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discover that the file /┆a1┆usr/anthonys/junk┆e1┆ has not been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accessed for a month. It is probably safe to remove it.↲
↲
┆84┆Occasionally, while you are working on the system you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may inexplicably get the message:↲
↲
memory fault -- core dumped↲
↲
┆84┆This does not mean that there is something wrong with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your system. An error in a program causes XENIX to ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄automatically store output in a binary file called ┆a1┆core┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in your current directory. Most users will not bother to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access this file, but will often forget to delete it; ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this is often a good place to look for wasted disk space. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(Files named ┆a1┆tmp┆e1┆ are other likely candidates).↲
↲
┆84┆In the following example, the find command can be used ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to search for all the files named ┆a1┆core┆e1┆ which have not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄been accessed for a week.↲
↲
find /usr/anthonys -name core -atime +7 -print↲
↲
┆84┆The specification "-name" means you want the find ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command to look for a file by the name which follows. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The specification "-atime" means you want to search for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files which have not been accessed within the number of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄days which follow. Be sure to specify "-print", or the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄find command will not let you know what it found. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Because the various forms of the find command are rather ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄complicated, it is a good idea to consult the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Reference volume for more details.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.2.4 The quot Command↲
↲
┆84┆The quot command is another useful reporting tool. It ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄prints the number of blocks currently owned by each user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the named file system. If you type↲
↲
quot -n /filesys↲
↲
┆84┆it will give you a list of all files and their owners in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the file system called ┆a1┆filesys┆e1┆.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.3 Communicating With Other Users↲
↲
┆84┆Enlisting the cooperation of your users is, in a way, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one of your most powerful maintenance tools. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Communication with the other system users can be a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tactic to aid you in your quest for free disk space. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, the /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆ file, which contains the "message ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the day", can be edited to gently remind users that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space is low and that old files should be deleted. If, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in using the tools described above, you discover that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one particular user has more than his fair share of disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space, try a message directed at the offender, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mail command, if the mail program is available on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
mail anthonys↲
It's time to clean up your files! <CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆You can also reach all the users who are logged in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄immediately with the wall (write all) command, if it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available on your system.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
wall↲
There is a shortage of free disk space.↲
Clean up your unused files.<CONTROL-D>↲
↲
┆84┆Try to reserve the use of wall for emergencies, however, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄because it disrupts other users. Also, remember to edit ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆ file daily, so that the users don't come ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to expect old and unreliable information.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.5.4 File System Integrity↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to the problem of maintaining adequate disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄space, there is the possibility that a file system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄develop inconsistencies. A file system consists of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, and these files, in turn, consist of blocks of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bytes. If a block of information is bad, then the file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and potentially the entire file system, is compromised. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A file system's integrity is compromised when it is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄internally inconsistent. This occurs either when the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system has not been shut down properly or if there is a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hardware error due to faulty disk drives or floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks.↲
↲
┆84┆A program called fsck, or file system check, is the tool ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX uses to check the consistency of file systems and, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄if necessary, repair them. If the system has not been ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shut down normaly, the next time you attempt to boot the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system you will be asked if the system should proceed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with "cleaning". You should always answer yes to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question. If your file system is "dirty", that is, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inconsistent, all of your files are at risk.↲
↲
┆84┆The fsck program is responsible for file system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cleaning. If you have reason to suspect that file system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inconsistency is responsible for any abnormal behavior, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you should invoke fsck, followed by the name of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄questionable file system. However, you should not use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄fsck indiscriminately, because it will occasionally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete damaged files during its cleanup process.↲
↲
Here is an example:↲
↲
fsck /dev/hd0↲
↲
** Phase 1 - Check Blocks↲
** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames↲
** Phase 3 - check Connectivity↲
** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts↲
** Phase 5 - Check Free List↲
426 files 6753 blocks 7008 free↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6 Backing Up Your System↲
↲
┆84┆The importance of "backing up" or making copies of all ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the files on your system cannot be overemphasized. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Backups are the only insurance your users have against ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄time-consuming and costly losses of their programs and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄data. You should no more consider skipping a scheduled ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup, because you think you won't be needing it, than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you would consider skipping an insurance payment. In ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄addition to inevitable, everyday user mistakes - ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄deleting, changing, or writing over files, there are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄more catastrophic possibilities: accidental damage to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system software or hardware failure. If you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lucky, you will rarely need to use your backup copies, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄but nonetheless you must have a systematic plan for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scheduling backups. You must also determine how often a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄full backup is required, and decide where, and for how ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long, you will store your backups. Some suggestions are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided here, but you will have to assess the needs of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the users on your own system.↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX system offers several ways to make copies of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system and user files. Which method or methods you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄choose will depend on several factors: whether you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a hard disk or floppy-only system, how often the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of your disks change significantly and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄total size of your system. The following procedures are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄discussed in this section:↲
↲
. ┆84┆using the tar program to copy the contents of a file ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄system↲
↲
. ┆84┆using the dump/restor commands to backup and restore ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄file systems↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.1 Formatting Floppy Disks↲
↲
┆84┆Before you can use a floppy disk, you must format it, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄using the command:↲
↲
/etc/format /dev/fdall↲
↲
┆84┆The floppy disk can now be used by the tar or dump ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.2 Archiving and Taking Care of Your Disks↲
↲
┆84┆You will rapidly accumulate a great number of floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks. These will include:↲
↲
. XENIX distribution disks↲
↲
. application packages↲
↲
. user file systems↲
↲
. backups↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆Each full, or "periodic", backup of the XENIX system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄require a large number of floppy disks (e.g. seven or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄eight double-sided disks to back up a XENIX system with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄an 8-megabyte hard disk). You must have enough disks on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hand to keep the backup disks in reserve for several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄weeks, as well as sufficient spares on hand for your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. In addition, you should develop a simple but ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logical method for organizing, labeling, and storing ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your disks. Since your floppy disks will contain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄valuable, and in some cases, irreplaceable data, a high ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄priority should be given to safety and security. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should consider designating an off-site storage area in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which to keep alternate backups, to enable recovery from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a disater which damages your computer area.↲
↲
┆84┆You should develop a consistent policy for saving your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backups; resist the temptation to immediately reuse the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup disks. Anticipate that users will occasionally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ask for the restoration of relatively old files. One ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄approach is to save the full or "periodic" backup disks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for an indefinite period after they are made, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄incremental backups for at least two weeks. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄easily rotate these disks back into use for new backups.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.3 ┆a8┆┆e8┆Using the tar Command↲
↲
┆84┆The tar program is one convenient way to copy a small ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number of files or directories to floppy disks. Although ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is a more complicated command, you may wish to use ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tar, because it allows you to copy files to floppy disks ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without shutting down the system. To use tar, make sure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you are logged in as root, insert a formatted floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk in the drive, and type the command in the following ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄form:↲
↲
tar cvf /dev/fd file1 file2 file3↲
↲
┆84┆Note that you must follow tar and the switches cvf with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the name of the device to which you want the files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄copied. In the above example, ┆a1┆file1┆e1┆, ┆a1┆file2┆e1┆, and ┆a1┆file3┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are being copied to floppy drive 0. Note that you need ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not use either mkfs or the mount command to copy to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk. If you are copying directories, the whole ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory tree starting from the directory or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories you name will be copied. To get your copies ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄back onto the hard disk, position yourself in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory into which you need to copy the files or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories and type:↲
↲
tar xvf /dev/fd↲
↲
┆84┆Consult the XENIX System Reference manual for more ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information about using the tar command.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.6.4 Dump/Restore File System↲
↲
┆84┆Use of the dump(1) and restor(1) commands will enable ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you to perform a more differentiated backup (incremental ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dump). For further information, see the ┆a1┆XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┆84┆Programmer's Manual┆e1┆, Vol. 1.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7 Common System Problems↲
↲
┆84┆If you follow the instructions in this chapter ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄carefully, you will have few problems with your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. However, some difficulties are inevitable with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any computer system. Included here is a discussion of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄how to deal with some common system problems.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.1 Jammed Lineprinter↲
↲
┆84┆You will need super-user powers to carry out these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instructions, so first be sure you are logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"root". Now, do the following in this order:↲
↲
1. ┆84┆Check to see which process "owns" the line printer ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄and determine its process ID number, using the ps -a ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄command:↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
2. ┆84┆Use the kill command, with the -9 switch to remove ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the process.↲
↲
kill -9 process ID number ↲
↲
3. ┆84┆Remove the file /┆a1┆usr/spool/lpd/lock┆e1┆ and queue another ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄print job:↲
↲
cd /usr/spool/lpd↲
rm -f lock↲
↲
4. ┆84┆Resubmit the print job:↲
↲
pr file lpr&↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.2 Forgotten Password↲
↲
┆84┆For security reasons, there is no way to determine an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄existing password. If a user forgets his password, the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system manager - or someone who has the authority to log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in as super-user - must create a new password, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄passwd command, followed by the name of the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account:↲
↲
passwd joeb↲
New Passwd:↲
Reenter passwd:↲
↲
This will give a user called "joeb" a new password.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.3 System is Out of Space↲
↲
┆84┆This requires some work. If, after using the df command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you see that there is very little space on the file ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, or the system gives you an "out of space" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄message, you will have to use the find and quot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands and some good judgment to find and delete ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄little-used files. (These procedures are described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄detail in Section 6.5, "Keeping Your System Healthy".)↲
↲
┆84┆If you are chronically short of space, remind users ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄regularly to clean up their files, using the message of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the day file, /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆.╞ ↲
↲
┆84┆It is generally a good idea to maintain 15% free space ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your file system, if possible.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6┆a1┆.7.4 System Files Damaged↲
↲
┆84┆It is possible to remove or damage important XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files while logged in as root. To recover these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, you must be in "single-user" mode. To do this, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bring the system down with the shutdown command, then ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reboot the system. Now, when you see the message:↲
↲
┆84┆Type control-d to proceed with normal startup↲
┆84┆(or give root password for system maintenance):↲
↲
┆84┆respond with the root password, followed by <ENTER>. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Follow the normal procedure for restoring files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 6.6. In this case, you will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄restoring your files to the root directory, /. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example, if /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ is lost or damage, it can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄recovered by using the following:↲
↲
restor xf /dev/rfd0 /etc/passwd↲
↲
┆84┆In this example, the /etc/passwd file is restored from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the disk in floppy disk drive 0. If damage to your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files is very extensive, it is a good idea to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reinstall your XENIX system again, using your XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distribution package and Section 4.1 of this manual. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Then restore all your working files and programs from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your most recent backup floppy disks.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.5 Terminal Difficulties↲
↲
┆84┆Occasionally, you may experience difficulties with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal. For example, if you use the <BREAK> key to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄exit from a screen-oriented program, like the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄text editor vi, there is a possibility that you may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄leave the terminal in a "no echo" or "raw" mode. This is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄very confusing because you will be unable to see any ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output at your terminal. Try the following to reset the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminal:↲
↲
<CONTROL-J>↲
stty echo -raw <CONTROL-J>↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆84┆Note that the first time you type <CONTROL-J>, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄probably get an error message. The system is responding ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄first to the invisible message you attempted to type on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the screen. Just try it a second time. The stty command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is terminated with a <CONTROL-J>, not an <ENTER>. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are in "no echo" mode, of course, you will not see the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command as you type it.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.6 Forgetting the Root Password↲
↲
┆84┆DON'T! There is no way to recover from the loss of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄root password, except to reinstall your XENIX system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the XENIX distribution floppies, using the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures described in Section 4.1, then using your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄backup floppy disks to restore your system.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.7 Removing a Directory↲
↲
┆84┆Sometimes when you try to use the rmdir command to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove a directory, you will get a message saying that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the directory is not empty, even though the lc command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄does not list any files. Remember that there may be one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or more files beginning with "." (.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆, for example) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which do not show up in lc output. There are also two ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files in every directory called "." and ".." (This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄naming convention is explained in Section 6.2). The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command rm* will NOT delete these; the asterisk (*) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will not pick up these files. Use↲
↲
lc -a↲
↲
to see these files and then↲
↲
rm .*↲
↲
to remove them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.8 Special Characters in Filenames↲
↲
┆84┆You should never use any of the following special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters in the name of a file or directory, because ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄they have special meanings to XENIX (see the discussion ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of naming conventions in Section 6.2):↲
↲
< > . / ? ' " ; ( ) * & $↲
↲
┆84┆If you accidentally type any of the above special ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters into a filename they can be very difficult to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄remove. Files with special characters in their names can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be extremely difficult to remove. The worst case is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄beginning a file name with a dash (-). The rm command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄thinks the "-" is a flag and reports an error. If rm ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄won't work, try renaming the file with the mv command, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as in the following case where a file is named -┆a1┆┆a1┆x┆e1┆:↲
↲
mv -x junk↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆Then remove it. As a last resort, move everything else to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄another directory, and do↲
↲
rm -rf dir↲
↲
┆84┆on the old directory. Then use mv to rename the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄temporary directory to the old name. Do not try to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete oddly named files with wild card characters like ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄asterisk (*) and question mark (?) unless you have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄thought it out carefully. You can easily end up deleting ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄everything in your directory.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.7.9 Runaway Processes↲
↲
┆84┆You may occasionally find yourself cursed by "runaway ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes" - processes that you cannot stop, or unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄output comming to your terminal. Try the following, in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this order of preference:↲
↲
1. ┆84┆Wait until the process finishes. This is by far the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄safest course of action, unless the process is ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄causing harm.↲
↲
2. Try pressing <BREAK>.↲
↲
3. ┆84┆A process may prevent you from accessing the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄(e.g. it may either be running in the foreground and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄not accepting input, or running in the background and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄producing lots of output to the screen). In this ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄case, go to another terminal (if you have one) and ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄run↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆This variant of the ps command tells you about all the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄processes running on the system, so that you can ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄determine the process ID (PID column) of the unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄process on the first terminal. Then, logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄root, try the following:↲
↲
kill -2 PID↲
kill -3 PID↲
↲
If neither of these work, try↲
↲
kill -9 PID↲
↲
┆84┆This last variant is sure to work, but may leave ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄temporary files in the system, or leave the terminal ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄in an unknown state. Between each kill command, wait ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄a few seconds to see if the process terminates, ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄before trying the next one.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆b0┆↓
4. ┆84┆In the event that a program prevents you from using ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄the system, and you don't have another terminal from ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄which to issue the kill command, you may have to ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄resort to using the <RESET> switch. This should only ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄be done if ABSOLUTELY necessary. Listen for the sound ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄of activity on your hard disk. If you must reset the ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄system, wait a couple of minutes until the system is ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄not accessing the disk, so that the system will be as ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄consistent as possible when shut down in this ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄abnormal state.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A XENIX Files and Directories↲
↲
┆84┆As system manager, you will be encountering certain ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX directories often. For now, it is sufficient to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄know their names and general contents. However, as you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gain more experience, you may become curious about XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄or decide that you want to make some changes. If you are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄considering changing, moving, or deleting any XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system files or directories, it is absolutely essential ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that you read the following information very carefully. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄There are, of course, several cases in which you might ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄decide to make these modifications, but you must proceed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄very cautiously:↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may need to move commands between XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄distribution disks 2 and 3, if you are operating a ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄floppy-only system.↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may wish to remove unused commands or other files ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄from a crowded disk, to make room for your own ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄applications.↲
↲
. ┆84┆You may need to edit files to adapt the system to your ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄own special software or hardware requirements. An ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄example of this might be adding an entry in the ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file, if you are using an unusual, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄previously unsupported terminal. See Appendix 6.B, ↓
┆19┆┆8b┆┄┄"The Multi-user System".↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, you should not attempt any modifications ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unless you have done a full backup of your system. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will also quickly discover that many of these files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories are owned by root, and you will need to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄logged in as super-user to access them. This protects ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system from accidental damage. Also, note the list ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of files in the first section below. You should not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄touch these under ANY circumstances. The loss of these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files is irrecoverable; you may not even be able to boot ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your system again. If any essential files are lost, you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will need to recreate your XENIX system from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distribution disks, repeating the installation procedure ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 4.1 of this manual. Then you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have to boot the system again and restore all your files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from the most recent backup.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.1 Do Not Touch↲
↲
┆84┆You may have some, or all, of the following files on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system. Do not remove them:↲
↲
/┆a1┆fdboot↲
↲
/┆a1┆xenix↲
↲
/┆a1┆hdboot↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
/┆a1┆z80ctl↲
↲
/┆a1┆diskutil↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.2 /bin↲
↲
┆84┆The /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ directory contains all executable XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands. The following should not be removed from the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory:↲
↲
basename echo passwd su↲
cp expr rm sync↲
date fsck sh tar↲
dump login sleep restor↲
dumpdir mv stty↲
↲
┆84┆One final note: do not remove a file with the peculiar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name " " from the /┆a1┆bin┆e1┆ directory; it is required for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operation of system shell scripts.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.3 /dev↲
↲
┆84┆This directory contains special device files which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control access to peripheral devices. You should not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄delete or change any of them, since they are used by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄essential XENIX commands.↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/console┆e1┆ system console↲
/┆a1┆dev/fd0┆e1┆ floppy drive 0↲
/┆a1┆dev/fd1┆e1┆ floppy drive 1↲
/┆a1┆dev/hd0┆e1┆ hard disk 0↲
/┆a1┆dev/lp┆e1┆ lineprinter↲
/┆a1┆dev/mem┆e1┆ physical memory↲
/┆a1┆dev/null┆e1┆ ┆84┆null device (used to redirect unwanted ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄output)╞ ↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/rXX┆e1┆ ┆84┆unbuffered interface to corresponding ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄device name↲
↲
/┆a1┆dev/root┆e1┆ root file structure↲
/┆a1┆dev/swap┆e1┆ swap area↲
/┆a1┆dev/ttyXX┆e1┆ terminals↲
/┆a1┆dev/tty┆e1┆ ┆84┆the terminal you are using (the system ↓
┆19┆┆97┆┄┄will supply the number)↲
↲
┆84┆Please note that you should never rename any of these ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files. The system relies on some of these names. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄However, you can use the ln command to link a name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄variant. For example, use the command:↲
↲
ln /dev/fd0 /dev/floppy0↲
↲
┆84┆If you do accidentally destroy a special device file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you will have to restore it from a backup done with the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sysadmin program. The tar command will not handle ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄special device files.↲
↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆e0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.4 /etc↲
↲
┆84┆The /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆ directory contains miscellaneous system data ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files, as well as administrative and other system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs. Some of these are:↲
↲
/┆a1┆etc/mtab┆e1┆ mounted device table↲
/┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ password file↲
/┆a1┆etc/mount┆e1┆ for mounting a file structure↲
/┆a1┆etc/mkfs┆e1┆ for creating a file structure↲
/┆a1┆etc/init┆a1┆┆e1┆ first process after boot↲
/┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ bootup shell script↲
↲
┆84┆You should not touch any files in the /┆a1┆etc┆e1┆ directory, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄except /┆a1┆etc/ttys┆e1┆ to add or subtract terminals from your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system, and /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ to add terminal types. You will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also want to edit /┆a1┆etc/motd┆e1┆, the file containing the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄message of the day, which is sent to all users when they ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄log in.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.5 /lib↲
↲
┆84┆It is not a good idea to delete anything from this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, although it contains mostly libraries for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄C compiler. If you are not using the C compiler you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄not need them.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.6 /mnt↲
↲
┆84┆This is an empty directory for mounting other file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.7 /tmp↲
↲
┆84┆This directory contains temporary files, many of which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can be deleted if you are short of disk space. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Naturally, you should check these individually before ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄removing them while processes are still running. You can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also put a command in /┆a1┆etc/rc┆e1┆ to do this automatically ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄at the time of each boot:↲
↲
rm -fr /tmp↲
mkdir /tmp↲
chmod 777 /tmp↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.A.8 /usr↲
↲
┆84┆In addition to all the users' home directories, the ┆a1┆usr┆e1┆ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory contains the following:↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/bin┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more commands, generally ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄those less frequently used or non-↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄essential to XENIX system operation.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
/┆a1┆usr/include┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains header files for compiling ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄C programs. Can be deleted if you ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄are not using the C compiler.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/lib┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more libraries and data ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄files used by various commands; ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄should not be deleted.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/spool┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains various spoolers which ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄store files in directories (e.g. ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄/┆a1┆usr/spool/lpd┆e1┆).↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/tmp┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains more temporary files which ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄might be deleted.↲
↲
/┆a1┆usr/adm/messages┆e1┆ ┆84┆Contains a record of all the console ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄error messages. Typically, these are ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄reports of disk errors, along with ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄some record of user errors, such as ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄"out of disk space" messages. The ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄messages are useful for determining ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄whether you have a hardware problem; ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄you can scan a week's worth of ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄messages and see, for example, if ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄one particular drive is generating ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄an unusual number of errors. You ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄will not see every disk error as it ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄appears on the console screen. This ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄file is likely to grow quickly, so ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄periodically check it, print it out, ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄and delete the file. Save the ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄printout as a record of your ↓
┆19┆┆9d┆┄┄problems.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B The Multi-User System↲
↲
┆84┆If you have a XENIX system with a hard disk and several ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals, you will be able to use a number of XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands intended for systems with several simultaneous ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users. These include commands which allow you to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄determine which other users are presently on the system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄such as who. You will also be able to communicate with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other users on the system with wall, which broadcasts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any message you type after the prompt, as well as with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the mail program, if it is available on your system. Of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄course, even if you are alone on the system, it is often ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄convenient to mail information to other users; they will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄receive it when they log in. You may even use mail to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄send helpful reminders to yourself.↲
↲
┆84┆However, there are several special cautions that apply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to multi-user system environments. These are described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄here.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.1 Shutting Down the System↲
↲
┆84┆As you have been warned in Section 4.1 of this manual, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄it is extremely important to log out and shut the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄down correctly. You should be especially cautious if you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄have several users on your system, so that you do not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accidentally terminate any processes they may have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running. Because there may be several users working on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX simultaneously, the system is set up so that only ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a user with super-user powers may shut the system down. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄So, you will have to log out of your ordinary user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account by typing <CONTROL-D> once again, and log back ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in as "root". When you see the prompt, type:↲
↲
shutdown<ENTER>↲
↲
You will be asked:↲
↲
┆a1┆┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Minutes till shutdown? (0-15):↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆Be sure you give the other users adequate warning to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄finish what they are doing and log off the system. You ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will even have the opportunity to broadcast a message, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄perhaps saying how long the system will be down.↲
↲
┆84┆Once you have entered the time until shutdown, you will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄see something like:↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆06┆Xenix Shutdown in 0 minutes.↲
Clean up and log off.↲
All logged off now.↲
Broadcast Message...↲
↲
Xenix will now terminate.↲
Kill -15 25 21 23↲
**NORMAL SYSTEM SHUTDOWN**↲
↲
┆a1┆┆05┆↲
↲
┆84┆Do not turn off the computer until you see a "Normal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄System Shutdown" message.↲
↲
┆84┆You can also use the haltsys command, but you will have ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to be careful that all your users are off the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Use the who command to find out if anyone else is logged ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in. Even if no one is actually still logged in, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processes may still be running on the system. The output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the command↲
↲
ps -a↲
↲
┆84┆should be checked carefully to determine whether this is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the case. Users can be alerted that you are about to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bring down the system with the wall command.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.2 Setting Up Multiple Terminals↲
↲
┆84┆In order to use your system, you must tell XENIX what ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type of terminal you are using. The characteristics of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄all commonly used terminals are stored in a system file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆, which is called by the user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file at login time. If you look at any user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ you will see an entry like:↲
↲
TERM=trs16; export TERM↲
TERMCAP=/etc/termcap; export TERMCAP↲
↲
┆84┆In this example the "TERM" variable is set to ┆a1┆trs16┆e1┆, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in other words, tells the system to look in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file for the ┆a1┆trs16┆e1┆ entry. In this example ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"trs16" is an abbreviated name of the terminal model ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which you are using. The entry contains information ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about the special characteristics of the keyboard.↲
↲
┆84┆Of course, if you have several different types of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals attached to your system, or facilities for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dialing up from other locations, users may be logging in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from different terminals at different times. As system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager, you must make your users aware that if they log ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in from a terminal other than the one specified in their ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄.┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, they will have to reset the terminal type ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by typing a command after they log in, or they may be ↓
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unable to use the system. If you log in from a terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other than the one specified in your .┆a1┆profile┆e1┆ file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄reset the terminal type by typing the abbreviated name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of the terminal you are using after you log in. For ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example:↲
↲
TERM=vt100↲
export TERM↲
↲
┆84┆Naturally, the users will have to know which terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄type they are using and the way in which that terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄name is abbreviated in the /┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file. This ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information can be found in the ┆a1┆┆e1┆XENIX System Reference ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual┆e1┆. It is a good idea to print a copy of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/┆a1┆etc/termcap┆e1┆ file on your system to determine which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals are supported.↲
↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.B.3 Setting User ID For Multiple Systems↲
↲
┆84┆If you are working in an environment with several XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems, and users wish to work on more than one ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄computer, moving their files back and forth on floppy ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disks, they will need to have valid logins and "home" ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories on each system. Please note, however, that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user must be assigned the same user ID number on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄each system if he wishes to transfer file systems ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄between computers. If you customarily add user accounts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with the mkuser program, be aware that the assignment of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a user ID number is done automatically and arbitrarily.↲
↲
┆84┆Therefore, you must edit the /┆a1┆etc/passwd┆e1┆ file to supply ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identical user ID numbers for each of your systems. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄password file entry will look something like this:↲
↲
johnd:j9djf:204:50:Accounting 333:/usr/johnd:/bin/sh:↲
↲
┆84┆The user ID number is the one immediately following the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄encrypted password. You may use any number over 200, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄long as it does not belong to another user. Check to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄make sure the entries are identical for all the XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄systems you are working with.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆6.C GLOSSARY↲
↲
┆84┆Here is a list of word that occur in this chapter and in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other XENIX documentation. It includes the definition of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄some commonly used computer terms and concepts, as well ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as some terms specific to the XENIX System, with an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄emphasis on terms related to system operation and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄maintenance.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Access┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆Your ability to look at, change, and use files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories. To have access, you must first have a valid ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄acccount on your XENIX system, as well as individual ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and/or group permission for the files you wish to work ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄with.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Account↲
↲
┆84┆An account is your authorization to use the system. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX maintains a list of all valid user logins - that ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is, user names, passwords, and optional group ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄identification.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Accounting↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX facility for tracking system usage. XENIX keeps ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄a record of processes run on the system and how much the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system is used by a given user.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Application↲
↲
┆84┆Application programs perform specific user tasks, such ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as word processing, accounting, inventory, or business ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄forecasting. These programs may be purchased with your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system or in separate packages, or written by system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄users.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Archive↲
↲
┆84┆Archiving is the process of copying files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories to floppy disks, and removing the files from ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system. Archiving should be done for programs and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files which are little used in order to save space on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your hard disk.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Argument↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX commands are often followed by an argument, most ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commonly the name of a file to which the command will be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄applied.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Background↲
↲
┆84┆XENIX is a multitasking system, which can run more than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄one process, or program, at once. Commands may be run in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the background by putting the ampersand character (&) at ↓
┆8c┆┆83┆┆c8┆↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the end of the command line. Background processes leave ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the terminal free, and other processes may be started ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄without waiting for a background process to finish.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Backup↲
↲
┆84┆The process of making a copy of all the data on your ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system in case the original is destroyed or damaged.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Basic System↲
↲
┆84┆Your XENIX basic system contains system programs, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄utilities, and frequntly used commands. It does not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄include specialized software development or text ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing packages, or any other application software.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Boot↲
↲
┆84┆This a frequently used computer term to describe the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sequence of programs which start up your system. It is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄distinguished from physically turning on, or powering ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄up, the computer, or the installation of XENIX software ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on your system for the first time.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆CPU↲
↲
The central processing unit of your computer.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Child Process↲
↲
┆84┆Refers to a process which is created by another, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄parent, process.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Command↲
↲
┆84┆This is your request to the system to perform a given ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄task. Commands may be system programs or shell ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Configuration↲
↲
┆84┆This term refers to the particular collection of devices ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you have on your system, and the way these are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected, such as a "floppy-only" or "8-megabyte hard ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄disk" configuration.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Console↲
↲
┆84┆This is the controlling terminal for the XENIX system, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from which the system is first booted, and to which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄error messages about serious system conditions are sent.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Cursor↲
↲
┆84┆The cursor, typically represented by a lighted square on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄your terminal screen, indicates where the next character ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you type will appear.↲
↲
┆8c┆┆83┆┆d0┆↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Core File↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆A file which is sometimes produced when a program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminates unexpectedly due to some fault, such as an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄illegal instruction or data access, or when a user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accidentally types a quit at the keyboard. This file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will automatically be stored in your current working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory, and should be deleted to save disk space.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Device Driver↲
↲
┆84┆A set of routines which enable the XENIX system to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄control and pass data to and from an input/output ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄device, such as a lineprinter or disk drive.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Device Special File↲
↲
┆84┆This is a XENIX file which provides direct access to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄physical device. Writing to a device special file causes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the data to be sent directly to the device. These files ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are in the /┆a1┆dev┆e1┆ directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Directory↲
↲
┆84┆A directory is a file containing the names of a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄collectuion of files. The XENIX system offers the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄capacity to organize information hierarhically by ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄allowing you to group related files into directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Disk Drive↲
↲
┆84┆A device that stores information in magnetic form on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄surface of a either a hard or floppy disk, and which can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access data from any point on the disk.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File System↲
↲
┆84┆A collection of files associated with a physical disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄drive, which is attached to, or mounted on, the root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File Structure↲
↲
┆84┆A hierarchically organized collection of files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆File↲
↲
┆84┆The basic unit of storage on your system. All data, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄programs, and text are stored in files.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Format↲
↲
┆84┆Both hard and floppy disks must be prepared to accept ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX data with the formatting program called diskutil.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆84┆┆b0┆┆a1┆Group↲
↲
┆84┆A number of users may be designated as having identical ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄access rights to certain files, and are listed in a file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called /┆a1┆etc/group┆e1┆.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Group ID↲
↲
┆b0┆┆f0┆┆84┆Each user on the system is assigned to a group, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄identified by a number taken from the password file when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄the user logs in. Each process started by the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┆81┆┄inherits that group ID.↲
↲
┆84┆┆b0┆┆a1┆Home Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The directory where you are automatically postioned when ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you log in. The home directory is set up by the login ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process from the information in the password file. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shell maintains a shell variable "$HOME" which is set ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the home directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Kernel↲
↲
┆84┆The term "XENIX kernel" is usually used to refer to the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄code in the file /xenix. This is the program loaded at ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄boot time, and contains routines to implement all the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system calls, task scheduling, and interrupt handling. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄It also contains the programs which control ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communication to the input/output devices.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Login↲
↲
┆84┆This is the process of typing your name and password ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄into the computer in order to begin work.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Mount↲
↲
┆84┆The process of attaching a file structure to the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system.↲
↲
╞ ┆a1┆┆b0┆Multi-user↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆When most XENIX systems are booted they come up in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"single-user" mode, with just the "super-user" logged in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system console. When the "super-user" logs out, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system goes "multi-user", and users can log in on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄other terminals.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Multi-tasking↲
↲
┆84┆The capacity to run two or more tasks, or programs, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄simultaneously.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Permission↲
↲
┆84┆Access to files and directories on your XENIX system may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be limited by assigning read, write, execute, and search ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄permissions.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Parent↲
↲
┆84┆This term has two meanings in the XENIX system. A parent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄process is one which sets another, child process going. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄A parent directory is the directory immediately above ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the current one in the directory tree.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Operating System↲
↲
┆84┆This is the collection of programs which control the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user's interaction with the system and determine how the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄total resources of the computer are allocated to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄individual users and programs. An operating system also ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄controls communication with input/output devices such as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminals and lineprinters. The XENIX system is an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄operating system.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Output↲
↲
┆84┆The result of processing by the computer, generally ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄communicated to the user via terminal or lineprinter.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Password↲
↲
┆84┆A user's account is optionally protected by a password, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄which the user must type when requested along with his ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄account name, in order to gain access to the system.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Pathname↲
↲
┆84┆This is the name of a file or directory, expressed as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the path down which you must travel from the root ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory in order to reach it.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Pipe↲
↲
╞ ┆84┆This is a mechanism symbolized bythe pipe character↲
╞ ┆84┆( ), which allows the user to connect two processes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄together.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Prompt↲
↲
┆84┆The prompt is the signal that the system is ready to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄accept the user's input. The two XENIX prompts are the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄number sign ( ), if you are logged in as super-user, or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄dollar sign ($), the ordinary system prompt.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Root Directory↲
↲
┆84┆The directory at the top of the XENIX file structure, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄called "/", which contains XENIX system-level files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Root┆e1┆↲
↲
┆84┆A synonym for the "super-user". Also the name for the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory at the top of the directory tree, refered to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as slash (/). ↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆b0┆┆a1┆Scroll↲
↲
┆84┆The way in which text moves up and down on your terminal ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄screen.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Shell↲
↲
┆84┆The XENIX command line interpreter which accepts ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄commands from the user and passes them to the system for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄execution.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Single User↲
↲
┆84┆A XENIX system configurered for only one user. You may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also see this term used to describe the mode in which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the system first comes up, when the user is logged in as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄"super-user" at the system console. In this mode the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄date can be set and file system cleaning performed.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Stand-Alone↲
↲
┆84┆Refers to programs which run independently of XENIX. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Examples are: diskutil, hdinit, and firsttime.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Super-User↲
↲
┆84┆Also known as root. Because the super-user has ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄unrestricted access to the file system, this user ID ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄should be used very cautiously.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Swapping↲
↲
┆84┆If there are more active processes in the system than ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄there is space for in memory, the system moves them back ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and forth to the disk while they are not actually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄running.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆System Management↲
↲
┆84┆Those functions performed by a user appointed as system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manager, or administrator, including the establishment ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of user accounts, disk maintenance, and backups.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Tar File↲
↲
┆84┆A file produced by the so-called tape archive program, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tar. This is usually written directly to floppy disk or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄magnetic tape.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆User ID↲
↲
┆84┆Each user on the system is identified by a number which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is recorded in the password file. All files and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directories in the file system belong to a user ID, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄that user may specify whether and how other users on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄system may access each file and directory.↲
↲
┆b0┆┆a1┆Working Directory↲
↲
Your current position in the file structure hierarchy.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
↲
↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆7-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.╞ ╞ NORMAL USE↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter describes the XENIX system startup and shutdown ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄procedures.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.1╞ ╞ System Startup Procedure↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1. ┆84┆Check that there is no diskette in the RC3951 diskette ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄drive.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 2. ┆84┆Apply power to terminals connected to the RC3922 (in ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄particu┄lar the terminal connected to J1, where system ↓
┆19┆┆8c┆┄┄messages will appear).↲
↲
╞ ╞ 3. Apply power to the RC3922/1 and RC3951.↲
↲
╞ ╞ 4. Observe the RC3922/1 status lamps.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3922 has six status lamps, labeled from left to right:↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆TEST, DISK, CIRCUIT XMIT, CIRCUIT RCV, LAN XMIT, and LAN RCV. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄In the RC3922/1, the two LAN lamps are not connected, and will ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄never light. In a normal RC3922/1 startup sequence, the status ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lamps will light as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Lamps Lit┆e1┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Duration┆e1┆ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆Phase↲
↲
╞ ╞ 1 : all four╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922 power switched on↲
╞ ╞ 2 : TEST╞ ╞ ╞ approx. 10 sec. RC3922 selftest↲
╞ ╞ 3 : DISK╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ xx sec. ┆84┆program load from Win┄↓
┆19┆┆af┆┄┄ches┄ter disk↲
╞ ╞ 4 : DISK CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV ╞ program running↲
╞ (5) : TEST DISK╞ ╞ ╞ ╞ program load failure↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When XENIX is running, the DISK lamp indicates a disk transfer. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄The CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV lamps indicate that the terminal control┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ler (ITC) is receiving/answering commands. If the TEST and DISK ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lamps are lit at the same time, consult Chapter 9 of this manu-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄al.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In the selftest phase, approximately 12 lines of test results ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄are output on the terminal connected to RC3922/1 plug J1. De-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pending on the terminal (e.g. RC855 or RC822) this output may ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄appear on the screen as nonsense on account of parity checking.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When XENIX is ready, a message will appear on the system termi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nal (plug J1) requesting the root password or <ctrl>d. If you ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄respond with the root password, XENIX will enter system main-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tenance mode; if you respond with <ctrl>d, the system will go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄multiuser. If you do not respond within 15 seconds, the system ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will proceed as if you had typed <ctrl>d.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.2╞ ╞ XENIX System Running↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the system is booted and running multiuser, as described ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in the previous section, you will be able to log in. The first ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user to log in will be asked for the date and time of day.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆7.3╞ ╞ XENIX System Shutdown↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should always shut the system down before turning the power ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄off; if you do not, XENIX will indicate possible errors in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system the next time you boot. To shut the system down, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄you must be logged in as root (super-user) and use the command:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ /etc/shutdown↲
↲
╞ ╞ After some other message, the message↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ** normal system shutdown **↲
↲
╞ ╞ will appear, and you may turn the power off.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆You should always shut the system down at the end of working ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄hours in order to prolong the lifetime of the Winchester disk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄drive.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆╞ ╞ ╞ ┆05┆8-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.╞ ╞ RC3900 MENU SYSTEM↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆This chapter briefly describes the RC3900 menu system insofar ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄as it differs from the menu system described in the Uniplex ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual. As shown in the diagram on the next page, the RC3900 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu system is like a tree; the main menu is the trunk, and the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄following are branches:↲
↲
╞ ╞ - word processing system menu↲
╞ ╞ - utilities menu↲
╞ ╞ - company directory menu↲
╞ ╞ - electronic mail menu↲
╞ ╞ - telex service menu↲
╞ ╞ - room management system menu↲
╞ ╞ - appointment management system menu↲
╞ ╞ - file transfer service menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Each of these menus in turn contains branches. The first four ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menus are included in the standard RC3900 menu system, and are ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in the present chapter. The last four menus represent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄nonstandard facilities, which must be purchased and installed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄separately, and are described in other publications.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The RC3900 menu system builds on the XENIX operating system. In ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the following sections, the underlying XENIX command is indi┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cat┄ed for most of the options described. These commands may be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄studied in the XENIX Programmer's Guide. The terminal user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄also request a display of the portion of the XENIX Programmer's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Guide that describes a particular command. This is done on the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu level by entering the command:↲
<ctrl>x man XENIX-command-name↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When displayed on the terminal, the menus and instructions in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the RC3900 menu system are largely self-explanatory, and for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this reason the following sections describe mostly things which ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄may not be readily apparent. Simple examples are given where ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄examples are relevant. In these examples, whatever is entered ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄by the terminal user is shown underlined, e.g. ┆a1┆20*9/5+32┆e1┆; the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄pressing of the "Return" key at the end of a line is not ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄shown. The reader will find a basic key description in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Uniplex manual, which provides a fuller explanation of many ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄things which are treated summarily in this chapter.↲
↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆MAIN MENU↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Word Processing System Menu (8.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Create a new document (8.1.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Edit a document (8.1.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print a document (8.1.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Mail merge (8.1.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Change directory (8.1.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.1.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Index System Menu (8.1.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in this directory only (8.1.7.1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in this and subdirectories (8.1.7.2)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names in a specified directory (8.1.7.3)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Names on a particular subject (8.1.7.4)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Find the location of a file (8.1.7.5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Classify the contents of a file (8.1.7.6)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View the start of a file (8.1.7.7)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View the end of a file (8.1.7.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ File Checking Menu (8.1.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View spelling errors in a file (8.1.8.1)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Save spelling errors (8.1.8.2)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ View spelling errors saved (8.1.8.3)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print out spelling errors saved (8.1.8.4)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Count lines, words, and characters (8.1.8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Full file status report (8.1.8.6)↲
╞ ╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.1.8.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Utilities Menu (8.1.9)┆e1┆ (continues)↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆MAIN MENU┆e1┆ (continued)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Utilities Menu (8.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Copy (8.2.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Erase (8.2.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ New name (8.2.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Open a new directory (8.2.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Remove an empty directory (8.2.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ List files (8.2.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Time and date (8.2.7)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Monthly calendar (8.2.8)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Desk calculator (8.2.9)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Company Directory Menu (8.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Look up an entry (8.3.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Edit the directory (8.3.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Print the directory (8.3.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Electronic Mail Menu (8.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Mailboxes on the system (8.4.1)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Send mail to another user (8.4.2)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Collect mail (8.4.3)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Who is also on the computer (8.4.4)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Talk to another user (8.4.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Install extended facilities (8.4.6)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Telex Service Menu (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Room Management System (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ Appointment Management System Menu (8.5)↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆ File Transfer Service Menu (8.5)↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1╞ ╞ W - Word Processing System Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option W on the main menu displays the word ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄processing system menu, from which the options described in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄this section can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.1╞ C - Create a new document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a file name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command creates a new file named advent in the cur┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rent directory, and then clears the screen, so that the user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄can type and edit the file. For further information, see the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.2╞ E - Edit a document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a file name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
╞ ╞ I just created my first file.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the contents of the (existing) file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄named advent in the current directory, so that the user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄edit the file. For further information, see the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.3╞ P - Print a document↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option P on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter the name of a file to be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄printed. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the print set-up instruction sheet ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for the file named advent in the current directory. The print ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄set-up instruction sheet is self-explanatory.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.4╞ M - Mail merge↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter the name of a standard text ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆advent↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the mail merge instruction sheet for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the file named advent in the current directory. For further ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄information, see the Uniplex manual.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.5╞ D - Change directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option D on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays an instruction to enter a directory name. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Letters↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command changes the current directory to the sub-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory named Letters. XENIX command: cd↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.6╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays a listing of all file names in the current directory. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7╞ I - Index System Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option I on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays the index system menu, from which the options ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in this subsection can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.1╞ 1 - Names in this directory only↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 1 on the index system menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of the names of all files and subdirectories in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.2╞ 2 - Names in this and subdirectories↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 2 on the index system menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of the names of all files in the current directory and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄in any subdirectory. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.3╞ 3 - Names in a specified directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 3 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to specify a directory listing in any of four diffe┄r-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄ent ways. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆-1↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays a listing of all file names, with ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄statistical information, in the current directory. See further ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Subsection 8.1.8.6. XENIX command: ls↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.4╞ 4 - Names on a particular subject↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 4 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter a subject to be looked for. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆time↲
╞ ╞ ./temp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the file name temp, as this file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contains the word time. Note that the pathname of the file is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displayed, where "." stands for the current directory (usually ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄/usr/user-name, which indicates that the file is in the user's ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄login directory). XENIX command: grep↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.5╞ 5 - Find the location of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 5 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a file to be found. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆sec?↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part1/sec1↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part1/sec2↲
╞ ╞ ./Report/Part2/sec1↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the pathnames (cf. 8.1.7.4) of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄files named sec?. Note the use of the wildcard character "?" to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄indicate any single character in the name. XENIX command: find↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.6╞ 6 - Classify the contents of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 6 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆wp.back.up↲
╞ ╞ wp.back.up: ascii text↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the classification of the file named ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄wp.back.up. XENIX command: file↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.7╞ 7 - View the start of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 7 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user has done so, the first part of the file is displayed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for identification. XENIX command: head↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.7.8╞ 8 - View the end of a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 8 on the index system menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user has done so, the last part of the file is displayed ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for identification. XENIX command: tail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8╞ F - File Checking Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option F on the word processing system menu ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄displays the file checking menu, from which the options de-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄scribed in this subsection can be selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.1╞ 1 - View spelling errors in a file↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 1 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be checked for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄spelling. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ citozens↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the misspelled word citozens in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file named temp. XENIX command: spell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.2╞ 2 - Save spelling errors↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 2 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be checked for ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄spelling. When the user has done so, the file is checked, and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄any misspelled word is saved in a special file named badspell. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX command: spell > badspell↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.3╞ 3 - View spelling errors saved↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 3 on the file checking menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of the file badspell (cf. 8.1.8.2) for editing. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ May 11 15:05 1984 Page 1↲
╞ ╞ citozens↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: more badspell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.4╞ 4 - Print out spelling errors ↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 4 on the file checking menu prints out the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄contents of the file badspell (cf. 8.1.8.3). XENIX command:↲
╞ ╞ lpr badspell↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.5╞ 5 - Count lines, words, and characters↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 5 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ 4 16 76 temp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays a count of 4 lines, 16 words, and 76 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄characters for the file named temp. XENIX command: wc↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.6╞ 6 - Full file status report↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option 6 on the file checking menu displays an in-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄struction to enter the name of a document to be looked at. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ -rw-r--r-- 1 joe 76 Apr 6 16:33 temp↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays the following statistical informa┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄tion for the file named temp:↲
↲
╞ ╞ access and execution permissions:╞ -rw-r--r--↲
╞ ╞ names by which the file is known (links): 1↲
╞ ╞ user who owns the file:╞ ╞ ╞ joe↲
╞ ╞ file size in characters (bytes):╞ ╞ 76↲
╞ ╞ date and time of latest modification: Apr 6 16:33↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Similar statistical information is displayed by the -1 command ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Subsection 8.1.7.3. XENIX command: ls -l↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.8.7╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the file checking menu is equivalent ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to selection of option 3 on the index system menu (8.1.7.3).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.1.9╞ U - Utilities Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option U on the word processing system menu is ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄equivalent to selection of option U on the main menu, as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄described in Section 8.2.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2╞ ╞ U - Utilities Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option U on the main menu displays the utilities ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄menu, from which the options described in this section can be ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selected.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.1╞ C - Copy↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name, first for the original file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then for the new file. Example:↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ original file temp↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆savetemp↲
╞ ╞ new file savetemp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above commands make a copy of the file named temp and name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the copy savetemp. XENIX command: cp↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.2╞ E - Erase↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name for the original file. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆oldtemp↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Following user confirmation, the above command removes the file ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄named oldtemp from the current directory. XENIX command: rm↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.3╞ N - New name↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option N on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a file name, first for the original file, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄and then for the new file. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆temp↲
╞ ╞ original file temp↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆example↲
╞ ╞ new file example↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command changes the file name temp to the file name ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄example. XENIX command: mv↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.4╞ O - Open a new directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option O on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a subdirectory. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Report↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command creates a new directory named Report in the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current directory. XENIX command: mkdir↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.5╞ R - Remove an empty directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option R on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a subdirectory. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Draft↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command removes the subdirectory named Draft, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄provided the latter contains no files. XENIX command: rmdir↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.6╞ L - List files↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the utilities menu is equivalent to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selection of option 3 on the index system menu (8.1.7.3) or ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄option L on the file checking menu (8.1.8.7).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.7╞ T - Time and date↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option T on the utilities menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄current date and time of day. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆Fri May 11 09:06:23 GMT 1984↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: date↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.8╞ M - Monthly calendar↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a year or a month and year. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆9 1752↲
╞ ╞ ╞ September 1752↲
╞ ╞ S M Tu W Th F S↲
╞ ╞ ╞ 1 2 14 15 16↲
╞ ╞ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23↲
╞ ╞ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: cal↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.2.9╞ D - Desk calculator↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option D on the utilities menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter input to the calculator program. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆20*9/5+32↲
╞ ╞ 68↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command activates the program, which calculates the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄answer shown. XENIX command: bc↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3╞ ╞ C - Company Directory Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the main menu displays the company ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄directory menu, from which the options described in this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄section can be selected.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.1╞ L - Look up an entry↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option L on the company directory menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter a pattern to be looked for. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆rc↲
╞ ╞ RC Ballerup ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Glostrup ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Ålborg, Nørresundby ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Odense, TS ...↲
╞ ╞ RC Præstø ...↲
╞ ╞ RC/TS Esbjerg ...↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The above command displays all entries containing the pattern ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄rc. The user must press the key combination <ctrl>d in order to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄return to the menu.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.2╞ E - Edit the directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the company directory menu displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the contents of the company directory, so that the user can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄edit it (cf. 8.1.2).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.3.3╞ P - Print the directory↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option P on the company directory menu displays ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the print set-up instruction sheet for the company directory ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(cf.8.1.3).↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4╞ ╞ E - Electronic Mail Menu↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option E on the main menu displays the electronic ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mail menu, from which the options described in this section can ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be selected.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.1╞ M - Mailboxes on the system↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option M on the electronic mail menu displays a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄listing of all mailboxes on the system (cf. 8.4.2). XENIX com┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄mand: ls /usr/spool/mail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.2╞ S - Send mail to another user↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option S on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name of a user to send mail to, i.e. ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the name of his mailbox (cf. 8.4.1). Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆moe↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Shall I wake you at four every day next week too?↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆<ctrl>d↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The mailbox name, moe, is followed on the next line by the mes-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄sage to be sent. The key combination <ctrl>d must be used to ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄terminate the external function invoked by this option. When ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the user to whom mail was sent next logs into the computer, he ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will be informed that there is mail in his mailbox. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command: mail↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.3╞ C - Collect mail↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option C on the electronic mail menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄latest piece of mail (if any) in the user's mailbox. Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆From moe Fri May 11 16:59:32 1984↲
╞ ╞ Yes, wake me again next week, if you don't mind.↲
╞ ╞ ?↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The message, on the second line, is preceded by a header. The ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question mark is a prompt to the user to enter a command indi-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄cating what should be done with the mail. For a list of the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄available commands, the user can enter a question mark. XENIX ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄command: mail↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.4╞ W - Who is also on the computer↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option W on the electronic mail menu displays the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄user name, terminal name, and time of logging in for every user ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄currently on the computer (cf. 8.4.5). Example:↲
↲
╞ ╞ root tty0 May 9 09:01↲
╞ ╞ moe tty1 May 9 09:30↲
╞ ╞ joe tty2 May 9 10:06↲
↲
╞ ╞ XENIX command: who↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.5╞ T - Talk to another user↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option T on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄instruction to enter the name and location of a person to talk ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to (cf. 8.4.4). Example of a conversation between two users, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄the sequence of which is indicated in parentheses:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆user joe terminal display┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆┆e1┆user moe terminal display↲
╞ ╞ ┆81┆------------------------- -------------------------┆82┆↲
╞ ╞ ( 1) ┆a1┆moe tty1┆e1┆╞ ╞ ╞ ( 2) ┆a1┆┆e1┆Message from joe tty2↲
╞ ╞ ( 3) ┆a1┆I was to wake you.-o-┆e1┆ ( 4) I was to wake you.-o-↲
╞ ╞ ( 6) Message from moe tty1 ( 5) ┆a1┆joe tty2↲
╞ ╞ ( 8) Thanks a lot!-oo- ( 7) ┆a1┆Thanks a lot!-oo-↲
╞ ╞ (10) EOF ( 9) ┆a1┆<ctrl>d↲
╞ ╞ (11) ┆a1┆<ctrl>d┆e1┆ (12) EOF↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The use of "-o-" (for "over") and "-oo-" (for "over and out") ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄is not mandatory, but helpful. The key combination <ctrl>d must ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄be used to terminate the external function invoked by this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄option. ("EOF" is short for "end of file"). XENIX command: ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄write↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.4.6╞ I - Install extended facilities↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Selection of option I on the electronic mail menu displays an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄install new facilities instruction sheet, which tells how to go ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄about installing extended electronic mail facilities.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.5╞ ╞ Nonstandard Facilities↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆An install new facilities instruction sheet is displayed on ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selection of any of the following options on the main menu:↲
↲
╞ ╞ T - Telex Service↲
╞ ╞ R - Room Management System↲
╞ ╞ A - Appointment Management System↲
╞ ╞ F - File Transfer Service↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆8.6╞ ╞ Function Key Differences↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The function key combinations used in the RC3900 system differ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄from those described in the Uniplex manual as follows:↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Uniplex┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆RC3900┆e1┆╞ ┆a1┆Function↲
↲
╞ ╞ <ctrl>x╞ <ctrl>g╞ delete line↲
╞ ╞ <esc> h╞ <esc> ?╞ quick help↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆9-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.╞ ╞ ERROR HANDLING↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The system contains two microprocessors, located respectively ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄on the system CPU (central processing unit) and ITC (intelli-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄gent terminal controller) boards. Both boards execute built-in ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄selftests after power-up, and deliver selftest results to a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄connected terminal: the system CPU board to the console inter-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄face K1 (usually not connected) and the ITC board to J1 (should ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄always be connected).↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Each board, moreover, drives two LED (light-emitting diode) ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄status lamps. TEST and DISK are driven by the system CPU ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄board, and CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV by the ITC board.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.1╞ ╞ TEST Lamp Flashes or Stays Lit during Power-Up↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the lamp labeled TEST starts flashing or is lit continuously ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄for more than 15 seconds, the built-in selftest may have ┄ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄failed. If this happens, connect a terminal to the console ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄inter┄face K1 and restart the system.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆When the CPU selftest now sees that a "test console" is present ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄(DSR active), it will not start to execute until the console ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄baud rate has been determined. The selftest can determine this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄when the console operator types one upper-case U for 9600, ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄4800, or 2400 bauds or two upper-case U's for 1200, 600, or 300 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄bauds. No other baud rates are supported.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆The "test console" should always be configured as follows: 8 ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄data bits/character, 2 stop bits/character, and no parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆In the baud rate determination phase, the selftest writes aste┄↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄risks (*) to the console at 9600 bauds, but these may appe┄ar as ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄garbage or not at all when the attached terminal operates at a ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄different baud rate.↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If an error is detected during the selftest, the program writes ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄to the console which test failed. Note down the contents of ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄such a message and report the error to RC Computer.↲
↲
╞ ╞ If the selftest terminates successfully, it writes↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ RC3922 Monitor, iSBC 86/30 version, rel 1.6↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
╞ ╞ ("." is a prompt) to the console.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Now type LG <CR> (Load and Go) from the console to boot the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄XENIX system. If the boot is unsuccessful, the loader program ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄lights the TEST and DISK lamps together, and writes↲
↲
╞ ╞ ╞ Winchester load timeout↲
╞ ╞ ╞ .↲
↲
╞ ╞ ("." is a prompt) to the console.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.2╞ ╞ Error Message during Power-Up↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the system was not shut down properly, it will write an ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄error message during the next power-up, and ask whether the ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄file system should be cleaned. Always answer y (yes) to this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄question.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If the ITC board selftest detects an error during power-up, it ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄will write a message to the terminal connected to J1. The con-↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄figuration of this terminal will be 9600 bauds, 8 data bits/ ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄character, 1 stop bit/character, and no parity.↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆If such a message is displayed, note down its contents and ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄report the error to RC Computer.↲
↲
↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆a1┆┆b0┆9.3╞ ╞ Unusual Behavior during Normal Use↲
↲
╞ ╞ ┆84┆Unusual behavior during normal use could be caused by a number ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄of factors. For further information, see Section 6.5 of this ↓
┆19┆┆89┆┄┄manual.↲
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
↓
┆14┆┆b3┆┆05┆A-┆0b┆↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.╞ ╞ OTHER LITERATURE↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.1╞ ╞ Books on the Unix System↲
↲
Bourne, Steve. ┆a1┆The UNIX System.┆e1┆ Reading, Massachusetts:↲
╞ ╞ Addison-Wesley, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Gauthier, Richard. ┆a1┆Using the UNIX System.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs,↲
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1981.↲
╞ ╞ McGilton, Henry and Morgan, Rachel. ┆a1┆Introducing the UNIX↲
┆19┆┄┄┆84┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆┆e1┆ ┆a1┆System.┆e1┆ New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Thomas, Rebecca and Yates, Jean. ┆a1┆A User Guide to the UNIX ↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆System.┆e1┆ Berkeley, California: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Waite, Mitchell; Martin, Donald; and Prata, Steve. ┆a1┆Unix Primer↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Plus.┆e1┆ Indianapolis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams and Co., 1983.↲
↲
↲
┆a1┆┆b0┆A.2╞ ╞ Books on the C Programming Language↲
↲
╞ ╞ Feuer, Alan R. ┆a1┆The C Puzzle Book.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:↲
╞ ╞ Prentice-Hall, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Hancock, Les and Krieger, Morris. ┆a1┆The C Primer.┆e1┆ New York, New↲
╞ ╞ York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Kernighan, Brian W. and Ritchie, Dennis M. ┆a1┆The C Programming↲
╞ ╞ ┆a1┆Language.┆e1┆ Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1978.↲
╞ ╞ Plum, Thomas. ┆a1┆C Programming Standards and Guidelines.┆e1┆ Cardiff,↲
╞ ╞ New Jersey: Plum Hall, 1982.↲
╞ ╞ Plum, Thomas. ┆a1┆Learning to Program in C.┆e1┆ Cardiff, New Jersey:↲
╞ ╞ Plum Hall, 1983.↲
╞ ╞ Zahn, C.T. ┆a1┆C Notes.┆e1┆ New York, New York: Yourdon Press, 1979.↲
↲
┆1a┆┆1a┆New York: Yordon Press,
0x00000…00020 (0,) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 05 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 4e 00 00 00 ┆ B N ┆
0x00020…00040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ┆
0x00040…00047 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ ┆
0x00047…00080 Params {
0x00047…00080 04 00 27 4e 0c 00 06 00 00 00 00 03 01 48 31 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ 'N H1` ┆
0x00047…00080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 0a 0f 14 19 1e 23 28 2d 32 37 3c 41 46 4b ff 04 ┆ #(-27<AFK ┆
0x00047…00080 }
0x00080…000a0 06 69 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 43 4f 4e 54 45 4e 54 53 05 50 41 47 45 0d 0a 0d 0a 30 2e 20 20 49 4e 54 ┆ i CONTENTS PAGE 0. INT┆
0x000a0…000c0 52 4f 44 55 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆RODUCTION ......................┆
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0x000e0…00100 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 2e 20 20 44 4f 43 55 4d 45 4e 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 52 4f 41 44 4d 41 50 20 2e ┆1 1. DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP .┆
0x00100…00120 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00120…00140 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 31 2d 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 32 2e 20 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 20 4f 56 45 52 ┆......... 1-1 2. SYSTEM OVER┆
0x00140…00160 56 49 45 57 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆VIEW ...........................┆
0x00160…00180 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 31 0d 0a 09 32 2e 31 20 ┆..................... 2-1 2.1 ┆
0x00180…001a0 20 48 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ Hardware ......................┆
0x001a0…001c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 31 ┆............................ 2-1┆
0x001c0…001e0 0d 0a 09 32 2e 32 20 20 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 48 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 2.2 Optional Hardware ......┆
0x001e0…00200 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00200…00220 (1,) 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 32 0d 0a 09 32 2e 33 20 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆... 2-2 2.3 Terminals .......┆
0x00220…00240 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00240…00260 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 32 0d 0a 09 32 2e 34 20 20 53 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 2e ┆.......... 2-2 2.4 Software .┆
0x00260…00280 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00280…002a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 33 0d 0a 09 32 2e 35 20 20 4f 70 74 ┆................. 2-3 2.5 Opt┆
0x002a0…002c0 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 53 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ional Software .................┆
0x002c0…002e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 34 0d 0a 09 32 ┆........................ 2-4 2┆
0x002e0…00300 2e 36 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 41 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 6f 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.6 System Administrator .......┆
0x00300…00320 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 ┆............................... ┆
0x00320…00340 32 2d 34 0d 0a 09 32 2e 37 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 ┆2-4 2.7 Some System Examples ┆
0x00340…00360 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00360…00380 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 32 2d 35 0d 0a 0d 0a 33 2e 20 20 48 41 52 44 57 41 52 45 20 49 4e 53 54 41 ┆...... 2-5 3. HARDWARE INSTA┆
0x00380…003a0 4c 4c 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆LLATION ........................┆
0x003a0…003c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 33 2d 31 0d 0a 09 33 2e 31 20 20 53 65 ┆.................. 3-1 3.1 Se┆
0x003c0…003e0 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 53 69 74 65 20 2e 2e 2e ┆lection of Installation Site ...┆
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0x00400…00420 (2,) 33 2e 32 20 20 43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆3.2 Connections ...............┆
0x00420…00440 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00440…00460 20 33 2d 37 0d 0a 09 33 2e 33 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 3-7 3.3 System Examples ....┆
0x00460…00480 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x00480…004a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 33 2d 39 0d 0a 0d 0a 34 2e 20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 41 4e 44 20 55 4e 49 ┆....... 3-9 4. XENIX AND UNI┆
0x004a0…004c0 50 4c 45 58 20 49 4e 53 54 41 4c 4c 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆PLEX INSTALLATION ..............┆
0x004c0…004e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 34 2d 31 0d 0a 09 34 2e 31 20 20 49 ┆................... 4-1 4.1 I┆
0x004e0…00500 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆nstallation of XENIX ...........┆
0x00500…00520 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 34 2d 31 0d 0a ┆.......................... 4-1 ┆
0x00520…00540 09 09 34 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 44 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 46 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 2e 2e 2e ┆ 4.1.1 Distribution Format ...┆
0x00540…00560 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 34 2d ┆............................. 4-┆
0x00560…00580 31 0d 0a 09 09 34 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 44 69 73 74 72 ┆1 4.1.2 Installing the Distr┆
0x00580…005a0 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ibution ........................┆
0x005a0…005c0 20 34 2d 31 0d 0a 09 34 2e 32 20 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 55 4e 49 50 ┆ 4-1 4.2 Installation of UNIP┆
0x005c0…005e0 4c 45 58 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆LEX ............................┆
0x005e0…00600 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 34 2d 36 0d 0a 0d 0a 35 2e 20 20 43 4f 4e 46 49 47 55 52 41 54 49 4f 4e ┆....... 4-6 5. CONFIGURATION┆
0x00600…00620 (3,) 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ ...............................┆
0x00620…00640 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 35 2d 31 0d 0a 09 35 2e 31 20 20 43 ┆................... 5-1 5.1 C┆
0x00640…00660 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆onfiguration of the ITC ........┆
0x00660…00680 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 35 2d 31 0d 0a ┆.......................... 5-1 ┆
0x00680…006a0 09 35 2e 32 20 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 53 75 70 70 6f 72 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 5.2 Terminal Support .........┆
0x006a0…006c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x006c0…006e0 2e 20 35 2d 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 36 2e 20 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 20 41 44 4d 49 4e 49 53 54 52 41 54 4f ┆. 5-3 6. SYSTEM ADMINISTRATO┆
0x006e0…00700 52 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆R ..............................┆
0x00700…00720 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 31 0d 0a 09 36 2e 31 20 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 ┆............. 6-1 6.1 Introdu┆
0x00720…00740 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ction ..........................┆
0x00740…00760 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 31 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 31 2e ┆.................... 6-1 6.1.┆
0x00760…00780 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 52 6f 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 ┆1 The Role of the System Manage┆
0x00780…007a0 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 32 0d 0a 09 09 36 ┆r ..................... 6-2 6┆
0x007a0…007c0 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.1.2 The XENIX System .........┆
0x007c0…007e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 32 0d 0a ┆.......................... 6-2 ┆
0x007e0…00800 09 09 36 2e 31 2e 33 20 20 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 20 76 73 2e 20 46 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 4f 6e ┆ 6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. Floppy-On┆
0x00800…00820 (4,) 6c 79 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d ┆ly Systems .................. 6-┆
0x00820…00840 33 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 31 2e 34 20 20 4f 75 74 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 54 68 69 73 20 43 68 61 70 ┆3 6.1.4 Outline of This Chap┆
0x00840…00860 74 65 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ter ............................┆
0x00860…00866 20 36 2d 33 0d 0a ┆ 6-3 ┆
0x00866…00869 FormFeed {
0x00866…00869 0c 83 c8 ┆ ┆
0x00866…00869 }
0x00869…00880 0a 06 69 69 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 36 2e 32 20 20 41 20 46 69 72 73 74 20 4c ┆ ii 6.2 A First L┆
0x00880…008a0 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ook at XENIX ...................┆
0x008a0…008c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 2e 31 20 ┆.................. 6-5 6.2.1 ┆
0x008c0…008e0 20 41 20 57 6f 72 64 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 59 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆ A Word about Your XENIX System ┆
0x008e0…00900 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 ┆..................... 6-5 6.2┆
0x00900…00920 2e 32 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 50 72 65 6c 69 6d 69 6e 61 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.2 Some Preliminaries .........┆
0x00920…00940 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 36 0d 0a 09 09 ┆........................ 6-6 ┆
0x00940…00960 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 59 6f 75 72 20 4b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard ......┆
0x00960…00980 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 ┆....................... 6-6 ┆
0x00980…009a0 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 32 2e 32 20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 69 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 ┆ 6.2.2.2 XENIX File and Direct┆
0x009a0…009c0 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 ┆ory .................. 6-8 ┆
0x009c0…009e0 09 20 4e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 43 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 32 ┆ Naming Conventions 6.2.2┆
0x009e0…00a00 2e 33 20 20 48 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 55 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 2e 2e ┆.3 How to Use XENIX Commands ..┆
0x00a00…00a20 (5,) 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 36 2d 31 31 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 2e 33 20 20 46 69 ┆.............. 6-11 6.2.3 Fi┆
0x00a20…00a40 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆les and Directories ............┆
0x00a40…00a60 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 ┆..................6-12 6.2┆
0x00a60…00a80 2e 33 2e 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 48 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 20 6f 66 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆.3.1 The Hierarchy of Files and┆
0x00a80…00aa0 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 33 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e ┆ Directories ....6-13 6.2.┆
0x00aa0…00ac0 33 2e 32 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 4d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 ┆3.2 File Manipulation Commands ┆
0x00ac0…00ae0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 34 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 2e 34 20 20 54 ┆................6-14 6.2.4 T┆
0x00ae0…00b00 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 68 65 6c 6c 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆he XENIX Shell .................┆
0x00b00…00b20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 35 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e ┆...................6-15 6.┆
0x00b20…00b40 32 2e 34 2e 31 20 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 49 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 4f 75 74 ┆2.4.1 Controlling Input and Out┆
0x00b40…00b60 70 75 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 ┆put ..............6-16 6.2┆
0x00b60…00b80 2e 34 2e 32 20 20 52 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.4.2 Redirection ..............┆
0x00b80…00ba0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e ┆.................6-16 6.2.┆
0x00ba0…00bc0 34 2e 33 20 20 50 69 70 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆4.3 Pipes .....................┆
0x00bc0…00be0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 2e 35 20 20 46 ┆................6-17 6.2.5 F┆
0x00be0…00c00 72 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 55 73 65 64 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆requently Used Commands ........┆
0x00c00…00c20 (6,) 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e ┆...................6-19 6.┆
0x00c20…00c40 32 2e 35 2e 31 20 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 54 ┆2.5.1 Commands for Using Your T┆
0x00c40…00c60 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 31 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 09 20 61 6e ┆erminal ..........6-19 an┆
0x00c60…00c80 64 20 4c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 46 69 6c ┆d Lineprinter 6.2.5.2 Fil┆
0x00c80…00ca0 65 20 4d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆e Manipulation Commands ........┆
0x00ca0…00cc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 35 2e 33 20 20 42 61 73 69 ┆........6-22 6.2.5.3 Basi┆
0x00cc0…00ce0 63 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆c System Utilities .............┆
0x00ce0…00d00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 32 2e 36 20 20 54 65 78 74 20 45 64 69 74 69 ┆.......6-27 6.2.6 Text Editi┆
0x00d00…00d20 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 45 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ng with Ed .....................┆
0x00d20…00d40 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 31 20 20 49 6e ┆..........6-28 6.2.6.1 In┆
0x00d40…00d60 76 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 45 64 69 74 6f 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆voking the Editor ..............┆
0x00d60…00d80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 32 20 20 41 64 64 ┆.........6-28 6.2.6.2 Add┆
0x00d80…00da0 69 6e 67 20 54 65 78 74 20 74 6f 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ing Text to a File .............┆
0x00da0…00dc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 33 20 20 53 61 76 69 ┆........6-29 6.2.6.3 Savi┆
0x00dc0…00de0 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ng Your File ...................┆
0x00de0…00e00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 32 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 34 20 20 45 78 69 74 69 ┆.......6-29 6.2.6.4 Exiti┆
0x00e00…00e20 (7,) 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 45 64 69 74 6f 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ng the Editor ..................┆
0x00e20…00e40 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 30 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 35 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 69 ┆......6-30 6.2.6.5 Printi┆
0x00e40…00e60 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 59 6f 75 72 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e ┆ng the Contents of Your File ...┆
0x00e60…00e80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 30 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 36 20 20 44 65 6c 65 74 69 6e ┆.....6-30 6.2.6.6 Deletin┆
0x00e80…00ea0 67 20 54 65 78 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆g Text .........................┆
0x00ea0…00ec0 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 31 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 37 20 20 53 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 ┆....6-31 6.2.6.7 Substitu┆
0x00ec0…00ee0 74 69 6e 67 20 54 65 78 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ting Text ......................┆
0x00ee0…00f00 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 31 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 38 20 20 53 65 61 72 63 68 69 6e 67 ┆...6-31 6.2.6.8 Searching┆
0x00f00…00f20 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ ...............................┆
0x00f20…00f40 2e 2e 36 2d 33 33 0d 0a 09 36 2e 33 20 20 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d ┆..6-33 6.3 Getting the System┆
0x00f40…00f60 20 52 65 61 64 79 20 66 6f 72 20 59 6f 75 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ Ready for Your Users ..........┆
0x00f60…00f80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 33 2e 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 53 75 70 65 ┆.........6-35 6.3.1 The Supe┆
0x00f80…00fa0 72 2d 55 73 65 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆r-User .........................┆
0x00fa0…00fc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 33 2e 32 20 20 41 64 64 69 6e ┆............6-35 6.3.2 Addin┆
0x00fc0…00fe0 67 20 61 20 55 73 65 72 3a 20 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 2e 2e 2e ┆g a User: The mkuser Program ...┆
0x00fe0…01000 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 33 36 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 33 2e 33 20 20 54 68 ┆...............6-36 6.3.3 Th┆
0x01000…01020 (8,) 65 20 2e 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆e .profile File ................┆
0x01020…01040 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 30 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 33 2e 34 20 ┆..................6-40 6.3.4 ┆
0x01040…01060 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 55 73 65 72 3a 20 54 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 50 72 6f ┆ Removing a User: The rmuser Pro┆
0x01060…01080 67 72 61 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 30 0d 0a 09 36 2e 34 20 ┆gram ................6-40 6.4 ┆
0x01080…010a0 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 41 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆ controlling Access to Files and┆
0x010a0…010c0 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 33 ┆ Directories ...............6-43┆
0x010c0…010e0 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 34 2e 31 20 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 3a 20 ┆ 6.4.1 Setting Permissions: ┆
0x010e0…01100 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 47 72 6f 75 70 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 4f 74 68 65 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 ┆users, Groups, and Others .....6┆
0x01100…01120 2d 34 33 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 55 73 65 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆-43 6.4.1.1 Users .......┆
0x01120…01140 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d ┆..............................6-┆
0x01140…01160 34 33 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 47 72 6f 75 70 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆43 6.4.1.2 Groups .......┆
0x01160…01180 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 ┆.............................6-4┆
0x01180…011a0 34 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 33 20 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 2e 2e 2e ┆4 6.4.1.3 Permissions ...┆
0x011a0…011c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 34 ┆............................6-44┆
0x011c0…011e0 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 34 20 20 48 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20 50 65 ┆ 6.4.1.4 How to Change Pe┆
0x011e0…01200 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 35 0d ┆rmission Settings .........6-45 ┆
0x01200…01201 (9,) 0a ┆ ┆
0x01201…01204 FormFeed {
0x01201…01204 0c 83 ec ┆ ┆
0x01201…01204 }
0x01204…01220 0a 06 69 69 69 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 34 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 ┆ iii 6.4.2 The File S┆
0x01220…01240 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ystem ..........................┆
0x01240…01260 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 36 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 34 2e 33 20 20 43 72 65 61 74 69 6e ┆..........6-46 6.4.3 Creatin┆
0x01260…01280 67 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆g File Systems .................┆
0x01280…012a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 36 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 34 2e 34 20 20 4d 6f 75 6e ┆.............6-46 6.4.4 Moun┆
0x012a0…012c0 74 65 64 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ted File Systems ...............┆
0x012c0…012e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 34 2e 35 20 20 58 ┆................6-47 6.4.5 X┆
0x012e0…01300 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ENIX System Security ...........┆
0x01300…01320 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e ┆...................6-48 6.┆
0x01320…01340 34 2e 35 2e 31 20 20 50 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e ┆4.5.1 Protection and Permission┆
0x01340…01360 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 ┆ .................6-48 6.4┆
0x01360…01380 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 53 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.5.2 Password Security ........┆
0x01380…013a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 34 2e ┆.................6-49 6.4.┆
0x013a0…013c0 35 2e 33 20 20 52 65 73 74 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 4f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆5.3 Restating the Obvious .....┆
0x013c0…013e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 34 39 0d 0a 09 36 2e 35 20 20 4b 65 65 70 ┆................6-49 6.5 Keep┆
0x013e0…01400 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 79 20 2e 2e ┆ing Your XENIX System Healthy ..┆
0x01400…01420 (10,) 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 31 0d 0a 09 09 36 ┆.......................6-51 6┆
0x01420…01440 2e 35 2e 31 20 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.5.1 Processes ................┆
0x01440…01460 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 31 0d 0a ┆..........................6-51 ┆
0x01460…01480 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 44 61 65 6d 6f 6e 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 2e ┆ 6.5.1.1 Daemon Processes .┆
0x01480…014a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 32 0d 0a 09 ┆.........................6-52 ┆
0x014a0…014c0 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 e1 2f a1 72 63 e1 20 46 69 6c ┆ 6.5.1.2 The / etc / rc Fil┆
0x014c0…014e0 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 32 ┆e ..........................6-52┆
0x014e0…01500 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 49 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 44 69 73 ┆ 6.5.2 The Importance of Dis┆
0x01500…01520 6b 20 53 70 61 63 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 ┆k Space .......................6┆
0x01520…01540 2d 35 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 66 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆-52 6.5.2.1 The df comman┆
0x01540…01560 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d ┆d ............................6-┆
0x01560…01580 35 33 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 75 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆53 6.5.2.2 The du Command┆
0x01580…015a0 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 ┆ ............................6-5┆
0x015a0…015c0 34 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 33 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆4 6.5.2.3 The find Comman┆
0x015c0…015e0 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 34 ┆d ..........................6-54┆
0x015e0…01600 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 34 20 20 54 68 65 20 71 75 6f 74 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆ 6.5.2.4 The quot Command┆
0x01600…01620 (11,) 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 35 0d ┆ ..........................6-55 ┆
0x01620…01640 0a 09 09 36 2e 35 2e 33 20 20 43 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 4f 74 68 ┆ 6.5.3 Communicating with Oth┆
0x01640…01660 65 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d ┆er Users .....................6-┆
0x01660…01680 35 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 35 2e 34 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 49 6e 74 65 67 72 69 ┆55 6.5.4 File System Integri┆
0x01680…016a0 74 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ty .............................┆
0x016a0…016c0 2e 36 2d 35 36 0d 0a 09 36 2e 36 20 20 42 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 55 70 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 ┆.6-56 6.6 Backing Up Your Sys┆
0x016c0…016e0 74 65 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆tem ............................┆
0x016e0…01700 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 36 2e 31 20 20 46 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 69 6e ┆........6-57 6.6.1 Formattin┆
0x01700…01720 67 20 46 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 44 69 73 6b 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆g Floppy Disks .................┆
0x01720…01740 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 36 2e 32 20 20 41 72 63 68 69 76 ┆...........6-57 6.6.2 Archiv┆
0x01740…01760 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 54 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 43 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 59 6f 75 72 20 44 69 73 6b ┆ing and Taking Care of Your Disk┆
0x01760…01780 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 36 2e 33 20 20 55 73 69 ┆s ............6-57 6.6.3 Usi┆
0x01780…017a0 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 72 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ng the tar Command .............┆
0x017a0…017c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 38 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 36 2e 34 20 20 ┆.................6-58 6.6.4 ┆
0x017c0…017e0 44 75 6d 70 2f 52 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆Dump/Restore File System .......┆
0x017e0…01800 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 35 39 0d 0a 09 36 2e 37 20 20 ┆....................6-59 6.7 ┆
0x01800…01820 (12,) 43 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 50 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆Common System Problems .........┆
0x01820…01840 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 30 0d ┆...........................6-60 ┆
0x01840…01860 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 31 20 20 4a 61 6d 6d 65 64 20 4c 69 6e 65 20 50 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 2e 2e ┆ 6.7.1 Jammed Line Printer ..┆
0x01860…01880 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d ┆..............................6-┆
0x01880…018a0 36 30 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 32 20 20 46 6f 72 67 6f 74 74 65 6e 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 ┆60 6.7.2 Forgotten Password ┆
0x018a0…018c0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x018c0…018e0 2e 36 2d 36 30 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 33 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 4f 75 74 20 6f 66 ┆.6-60 6.7.3 System is Out of┆
0x018e0…01900 20 53 70 61 63 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ Space .........................┆
0x01900…01920 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 30 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 34 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 ┆....6-60 6.7.4 System Files ┆
0x01920…01940 44 61 6d 61 67 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆Damaged ........................┆
0x01940…01960 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 31 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 35 20 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 44 ┆.......6-61 6.7.5 Terminal D┆
0x01960…01980 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ifficulties ....................┆
0x01980…019a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 31 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 36 20 20 46 6f 72 67 65 74 74 ┆..........6-61 6.7.6 Forgett┆
0x019a0…019c0 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 52 6f 6f 74 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ing the Root Password ..........┆
0x019c0…019e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 32 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 37 20 20 52 65 6d 6f ┆.............6-62 6.7.7 Remo┆
0x019e0…01a00 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ving a Directory ...............┆
0x01a00…01a20 (13,) 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 32 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 38 20 20 53 ┆................6-62 6.7.8 S┆
0x01a20…01a40 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 43 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 46 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 2e ┆pecial Characters in Filenames .┆
0x01a40…01a60 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 32 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 37 2e 39 ┆...................6-62 6.7.9┆
0x01a60…01a80 20 20 52 75 6e 61 77 61 79 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ Runaway Processes ............┆
0x01a80…01a9c 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 33 0d 0a ┆......................6-63 ┆
0x01a9c…01a9f FormFeed {
0x01a9c…01a9f 0c 83 a4 ┆ ┆
0x01a9c…01a9f }
0x01a9f…01aa0 0a ┆ ┆
0x01aa0…01ac0 06 69 76 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 36 2e 41 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 ┆ iv 6.A XENIX Files and dire┆
0x01ac0…01ae0 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ctories ........................┆
0x01ae0…01b00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 31 20 20 44 6f 20 4e 6f 74 20 54 6f ┆........6-65 6.A.1 Do Not To┆
0x01b00…01b20 75 63 68 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆uch ............................┆
0x01b20…01b40 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 35 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 32 20 20 2f 62 69 6e 20 2e ┆...........6-65 6.A.2 /bin .┆
0x01b40…01b60 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x01b60…01b80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 36 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 33 20 20 2f 64 65 ┆..............6-66 6.A.3 /de┆
0x01b80…01ba0 76 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆v ..............................┆
0x01ba0…01bc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 36 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 34 20 20 ┆.................6-66 6.A.4 ┆
0x01bc0…01be0 2f 65 74 63 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆/etc ...........................┆
0x01be0…01c00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e ┆....................6-67 6.A.┆
0x01c00…01c20 (14,) 35 20 20 2f 6c 69 62 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆5 /lib ........................┆
0x01c20…01c40 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 ┆.......................6-67 6┆
0x01c40…01c60 2e 41 20 36 20 20 2f 6d 6e 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.A 6 /mnt .....................┆
0x01c60…01c80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 37 0d 0a ┆..........................6-67 ┆
0x01c80…01ca0 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 37 20 20 2f 74 6d 70 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 6.A.7 /tmp ..................┆
0x01ca0…01cc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 ┆.............................6-6┆
0x01cc0…01ce0 37 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 41 2e 38 20 20 2f 75 73 72 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆7 6.A.8 /usr ...............┆
0x01ce0…01d00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x01d00…01d20 36 2d 36 37 0d 0a 09 36 2e 42 20 20 54 68 65 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 55 73 65 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 ┆6-67 6.B The Multi-User Syste┆
0x01d20…01d40 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆m ..............................┆
0x01d40…01d60 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 39 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 42 2e 31 20 20 53 68 75 74 74 69 6e 67 20 44 ┆.......6-69 6.B.1 Shutting D┆
0x01d60…01d80 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆own the System .................┆
0x01d80…01da0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 36 39 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 42 2e 32 20 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 ┆..........6-69 6.B.2 Setting┆
0x01da0…01dc0 20 55 70 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ Up Multiple Terminals .........┆
0x01dc0…01de0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 37 30 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 42 2e 33 20 20 53 65 74 74 ┆.............6-70 6.B.3 Sett┆
0x01de0…01e00 69 6e 67 20 55 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 66 6f 72 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 ┆ing User ID for Multiple Systems┆
0x01e00…01e20 (15,) 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 37 31 0d 0a 09 36 2e 43 20 20 47 6c 6f 73 ┆ ...............6-71 6.C Glos┆
0x01e20…01e40 73 61 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆sary ...........................┆
0x01e40…01e60 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 36 2d 37 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 37 ┆.......................6-72 7┆
0x01e60…01e80 2e 20 20 4e 4f 52 4d 41 4c 20 55 53 45 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆. NORMAL USE ..................┆
0x01e80…01ea0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x01ea0…01ec0 2e 2e 2e 20 37 2d 31 0d 0a 09 37 2e 31 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 74 61 72 74 75 70 20 50 72 ┆... 7-1 7.1 System Startup Pr┆
0x01ec0…01ee0 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ocedure ........................┆
0x01ee0…01f00 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 37 2d 31 0d 0a 09 37 2e 32 20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 ┆.......... 7-1 7.2 XENIX Syst┆
0x01f00…01f20 65 6d 20 52 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆em Running .....................┆
0x01f20…01f40 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 37 2d 32 0d 0a 09 37 2e 33 20 20 58 45 4e ┆................. 7-2 7.3 XEN┆
0x01f40…01f60 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆IX System Shutdown .............┆
0x01f60…01f80 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 37 2d 32 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆........................ 7-2 ┆
0x01f80…01fa0 38 2e 20 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 4d 45 4e 55 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆8. RC3900 MENU SYSTEM .........┆
0x01fa0…01fc0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x01fc0…01fe0 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 31 0d 0a 09 38 2e 31 20 20 57 6f 72 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 ┆.... 8-1 8.1 Word Processing ┆
0x01fe0…02000 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆System Menu ....................┆
0x02000…02020 (16,) 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 33 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 43 72 65 61 74 65 ┆........... 8-3 8.1.1 Create┆
0x02020…02040 20 61 20 4e 65 77 20 44 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ a New Document ................┆
0x02040…02060 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 33 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 45 64 69 ┆.............. 8-3 8.1.2 Edi┆
0x02060…02080 74 20 61 20 44 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆t a Document ...................┆
0x02080…020a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 34 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 33 20 20 ┆................. 8-4 8.1.3 ┆
0x020a0…020c0 50 72 69 6e 74 20 61 20 44 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆Print a Document ...............┆
0x020c0…020e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 34 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e ┆.................... 8-4 8.1.┆
0x020e0…02100 34 20 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 4d 65 72 67 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆4 Mail Merge ..................┆
0x02100…02120 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 34 0d 0a 09 09 38 ┆....................... 8-4 8┆
0x02120…02140 2e 31 2e 35 20 20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.1.5 Change Directory .........┆
0x02140…02160 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 35 0d 0a ┆.......................... 8-5 ┆
0x02160…02180 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 36 20 20 4c 69 73 74 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 8.1.6 List Files ............┆
0x02180…021a0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d ┆............................. 8-┆
0x021a0…021c0 35 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 37 20 20 49 6e 64 65 78 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 2e 2e ┆5 8.1.7 Index System Menu ..┆
0x021c0…021e0 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆................................┆
0x021e0…02200 20 38 2d 35 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 31 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 54 68 69 ┆ 8-5 8.1.7.1 Names in Thi┆
0x02200…02220 (17,) 73 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 4f 6e 6c 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 ┆s Directory Only .............. ┆
0x02220…02240 38 2d 35 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 32 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 54 68 69 73 ┆8-5 8.1.7.2 Names in This┆
0x02240…02260 20 61 6e 64 20 53 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 ┆ and Subdirectories .......... 8┆
0x02260…02280 2d 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 33 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 ┆-6 8.1.7.3 Names in a spe┆
0x02280…022a0 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d ┆cified Directory ............ 8-┆
0x022a0…022c0 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 34 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 50 61 72 74 ┆6 8.1.7.4 Names on a Part┆
0x022c0…022e0 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 53 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 36 ┆icular Subject ............. 8-6┆
0x022e0…02300 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 35 20 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 4c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f ┆ 8.1.7.5 find the Locatio┆
0x02300…02320 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 37 0d ┆n of a File ............... 8-7 ┆
0x02320…02340 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 36 20 20 43 6c 61 73 73 69 66 79 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 ┆ 8.1.7.6 Classify the Cont┆
0x02340…02360 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 37 0d 0a ┆ents of a File ........... 8-7 ┆
0x02360…02380 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 37 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 74 68 65 20 53 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆ 8.1.7.7 View the Start of ┆
0x02380…023a0 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 37 0d 0a 09 ┆a File .................. 8-7 ┆
0x023a0…023c0 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 38 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 74 68 65 20 45 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 46 ┆ 8.1.7.8 View the End of a F┆
0x023c0…023de 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 38 0d 0a ┆ile .................... 8-8 ┆
0x023de…023e1 FormFeed {
0x023de…023e1 0c 83 d4 ┆ ┆
0x023de…023e1 }
0x023e1…02400 0a 06 76 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 38 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 43 68 65 6b 69 6e 67 20 4d 65 ┆ v 8.1.8 File Cheking Me┆
0x02400…02420 (18,) 6e 75 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆nu .............................┆
0x02420…02440 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 31 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 53 70 ┆..... 8-8 8.1.8.1 View Sp┆
0x02440…02460 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 45 72 72 6f 72 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆elling Errors in a File ........┆
0x02460…02480 2e 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 32 20 20 53 61 76 65 20 53 70 65 ┆.... 8-8 8.1.8.2 Save Spe┆
0x02480…024a0 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 45 72 72 6f 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆lling Errors ...................┆
0x024a0…024c0 2e 2e 2e 20 38 2d 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 33 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 53 70 65 6c ┆... 8-8 8.1.8.3 View Spel┆
0x024c0…024e0 6c 69 6e 67 20 45 72 72 6f 72 73 20 53 61 76 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ling Errors Saved ..............┆
0x024e0…02500 2e 2e 20 38 2d 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 34 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 4f 75 74 20 ┆.. 8-9 8.1.8.4 Print Out ┆
0x02500…02520 53 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 45 72 72 6f 72 73 20 53 61 76 65 64 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆Spelling Errors Saved ..........┆
0x02520…02540 2e 20 38 2d 39 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 35 20 20 43 6f 75 6e 74 20 4c 69 6e 65 73 ┆. 8-9 8.1.8.5 Count Lines┆
0x02540…02560 2c 20 57 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 43 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆, Words, and Characters ........┆
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0x025e0…02600 31 30 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 31 2e 39 20 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆10 8.1.9 Utilities Menu ....┆
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0x02620…02640 2e 38 2d 31 30 0d 0a 09 38 2e 32 20 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.8-10 8.2 Utilities Menu ....┆
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0x02660…02680 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 38 2d 31 30 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 43 6f 70 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆........8-10 8.2.1 Copy ....┆
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0x02780…027a0 35 20 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e ┆5 Remove an empty Directory ...┆
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0x027c0…027e0 2e 32 2e 36 20 20 4c 69 73 74 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆.2.6 List Files ...............┆
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0x02800…02820 (20,) 09 09 38 2e 32 2e 37 20 20 54 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 44 61 74 65 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ 8.2.7 Time and Date .........┆
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0x02840…02860 32 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 32 2e 38 20 20 4d 6f 6e 74 68 6c 79 20 43 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 2e 2e 2e ┆2 8.2.8 Monthly Calendar ...┆
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0x02880…028a0 38 2d 31 33 0d 0a 09 09 38 2e 32 2e 39 20 20 44 65 73 6b 20 43 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 2e ┆8-13 8.2.9 Desk Calculator .┆
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0x028c0…028e0 2e 2e 20 38 2d 31 33 0d 0a 09 38 2e 33 20 20 43 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆.. 8-13 8.3 Company Directory┆
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0x029a0…029c0 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆rint the Directory .............┆
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0x029e0…02a00 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆lectronic Mail Menu ............┆
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0x02a20…02a40 09 09 38 2e 34 2e 31 20 20 4d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ 8.4.1 Mailboxes on the System┆
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0x02bc0…02be0 6e 64 61 72 64 20 46 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e ┆ndard Facilities ...............┆
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0x02e42…02e60 0a 14 b3 05 30 2d 0b 0d 0a a1 b0 0d 0a a1 b0 30 2e 09 09 49 4e 54 52 4f 44 55 43 54 49 4f ┆ 0- 0. INTRODUCTIO┆
0x02e60…02e80 4e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 48 45 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 4d 49 43 52 4f 43 4f 4d 50 55 54 ┆N THE RC3900/1 MICROCOMPUT┆
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0x02ea0…02ec0 68 69 67 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 61 6e 63 65 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 75 73 65 72 20 ┆high performance multiuser ┆
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0x02ee0…02f00 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 6d 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 31 36 20 62 ┆ the per- formance of a 16 b┆
0x02f00…02f20 69 74 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 6f 72 6d 6f ┆it microprocessor and the enormo┆
0x02f20…02f40 75 73 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 69 6c 69 80 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆us flexibili ty of the XENI┆
0x02f40…02f60 58 20 2a 29 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 61 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 6c ┆X *) operating system (a fully l┆
0x02f60…02f80 69 63 65 6e 73 65 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 42 65 6c 6c 20 4c 61 62 ┆icensed version of Bell Lab┆
0x02f80…02fa0 6f 72 61 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 55 4e 49 58 20 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 37 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆oratories UNIX Version 7). ┆
0x02fa0…02fc0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x02fc0…02fe0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ RC3900/1 ┆
0x02fe0…03000 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 63 68 6f 6f 73 65 20 61 6d 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 ┆ You may choose among the ma┆
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0x03040…03060 20 64 72 69 76 65 6e 20 77 61 79 2c 20 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ driven way, or you can use the ┆
0x03060…03080 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 ┆standard shell command lang┆
0x03080…030a0 75 61 67 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 69 ┆uage. The RC3900/1 system also i┆
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0x030c0…030e0 49 50 4c 45 58 20 2a 2a 29 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆IPLEX **) word processing system┆
0x030e0…03100 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 52 43 20 0a 19 89 80 80 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 63 ┆. In addition RC Computer c┆
0x03100…03120 61 6e 20 73 75 70 70 6c 79 20 61 20 62 72 6f 61 64 20 72 61 6e 67 65 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f ┆an supply a broad range of optio┆
0x03120…03140 6e 61 6c 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 61 63 6b 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 61 67 65 73 2e 20 ┆nal application pack- ages. ┆
0x03140…03160 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 ┆Of course you can connect a vari┆
0x03160…03180 65 74 79 20 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 ┆ety of terminals and printe┆
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0x031c0…031e0 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 6f 70 74 69 6d 69 7a ┆e system is specifically optimiz┆
0x031e0…03200 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 66 72 69 65 6e 64 6c 79 20 74 65 72 2d 0a 19 89 ┆ed for the user friendly ter- ┆
0x03200…03220 (25,) 80 80 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 61 73 74 20 6d 61 74 72 69 ┆ minal RC855 and the fast matri┆
0x03220…03240 78 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 52 43 33 39 39 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 43 6f 6e 67 72 61 74 75 ┆x printer RC3991. Congratu┆
0x03240…03260 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 68 6f 69 63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 ┆lations on your choice of the RC┆
0x03260…03280 33 39 30 30 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 2a 29 20 58 ┆3900 computer system. *) X┆
0x03280…032a0 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 72 61 64 65 6d 61 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 4d 69 63 72 6f 73 6f 66 74 ┆ENIX is a trademark of Microsoft┆
0x032a0…032c0 2c 20 49 6e 63 2e 0d 0a 09 09 2a 2a 29 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 72 61 64 65 ┆, Inc. **) UNIPLEX is a trade┆
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0x03320…03340 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f ┆system the standard documentatio┆
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0x03360…03380 76 65 72 65 64 2e 20 57 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 77 68 61 74 20 77 65 ┆vered. We have indicated what we┆
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0x033c0…033e0 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 55 73 65 72 20 28 ┆ and what the Normal User (┆
0x033e0…03400 4e 55 29 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 6e 74 72 61 74 65 20 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆NU) should concentrate on. ┆
0x03400…03420 (26,) e1 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2e 20 20 20 55 73 65 72 27 73 20 47 75 69 64 65 2c 20 56 6f ┆ 1. User's Guide, Vo┆
0x03420…03440 6c 75 6d 65 20 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 ┆lume 1 This is the manual ┆
0x03440…03460 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6e 6f 77 2e 20 49 74 20 64 65 ┆you are reading right now. It de┆
0x03460…03480 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 65 74 75 70 2c 20 73 ┆scribes the system setup, s┆
0x03480…034a0 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 2c ┆oftware installation procedures,┆
0x034a0…034c0 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆ configuration of the termi┆
0x034c0…034e0 6e 61 6c 73 20 65 74 63 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 ┆nals etc. Also described is the ┆
0x034e0…03500 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 69 ┆normal use of the system, i┆
0x03500…03520 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 65 ┆ncluding the standard implemente┆
0x03520…03540 64 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 46 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 73 68 ┆d menu system. Finally a sh┆
0x03540…03560 6f 72 74 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 68 61 6e 64 6c 69 6e 67 20 69 73 ┆ort chapter on error handling is┆
0x03560…03580 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 30 2e ┆ included. Chapter 0.┆
0x03580…035a0 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 09 09 09 31 2e 20 44 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 ┆ Introduction 1. Documentati┆
0x035a0…035c0 6f 6e 20 52 6f 61 64 6d 61 70 0d 0a 09 09 09 32 2e 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4f 76 65 72 76 69 65 ┆on Roadmap 2. System Overvie┆
0x035c0…035e0 77 0d 0a 09 09 09 33 2e 20 48 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 09 28 ┆w 3. Hardware Installation (┆
0x035e0…03600 53 41 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 34 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 61 6e 64 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 20 49 6e 73 ┆SA) 4. XENIX and UNIPLEX Ins┆
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0x03620…03640 69 6f 6e 20 28 53 41 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 36 2e 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 41 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 72 ┆ion (SA) 6. System Administr┆
0x03640…03660 61 74 6f 72 20 28 53 41 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 37 2e 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 55 73 65 20 28 4e 55 29 ┆ator (SA) 7. Normal Use (NU)┆
0x03660…03680 0d 0a 09 09 09 38 2e 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 4e 55 29 0d ┆ 8. RC3900 Menu System (NU) ┆
0x03680…036a0 0a 09 09 09 39 2e 20 45 72 72 6f 72 20 48 61 6e 64 6c 69 6e 67 0d 0a 09 09 09 41 2e 20 4f 74 68 ┆ 9. Error Handling A. Oth┆
0x036a0…036c0 65 72 20 4c 69 74 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 28 4e 55 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 32 2e 20 20 20 84 ┆er Literature (NU) 2. ┆
0x036c0…036e0 55 73 65 72 27 73 20 47 75 69 64 65 2c 20 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 32 2c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 61 6c ┆User's Guide, Volume 2, also cal┆
0x036e0…03700 6c 65 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 28 4e 55 29 ┆led XENIX Fundamentals (NU)┆
0x03700…03720 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 20 64 ┆ This manual gives you a d┆
0x03720…03740 65 74 61 69 6c 65 64 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6e 64 ┆etailed introduction to the fund┆
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0x037e0…03800 09 a1 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 31 2e 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a ┆ Chapter 1. Introduction ┆
0x03800…03820 (28,) 09 09 09 20 32 2e 20 44 65 6d 6f 6e 73 74 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 52 75 6e 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 33 2e ┆ 2. Demonstration Run 3.┆
0x03820…03840 20 42 61 73 69 63 20 43 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 34 2e 20 46 72 65 71 75 65 6e 74 ┆ Basic Concepts 4. Frequent┆
0x03840…03860 6c 79 20 55 73 65 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 35 2e 20 45 64 0d 0a 09 ┆ly Used Procedures 5. Ed ┆
0x03860…03880 09 09 20 36 2e 20 56 69 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 37 2e 20 54 68 65 20 53 68 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 ┆ 6. Vi 7. The Shell ┆
0x03880…038a0 38 2e 20 53 65 64 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 39 2e 20 42 43 3a 20 41 20 43 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 0d ┆8. Sed 9. BC: A Calculator ┆
0x038a0…038c0 0a 09 09 09 31 30 2e 20 41 6e 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 43 ┆ 10. An Introduction to the C┆
0x038c0…038e0 20 53 68 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 33 2e 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆ Shell 3. XENIX Progra┆
0x038e0…03900 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 31 2c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 61 ┆mmer's Manual, Volume 1, also ca┆
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0x039e0…03a00 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 ┆tenance. This manual should┆
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0x03ae0…03b00 0a 09 09 20 20 20 63 61 74 28 31 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆ cat(1) which ┆
0x03b00…03b20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 a1 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e e1 20 69 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 ┆means that shutdown is describ┆
0x03b20…03b40 65 64 20 69 6e 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 38 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 63 61 74 e1 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 ┆ed in Chapter 8, and cat in ┆
0x03b40…03b60 89 80 80 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 81 09 09 09 a1 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 ┆ Chapter 1. Chapter ┆
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0x03be0…03bf5 09 38 2e 20 4d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ 8. Maintenance ┆
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0x03c00…03c20 (30,) 58 45 4e 49 58 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 56 6f 6c 75 6d ┆XENIX Programmer's Manual, Volum┆
0x03c20…03c40 65 20 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 47 69 76 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 6f ┆e 2 Gives in a number of o┆
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0x03c60…03c80 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 76 65 72 76 69 65 77 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 55 4e ┆ general overview of the UN┆
0x03c80…03ca0 49 58 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 ┆IX facilities and many utilities┆
0x03ca0…03cc0 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 72 74 69 63 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 3a 0d 0a 09 ┆. There are articles on: ┆
0x03cc0…03ce0 09 09 47 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 2c 20 31 2d 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 ┆ General works, 1-2 Getting┆
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0x03d00…03d20 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 38 2d 31 33 0d 0a 09 09 09 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 2c 20 31 34 ┆ration, 8-13 Programming, 14┆
0x03d20…03d40 2d 31 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 53 75 70 70 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 6e ┆-18 Supporting tools and lan┆
0x03d40…03d60 67 75 61 67 65 73 2c 20 31 39 2d 32 38 0d 0a 09 09 09 49 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e ┆guages, 19-28 Implementation┆
0x03d60…03d80 2c 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 69 73 63 65 6c 6c 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 ┆, maintenance, and miscellaneous┆
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0x03e00…03e20 (31,) 6c 65 64 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 65 61 63 68 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e ┆led description of each command.┆
0x03e20…03e40 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 68 6f 77 20 74 ┆ It is also described how t┆
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0x03ee0…03f00 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 42 43 20 69 73 20 64 65 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0a 19 89 ┆calculator BC is de- ┆
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0x04240…04260 80 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 75 6e 69 74 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 ┆ the two units. The RC3922┆
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0x043a0…043c0 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 74 73 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 6d 65 ┆NIX system its important me┆
0x043c0…043e0 6d 6f 72 79 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 63 68 65 6d 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 4d ┆mory protection scheme. M┆
0x043e0…04400 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 62 6f 61 72 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 35 31 32 20 ┆emory board with additional 512 ┆
0x04400…04420 (34,) 4b 62 79 74 65 20 64 79 6e 61 6d 69 63 20 52 41 4d 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 65 72 72 6f ┆Kbyte dynamic RAM with erro┆
0x04420…04440 72 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 63 69 72 63 75 69 74 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 49 ┆r correcting circuitry. I┆
0x04440…04460 6e 74 65 6c 6c 69 67 65 6e 74 20 64 69 73 6b 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 72 2c 20 77 68 69 63 ┆ntelligent disk controller, whic┆
0x04460…04480 68 20 63 61 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 62 6f 74 68 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 ┆h can control both Winchest┆
0x04480…044a0 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 49 6e 74 65 ┆er and floppy disks. Inte┆
0x044a0…044c0 6c 6c 69 67 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 72 20 28 49 54 43 ┆lligent terminal controller (ITC┆
0x044c0…044e0 29 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 66 66 6c 6f 61 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 68 6f 73 74 20 ┆), which offloads the host ┆
0x044e0…04500 43 50 55 20 62 79 20 74 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 63 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e ┆CPU by taking care of the commun┆
0x04500…04520 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 80 0a 19 8e 80 80 6e 65 63 74 65 64 ┆ication with the con nected┆
0x04520…04540 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c ┆ terminals. The terminal control┆
0x04540…04560 6c 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 6f 6e 2d 62 6f 61 72 64 ┆ler has a powerful on-board┆
0x04560…04580 20 38 30 31 38 36 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2e 20 54 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 70 ┆ 80186 microprocessor. The ITC p┆
0x04580…045a0 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 74 6f 20 66 6f 75 72 20 ┆rovides connection to four ┆
0x045a0…045c0 56 2e 32 34 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 74 6f 20 ┆V.24 interfaces, and further to ┆
0x045c0…045e0 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 52 63 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 ┆the new RcCircuit. The RC3┆
0x045e0…04600 39 35 31 20 44 69 73 6b 20 55 6e 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 ┆951 Disk Unit contains a Winches┆
0x04600…04620 (35,) 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 ┆ter disk and a floppy disk ┆
0x04620…04640 75 6e 69 74 2e 20 42 6f 74 68 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c ┆unit. Both disks have a physical┆
0x04640…04660 20 6d 65 64 69 61 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 35 20 31 2f 34 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 68 65 73 ┆ media size of 5 1/4 inches┆
0x04660…04680 2e 20 54 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 ┆. The Winchester memory capacity┆
0x04680…046a0 20 69 73 20 33 32 20 4d 62 79 74 65 73 20 75 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 80 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 64 2c ┆ is 32 Mbytes unformat ted,┆
0x046a0…046c0 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 68 6f 6c 64 20 33 30 20 4d 62 79 74 65 73 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 ┆ and it can hold 30 Mbytes forma┆
0x046c0…046e0 74 74 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 63 61 70 61 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆tted. The floppy disk capa- ┆
0x046e0…04700 63 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 75 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 65 64 20 31 2e 36 20 4d 62 79 74 65 73 2e 20 ┆city is unformatted 1.6 Mbytes. ┆
0x04700…04720 54 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a ┆The logical size of the floppy ┆
0x04720…04723 FormFeed {
0x04720…04723 0c 83 ec ┆ ┆
0x04720…04723 }
0x04723…04740 0a 69 73 20 38 20 69 6e 63 68 65 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 ┆ is 8 inches, which means tha┆
0x04740…04760 74 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 72 61 63 ┆t it has the same number of trac┆
0x04760…04780 6b 73 20 61 6e 64 20 62 79 74 65 73 20 0a 70 65 72 20 74 72 61 63 6b 20 61 73 20 38 20 69 6e 63 ┆ks and bytes per track as 8 inc┆
0x04780…047a0 68 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 ┆h diskettes. The diskettes used ┆
0x047a0…047c0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 0a 6f 66 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 71 ┆in the system must be of good q┆
0x047c0…047e0 75 61 6c 69 74 79 3b 20 77 65 20 72 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 20 4d 61 78 65 6c 6c 20 4d 44 32 2d ┆uality; we recommend Maxell MD2-┆
0x047e0…04800 48 44 20 28 39 36 20 54 50 49 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 32 2e 32 09 09 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 ┆HD (96 TPI). 2.2 Optiona┆
0x04800…04820 (36,) 6c 20 48 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 46 6f 72 20 75 73 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 ┆l Hardware For use with th┆
0x04820…04840 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 65 20 72 65 63 6f ┆e RC3900 computer system we reco┆
0x04840…04860 6d 6d 65 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 52 43 ┆mmend the matrix printer RC┆
0x04860…04880 33 39 39 31 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 70 61 72 61 6c 6c 65 6c 20 43 65 6e 74 72 ┆3991, which has a parallel Centr┆
0x04880…048a0 6f 6e 69 63 73 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 ┆onics interface. This print┆
0x048a0…048c0 65 72 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 68 69 67 68 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 2d 20 75 70 20 74 6f 20 32 ┆er features high speed - up to 2┆
0x048c0…048e0 35 30 20 63 70 73 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆50 cps. When used with the ┆
0x048e0…04900 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 2c 20 69 74 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 6c 69 ┆RC3900/1, it gives the possibili┆
0x04900…04920 74 79 20 6f 66 20 62 6f 6c 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 75 6e 64 65 72 80 80 6c 69 6e 2d ┆ty of bold printing, under lin-┆
0x04920…04940 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 67 2c 20 65 6c 6f 6e 67 61 74 65 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 ┆ ing, elongated printing and┆
0x04940…04960 20 72 65 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 ┆ red printing. It is also ┆
0x04960…04980 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 61 20 73 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 73 65 72 ┆possible to connect a slower ser┆
0x04980…049a0 69 61 6c 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 28 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 6c 65 74 74 ┆ial printer (matrix or lett┆
0x049a0…049c0 65 72 20 71 75 61 6c 69 74 79 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 29 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 ┆er quality printer) to the compu┆
0x049c0…049e0 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 ┆ter system, and have docume┆
0x049e0…04a00 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 68 65 72 65 ┆nts and letters printed out here┆
0x04a00…04a20 (37,) 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 32 2e 33 09 09 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 6e 74 ┆. 2.3 Terminals Int┆
0x04a20…04a40 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 a1 e1 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 e1 20 52 43 33 39 ┆roduced with the present RC39┆
0x04a40…04a60 30 30 2f 31 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆00/1 computer is also a new ┆
0x04a60…04a80 80 6c 6f 63 61 6c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6e 65 74 77 6f 72 6b 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 52 ┆ local terminal network called R┆
0x04a80…04aa0 63 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 2e 20 49 74 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 2d ┆cCircuit II. It gives the possi-┆
0x04aa0…04ac0 0a 19 89 80 80 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6c 61 72 67 ┆ bility of connecting a larg┆
0x04ac0…04ae0 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 74 6f 20 74 ┆e number of RC855 terminals to t┆
0x04ae0…04b00 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 79 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 6f ┆he computer only by means o┆
0x04b00…04b20 66 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 20 74 77 69 73 74 65 64 20 70 61 69 72 20 63 ┆f a simple double twisted pair c┆
0x04b20…04b40 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 ┆able. On the RC3900/1, howe┆
0x04b40…04b60 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 6f 6e 20 ┆ver, the number of terminals on ┆
0x04b60…04b80 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 34 2c ┆Circuit II is limited to 4,┆
0x04b80…04ba0 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆ because of the performance of t┆
0x04ba0…04bc0 68 65 20 38 30 38 36 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 80 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2e 20 54 6f ┆he 8086 micro processor. To┆
0x04bc0…04be0 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 74 6f 20 ┆ connect the RC855 terminals to ┆
0x04be0…04c00 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 2c 20 74 68 65 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 75 70 ┆Circuit II, they must be up┆
0x04c00…04c20 (38,) 67 72 61 64 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 54 46 33 30 35 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 2e 0d 0a ┆graded with the TF305 feature. ┆
0x04c20…04c40 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 72 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 65 64 20 74 65 ┆ The standard recommended te┆
0x04c40…04c60 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 38 35 35 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 62 ┆rminal is the RC855, which can b┆
0x04c60…04c80 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 65 ┆e used in connection with e┆
0x04c80…04ca0 69 74 68 65 72 20 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 20 6f 72 20 56 2e 32 34 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 61 ┆ither Circuit II or V.24 interfa┆
0x04ca0…04cc0 63 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 20 77 6f 72 ┆ces. The RC855 can be a wor┆
0x04cc0…04ce0 6b 20 73 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 77 69 74 68 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 ┆k station (with connected floppy┆
0x04ce0…04d00 20 64 69 73 6b 29 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c ┆ disk) or simply a terminal┆
0x04d00…04d20 2e 20 54 68 65 20 54 54 59 20 65 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 75 73 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 ┆. The TTY emulator used with the┆
0x04d20…04d40 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e ┆ RC3900/1 should be Version┆
0x04d40…04d60 20 34 2e 30 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 44 65 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 74 ┆ 4.0. Depending on the nat┆
0x04d60…04d80 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 79 ┆ional version of the terminal, y┆
0x04d80…04da0 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 ┆ou may have slightly differ┆
0x04da0…04dc0 65 6e 74 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 ┆ent characters on the screen and┆
0x04dc0…04de0 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 65 73 ┆ the keyboard than the ones┆
0x04de0…04e00 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 28 59 6f 75 20 ┆ indicated in this manual. (You ┆
0x04e00…04e20 (39,) 6d 69 67 68 74 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 67 65 74 20 61 20 70 ┆might, for example, get a p┆
0x04e20…04e40 61 72 61 67 72 61 70 68 20 73 69 67 6e 2c 20 23 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6e ┆aragraph sign, #, instead of a n┆
0x04e40…04e52 75 6d 62 65 72 20 73 69 67 6e 2c 20 20 29 2e 20 0d 0a ┆umber sign, ). ┆
0x04e52…04e55 FormFeed {
0x04e52…04e55 0c 83 d4 ┆ ┆
0x04e52…04e55 }
0x04e55…04e60 0a a1 b0 32 2e 34 09 09 84 53 6f ┆ 2.4 So┆
0x04e60…04e80 66 74 77 61 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 ┆ftware The basic software ┆
0x04e80…04ea0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 70 ┆of the RC3900/1 is the general p┆
0x04ea0…04ec0 75 72 70 6f 73 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 75 6c 74 69 75 73 65 72 2c 20 69 6e 74 65 72 61 63 74 ┆urpose, multiuser, interact┆
0x04ec0…04ee0 69 76 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 2a 29 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 58 ┆ive XENIX *) operating system. X┆
0x04ee0…04f00 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e ┆ENIX is an enhanced version┆
0x04f00…04f20 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 61 6d 6f 75 73 20 55 4e 49 58 20 2a 2a 29 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 ┆ of the famous UNIX **) system. ┆
0x04f20…04f40 54 68 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆The present operating syste┆
0x04f40…04f60 6d 20 69 73 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 56 32 2e 33 2c 20 62 61 73 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 55 4e 49 58 20 56 ┆m is XENIX V2.3, based on UNIX V┆
0x04f60…04f80 2e 37 2e 0d 0a 09 09 84 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 ┆.7. The standard┆
0x04f80…04fa0 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 64 ┆ XENIX version has been enhanced┆
0x04fa0…04fc0 20 62 79 20 52 43 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 ┆ by RC Computer through the┆
0x04fc0…04fe0 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 75 74 69 6c ┆ addition of several useful util┆
0x04fe0…05000 69 74 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 77 6f 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 ┆ities. Two of the standard┆
0x05000…05020 (40,) 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 2d 6c 69 6e 65 ┆ XENIX utilities are the on-line┆
0x05020…05040 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 61 69 64 65 64 20 ┆ manual and computer aided ┆
0x05040…05060 6c 65 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 41 6c 73 6f 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6f 6e ┆learning. Also standard on┆
0x05060…05080 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 55 4e 49 50 ┆ the RC3900/1 system is the UNIP┆
0x05080…050a0 4c 45 58 20 2a 2a 2a 29 20 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 ┆LEX ***) word processor and┆
0x050a0…050c0 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 84 54 68 65 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 61 ┆ menu system. The great a┆
0x050c0…050e0 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆dvantage of using a menu system ┆
0x050e0…05100 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 6f 20 64 6f 6e 27 ┆is that even users who don'┆
0x05100…05120 74 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 64 65 72 6c 79 69 6e 67 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆t know the underlying operating ┆
0x05120…05140 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 67 75 69 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 61 ┆system can be guided by mea┆
0x05140…05160 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 69 72 65 64 20 61 70 70 6c 69 ┆ns of menus to the desired appli┆
0x05160…05180 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 65 6c 66 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 65 ┆cations in a totally self- e┆
0x05180…051a0 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 6f 72 79 20 77 61 79 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2c ┆xplanatory way. Also accessible,┆
0x051a0…051c0 20 69 6e 20 61 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 77 61 79 2c 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 0a ┆ in a very simple way, through ┆
0x051c0…051e0 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 72 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 ┆ the menu system are many of ┆
0x051e0…05200 74 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆the basic XENIX functions. ┆
0x05200…05220 (41,) 84 54 68 65 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 ┆ The UNIPLEX menu system allows ┆
0x05220…05240 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 61 69 6c 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 74 6f 20 ┆the user to tailor the menus to ┆
0x05240…05260 0a 19 89 80 80 68 69 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 69 66 20 64 65 73 69 72 ┆ his specific needs if desir┆
0x05260…05280 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 6d ┆ed. These modifications can be m┆
0x05280…052a0 61 64 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6c 6d 6f 73 74 20 61 6e 79 20 ┆ade simply with almost any ┆
0x052a0…052c0 74 65 78 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 20 62 79 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 63 68 61 ┆text editor by making simple cha┆
0x052c0…052e0 6e 67 65 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆nges in the system command ┆
0x052e0…05300 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 49 66 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 ┆file. If is also possible for th┆
0x05300…05320 65 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 ┆e individual user on the sy┆
0x05320…05340 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 6c 79 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 ┆stem to have entirely different ┆
0x05340…05360 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 69 ┆systems and menu characteri┆
0x05360…05380 73 74 69 63 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 64 65 6c 69 76 65 72 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆stics. When delivered from┆
0x05380…053a0 20 52 43 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 66 ┆ RC Computer, the system is conf┆
0x053a0…053c0 69 67 75 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6d 65 6e 75 ┆igured with a standard menu┆
0x053c0…053e0 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e ┆, which gives access to the stan┆
0x053e0…05400 64 61 72 64 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 65 64 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 ┆dard implement- ed utilities┆
0x05400…05420 (42,) 20 61 6e 64 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 2a 29 20 58 45 4e ┆ and applications. *) XEN┆
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0x05440…05460 0a 09 09 20 2a 2a 29 20 55 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 72 61 64 65 6d 61 72 6b 20 6f 66 20 42 ┆ **) UNIX is a trademark of B┆
0x05460…05480 65 6c 6c 20 4c 61 62 6f 72 61 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 2a 29 ┆ell Laboratories. ***)┆
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0x05600…05620 (43,) 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 ┆d many other facilities. ┆
0x05620…05640 32 2e 35 09 09 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 53 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 41 73 20 ┆2.5 Optional Software As ┆
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0x05680…056a0 30 2f 31 20 77 65 20 63 61 6e 20 6d 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 41 70 70 6f 69 6e 74 6d 65 ┆0/1 we can mention the Appointme┆
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0x05740…05760 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 ┆tallation of the optional softwa┆
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0x05780…057a0 20 64 72 69 76 65 6e 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 65 72 65 6c 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 65 6c 65 ┆ driven. You merely have to sele┆
0x057a0…057c0 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 6c 79 20 70 75 72 63 68 61 73 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 70 6c ┆ct the newly purchased appl┆
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0x05820…05840 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 2d 20 74 68 61 74 27 73 20 61 6c 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆the keyboard - that's all. ┆
0x05840…05860 a1 b0 32 2e 36 09 09 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 41 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 6f 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆ 2.6 System Administrator ┆
0x05860…05880 09 84 49 74 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 77 69 73 65 20 74 6f 20 61 70 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 6f 6e ┆ It might be wise to appoint on┆
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0x05960…05980 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d ┆ the password of the super-┆
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0x059a0…059c0 69 80 6c 69 74 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f ┆i lity for the configuratio┆
0x059c0…059e0 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2d 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d ┆n of the system - connected term┆
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0x05a20…05a40 6f 72 6d 61 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 ┆ormalities. Please note tha┆
0x05a40…05a60 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20 28 69 66 20 61 6e 79 29 ┆t system error messages (if any)┆
0x05a60…05a80 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 ┆ and a single system messag┆
0x05a80…05aa0 65 20 28 2a 2a 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 2a 2a 29 ┆e (** Normal System Shutdown **)┆
0x05aa0…05ac0 20 61 72 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 72 6f 75 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 70 65 ┆ are only routed to one spe┆
0x05ac0…05ae0 63 69 66 69 63 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 28 73 65 65 20 43 68 2e 20 33 2c 20 48 61 72 64 77 ┆cific terminal (see Ch. 3, Hardw┆
0x05ae0…05b00 61 72 65 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 ┆are Installation). Please ┆
0x05b00…05b20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 36 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 ┆refer to Chapter 6 in this manua┆
0x05b20…05b40 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 74 61 73 6b 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆l for further tasks of the ┆
0x05b40…05b59 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 6f 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆system administrator. ┆
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0x05b5c…05b60 0a a1 b0 32 ┆ 2┆
0x05b60…05b80 2e 37 09 09 53 6f 6d 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 4f ┆.7 Some System Examples O┆
0x05b80…05ba0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70 61 67 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 65 20 74 77 ┆n the following pages you see tw┆
0x05ba0…05bc0 6f 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆o examples of the use of the ┆
0x05bc0…05be0 80 80 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 69 6e 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 ┆ RC3900/1 computer in different┆
0x05be0…05c00 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 b0 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 ┆ configurations. RC3900/1┆
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0x05cab…05cc0 0a 14 b3 05 33 2d 0b 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 33 2e 09 09 48 41 52 44 ┆ 3- 3. HARD┆
0x05cc0…05ce0 57 41 52 45 20 49 4e 53 54 41 4c 4c 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 73 ┆WARE INSTALLATION Before s┆
0x05ce0…05d00 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 ┆etting up the RC3900 computer sy┆
0x05d00…05d20 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 70 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 ┆stem, please make sure that┆
0x05d20…05d40 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 ┆ there has not been damage to th┆
0x05d40…05d60 65 20 65 71 75 69 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 72 61 6e 73 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6f ┆e equipment during trans- po┆
0x05d60…05d80 72 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 73 6f 2c 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 63 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 75 70 ┆rtation. If so, contact your sup┆
0x05d80…05da0 70 6c 69 65 72 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 ┆plier at once. The RC3900/1┆
0x05da0…05dc0 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 69 73 65 73 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 76 ┆ system comprises in its basic v┆
0x05dc0…05de0 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 09 09 84 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 ┆ersion: RC3922/1 Compute┆
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0x05e00…05e20 (47,) 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 55 73 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 28 32 20 77 68 69 74 65 20 52 43 20 ┆ User's Manual (2 white RC ┆
0x05e20…05e40 72 69 6e 67 20 62 69 6e 64 65 72 73 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 52 43 33 39 35 31 09 09 84 44 69 ┆ring binders). RC3951 Di┆
0x05e40…05e60 73 6b 20 75 6e 69 74 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 63 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e ┆sk unit including power cable an┆
0x05e60…05e80 64 20 33 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 ┆d 3 cables for connection t┆
0x05e80…05ea0 6f 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 46 31 30 36 09 09 09 84 52 61 63 6b 20 69 ┆o RC3922/1. F106 Rack i┆
0x05ea0…05ec0 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 75 74 6c ┆ncluding power distribution outl┆
0x05ec0…05ee0 65 74 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 72 20 63 6f 76 65 72 20 70 6c 61 74 65 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆et and rear cover plate. ┆
0x05ee0…05f00 0a 09 09 09 53 57 33 30 30 31 09 09 84 4f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 6f ┆ SW3001 Operating system so┆
0x05f00…05f20 66 74 77 61 72 65 2e 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 09 09 84 28 6e 69 6e 65 20 35 20 31 2f 34 22 20 64 69 73 ┆ftware. (nine 5 1/4" dis┆
0x05f20…05f40 6b 65 74 74 65 73 29 20 61 6e 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 ┆kettes) and XENIX documenta┆
0x05f40…05f60 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 32 20 77 68 69 74 65 20 52 43 20 72 69 6e 67 20 62 69 6e 64 65 72 73 29 2e 0d ┆tion (2 white RC ring binders). ┆
0x05f60…05f80 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 53 57 33 37 30 31 09 09 84 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 ┆ SW3701 UNIPLEX software ┆
0x05f80…05fa0 28 6f 6e 65 20 35 20 31 2f 34 22 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 29 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 64 ┆(one 5 1/4" diskette) and d┆
0x05fa0…05fc0 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 33 2e 31 09 09 53 65 6c 65 63 74 ┆ocumentation. 3.1 Select┆
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0x06000…06020 (48,) 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 ┆, you should consider the f┆
0x06020…06040 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 46 4c 4f 4f 52 20 43 4f 56 45 ┆ollowing things: FLOOR COVE┆
0x06040…06060 52 49 4e 47 09 09 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 6f 72 ┆RING You should select a floor┆
0x06060…06080 20 63 6f 76 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 67 69 76 ┆ covering that will not giv┆
0x06080…060a0 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 74 61 74 69 63 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 65 6c 65 63 ┆e problems with static elec┆
0x060a0…060c0 74 72 69 63 69 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 48 55 4d 49 44 49 54 59 09 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 68 75 ┆tricity. HUMIDITY The hu┆
0x060c0…060e0 6d 69 64 69 74 79 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 67 6f 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 34 30 25 20 28 ┆midity should not go below 40% (┆
0x060e0…06100 52 48 29 20 2d 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 61 75 73 65 ┆RH) - this could also cause┆
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0x06120…06140 75 6c 64 20 74 68 65 20 68 75 6d 69 64 69 74 79 20 67 6f 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 38 30 25 20 28 52 ┆uld the humidity go above 80% (R┆
0x06140…06160 48 29 20 2d 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 64 61 6d 70 6e 65 73 73 ┆H) - problems with dampness┆
0x06160…06165 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆. ┆
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0x06168…06180 0a 09 09 4c 49 47 48 54 09 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 65 71 75 69 70 6d 65 6e ┆ LIGHT The equipmen┆
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0x061a0…061c0 69 72 65 63 74 20 73 75 6e 6c 69 67 68 74 20 61 73 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 72 61 69 ┆irect sunlight as this might rai┆
0x061c0…061e0 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 75 6e 6e 65 63 63 65 73 ┆se the temperature unnecces┆
0x061e0…06200 73 61 72 69 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 54 45 4d 50 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 72 ┆sarily. TEMPERATURE The r┆
0x06200…06220 (49,) 6f 6f 6d 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 75 73 ┆oom temperature during normal us┆
0x06220…06240 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 6b 65 70 74 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 35 81 ┆e should be kept between 5 ┆
0x06240…06260 6f 82 43 20 61 6e 64 20 33 30 81 6f 82 43 2e 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆o C and 30 o C. When the┆
0x06260…06280 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 74 75 72 6e 65 64 20 6f 66 66 2c 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 61 74 75 ┆ system is turned off, temperatu┆
0x06280…062a0 72 65 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 30 81 6f 82 43 20 61 6e 64 20 35 30 81 6f 82 ┆res between 0 o C and 50 o ┆
0x062a0…062c0 43 20 61 72 65 20 74 6f 6c 65 72 61 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 50 4f 57 45 52 20 43 4f 4e 4e ┆C are tolerable. POWER CONN┆
0x062c0…062e0 45 43 54 49 4f 4e 09 84 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 69 70 70 65 64 20 77 ┆ECTION The system is equipped w┆
0x062e0…06300 69 74 68 20 61 20 74 68 72 65 65 2d 63 6f 6e 2d 0a 19 9d 80 80 64 75 63 74 6f 72 20 70 6f 77 65 ┆ith a three-con- ductor powe┆
0x06300…06320 72 20 63 61 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 ┆r cable and should only be ┆
0x06320…06340 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 80 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 6f 75 74 6c 65 74 20 77 69 74 ┆connect ed to a power outlet wit┆
0x06340…06360 68 20 61 20 62 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 2e 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 ┆h a built-in ground. Other ┆
0x06360…06380 65 71 75 69 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 ┆equipment connected to the ┆
0x06380…063a0 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 28 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 65 74 63 2e 29 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 ┆computer (terminals etc.) should┆
0x063a0…063c0 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 ┆ also be grounded. The RC39┆
0x063c0…063e0 30 30 2f 31 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 6f ┆00/1 can be connected to po┆
0x063e0…06400 77 65 72 20 76 6f 6c 74 61 67 65 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 32 30 30 56 20 41 43 20 61 6e 64 ┆wer voltages between 200V AC and┆
0x06400…06420 (50,) 20 32 34 30 56 20 41 43 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆ 240V AC. Before mounting ┆
0x06420…06440 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 63 6b 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 ┆the units in the rack, you must ┆
0x06440…06460 a1 72 65 6c 65 61 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 84 73 68 69 70 70 69 6e 67 20 6c 6f 63 6b e1 ┆ release the shipping lock ┆
0x06460…06480 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 69 6e ┆ of the Winchester disk drive in┆
0x06480…064a0 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 35 31 20 44 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 55 6e 69 74 2e 20 54 68 69 73 ┆ the RC3951 Disk Unit. This┆
0x064a0…064c0 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 62 79 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 ┆ is done by first removing the c┆
0x064c0…064e0 6f 76 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 35 31 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 65 20 66 69 ┆over of the RC3951 - see fi┆
0x064e0…06500 67 75 72 65 20 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d ┆gure 1. ┆
0x06500…0651b 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ Figure 1. ┆
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0x0651e…06520 0a 09 ┆ ┆
0x06520…06540 09 31 29 20 50 75 6c 6c 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 70 69 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 62 6f ┆ 1) Pull down the two pins in bo┆
0x06540…06560 74 68 20 73 69 64 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 73 68 20 74 68 65 6d 20 62 61 63 6b 77 61 72 64 2e ┆th sides and push them backward.┆
0x06560…06580 0d 0a 09 09 32 29 20 53 6c 6f 77 6c 79 20 70 75 73 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 76 65 72 20 62 61 63 ┆ 2) Slowly push the cover bac┆
0x06580…065a0 6b 77 61 72 64 20 61 6e 64 20 75 70 2e 0d 0a 09 09 33 29 20 4c 69 66 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 76 ┆kward and up. 3) Lift the cov┆
0x065a0…065c0 65 72 20 75 70 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 76 ┆er up. When the cov┆
0x065c0…065e0 65 72 20 69 73 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 57 ┆er is removed, you can see the W┆
0x065e0…06600 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 68 69 ┆inchester drive and the shi┆
0x06600…06620 (51,) 70 70 69 6e 67 20 6c 6f 63 6b 20 28 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 32 29 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 68 69 70 70 ┆pping lock (figure 2). The shipp┆
0x06620…06640 69 6e 67 20 6c 6f 63 6b 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 70 75 73 68 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 ┆ing lock must be pushed for┆
0x06640…06660 77 61 72 64 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 2e 20 31 2e 35 20 63 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ward approx. 1.5 cm. ┆
0x06660…06680 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x06680…06692 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 32 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ Figure 2. ┆
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0x06695…066a0 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x066a0…066c0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x066c0…066e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 33 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 6e 20 72 65 ┆ Figure 3. Then re┆
0x066e0…06700 70 6c 61 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 76 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 70 75 ┆place the cover, and when you pu┆
0x06700…06720 73 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 69 6e 73 20 41 20 61 6e 64 20 42 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 77 61 72 64 ┆sh the pins A and B forward┆
0x06720…06740 20 74 68 65 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 6c 6f 63 6b 20 74 68 ┆ they will automatically lock th┆
0x06740…06760 65 20 63 6f 76 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 79 20 ┆e cover. If you, for any ┆
0x06760…06780 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 61 74 20 61 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 ┆reason at a later time, should h┆
0x06780…067a0 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 ┆ave to transport the disk d┆
0x067a0…067c0 72 69 76 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 a1 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 a1 72 e1 a1 20 74 6f e1 a1 20 6c 6f 63 ┆rive, then remembe r to loc┆
0x067c0…067e0 6b 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 69 70 2d 0a 19 8e 80 84 70 69 6e 67 20 6c 6f 63 6b 2e e1 20 54 68 69 73 ┆k the ship- ping lock. This┆
0x067e0…06800 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 62 79 20 70 75 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 69 74 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 2e 20 31 ┆ is done by pulling it approx. 1┆
0x06800…06820 (52,) 2e 35 20 63 6d 20 6f 75 74 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 ┆.5 cm out of the Winchester┆
0x06820…06825 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆. ┆
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0x06828…06840 0a 09 09 84 4e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 61 64 79 20 74 6f ┆ Now you are ready to┆
0x06840…06860 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 61 6e 64 20 52 43 33 39 35 31 20 75 ┆ mount the RC3922/1 and RC3951 u┆
0x06860…06880 6e 69 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 61 63 6b 2e 20 54 68 65 20 64 6f 75 62 6c ┆nits in the rack. The doubl┆
0x06880…068a0 65 2d 68 65 69 67 68 74 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 75 6e 69 74 20 ┆e-height RC3922/1 computer unit ┆
0x068a0…068c0 69 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 70 6c 61 74 ┆is placed on the lower plat┆
0x068c0…068e0 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 35 31 20 64 69 73 6b 20 75 6e 69 74 20 69 73 ┆form and the RC3951 disk unit is┆
0x068e0…06900 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 70 70 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 65 2e 20 53 ┆ placed on the upper one. S┆
0x06900…06920 65 65 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 34 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 61 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f ┆ee figure 4. The rear of the two┆
0x06920…06940 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 69 73 20 73 65 63 75 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 61 ┆ units is secured to the ra┆
0x06940…06960 63 6b 20 62 79 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6c 6f 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 63 68 61 6e 69 ┆ck by means of a locking mechani┆
0x06960…06980 73 6d 2e 20 53 65 65 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 35 2e 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 6d 65 63 68 61 ┆sm. See figure 5. This mecha┆
0x06980…069a0 6e 69 73 6d 20 69 73 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 6f 6e 20 62 6f 74 68 20 73 69 64 65 73 20 6f 66 20 62 ┆nism is found on both sides of b┆
0x069a0…069c0 6f 74 68 20 75 6e 69 74 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆oth units. ┆
0x069c0…069e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 ┆ F┆
0x069e0…069ea 69 67 75 72 65 20 34 2e 0d 0a ┆igure 4. ┆
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0x06a00…06a20 (53,) 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 ┆ F┆
0x06a20…06a40 69 67 75 72 65 20 35 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 ┆igure 5. When you place ┆
0x06a40…06a60 74 68 65 20 72 61 63 6b 2d 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 20 66 ┆the rack-mounted system in its f┆
0x06a60…06a80 69 6e 61 6c 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 ┆inal location, make sure th┆
0x06a80…06aa0 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 66 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 ┆at there is a space of at least ┆
0x06aa0…06ac0 31 30 20 63 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 64 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 62 65 68 69 ┆10 cm on the sides and behi┆
0x06ac0…06ae0 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 74 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6e 65 63 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 ┆nd the unit. This is neccessary ┆
0x06ae0…06b00 66 6f 72 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6f 6c 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆for sufficent cooling of th┆
0x06b00…06b0d 65 20 75 6e 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e unit. ┆
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0x06b10…06b20 0a b0 a1 33 2e 32 09 09 43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 ┆ 3.2 Connecti┆
0x06b20…06b40 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 ┆ons The two units must be ┆
0x06b40…06b60 69 6e 74 65 72 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 72 65 65 ┆interconnected by means of three┆
0x06b60…06b80 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6c 61 74 20 63 61 62 6c 65 73 3a 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 ┆ short flat cables: Winches┆
0x06b80…06ba0 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 41 2c 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 42 20 61 6e ┆ter disk A, Winchester disk B an┆
0x06ba0…06bc0 64 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 ┆d flexible disk. The three ┆
0x06bc0…06be0 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 ┆cables are supplied with the dis┆
0x06be0…06c00 6b 20 75 6e 69 74 2e 20 53 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 36 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6c ┆k unit. See figure 6 for al┆
0x06c00…06c20 (54,) 6c 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 61 72 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 ┆l the rear connections. The two ┆
0x06c20…06c40 70 6f 77 65 72 20 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 ┆power cables are connected ┆
0x06c40…06c60 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 61 6e 65 6c 20 ┆to the power distribution panel ┆
0x06c60…06c80 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 64 65 6c 69 76 65 72 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 ┆that is delivered with the ┆
0x06c80…06ca0 72 61 63 6b 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 75 6e 69 74 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6f ┆rack. The two units have their o┆
0x06ca0…06cc0 77 6e 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 75 73 74 20 62 ┆wn power switch, and must b┆
0x06cc0…06ce0 65 20 74 75 72 6e 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 66 66 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 6c 79 2e 0d ┆e turned on and off separately. ┆
0x06ce0…06d00 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆ The minimum configuration ┆
0x06d00…06d20 6f 66 20 70 65 72 69 70 68 65 72 61 6c 20 65 71 75 69 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 0a ┆of peripheral equipment is one ┆
0x06d20…06d40 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 44 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 70 ┆ terminal. During the first p┆
0x06d40…06d60 68 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆hase of the XENIX software ┆
0x06d60…06d80 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6d 75 73 74 20 ┆installation, the terminal must ┆
0x06d80…06da0 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆be connected to the consol ┆
0x06da0…06dc0 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 6f 72 20 4b 31 2e 20 4c 61 74 65 72 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 63 6f 6e ┆connector K1. Later it is discon┆
0x06dc0…06de0 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 56 2e 32 34 20 0a 19 89 ┆nected and moved to the V.24 ┆
0x06de0…06e00 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 6f 72 20 4a 31 2c 20 69 66 ┆ communication connector J1, if┆
0x06e00…06e20 (55,) 20 79 6f 75 20 64 69 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e 20 ┆ you did not have a terminal on ┆
0x06e20…06e40 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 4a 31 20 70 6f 72 74 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 ┆ the J1 port already. This c┆
0x06e40…06e60 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 4a 31 2c 20 69 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 2c 20 61 73 20 61 6c ┆onnection, J1, is special, as al┆
0x06e60…06e80 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 65 6e 74 20 ┆l system messages are sent ┆
0x06e80…06ea0 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2e 20 57 65 20 72 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 20 61 6c 77 ┆to this output. We recommend alw┆
0x06ea0…06ec0 61 79 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 ┆ays having a terminal conne┆
0x06ec0…06ee0 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 4a 31 20 28 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 39 36 30 30 ┆cted to J1 (default setting 9600┆
0x06ee0…06f00 20 62 61 75 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 38 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 69 74 73 2c 20 31 20 73 74 6f 70 20 ┆ baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop ┆
0x06f00…06f16 62 69 74 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆bit, even parity). ┆
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0x06f19…06f20 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x06f20…06f40 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
[…0x1…]
0x06f60…06f74 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 36 2e 0d 0a ┆ Figure 6. ┆
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0x06f77…06f80 0a a1 b0 33 2e 33 09 09 53 ┆ 3.3 S┆
0x06f80…06fa0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 4f 6e 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 37 ┆ystem Examples On figure 7┆
0x06fa0…06fc0 20 61 6e 64 20 38 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 65 20 74 77 6f 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 ┆ and 8 you can see two examples ┆
0x06fc0…06fe0 6f 66 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 ┆of system configura- tions a┆
0x06fe0…07000 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 65 78 74 72 61 20 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 66 6f ┆nd the necessary extra cables fo┆
0x07000…07020 (56,) 72 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e ┆r connection. Also the RC n┆
0x07020…07040 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e ┆umbers of the cables are mention┆
0x07040…07060 65 64 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 75 79 20 0a 19 ┆ed, if you should want to buy ┆
0x07060…07080 89 80 80 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 67 65 ┆ them. If you want to ge┆
0x07080…070a0 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 62 6c 65 73 20 65 6c 73 65 77 68 65 72 65 2c 20 66 69 67 75 72 65 20 39 ┆t the cables elsewhere, figure 9┆
0x070a0…070c0 20 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 ┆ shows the use of the diffe┆
0x070c0…070e0 72 65 6e 74 20 70 69 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 ┆rent pins in the RC3900/1 connec┆
0x070e0…07100 74 6f 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 52 ┆tors. If you make use of R┆
0x07100…07120 63 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 38 ┆cCircuit II, you connect the RC8┆
0x07120…07140 35 35 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 54 46 33 30 35 ┆55 terminals with the TF305┆
0x07140…07160 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 4f 6e 20 43 69 72 63 75 69 74 20 49 49 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 61 6e 20 61 ┆ option. On Circuit II one can a┆
0x07160…07180 63 63 65 73 80 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f 66 20 34 20 52 43 38 35 35 ┆cces s a maximum of 4 RC855┆
0x07180…071a0 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 2e 20 54 68 ┆ terminals from the RC3900/1. Th┆
0x071a0…071c0 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 ┆ese terminals must be confi┆
0x071c0…071e0 67 75 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 61 72 79 20 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 65 73 20 30 ┆gured with secondary addresses 0┆
0x071e0…07200 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 33 2c 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 20 6d ┆ through 3, the baud rate m┆
0x07200…07220 (57,) 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 2c 20 38 ┆ust be 9600 baud, even parity, 8┆
0x07220…07240 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 69 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 31 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2e 20 ┆ data bits and 1 stop bit. ┆
0x07240…07260 54 68 69 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 52 43 20 54 ┆This requires the use of an RC T┆
0x07260…07280 54 59 20 65 6d 75 6c 61 80 74 6f 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 34 2e 30 20 6f ┆TY emula tor, Version 4.0 o┆
0x07280…0728c 72 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆r later. ┆
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0x0728f…072a0 0a 06 b0 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 0d 0a 06 b0 53 59 ┆ RC3900/1 SY┆
0x072a0…072c0 53 54 45 4d 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 20 4e 6f 2e 20 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆STEM EXAMPLE No. 1 ┆
0x072c0…072e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x072e0…07300 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 ┆ Fig┆
0x07300…07308 75 72 65 20 37 2e 0d 0a ┆ure 7. ┆
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0x07308…0730b }
0x0730b…07320 0a 06 b0 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 0d 0a 06 b0 53 59 53 54 45 4d ┆ RC3900/1 SYSTEM┆
0x07320…07340 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 20 4e 6f 2e 20 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ EXAMPLE No. 2 ┆
0x07340…07360 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x07360…07380 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 82 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 ┆ Figure┆
0x07380…07385 20 38 2e 0d 0a ┆ 8. ┆
0x07385…07388 FormFeed {
0x07385…07388 0c 83 d4 ┆ ┆
0x07385…07388 }
0x07388…073a0 0a 06 a1 b0 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 45 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 43 6f ┆ RC3900/1 External Co┆
0x073a0…073c0 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f ┆nnections ___________________┆
0x073c0…073e0 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f ┆________________________________┆
0x073e0…07400 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 0d 0a 09 50 52 49 4e 54 45 52 20 ┆_____________________ PRINTER ┆
0x07400…07420 (58,) 20 21 20 20 28 32 35 20 70 6f 6c 20 44 20 53 75 62 20 66 65 6d 61 6c 65 29 20 20 21 20 20 20 4b ┆ ! (25 pol D Sub female) ! K┆
0x07420…07440 42 4c 20 35 39 39 2c 20 35 6d 2c 20 74 6f 20 43 65 6e 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 73 0d 0a 09 4b 31 09 20 ┆BL 599, 5m, to Centronics K1 ┆
0x07440…07460 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 20 22 20 2d 2d 2d 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 ┆ ! --- " --- ! ┆
0x07460…07480 20 43 42 4c 20 35 36 31 2c 20 32 35 6d 2c 20 74 6f 20 52 43 38 35 35 2c 20 56 2e 32 34 0d 0a 09 ┆ CBL 561, 25m, to RC855, V.24 ┆
0x07480…074a0 4a 31 20 2d 20 4a 34 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 20 22 20 2d 2d 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆J1 - J4 ! --- " --- ┆
0x074a0…074c0 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 22 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 22 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d ┆ ! ---- " ---- ---- " ---- ┆
0x074c0…074e0 0a 20 20 20 20 43 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 28 35 20 70 6f 6c 20 44 49 4e 20 6d 61 6c ┆ C2 ! (5 pol DIN mal┆
0x074e0…07500 65 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 4b 42 4c 20 36 30 34 2c 20 35 6d 2c 20 74 6f 20 77 61 6c 6c ┆e) ! KBL 604, 5m, to wall┆
0x07500…07520 20 6f 75 74 6c 65 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 43 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 28 33 20 70 6f 6c ┆ outlet C1 ! (3 pol┆
0x07520…07540 20 44 49 4e 20 6d 61 6c 65 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 64 0d 0a a1 5f ┆ DIN male) ! Not used _┆
0x07540…07546 05 5f 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ _ ┆
0x07546…0757f Params {
0x07546…0757f 04 00 27 4e 0c 00 06 00 00 00 00 02 01 48 31 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ 'N H1` ┆
0x07546…0757f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 0a 0f 14 19 1e 23 28 2d 32 37 3c 41 46 4b ff 04 ┆ #(-27<AFK ┆
0x07546…0757f }
0x0757f…075b8 Params {
0x0757f…075b8 04 00 27 4e 0c 00 06 00 00 00 00 03 01 48 31 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ 'N H1` ┆
0x0757f…075b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 0a 0f 14 19 1e 23 28 2d 32 37 3c 41 46 4b ff 04 ┆ #(-27<AFK ┆
0x0757f…075b8 }
0x075b8…075c0 0a a1 e1 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x075c0…075e0 20 20 20 a1 20 20 50 69 6e 20 4e 6f 2e 20 20 20 20 50 52 49 4e 54 45 52 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Pin No. PRINTER ┆
0x075e0…07600 20 20 20 20 4b 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4a 31 20 2d 20 4a 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a ┆ K1 J1 - J4 ┆
0x07600…07620 (59,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 21 20 20 44 41 54 41 20 53 54 52 4f 42 45 20 20 ┆ 1 ! DATA STROBE ┆
0x07620…07640 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ! ! ┆
0x07640…07660 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 21 20 20 44 41 54 41 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 ┆ 2 ! DATA 0 ! ┆
0x07660…07680 20 54 44 58 20 20 20 21 09 54 44 58 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ TDX ! TDX ! ┆
0x07680…076a0 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 52 44 58 20 20 ┆ 3 ! 1 ! RDX ┆
0x076a0…076c0 20 21 20 20 20 52 44 58 20 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! RDX ! ┆
0x076c0…076e0 34 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 09 09 20 21 20 20 20 52 54 53 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 52 54 ┆4 ! 2 ! RTS ! RT┆
0x076e0…07700 53 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 ┆S ! 5 ! ┆
0x07700…07720 20 20 20 20 33 09 09 20 21 20 20 20 43 54 53 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 43 54 53 20 28 52 46 53 29 20 ┆ 3 ! CTS ! CTS (RFS) ┆
0x07720…07740 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! 6 ! ┆
0x07740…07760 20 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 44 53 52 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 44 53 52 20 20 20 ┆ 4 ! DSR ! DSR ┆
0x07760…07780 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 20 20 20 21 20 20 ┆ ! 7 ! ┆
0x07780…077a0 20 20 20 20 20 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 47 4e 44 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 47 4e ┆ 5 ! GND ! GN┆
0x077a0…077c0 44 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 38 20 20 ┆D ! 8 ┆
0x077c0…077e0 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 09 09 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 43 41 52 52 49 45 52 ┆ ! 6 ! ! CARRIER┆
0x077e0…07800 20 4f 4e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 39 20 20 20 21 20 ┆ ON ! 9 ! ┆
0x07800…07820 (60,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 ┆ 7 ! ! ┆
0x07820…07840 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 30 20 ┆ ! 10 ┆
0x07840…07860 20 20 21 20 20 41 43 4b 4e 4f 57 4c 45 44 47 45 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 ┆ ! ACKNOWLEDGE ! !┆
0x07860…07880 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x07880…078a0 20 31 31 20 20 20 21 20 20 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ 11 ! ! ! ! ┆
0x078a0…078c0 20 20 31 32 20 20 20 21 20 20 50 41 50 45 52 20 45 4e 44 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 ┆ 12 ! PAPER END ! ! ┆
0x078c0…078e0 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 33 09 20 20 21 20 20 53 45 4c 45 43 54 45 44 09 09 20 21 09 ┆ ! 13 ! SELECTED ! ┆
0x078e0…07900 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 34 09 20 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 09 ┆ ! ! 14 ! ! ┆
0x07900…07920 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 35 09 20 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 09 ┆ ! ! 15 ! ! ┆
0x07920…07940 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 36 09 20 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 09 ┆ ! ! 16 ! ! ┆
0x07940…07960 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 37 09 20 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 09 ┆ ! ! 17 ! ! ┆
0x07960…07980 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 38 09 20 20 21 20 20 47 4e 44 09 09 ┆ ! ! 18 ! GND ┆
0x07980…079a0 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 39 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 ┆ ! ! ! 19 ! ┆
0x079a0…079c0 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 30 ┆- ! ! ! 20┆
0x079c0…079e0 09 20 20 21 20 20 20 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 44 54 52 09 20 21 09 20 44 54 52 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! - ! DTR ! DTR ┆
0x079e0…07a00 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 31 09 20 20 21 20 20 20 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! 21 ! - ! ! ┆
0x07a00…07a20 (61,) 20 20 20 20 09 09 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 32 09 20 20 21 20 20 20 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 ┆ ! 22 ! - ! ┆
0x07a20…07a40 21 20 43 41 4c 4c 49 4e 47 20 49 4e 44 49 43 41 54 4f 52 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 33 09 20 20 ┆! CALLING INDICATOR ! 23 ┆
0x07a40…07a60 21 09 20 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 34 09 20 20 21 20 ┆! - ! ! ! 24 ! ┆
0x07a60…07a80 20 20 2d 09 09 09 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 0d 0a 09 20 20 20 20 a1 09 20 20 32 35 09 ┆ - ! ! ! 25 ┆
0x07a80…07aa0 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 09 09 20 21 09 09 09 09 20 21 ┆ ! ! ! !┆
0x07aa0…07ab2 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 69 67 75 72 65 20 39 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ Figure 9. ┆
0x07ab2…07ab5 FormFeed {
0x07ab2…07ab5 0c 82 e0 ┆ ┆
0x07ab2…07ab5 }
0x07ab5…07ac0 0a 14 b3 05 34 2d 0b 0d 0a a1 b0 ┆ 4- ┆
0x07ac0…07ae0 34 2e 09 09 58 45 4e 49 58 20 41 4e 44 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 20 49 4e 53 54 41 4c 4c 41 54 49 ┆4. XENIX AND UNIPLEX INSTALLATI┆
0x07ae0…07b00 4f 4e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 68 6f 77 20 ┆ON This chapter tells how ┆
0x07b00…07b20 74 6f 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 61 6e 64 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 ┆to install the XENIX and UNIPLEX┆
0x07b20…07b40 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 34 2e 31 09 09 49 6e 73 74 61 ┆ systems. 4.1 Insta┆
0x07b40…07b60 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 58 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 ┆llation of XENIX This sect┆
0x07b60…07b80 69 6f 6e 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 ┆ion describes how to install the┆
0x07b80…07ba0 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 ┆ XENIX distribution provide┆
0x07ba0…07bc0 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66 20 6d 69 6e 69 2d 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 ┆d on a set of mini-floppy disket┆
0x07bc0…07be0 74 65 73 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 52 43 33 39 30 30 2f 31 20 ┆tes onto an empty RC3900/1 ┆
0x07be0…07c00 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 34 2e 31 2e 31 09 44 69 ┆computer system. 4.1.1 Di┆
0x07c00…07c20 (62,) 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 46 6f 72 6d 61 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 64 69 73 74 ┆stribution Format The dist┆
0x07c20…07c40 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 ┆ribution is organized as follows┆
0x07c40…07c60 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 42 6f 6f 74 61 62 6c 65 20 64 69 73 6b 3a 09 84 4f 6e 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 ┆: Bootable disk: One flopp┆
0x07c60…07c80 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆y contains a minimum file system┆
0x07c80…07ca0 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 98 80 80 73 77 61 70 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 62 6f 6f 74 ┆ with swap space and a boot┆
0x07ca0…07cc0 20 74 72 61 63 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 46 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 09 84 41 20 73 65 74 ┆ track. File system: A set┆
0x07cc0…07ce0 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 69 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 20 64 75 6d 70 20 69 ┆ of floppies containing a dump i┆
0x07ce0…07d00 6e 20 22 74 61 72 22 20 0a 19 98 80 80 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 74 69 72 ┆n "tar" format of the entir┆
0x07d00…07d20 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 34 2e 31 2e 32 09 49 6e 73 74 ┆e file system. 4.1.2 Inst┆
0x07d20…07d40 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 44 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 ┆alling the Distribution Th┆
0x07d40…07d60 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 69 6e 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 20 ┆e following describes in detail ┆
0x07d60…07d80 74 68 65 20 73 74 65 70 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 67 65 6e 65 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆the steps required to gene- ┆
0x07d80…07da0 72 61 74 65 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 ┆rate a XENIX system to run on th┆
0x07da0…07dc0 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 46 69 72 73 74 20 65 ┆e Winchester disk. First e┆
0x07dc0…07de0 6e 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c ┆nsure that the machine is instal┆
0x07de0…07e00 6c 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 63 63 6f 72 64 61 6e 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 43 68 61 70 ┆led in accordance with Chap┆
0x07e00…07e20 (63,) 74 65 72 20 33 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 ┆ter 3 of this manual. You must h┆
0x07e20…07e40 61 76 65 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 73 6f ┆ave a terminal on the conso┆
0x07e40…07e60 6c 65 20 70 6f 72 74 20 4b 31 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 ┆le port K1, and if possible one ┆
0x07e60…07e80 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 72 74 20 4a 31 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 3b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 ┆on the port J1 as well; the┆
0x07e80…07ea0 20 6c 61 74 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 2e 20 ┆ latter is not required though. ┆
0x07ea0…07ec0 54 68 65 20 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 4b 31 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆The baud rate on K1 should ┆
0x07ec0…07ee0 62 65 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 20 6f 72 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 2c 20 38 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 ┆be 9600 bauds or lower, 8 bit/ch┆
0x07ee0…07f00 61 72 2c 20 31 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 61 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ar, 1 stop bit/char, and no ┆
0x07f00…07f20 80 70 61 72 69 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆ parity. Note that, in the┆
0x07f20…07f40 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 a1 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 ┆ following description, compute┆
0x07f40…07f60 72 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 e1 20 69 73 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 ┆r output is in- dicated by ┆
0x07f60…07f80 75 6e 64 65 72 6c 69 6e 69 6e 67 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 ┆underlining, whereas the user's ┆
0x07f80…07f92 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 2e 20 0a ┆response is not. ┆
0x07f92…07f95 FormFeed {
0x07f92…07f95 0c 82 b0 ┆ ┆
0x07f92…07f95 }
0x07f95…07fa0 0a 19 89 80 80 54 65 72 6d 69 6e ┆ Termin┆
0x07fa0…07fc0 61 74 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 3c 43 52 3e 2e 20 55 73 65 20 3c 62 61 ┆ate all input with <CR>. Use <ba┆
0x07fc0…07fe0 63 6b 73 70 61 63 65 3e 20 74 6f 20 65 72 61 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 65 76 69 ┆ckspace> to erase the previ┆
0x07fe0…08000 6f 75 73 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 3c 61 3e 20 74 6f 20 65 72 61 73 65 20 ┆ous character, and <a> to erase ┆
0x08000…08020 (64,) 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 54 65 78 74 20 77 69 74 68 80 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆the whole line. Text with i┆
0x08020…08040 6e 20 27 28 29 27 20 69 73 20 65 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 ┆n '()' is explanatory and is not┆
0x08040…08060 20 6d 65 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 6c 69 74 65 72 61 6c 80 0a 19 89 ┆ meant to be entered literal ┆
0x08060…08080 80 80 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 31 2e 20 84 84 54 75 72 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 43 50 55 20 ┆ ly. 1. Turn on the CPU ┆
0x08080…080a0 75 6e 69 74 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 75 6e 69 74 2e 20 54 68 65 6e 20 70 72 65 ┆unit and the disk unit. Then pre┆
0x080a0…080c0 73 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 3c 43 52 3e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 6b 65 79 62 ┆ss <CR> on the console keyb┆
0x080c0…080e0 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 73 74 65 72 69 73 6b 73 20 28 2a 29 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 ┆oard, and asterisks (*) will be ┆
0x080e0…08100 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 2e 20 50 72 65 ┆ printed on the console. Pre┆
0x08100…08120 73 73 20 55 20 28 3c 73 68 69 66 74 3e 75 29 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 6f 72 20 74 77 69 63 65 20 61 6e ┆ss U (<shift>u) once or twice an┆
0x08120…08140 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 69 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 69 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f ┆d if all is well, the follo┆
0x08140…08160 77 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 73 65 65 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆wing prompt will be seen on the ┆
0x08160…08180 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 52 43 33 39 32 32 20 4d 6f 6e 69 ┆ console: RC3922 Moni┆
0x08180…081a0 74 6f 72 2c 20 69 53 42 43 20 38 36 2f 33 30 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 2c 20 72 65 6c 20 31 2e 36 ┆tor, iSBC 86/30 version, rel 1.6┆
0x081a0…081c0 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 32 2e 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 6f 74 61 62 6c ┆ 2. Now insert the bootabl┆
0x081c0…081e0 65 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 6c 61 62 6c 65 64 20 22 44 49 53 4b 30 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6c 6f 73 ┆e disk, labled "DISK0", and clos┆
0x081e0…08200 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 64 72 69 76 65 20 64 6f 6f 72 20 6c 65 76 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65 ┆e the drive door lever. The┆
0x08200…08220 (65,) 20 62 6f 6f 74 73 74 72 61 70 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 63 61 6e 20 6e 6f 77 20 62 65 20 6c 6f ┆ bootstrap program can now be lo┆
0x08220…08240 61 64 65 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 2c 20 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆aded and run, causing XENIX┆
0x08240…08260 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d ┆ to be loaded and run. The argum┆
0x08260…08280 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 61 73 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆ent passed to the boot prog┆
0x08280…082a0 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 74 20 77 ┆ram is the name of the file it w┆
0x082a0…082c0 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6c 6f 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e ┆ill load and run. In the in┆
0x082c0…082e0 69 74 69 61 6c 20 63 61 73 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 27 2f 78 65 6e 69 78 2e ┆itial case this will be '/xenix.┆
0x082e0…08300 66 64 27 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 28 4c 6f 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 47 6f 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 46 ┆fd'. (Load and Go from F┆
0x08300…08320 6c 6f 70 70 79 2c 20 70 61 73 73 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 22 2f 78 65 6e 69 78 2e 66 64 22 ┆loppy, pass argument "/xenix.fd"┆
0x08320…08340 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 a1 e1 20 20 a1 2e e1 e1 20 4c 46 47 3a 2f 58 45 4e 49 58 2e 46 44 0d 0a 09 09 ┆) . LFG:/XENIX.FD ┆
0x08340…08360 20 20 20 a1 6c 6f 61 64 20 6f 6b 2c 20 31 30 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 ┆ load ok, 10 records ┆
0x08360…08380 84 46 72 6f 6d 20 6e 6f 77 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 ┆ From now on the output will be ┆
0x08380…083a0 73 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 0a 19 ┆sent to the first direct line ┆
0x083a0…083c0 8c 80 80 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 72 2c 20 4a 31 2e 20 53 6f ┆ on the ITC controller, J1. So┆
0x083c0…083e0 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 ┆, if you only have one terminal ┆
0x083e0…08400 0a 19 8c 80 80 2d 20 6e 6f 77 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 4b 31 20 70 6f 72 74 20 2d 20 63 68 61 6e ┆ - now on the K1 port - chan┆
0x08400…08420 (66,) 67 65 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 4a 31 20 70 6f 72 74 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆ge it to the J1 port, which from┆
0x08420…08440 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6e 6f 77 20 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 ┆ now on will be the console┆
0x08440…08460 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e 20 4a 31 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 0a ┆. The terminal on J1 should be ┆
0x08460…08480 19 8c 80 80 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 38 20 64 61 74 61 62 69 74 73 2c 20 31 20 ┆ configured to 8 databits, 1 ┆
0x08480…084a0 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 0a 19 ┆stop bit, and even parity. In ┆
0x084a0…084c0 8c 80 80 61 6e 79 20 63 61 73 65 20 64 69 73 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 4b 31 20 70 6f ┆ any case disconnect the K1 po┆
0x084c0…084e0 72 74 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 68 61 64 20 61 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 65 ┆rt. If you already had a te┆
0x084e0…08500 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 4a 31 20 70 6f 72 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c ┆rminal on the J1 port, you shoul┆
0x08500…08520 64 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 ┆d see the following output ┆
0x08520…08540 74 68 65 72 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 6d 65 6d 20 3d 20 35 31 34 6b 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆there: mem = 514k ┆
0x08540…08560 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 72 ┆ about to star┆
0x08560…08580 74 20 69 74 63 20 30 e1 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 a1 4e 6f 20 53 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 75 73 65 72 20 ┆t itc 0 No Single-user ┆
0x08580…085a0 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 45 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 53 79 ┆login present Entering Sy┆
0x085a0…085c0 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 81 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 20 20 20 20 20 ┆stem Maintenance mode ┆
0x085c0…085e0 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 63 61 73 65 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 3c 43 52 3e 20 61 6e 64 20 74 ┆ In any case press <CR> and t┆
0x085e0…08600 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 ┆he following output should ┆
0x08600…0860d (67,) 61 70 70 65 61 72 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆appear: ┆
0x0860d…08610 FormFeed {
0x0860d…08610 0c 82 d8 ┆ ┆
0x0860d…08610 }
0x08610…08620 0a 09 09 09 a1 e1 a1 58 65 6e 69 78 2d 38 36 20 ┆ Xenix-86 ┆
0x08620…08640 32 2e 33 20 44 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d e1 20 20 a1 28 46 6c 6f 70 ┆2.3 Distribution System (Flop┆
0x08640…08660 70 79 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 0b 28 62 61 63 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 20 68 20 2c 20 65 72 61 ┆py) (backspace is h , era┆
0x08660…08680 73 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 20 75 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 49 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 69 74 ┆se line is u) I think it┆
0x08680…086a0 27 73 20 3c 64 61 74 65 3e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 a1 45 6e 74 65 72 20 74 69 6d 65 20 20 79 ┆'s <date> Enter time y┆
0x086a0…086c0 79 6d 6d 64 64 20 68 68 6d 6d 20 2e 73 73 20 3a 20 e1 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ymmdd hhmm .ss : ┆
0x086c0…086e0 20 20 48 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 27 73 20 69 64 65 61 ┆ Here you set the system's idea┆
0x086e0…08700 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 53 61 79 2c 20 74 6f 64 61 79 20 69 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ of the time. Say, today is ┆
0x08700…08720 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 37 20 53 65 70 74 65 6d 62 65 72 20 31 39 38 34 20 61 6e 64 20 69 ┆ 7 September 1984 and i┆
0x08720…08740 74 27 73 20 32 35 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 20 70 61 73 74 20 31 30 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f ┆t's 25 minutes past 10 in the mo┆
0x08740…08760 72 6e 69 6e 67 3b 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 65 6e 74 65 72 3a 20 38 34 ┆rning; you should enter: 84┆
0x08760…08780 30 39 30 37 31 30 32 35 0d 0a 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆09071025 XENIX ┆
0x08780…087a0 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 3a 20 74 68 ┆is now running on the floppy: th┆
0x087a0…087c0 65 20 27 20 27 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 68 61 74 ┆e ' ' prompt indicates that┆
0x087c0…087e0 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 69 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 ┆ the super-user shell is running┆
0x087e0…08800 2e 20 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 31 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 a1 58 45 4e 49 58 e1 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 a1 ┆. Volume 1 of the XENIX ┆
0x08800…08820 (68,) 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c e1 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 70 70 6c ┆Programmer's Manual is now appl┆
0x08820…08840 69 63 61 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 33 2e 20 84 57 65 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 77 20 72 65 61 64 ┆icable. 3. We are now read┆
0x08840…08860 79 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 57 ┆y to make a file system on the W┆
0x08860…08880 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 62 6f ┆inchester disk, and then bo┆
0x08880…088a0 6f 74 20 75 70 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 6e 20 69 74 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 ┆ot up XENIX on it. This is done ┆
0x088a0…088c0 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 22 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 77 ┆using the utility "/etc/mkw┆
0x088c0…088e0 69 6e 69 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 6d 61 ┆ini", which formats the disk, ma┆
0x088e0…08900 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 72 6f 6f 74 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 ┆kes the root and usr file s┆
0x08900…08920 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 61 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 75 6d 20 73 79 73 ┆ystems, and copies a minimum sys┆
0x08920…08940 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 ┆tem onto the root file syst┆
0x08940…08960 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 ┆em. (make system on Winche┆
0x08960…08980 73 74 65 72 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 a1 e1 a1 e1 5f e1 a1 e1 e1 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 77 ┆ster) _ /etc/mkw┆
0x08980…089a0 69 6e 69 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 79 20 66 6f 72 20 79 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆ini (answer y for yes to the┆
0x089a0…089c0 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 41 62 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 ┆ following) About to initia┆
0x089c0…089e0 6c 69 7a 65 20 64 72 69 76 65 2c 20 4f 4b 3f 20 e1 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 ┆lize drive, OK? (Wincheste┆
0x089e0…08a00 72 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 36 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 ┆r formatting takes about 6 minut┆
0x08a00…08a20 (69,) 65 73 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 77 69 6e 69 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 ┆es) (/etc/mkwini takes all t┆
0x08a20…08a40 6f 6c 64 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 31 32 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 6c 61 73 74 20 ┆old about 12 minutes) (last ┆
0x08a40…08a60 6f 75 74 70 75 74 3a 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 2f 65 74 63 2f 68 61 6c 74 73 79 73 20 61 6e 64 20 72 ┆output:) /etc/haltsys and r┆
0x08a60…08a80 65 62 6f 6f 74 20 58 65 6e 69 78 2e e1 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 73 68 75 74 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 73 79 73 ┆eboot Xenix. (shut down sys┆
0x08a80…08aa0 74 65 6d 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 e1 e1 a1 e1 5f e1 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 68 61 6c 74 73 79 73 0d 0a 09 ┆tem) _ /etc/haltsys ┆
0x08aa0…08ac0 09 09 a1 2a 2a 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 2a 2a 0d ┆ ** Normal system shutdown ** ┆
0x08ac0…08ac3 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x08ac3…08ac6 FormFeed {
0x08ac3…08ac6 0c 82 80 ┆ ┆
0x08ac3…08ac6 }
0x08ac6…08ae0 0a 09 09 34 2e 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 65 74 ┆ 4. Now press the reset┆
0x08ae0…08b00 20 62 75 74 74 6f 6e 20 6f 72 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 43 50 55 20 62 6f 78 20 6f 66 ┆ button or switch the CPU box of┆
0x08b00…08b20 66 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 75 70 ┆f and on again, and boot up┆
0x08b20…08b40 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 3a ┆ XENIX from the Winchester disk:┆
0x08b40…08b60 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 72 65 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 6f ┆ after resetting, XENIX sho┆
0x08b60…08b80 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 20 75 70 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 ┆uld be booted up automatically i┆
0x08b80…08ba0 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 6e 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆f you have no terminal on t┆
0x08ba0…08bc0 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 73 65 72 69 61 6c 20 70 6f 72 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 6d ┆he console serial port. m┆
0x08bc0…08be0 65 6d 20 3d 20 35 31 34 6b 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 09 a1 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 ┆em = 514k about to start ┆
0x08be0…08c00 69 74 63 20 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 4e 6f 20 53 69 6e 67 6c ┆itc 0 No Singl┆
0x08c00…08c20 (70,) 65 2d 75 73 65 72 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 45 6e 74 65 72 69 ┆e-user login present Enteri┆
0x08c20…08c40 6e 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 ┆ng System Maintenance mode ┆
0x08c40…08c60 0b 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 49 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 69 74 27 73 20 3c 64 61 74 65 3e 20 65 74 63 2e 0d ┆ I think it's <date> etc. ┆
0x08c60…08c80 0a 09 09 09 28 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 67 ┆ (you have to set the time ag┆
0x08c80…08ca0 61 69 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 73 74 65 70 20 32 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 35 2e 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 79 6f ┆ain, see step 2) 5. Now yo┆
0x08ca0…08cc0 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 ┆u will need to install the rest ┆
0x08cc0…08ce0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆of the XENIX system on the ┆
0x08ce0…08d00 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 75 73 ┆Winchester disk. This is done us┆
0x08d00…08d20 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 79 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 22 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 73 79 73 ┆ing the utility "/etc/mksys┆
0x08d20…08d40 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 ┆", which will create all standar┆
0x08d40…08d60 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 79 6f ┆d directories and prompt yo┆
0x08d60…08d80 75 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 69 65 73 3a 0d ┆u for the rest of the floppies: ┆
0x08d80…08d83 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x08d83…08d86 FormFeed {
0x08d83…08d86 0c 81 98 ┆ ┆
0x08d83…08d86 }
0x08d86…08da0 0a 09 09 09 28 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆ (install rest of syste┆
0x08da0…08dc0 6d 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 e1 a1 e1 5f e1 e1 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 73 79 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 53 ┆m) _ /etc/mksys S┆
0x08dc0…08de0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 ┆ystem installation program ┆
0x08de0…08e00 55 70 64 61 74 65 20 3f 20 54 79 70 65 20 79 65 73 20 6f 72 20 6e 6f 20 28 79 2f 6e 29 3a e1 20 ┆Update ? Type yes or no (y/n): ┆
0x08e00…08e20 (71,) 20 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 6e 6f 20 75 70 64 61 74 65 2c 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆ n (no update, whole syste┆
0x08e20…08e40 6d 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆m) Installing complete XENI┆
0x08e40…08e60 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 43 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 ┆X system Creating standar┆
0x08e60…08e80 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 74 61 6b 65 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 36 ┆d directories (takes about 6┆
0x08e80…08ea0 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 ┆ minutes) Please insert┆
0x08ea0…08ec0 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 20 6e 6f 2e 20 31 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 50 72 65 73 73 20 3c 52 45 54 55 ┆ diskette no. 1 Press <RETU┆
0x08ec0…08ee0 52 4e 3e 20 77 68 65 6e 20 72 65 61 64 79 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 09 ┆RN> when ready: . . ┆
0x08ee0…08f00 09 09 2e 0d 0a 09 09 09 28 61 6c 6c 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c ┆ . (all floppies are instal┆
0x08f00…08f20 6c 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 61 79 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 09 09 ┆led in this way) . . ┆
0x08f20…08f40 09 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 57 68 69 63 68 20 49 44 20 64 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 ┆ . Which ID do you want┆
0x08f40…08f60 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 84 ┆ to give to your system: ┆
0x08f60…08f80 28 6e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 70 65 20 4f 4e 45 20 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 77 ┆(now you should type ONE word, w┆
0x08f80…08fa0 68 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 69 64 3b ┆hich will be your systemid;┆
0x08fa0…08fc0 20 74 68 69 73 20 49 44 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 ┆ this ID will be used if your sy┆
0x08fc0…08fe0 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 65 20 77 69 74 68 ┆stem is to communicate with┆
0x08fe0…09000 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3b 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 63 ┆ another XENIX system; you may c┆
0x09000…09020 (72,) 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 69 64 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2c 20 77 ┆hange the systemid later, w┆
0x09020…09040 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 61 6d 69 6c 69 61 ┆hen you have become more familia┆
0x09040…09056 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 8e 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 29 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆r with XENIX) ┆
0x09056…09059 FormFeed {
0x09056…09059 0c 82 80 ┆ ┆
0x09056…09059 }
0x09059…09060 0a 09 09 09 a1 3c 79 ┆ <y┆
0x09060…09080 6f 75 72 20 69 64 3e 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 73 79 73 74 65 6d 69 64 ┆our id> written to /etc/systemid┆
0x09080…090a0 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 65 64 21 21 0d 0a ┆ XENIX system installed!! ┆
0x090a0…090c0 0d 0a 09 09 36 2e 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 ┆ 6. The system is now fully ┆
0x090c0…090e0 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b ┆installed on the Winchester disk┆
0x090e0…09100 2e 20 54 6f 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 75 ┆. To take the system multiu┆
0x09100…09120 73 65 72 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 2e 20 57 61 69 74 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d ┆ser, type <ctrl>d. Wait approxim┆
0x09120…09140 61 74 65 6c 79 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 32 30 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 3b 20 74 68 65 6e 20 70 72 65 73 ┆ately 20 seconds; then pres┆
0x09140…09160 73 20 61 6e 79 20 6b 65 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 67 65 74 20 61 20 ┆s any key, and you should get a ┆
0x09160…09180 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 a1 6c 6f 67 69 6e ┆login message: login┆
0x09180…091a0 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 6e ┆: Now type a user n┆
0x091a0…091c0 61 6d 65 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 72 6f 6f 74 29 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 ┆ame (i.e. root) and you should b┆
0x091c0…091e0 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 69 6e 2e 20 54 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 74 79 ┆e logged in. To log out, ty┆
0x091e0…09200 70 65 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 ┆pe <ctrl>d. To shut the system d┆
0x09200…09220 (73,) 6f 77 6e 2c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 2c ┆own, always log in as root,┆
0x09220…09240 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 28 38 29 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 ┆ and run /etc/shutdown(8). This ┆
0x09240…09260 0a 19 8c 80 80 65 6e 73 75 72 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c ┆ ensures that the system wil┆
0x09260…09280 6c 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 6c ┆l always close down in an orderl┆
0x09280…092a0 79 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6d 61 6e 6e 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 ┆y manner. For further┆
0x092a0…092c0 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 20 6f 6e 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 ┆ details on operating procedures┆
0x092c0…092e0 2c 20 73 65 65 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 36 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e ┆, see Chapter 6 of this man┆
0x092e0…09300 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 34 2e 32 09 09 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 ┆ual. 4.2 Installation of┆
0x09300…09320 20 55 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆ UNIPLEX Installation of t┆
0x09320…09340 68 65 20 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 2e 20 46 69 72 ┆he Uniplex System is simple. Fir┆
0x09340…09360 73 74 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2e 20 54 68 ┆st log in as super-user. Th┆
0x09360…09380 65 6e 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 2f 75 73 72 2f ┆en type the command: /usr/┆
0x09380…093a0 72 63 73 70 65 2f 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 75 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 69 ┆rcspe/installuniplex The i┆
0x093a0…093c0 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 63 72 69 70 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 79 ┆nstallation script will prompt y┆
0x093c0…093e0 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 73 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b ┆ou to place the Master disk┆
0x093e0…09400 65 74 74 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 2d 2d 20 62 75 74 20 ┆ette in the floppy drive -- but ┆
0x09400…09420 (74,) 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 65 6c 73 65 20 69 73 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 ┆everything else is taken ca┆
0x09420…09440 72 65 20 6f 66 2e 20 54 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 20 73 68 6f 75 6c ┆re of. The whole procedure shoul┆
0x09440…09460 64 20 74 61 6b 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 61 6e 20 66 69 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 69 6e 75 74 ┆d take less than five minut┆
0x09460…09480 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6e 6f 77 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 ┆es. You can now use the sys┆
0x09480…094a0 74 65 6d 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆tem by typing the command: ┆
0x094a0…094c0 09 75 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d ┆ uniplex For further inform┆
0x094c0…094e0 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 63 6f 6e 73 75 6c 74 20 74 68 65 20 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 ┆ation, consult the Uniplex manua┆
0x094e0…094e6 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆l. ┆
0x094e6…094e9 FormFeed {
0x094e6…094e9 0c 82 b0 ┆ ┆
0x094e6…094e9 }
0x094e9…09500 0a 14 b3 05 35 2d 0b 0d 0a a1 b0 35 2e 09 09 43 4f 4e 46 49 47 55 52 ┆ 5- 5. CONFIGUR┆
0x09500…09520 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 ┆ATION This chapter describ┆
0x09520…09540 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 6c 6c 69 67 ┆es configuration of the intellig┆
0x09540…09560 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 72 20 61 6e ┆ent termi- nal controller an┆
0x09560…09580 64 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 35 2e ┆d connected terminals. 5.┆
0x09580…095a0 31 09 09 43 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆1 Configuration of the ITC ┆
0x095a0…095c0 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆ When the system is loaded, the┆
0x095c0…095e0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 20 69 73 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 0a ┆ file /etc/itc is written into ┆
0x095e0…09600 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 28 69 6e 74 65 6c ┆ the memory of the ITC (intel┆
0x09600…09620 (75,) 6c 69 67 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 72 29 2e 20 54 68 69 ┆ligent terminal controller). Thi┆
0x09620…09640 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d ┆s file contains the program┆
0x09640…09660 20 74 68 61 74 20 72 75 6e 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 58 ┆ that runs on the ITC when the X┆
0x09660…09680 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 41 6e 6f ┆ENIX system is running. Ano┆
0x09680…096a0 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 5f 70 61 72 61 6d 2c 20 69 73 20 61 6c ┆ther file, /etc/itc_param, is al┆
0x096a0…096c0 73 6f 20 74 72 61 6e 73 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 66 65 72 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 ┆so trans- ferred to the ITC ┆
0x096c0…096e0 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 70 61 72 61 6d ┆memory. This file contains param┆
0x096e0…09700 65 74 65 72 73 20 64 65 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 69 62 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 75 72 20 ┆eters de- scribing the four ┆
0x09700…09720 56 2e 32 34 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 5f 70 61 ┆V.24 lines. The etc/itc_pa┆
0x09720…09740 72 61 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 73 20 6f 66 20 66 69 76 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c ┆ram file consists of five lines,┆
0x09740…09760 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 72 73 74 20 66 6f 75 72 20 6c 69 ┆ of which the first four li┆
0x09760…09780 6e 65 73 20 65 61 63 68 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 61 20 56 2e 32 34 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 ┆nes each describes a V.24 line, ┆
0x09780…097a0 69 2e 65 2e 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 64 65 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 ┆i.e. line 1 de- scribes the ┆
0x097a0…097c0 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 70 6c 75 67 20 4a 31 2c 20 6c ┆terminal connected to plug J1, l┆
0x097c0…097e0 69 6e 65 20 32 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 ┆ine 2 describes that connec┆
0x097e0…09800 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 70 6c 75 67 20 4a 32 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6f 6e 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 ┆ted to plug J2, and so on. Each ┆
0x09800…09820 (76,) 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 6f 75 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e ┆of these four lines contain┆
0x09820…09840 73 20 66 69 76 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 ┆s five characters, and the forma┆
0x09840…09860 74 20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 67 65 ┆t is shown on the next page┆
0x09860…09880 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 66 69 66 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 ┆. The fifth and last line ┆
0x09880…098a0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 5f 70 61 72 61 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 ┆in the /etc/itc_param file conta┆
0x098a0…098c0 69 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 77 68 69 ┆ins only one character, whi┆
0x098c0…098e0 63 68 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 7a 65 72 6f 20 28 30 29 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 72 ┆ch should be zero (0). This char┆
0x098e0…09900 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 63 68 61 ┆acter, however, must be cha┆
0x09900…09920 6e 67 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 6f 6e 65 20 28 31 29 20 69 66 20 28 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 ┆nged to a one (1) if (and only i┆
0x09920…09940 66 29 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 66 69 72 6d ┆f) the system (the ITC firm┆
0x09940…09960 77 61 72 65 29 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 64 65 62 75 67 67 65 64 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 ┆ware) is to be debugged. In this┆
0x09960…09980 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 54 43 20 66 69 72 6d 77 61 72 65 20 77 69 6c ┆ case, the ITC firmware wil┆
0x09980…099a0 6c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 62 75 67 20 6d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 6c ┆l enter the debug monitor when l┆
0x099a0…099c0 6f 61 64 65 64 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 61 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆oaded. Also, a <ctrl>a from┆
0x099c0…099e0 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 4a 31 20 77 69 ┆ the terminal connected to J1 wi┆
0x099e0…09a00 6c 6c 20 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 6d 80 0a 19 89 80 80 77 61 72 65 20 74 6f 20 65 ┆ll cause the firm ware to e┆
0x09a00…09a20 (77,) 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 62 75 67 20 6d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 4e 4f ┆nter the debug monitor. NO┆
0x09a20…09a40 54 45 3a 20 42 65 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 ┆TE: Be careful about the format ┆
0x09a40…09a60 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 5f 70 61 72 61 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 2d 2d 20 0a 19 ┆of the /etc/itc_param file -- ┆
0x09a60…09a80 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 66 69 72 6d 77 61 72 65 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 65 ┆ the ITC firmware does not che┆
0x09a80…09a92 63 6b 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 21 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ck the values! ┆
0x09a92…09a95 FormFeed {
0x09a92…09a95 0c 82 88 ┆ ┆
0x09a92…09a95 }
0x09a95…09aa0 0a 09 09 84 46 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 ┆ Format ┆
0x09aa0…09ac0 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 ┆of terminal description line in ┆
0x09ac0…09ae0 2f 65 74 63 2f 69 74 63 5f 70 61 72 61 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 a1 43 68 61 72 2e ┆/etc/itc_param file: Char.┆
0x09ae0…09b00 20 4e 6f 2e e1 09 a1 56 61 6c 75 65 e1 20 20 a1 4d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 ┆ No. Value Meaning ┆
0x09b00…09b20 31 09 09 20 20 20 30 09 20 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 20 28 58 45 4e 49 58 20 61 64 6a 75 ┆1 0 9600 bauds (XENIX adju┆
0x09b20…09b40 73 74 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 29 20 28 2a 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 09 09 ┆stment to terminal) (*) ┆
0x09b40…09b60 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 20 28 31 31 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 29 20 20 28 ┆ 1 9600 bauds (110 bauds) (┆
0x09b60…09b80 2a 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 20 28 32 30 30 20 62 ┆*) 2 9600 bauds (200 b┆
0x09b80…09ba0 61 75 64 73 29 20 20 28 2a 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 20 33 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 ┆auds) (*) 3 300 baud┆
0x09ba0…09bc0 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 34 20 20 20 20 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 ┆s 4 600 bauds ┆
0x09bc0…09be0 20 35 20 20 20 31 32 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 36 20 20 20 32 34 30 30 ┆ 5 1200 bauds 6 2400┆
0x09be0…09c00 20 62 61 75 64 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 37 20 20 20 34 38 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 0d 0a 09 ┆ bauds 7 4800 bauds ┆
0x09c00…09c20 (78,) 09 09 09 44 20 3e 37 20 20 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 09 20 20 28 2a 29 ┆ D >7 9600 bauds (*)┆
0x09c20…09c40 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ reserved for later versions ┆
0x09c40…09c60 09 09 20 20 20 32 09 09 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 37 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 61 ┆ 2 0 7 data bits/chara┆
0x09c60…09c80 63 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 44 20 20 31 20 20 20 38 20 64 61 74 61 20 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 ┆cter D 1 8 data bits/cha┆
0x09c80…09ca0 72 61 63 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 33 09 09 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 20 20 73 ┆racter 3 0 1 s┆
0x09ca0…09cc0 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 44 20 20 31 20 20 20 31 20 ┆top bit/character D 1 1 ┆
0x09cc0…09ce0 20 20 20 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 32 ┆ stop bit/character 2┆
0x09ce0…09d00 20 20 20 31 20 31 2f 32 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ 1 1/2 stop bits/character ┆
0x09d00…09d20 09 09 20 20 20 33 20 20 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 ┆ 3 2 stop bits/charact┆
0x09d20…09d40 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 34 09 09 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 6e 6f 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 0d 0a ┆er 4 0 no parity ┆
0x09d40…09d60 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 31 20 20 20 6f 64 64 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 32 20 ┆ 1 odd parity 2 ┆
0x09d60…09d80 20 20 6e 6f 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 44 20 20 33 20 20 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 ┆ no parity D 3 even par┆
0x09d80…09da0 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 35 09 09 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 20 6c 69 6e ┆ity 5 0 direct lin┆
0x09da0…09dc0 65 20 20 20 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6e 6f 72 6d ┆e Terminals connected to norm┆
0x09dc0…09de0 61 6c 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 44 20 20 31 20 20 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 6c 69 6e 65 09 20 20 6c 69 6e ┆al D 1 normal line lin┆
0x09de0…09e00 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2e 20 50 72 69 6e 74 65 72 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆es may log in. Printers ┆
0x09e00…09e20 (79,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x09e20…09e40 20 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 0d ┆ should be connected to direct ┆
0x09e40…09e60 0a 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 ┆ lines. The ┆
0x09e60…09e80 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 6e 6f 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 ┆default values are denoted by a ┆
0x09e80…09ea0 44 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 75 73 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 20 61 ┆D. Thus, for example, if a┆
0x09ea0…09ec0 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 ┆ terminal description line conta┆
0x09ec0…09ee0 69 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c ┆ins characters with the val┆
0x09ee0…09f00 75 65 73 20 38 31 31 33 31 2c 20 69 74 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 3a 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 2c ┆ues 81131, it means: 9600 bauds,┆
0x09f00…09f20 20 38 20 64 61 74 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 31 20 73 ┆ 8 data bits/character, 1 s┆
0x09f20…09f40 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 2c 20 ┆top bit/character, even parity, ┆
0x09f40…09f60 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 4e 6f 74 65 20 ┆and normal line. Note ┆
0x09f60…09f80 74 68 61 74 20 65 61 63 68 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6c ┆that each terminal description l┆
0x09f80…09f9c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 43 52 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ine is terminated by CR. ┆
0x09f9c…09f9f FormFeed {
0x09f9c…09f9f 0c 82 d0 ┆ ┆
0x09f9c…09f9f }
0x09f9f…09fa0 0a ┆ ┆
0x09fa0…09fc0 a1 b0 35 2e 32 09 09 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 53 75 70 70 6f 72 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 41 20 ┆ 5.2 Terminal Support A ┆
0x09fc0…09fe0 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 ┆number of utilities and applicat┆
0x09fe0…0a000 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 76 69 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 55 ┆ions, for example, vi and U┆
0x0a000…0a020 (80,) 4e 49 50 4c 45 58 2c 20 65 6d 70 6c 6f 79 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 64 76 61 6e 63 65 64 20 73 63 72 ┆NIPLEX, employ more advanced scr┆
0x0a020…0a040 65 65 6e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 63 75 72 73 6f 72 20 0a 19 ┆een functions, such as cursor ┆
0x0a040…0a060 89 80 80 61 64 64 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 2e 20 44 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 ┆ addressing. Different termina┆
0x0a060…0a080 6c 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 0a ┆ls require different character ┆
0x0a080…0a0a0 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 69 6e 67 73 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 ┆ strings in order to perform ┆
0x0a0a0…0a0c0 61 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e ┆a function. The various function┆
0x0a0c0…0a0e0 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 69 64 6e 67 20 63 68 ┆s and the correspondidng ch┆
0x0a0e0…0a100 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 73 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e ┆aracter strings are described in┆
0x0a100…0a120 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 2e 20 45 61 63 ┆ the file /etc/termcap. Eac┆
0x0a120…0a140 68 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 65 64 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 74 77 6f 2d 6c ┆h terminal supported has a two-l┆
0x0a140…0a160 65 74 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 74 72 79 20 2d 2d 20 61 20 6b 65 79 20 2d 2d 20 69 6e 20 ┆etter entry -- a key -- in ┆
0x0a160…0a180 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 73 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 65 ┆this file. The system uses the e┆
0x0a180…0a1a0 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 20 54 45 52 4d 20 61 ┆nvironment parameter TERM a┆
0x0a1a0…0a1c0 73 20 61 20 6b 65 79 2c 20 69 2e 65 2e 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 ┆s a key, i.e. if you are working┆
0x0a1c0…0a1e0 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 6f 73 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 ┆ on a terminal whose descri┆
0x0a1e0…0a200 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 22 71 72 ┆ption corresponds to the key "qr┆
0x0a200…0a220 (81,) 22 2c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 54 45 52 4d 20 76 61 72 69 80 0a 19 89 80 80 61 62 6c 65 20 73 68 6f 75 ┆", your TERM vari able shou┆
0x0a220…0a240 6c 64 20 62 65 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 22 71 72 22 2e 20 54 68 65 20 54 45 52 4d 20 76 61 72 69 ┆ld be set to "qr". The TERM vari┆
0x0a240…0a260 61 62 6c 65 20 69 73 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 65 74 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 69 ┆able is usually set on logi┆
0x0a260…0a280 6e 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 a1 2e 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 28 53 48 45 4c 4c 29 20 6f 72 20 ┆n in your .profile (SHELL) or ┆
0x0a280…0a2a0 a1 2e 63 73 68 72 63 e1 20 28 43 2d 53 48 45 4c 4c 29 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 54 ┆ .cshrc (C-SHELL) file. T┆
0x0a2a0…0a2c0 68 65 20 6b 65 79 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆he keys in the /etc/termcap file┆
0x0a2c0…0a2e0 20 61 72 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 71 72 20 3a 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 2d 20 65 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f ┆ are: qr : RC855 - emulato┆
0x0a2e0…0a300 72 20 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 34 2e 30 0d 0a 09 09 09 71 77 20 3a 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 2d 20 65 ┆r Version 4.0 qw : RC855 - e┆
0x0a300…0a320 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 31 2e 30 0d 0a 09 09 09 71 71 20 3a 20 52 43 38 ┆mulator Version 1.0 qq : RC8┆
0x0a320…0a340 32 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 71 75 20 3a 20 71 76 74 31 30 32 20 20 51 75 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 ┆22 qu : qvt102 Qume I┆
0x0a340…0a360 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 65 ┆n addition, a large number of te┆
0x0a360…0a380 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆rminals are described in the ┆
0x0a380…0a3a0 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 2e 6f 6c 64 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ file /etc/termcap.old. If you ┆
0x0a3a0…0a3c0 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 66 72 6f ┆wish to use a terminal entry fro┆
0x0a3c0…0a3e0 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 66 69 72 73 74 ┆m this file, you must first┆
0x0a3e0…0a400 20 63 6f 70 79 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 74 65 ┆ copy the description to /etc/te┆
0x0a400…0a420 (82,) 72 6d 63 61 70 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 ┆rmcap. For further informat┆
0x0a420…0a440 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 50 52 49 4e 54 45 4e 56 28 75 63 42 29 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ion, see PRINTENV(ucB) ┆
0x0a440…0a460 09 53 48 28 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 43 53 48 28 75 63 42 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d ┆ SH(1) CSH(ucB) environm┆
0x0a460…0a480 65 6e 74 28 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 28 35 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 69 6e 20 56 6f ┆ent(5) termcap(5) in Vo┆
0x0a480…0a4a0 6c 75 6d 65 20 31 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 a1 58 45 4e 49 58 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 ┆lume 1 of the XENIX Programmer'┆
0x0a4a0…0a4ab 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a ┆s Manual. ┆
0x0a4ab…0a4ae FormFeed {
0x0a4ab…0a4ae 0c 82 90 ┆ ┆
0x0a4ab…0a4ae }
0x0a4ae…0a4c0 0a 14 b3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x0a4c0…0a4e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 2e 0b 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 6. 6. ┆
0x0a4e0…0a500 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 20 41 44 4d 49 4e 49 53 54 52 41 54 4f 52 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 31 20 20 ┆ SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR 6.1 ┆
0x0a500…0a520 20 20 20 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 ┆ Introduction Th┆
0x0a520…0a540 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 ┆is chapter is intended to help y┆
0x0a540…0a560 6f 75 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 75 ┆ou get the XENIX system ru┆
0x0a560…0a580 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6b 65 65 70 ┆nning on your computer, and keep┆
0x0a580…0a5a0 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 65 61 6c 74 68 79 2e 20 45 76 65 6e 20 69 ┆ the system healthy. Even i┆
0x0a5a0…0a5c0 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆f you have never used the XENIX ┆
0x0a5c0…0a5e0 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 61 74 74 65 72 2c ┆system, or for that matter,┆
0x0a5e0…0a600 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 ┆ any other computer operating sy┆
0x0a600…0a620 (83,) 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 ┆stem before, it will give y┆
0x0a620…0a640 6f 75 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 6f ┆ou enough information to give yo┆
0x0a640…0a660 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 66 69 64 65 6e 63 65 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 72 6f 6c 65 20 61 ┆u confidence in your role a┆
0x0a660…0a680 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a ┆s system manager. Each section ┆
0x0a680…0a6a0 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 63 61 72 72 ┆ provides directions for carr┆
0x0a6a0…0a6c0 79 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ying out the procedures for ┆
0x0a6c0…0a6e0 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 6c 65 2c 20 ┆ which you will be responsible, ┆
0x0a6e0…0a700 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 76 69 65 77 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 ┆along with an overview of X┆
0x0a700…0a720 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 70 72 6f 63 ┆ENIX system concepts. These proc┆
0x0a720…0a740 65 64 75 72 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 ┆edures have been designed t┆
0x0a740…0a760 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6a 6f 62 20 61 73 20 65 61 73 79 20 61 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 ┆o make your job as easy as possi┆
0x0a760…0a780 62 6c 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 ┆ble. If you read the instru┆
0x0a780…0a7a0 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 ┆ctions carefully, you should hav┆
0x0a7a0…0a7c0 65 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 79 20 69 6e 20 6d 61 69 6e ┆e little difficulty in main┆
0x0a7c0…0a7e0 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 ┆taining your XENIX system. This ┆
0x0a7e0…0a800 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 65 66 69 6e 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f ┆ introduction defines the ro┆
0x0a800…0a820 (84,) 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆le of the system manager and ┆
0x0a820…0a840 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 77 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 67 65 74 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ describes what you get in your┆
0x0a840…0a860 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 ┆ XENIX distribution package┆
0x0a860…0a880 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 69 6e 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆. Since the system ┆
0x0a880…0a8a0 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 27 73 20 6a 6f 62 20 69 73 20 61 20 63 72 75 63 69 61 6c 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 ┆manager's job is a crucial one w┆
0x0a8a0…0a8c0 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 79 20 61 73 70 65 63 74 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c ┆ith many aspects, you shoul┆
0x0a8c0…0a8e0 64 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 61 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 ┆d learn as much as you can about┆
0x0a8e0…0a900 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 42 79 20 74 68 65 20 74 ┆ the XENIX system. By the t┆
0x0a900…0a920 69 6d 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 64 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ime you have finished this ┆
0x0a920…0a940 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 66 65 65 6c 20 63 6f 6d 66 6f 72 74 61 62 6c 65 20 77 69 74 ┆chapter and feel comfortable wit┆
0x0a940…0a960 68 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 73 6b 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 65 72 65 2c ┆h the tasks described here,┆
0x0a960…0a980 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6e 75 6d ┆ you should be able to use a num┆
0x0a980…0a9a0 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 ┆ber of basic XENIX commands┆
0x0a9a0…0a9c0 20 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 64 ┆ successfully. This chapter is d┆
0x0a9c0…0a9e0 65 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 77 69 ┆esigned to get you going wi┆
0x0a9e0…0aa00 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 61 6e 79 ┆th your XENIX system without any┆
0x0aa00…0aa20 (85,) 20 70 72 69 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 ┆ prior experience, and with┆
0x0aa20…0aa40 6f 75 74 20 6e 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 6d ┆out needing to refer to other, m┆
0x0aa40…0aa60 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 74 61 69 6c 65 64 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e ┆ore detailed documentation.┆
0x0aa60…0aa80 20 49 64 65 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 ┆ Ideally, however, you should ┆
0x0aa80…0aaa0 89 80 80 62 65 67 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 20 61 6e 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e ┆ begin to develop an understan┆
0x0aaa0…0aac0 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 2c 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f ┆ding of the following, in o┆
0x0aac0…0aae0 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 ┆rder to make you more efficient ┆
0x0aae0…0ab00 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 ┆in your work: . the┆
0x0ab00…0ab20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 2d 20 2d 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 ┆ XENIX file structure - - the wa┆
0x0ab20…0ab40 79 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆y in which the XENIX progra┆
0x0ab40…0ab60 6d 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆ms, as well as the data and prog┆
0x0ab60…0ab80 72 61 6d 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 64 ┆rams you and other users ad┆
0x0ab80…0aba0 64 2c 20 61 72 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d ┆d, are organized on the system. ┆
0x0aba0…0abc0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 ┆ . the command langu┆
0x0abc0…0abe0 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 22 73 68 65 6c 6c 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆age of the XENIX "shell", which ┆
0x0abe0…0ac00 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 62 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e ┆you will be using to commun┆
0x0ac00…0ac20 (86,) 69 63 61 74 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2c 20 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 20 74 6f 6f ┆icate with XENIX, a powerful too┆
0x0ac20…0ac40 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 70 72 6f 64 75 ┆l for increasing your produ┆
0x0ac40…0ac60 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ctivity on the system. ┆
0x0ac60…0ac80 20 20 20 2e 20 84 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆ . at least one of the XENIX ┆
0x0ac80…0aca0 74 65 78 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 ┆text editors, so that you can ┆
0x0aca0…0acc0 8b 80 80 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 74 6f ┆ make additions and changes to┆
0x0acc0…0ace0 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ important system files. ┆
0x0ace0…0ad00 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 6f 6d 65 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f ┆ Some basic information abo┆
0x0ad00…0ad20 75 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ut these XENIX features is ┆
0x0ad20…0ad40 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 48 6f ┆provided in the next section. Ho┆
0x0ad40…0ad60 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 67 61 69 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 70 ┆wever, as you gain more exp┆
0x0ad60…0ad80 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e ┆erience with XENIX, you will wan┆
0x0ad80…0ada0 74 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 ┆t to read the XENIX Fundame┆
0x0ada0…0adc0 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 ┆ntals manual so that you will be┆
0x0adc0…0ade0 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 6f ┆ able to use the features o┆
0x0ade0…0ae00 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 ┆f the XENIX system more fully. T┆
0x0ae00…0ae20 (87,) 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 73 75 62 73 ┆o do this, there is no subs┆
0x0ae20…0ae40 74 69 74 75 74 65 20 66 6f 72 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 ┆titute for reading the documenta┆
0x0ae40…0ae60 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 ┆tion carefully, and trying ┆
0x0ae60…0ae80 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆out the examples given in the ┆
0x0ae80…0aea0 89 80 80 74 75 74 6f 72 69 61 6c 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 6e 74 20 ┆ tutorials. You may also want ┆
0x0aea0…0aec0 74 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 79 73 74 65 ┆to refer to the XENIX Syste┆
0x0aec0…0aee0 6d 20 52 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 28 69 2e 65 2e 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e ┆m Reference Manual (i.e. the XEN┆
0x0aee0…0af00 49 58 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 56 6f 6c ┆IX Programmer's Manual, Vol┆
0x0af00…0af20 2e 20 31 29 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 62 6f ┆. 1) when you have questions abo┆
0x0af20…0af40 75 74 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 58 45 ┆ut how to use particular XE┆
0x0af40…0af53 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆NIX commands. ┆
0x0af53…0af56 FormFeed {
0x0af53…0af56 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x0af53…0af56 }
0x0af56…0af60 0a b0 a1 36 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 ┆ 6.1.1 ┆
0x0af60…0af80 20 20 54 68 65 20 52 6f 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 ┆ The Role of the System Manager┆
0x0af80…0afa0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 68 65 61 72 64 ┆ You may have heard┆
0x0afa0…0afc0 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 20 22 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 22 20 6f 72 20 22 73 ┆ the term "system manager" or "s┆
0x0afc0…0afe0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 6f 72 22 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 ┆ystem administrator" used t┆
0x0afe0…0b000 6f 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 ┆o describe the person who has th┆
0x0b000…0b020 (88,) 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 76 65 72 61 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 66 6f ┆e overall responsibility fo┆
0x0b020…0b040 72 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61 6c 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 77 65 6c 66 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 0a 19 ┆r the health and welfare of a ┆
0x0b040…0b060 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 4f 6e 20 61 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 63 ┆ computer system. On a large c┆
0x0b060…0b080 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 61 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 ┆omputer this is often a full ┆
0x0b080…0b0a0 80 80 74 69 6d 65 20 6a 6f 62 20 66 6f 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 70 65 6f 70 6c ┆ time job for one or more peopl┆
0x0b0a0…0b0c0 65 2e 20 4f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 0a 19 ┆e. On your system, of course, ┆
0x0b0c0…0b0e0 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 73 ┆ you may have only a few users┆
0x0b0e0…0b100 2c 20 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 65 76 65 6e 20 62 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 0a 19 ┆, or you may even be your own ┆
0x0b100…0b120 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6d 61 6b ┆ system manager. This will mak┆
0x0b120…0b140 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6a 6f 62 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 61 62 6c 79 20 6c 65 73 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆e your job considerably less ┆
0x0b140…0b160 80 80 74 69 6d 65 2d 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 69 6e 67 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6e 6f 20 6c 65 73 73 20 63 72 ┆ time-consuming, but no less cr┆
0x0b160…0b180 69 74 69 63 61 6c 2e 20 59 6f 75 72 20 74 61 73 6b 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 ┆itical. Your tasks will inc┆
0x0b180…0b1a0 6c 75 64 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 ┆lude . the initial ┆
0x0b1a0…0b1c0 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆installation of the XENIX system┆
0x0b1c0…0b1e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 ┆ . adding and remov┆
0x0b1e0…0b200 69 6e 67 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 2c 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e ┆ing user accounts, passwords, an┆
0x0b200…0b220 (89,) 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆d file systems ┆
0x0b220…0b240 2e 20 84 65 6e 73 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 ┆. ensuring that system resource┆
0x0b240…0b260 73 20 61 72 65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 ┆s are efficiently distribut┆
0x0b260…0b280 65 64 0d 0a 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 22 62 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 22 20 ┆ed . "backing up" ┆
0x0b280…0b2a0 6f 72 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e ┆or making copies of all files on┆
0x0b2a0…0b2c0 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 67 75 61 72 64 20 61 67 61 69 6e 73 ┆ the system to guard agains┆
0x0b2c0…0b2e0 74 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 61 2c ┆t the loss of programs and data,┆
0x0b2e0…0b300 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 69 6e 20 63 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 75 73 65 72 20 6f 72 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 72 ┆ in case of user or hardwar┆
0x0b300…0b320 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆e errors. You will ┆
0x0b320…0b340 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 20 61 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 6f 70 ┆need to manage a library of flop┆
0x0b340…0b360 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 ┆py disks and other storage ┆
0x0b360…0b380 6d 65 64 69 61 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 2c ┆media containing system backups,┆
0x0b380…0b3a0 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f ┆ user files, and applicatio┆
0x0b3a0…0b3c0 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 ┆n programs. In addition, you may┆
0x0b3c0…0b3e0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 75 70 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 ┆ also be called upon to giv┆
0x0b3e0…0b400 65 20 74 72 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 20 74 6f 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 ┆e training and support to new ┆
0x0b400…0b420 (90,) 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 61 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 ┆ users and deal with hardware ┆
0x0b420…0b440 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6c 69 65 72 73 20 69 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 ┆and software suppliers if p┆
0x0b440…0b460 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 6f ┆roblems develop. So┆
0x0b460…0b480 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6a 6f 62 20 6d 61 79 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 20 75 6e ┆metimes your job may make you un┆
0x0b480…0b4a0 70 6f 70 75 6c 61 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 46 6f ┆popular with your users. Fo┆
0x0b4a0…0b4c0 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 74 65 72 ┆r example, you may have to inter┆
0x0b4c0…0b4e0 72 75 70 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 68 65 64 75 6c 65 64 20 62 61 ┆rupt users for scheduled ba┆
0x0b4e0…0b500 63 6b 75 70 73 20 6f 72 20 6b 65 65 70 20 72 65 6d 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 ┆ckups or keep reminding them to ┆
0x0b500…0b520 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 2d 75 73 65 64 20 66 69 ┆remove their little-used fi┆
0x0b520…0b540 6c 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 63 72 6f 77 64 65 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 4f 6e ┆les from an overcrowded disk. On┆
0x0b540…0b560 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ the other hand, doing your┆
0x0b560…0b580 20 6a 6f 62 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 65 66 66 69 ┆ job well will result in an effi┆
0x0b580…0b5a0 63 69 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 ┆ciently running system with┆
0x0b5a0…0b5c0 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 76 65 2c 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 66 72 75 73 74 72 61 ┆ productive, rather than frustra┆
0x0b5c0…0b5e0 74 65 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 ┆ted, users. You will also b┆
0x0b5e0…0b600 65 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 69 7a 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 69 6d 65 2d 0a 19 ┆e minimizing potentially time- ┆
0x0b600…0b620 (91,) 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 70 65 6e 73 69 76 65 20 6c 6f 73 73 65 ┆ consuming and expensive losse┆
0x0b620…0b640 73 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 ┆s of programs, data, and te┆
0x0b640…0b660 78 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 ┆xt. 6.1.2 The XENIX Sy┆
0x0b660…0b680 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 ┆stem Like any other┆
0x0b680…0b6a0 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 ┆ operating system, the XENIX sys┆
0x0b6a0…0b6c0 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆tem is a collection of prog┆
0x0b6c0…0b6e0 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 63 6f 6d ┆rams which are resident in a com┆
0x0b6e0…0b700 70 75 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 ┆puter at all times and are ┆
0x0b700…0b720 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 69 74 73 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 ┆designed to control its resource┆
0x0b720…0b740 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 73 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 70 6f 73 73 ┆s. These programs make poss┆
0x0b740…0b760 69 62 6c 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a ┆ible communication between the ┆
0x0b760…0b780 19 89 80 80 63 65 6e 74 72 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2c 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2f 6f 75 74 ┆ central processor, input/out┆
0x0b780…0b7a0 70 75 74 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 20 28 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 ┆put devices (such as line p┆
0x0b7a0…0b7c0 72 69 6e 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 29 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 6f 72 ┆rinters and terminals), and stor┆
0x0b7c0…0b7e0 61 67 65 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 20 28 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 72 64 ┆age devices (including hard┆
0x0b7e0…0b800 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 29 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 ┆ and floppy disk drives). These ┆
0x0b800…0b820 (92,) 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 68 65 20 75 ┆programs also control the u┆
0x0b820…0b840 73 65 72 27 73 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆ser's access to the files on the┆
0x0b840…0b860 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 61 74 ┆ system, and determine what┆
0x0b860…0b880 20 73 68 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 69 6d 65 20 65 61 63 68 20 70 ┆ share of processing time each p┆
0x0b880…0b8a0 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 65 74 2e 20 41 6e 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 ┆rogram will get. An operati┆
0x0b8a0…0b8c0 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 73 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 69 6d ┆ng system ensures processing tim┆
0x0b8c0…0b8e0 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 66 61 ┆e and disk space will be fa┆
0x0b8e0…0b900 69 72 6c 79 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 64 20 61 6d 6f 6e 67 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆irly distributed among users. ┆
0x0b900…0b903 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x0b903…0b906 FormFeed {
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0x0b903…0b906 }
0x0b906…0b920 0a b0 a1 36 2e 31 2e 33 20 20 20 20 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 20 76 73 2e 20 ┆ 6.1.3 Hard Disk vs. ┆
0x0b920…0b940 46 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 4f 6e 6c 79 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆Floppy-Only Systems ┆
0x0b940…0b960 84 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 64 65 72 69 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f ┆ The XENIX system is derived fro┆
0x0b960…0b980 6d 20 55 4e 49 58 20 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6f ┆m UNIX operating system so┆
0x0b980…0b9a0 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 65 64 20 62 79 20 42 65 6c 6c 20 4c 61 62 6f 72 61 74 ┆ftware developed by Bell Laborat┆
0x0b9a0…0b9c0 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 65 61 72 73 20 61 67 6f ┆ories a number of years ago┆
0x0b9c0…0b9e0 20 61 6e 64 20 77 69 64 65 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 ┆ and widely used on larger compu┆
0x0b9e0…0ba00 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ter systems. The XENIX syst┆
0x0ba00…0ba20 (93,) 65 6d 20 69 73 20 61 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 74 61 73 ┆em is a multi-user and multi-tas┆
0x0ba20…0ba40 6b 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 69 74 20 61 6c ┆king system. That is, it al┆
0x0ba40…0ba60 6c 6f 77 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d ┆lows more than one user sim┆
0x0ba60…0ba80 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 ┆ultaneous access to the computer┆
0x0ba80…0baa0 27 73 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 6d 6f ┆'s resources, and allows mo┆
0x0baa0…0bac0 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 ┆re than one process or program t┆
0x0bac0…0bae0 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 61 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 ┆o run at the same time. In ┆
0x0bae0…0bb00 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆most respects, your XENIX system┆
0x0bb00…0bb20 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 6f 6e 20 6d ┆ is identical to those on m┆
0x0bb20…0bb40 75 63 68 20 6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 65 6e 73 69 76 65 20 0a 19 ┆uch larger and more expensive ┆
0x0bb40…0bb60 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 74 65 6e 74 20 ┆ systems. However, the extent ┆
0x0bb60…0bb80 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 74 ┆to which you are able to ut┆
0x0bb80…0bba0 69 6c 69 7a 65 20 69 74 73 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 20 73 ┆ilize its features will depend s┆
0x0bba0…0bbc0 6f 6d 65 77 68 61 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 ┆omewhat on the size and cha┆
0x0bbc0…0bbe0 72 61 63 74 65 72 69 73 74 69 63 73 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 63 6f ┆racteristics of your hardware co┆
0x0bbe0…0bc00 6d 70 6f 6e 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 ┆mponents. Naturally, severa┆
0x0bc00…0bc20 (94,) 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 75 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 0a ┆l users will be unable to work ┆
0x0bc20…0bc40 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 ┆ simultaneously unless you ha┆
0x0bc40…0bc60 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 74 74 61 63 68 ┆ve several terminals attach┆
0x0bc60…0bc80 65 64 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 77 69 74 68 ┆ed to your system. However, with┆
0x0bc80…0bca0 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 62 ┆ XENIX you will still be ab┆
0x0bca0…0bcc0 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 61 ┆le to create separate accounts a┆
0x0bcc0…0bce0 6e 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 61 73 20 66 6f 72 20 64 ┆nd file storage areas for d┆
0x0bce0…0bd00 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 61 74 20 64 69 66 66 ┆ifferent users to access at diff┆
0x0bd00…0bd20 65 72 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 4d 6f 72 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 ┆erent times. More important┆
0x0bd20…0bd40 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 27 73 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 76 69 65 77 ┆ from the system's point of view┆
0x0bd40…0bd60 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 73 69 7a ┆, however, is the total siz┆
0x0bd60…0bd80 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 76 61 ┆e of the disk resources ava┆
0x0bd80…0bda0 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 ┆ilable to you. If your system is┆
0x0bda0…0bdc0 20 65 71 75 69 70 70 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 68 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 ┆ equipped with a hard disk ┆
0x0bdc0…0bde0 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 ┆as well as one or more floppy di┆
0x0bde0…0be00 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 ┆sk drives, you will experie┆
0x0be00…0be20 (95,) 6e 63 65 20 66 65 77 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆nce few limitations. ┆
0x0be20…0be40 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 2c 20 ┆ In the sections which follow, ┆
0x0be40…0be60 69 74 20 69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 73 73 75 6d 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 ┆it is generally assumed tha┆
0x0be60…0be80 74 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆t you are working with a system ┆
0x0be80…0bea0 65 71 75 69 70 70 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 68 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 61 ┆equipped with a hard disk a┆
0x0bea0…0bec0 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 ┆nd that you have several users, ┆
0x0bec0…0bee0 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 70 ┆although many of the same p┆
0x0bee0…0bf00 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 75 ┆rocedures also apply to single-u┆
0x0bf00…0bf20 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 ┆ser environments. If you ar┆
0x0bf20…0bf40 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 61 ┆e using a XENIX system without a┆
0x0bf40…0bf60 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 75 72 6e ┆ hard disk, you should turn┆
0x0bf60…0bf80 20 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ immediately to the special ┆
0x0bf80…0bfa0 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ instructions provided with your┆
0x0bfa0…0bfc0 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 64 69 73 6b 20 62 61 73 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d ┆ floppy-disk based system. ┆
0x0bfc0…0bfe0 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 31 2e 34 20 20 20 20 4f 75 74 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 54 68 69 73 20 ┆ 6.1.4 Outline of This ┆
0x0bfe0…0c000 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 69 6e 63 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 ┆Chapter Since this ┆
0x0c000…0c020 (96,) 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 ┆chapter is directed at the user ┆
0x0c020…0c040 77 68 6f 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 61 69 6e ┆who is responsible for main┆
0x0c040…0c060 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 20 68 65 61 6c 74 68 79 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 ┆taining a healthy XENIX system, ┆
0x0c060…0c080 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 ┆the sections are organized ┆
0x0c080…0c0a0 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 74 61 73 6b 20 ┆by the type of maintenance task ┆
0x0c0a0…0c0c0 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 ┆ the system manager will nee┆
0x0c0c0…0c0e0 64 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 65 63 74 69 ┆d to perform: Secti┆
0x0c0e0…0c100 6f 6e 20 36 2e 31 3a 20 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆on 6.1: Introduction ┆
0x0c100…0c120 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 77 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 2e ┆The section you are now reading.┆
0x0c120…0c140 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 32 3a 20 41 20 46 69 72 73 ┆ Section 6.2: A Firs┆
0x0c140…0c160 74 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 59 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆t Look at Your XENIX system ┆
0x0c160…0c180 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 62 79 20 6e 6f 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 61 6e 20 65 ┆ Although by no means an e┆
0x0c180…0c1a0 78 68 61 75 73 74 69 76 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆xhaustive introduction to the ┆
0x0c1a0…0c1c0 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 ┆ XENIX system, this section is┆
0x0c1c0…0c1e0 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 ┆ intended to provide you wi┆
0x0c1e0…0c200 74 68 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 ┆th sufficient information in ord┆
0x0c200…0c220 (97,) 65 72 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 79 6f 75 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 61 20 ┆er to get you started as a ┆
0x0c220…0c240 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆XENIX system manager. ┆
0x0c240…0c260 20 20 84 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 33 3a 20 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 ┆ Section 6.3: Getting the Syst┆
0x0c260…0c280 65 6d 20 52 65 61 64 79 20 66 6f 72 20 59 6f 75 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆em Ready for Your Users ┆
0x0c280…0c2a0 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 ┆ This section explains how to ┆
0x0c2a0…0c2c0 63 72 65 61 74 65 2c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆create, change, and remove ┆
0x0c2c0…0c2e0 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 ┆user accounts on your XENIX syst┆
0x0c2e0…0c2e7 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆em. ┆
0x0c2e7…0c2ea FormFeed {
0x0c2e7…0c2ea 0c 83 b8 ┆ ┆
0x0c2e7…0c2ea }
0x0c2ea…0c300 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 34 3a ┆ Section 6.4:┆
0x0c300…0c320 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 41 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆ Controlling Access to Files and┆
0x0c320…0c340 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 ┆ Directories This sec┆
0x0c340…0c360 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 ┆tion explains how the XENIX syst┆
0x0c360…0c380 65 6d 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 70 61 72 ┆em restricts the use of par┆
0x0c380…0c3a0 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 6e ┆ticular files and directories on┆
0x0c3a0…0c3c0 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 22 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 ┆ your system with "permissi┆
0x0c3c0…0c3e0 6f 6e 73 22 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 ┆ons" settings. It also explains ┆
0x0c3e0…0c400 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 ┆the following system mainte┆
0x0c400…0c420 (98,) 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 74 61 73 6b 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 84 68 6f 77 20 ┆nance tasks: - how ┆
0x0c420…0c440 74 6f 20 65 73 74 61 62 6c 69 73 68 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 ┆to establish and change permissi┆
0x0c440…0c460 6f 6e 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f ┆on settings - how to┆
0x0c460…0c480 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 27 73 0d 0a 0d ┆ create and change group ID's ┆
0x0c480…0c4a0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 66 69 6c ┆ - how to determine fil┆
0x0c4a0…0c4c0 65 20 6f 77 6e 65 72 73 68 69 70 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 69 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆e ownership and change it ┆
0x0c4c0…0c4e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 64 65 61 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆ - how to deal with system ┆
0x0c4e0…0c500 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 35 ┆security Section 6.5┆
0x0c500…0c520 3a 20 4b 65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 79 0d 0a 20 ┆: Keeping Your System Healthy ┆
0x0c520…0c540 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 73 ┆ This section explains s┆
0x0c540…0c560 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 27 73 20 73 65 6c 66 2d 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e ┆ome of the system's self-checkin┆
0x0c560…0c580 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆g processes, and tells you ┆
0x0c580…0c5a0 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 72 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆how to manage the critical ┆
0x0c5a0…0c5c0 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 6f 6d 65 ┆resource of disk space with some┆
0x0c5c0…0c5e0 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 64 ┆ routine maintenance proced┆
0x0c5e0…0c600 75 72 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 36 3a 20 42 ┆ures. Section 6.6: B┆
0x0c600…0c620 (99,) 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 55 70 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆acking Up Your System ┆
0x0c620…0c640 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆ This section explains one of th┆
0x0c640…0c660 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 27 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 72 69 ┆e system manager's most cri┆
0x0c660…0c680 74 69 63 61 6c 20 74 61 73 6b 73 3a 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 ┆tical tasks: periodically making┆
0x0c680…0c6a0 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 74 68 ┆ copies of everything on th┆
0x0c6a0…0c6c0 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 74 6f 20 67 75 61 72 64 20 61 67 61 69 6e 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 61 ┆e system, to guard against the a┆
0x0c6c0…0c6e0 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 6c 6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 ┆ccidental loss of important┆
0x0c6e0…0c700 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 61 2e 20 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 65 78 70 6c ┆ programs and data. It also expl┆
0x0c700…0c720 61 69 6e 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 70 79 ┆ains how to format and copy┆
0x0c720…0c740 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 63 ┆ floppy disks, and how to make c┆
0x0c740…0c760 6f 70 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 ┆opies of user files from th┆
0x0c760…0c780 65 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 74 6f 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆e hard disk to a floppy disk. ┆
0x0c780…0c7a0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 37 3a 20 43 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 53 79 ┆ Section 6.7: Common Sy┆
0x0c7a0…0c7c0 73 74 65 6d 20 50 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 ┆stem Problems This se┆
0x0c7c0…0c7e0 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 69 66 20 74 68 69 ┆ction explains what to do if thi┆
0x0c7e0…0c800 6e 67 73 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 75 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6d 6f 6f 74 68 6c 79 2e 20 49 6e ┆ngs do not run smoothly. In┆
0x0c800…0c820 (100,) 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 73 6f 6c 76 ┆structions are provided for solv┆
0x0c820…0c840 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 62 ┆ing some common system prob┆
0x0c840…0c860 6c 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 36 2e 41 3a 20 ┆lems. Appendix 6.A: ┆
0x0c860…0c880 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆XENIX Files and Directories ┆
0x0c880…0c8a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 20 ┆ This appendix provides a ┆
0x0c8a0…0c8c0 72 6f 61 64 6d 61 70 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 ┆roadmap to XENIX system files ┆
0x0c8c0…0c8e0 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ and directories. ┆
0x0c8e0…0c900 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 36 2e 42 3a 20 54 68 65 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 53 79 73 ┆Appendix 6.B: The Multi-user Sys┆
0x0c900…0c920 74 65 6d 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 65 78 70 ┆tem This appendix exp┆
0x0c920…0c940 6c 61 69 6e 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 ┆lains some of the special proble┆
0x0c940…0c960 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 20 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 6d ┆ms of an environment with m┆
0x0c960…0c980 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 72 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a ┆ultiple users or several XENIX ┆
0x0c980…0c9a0 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 ┆ systems. Appendi┆
0x0c9a0…0c9c0 78 20 36 2e 43 3a 20 47 6c 6f 73 73 61 72 79 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 ┆x 6.C: Glossary This ┆
0x0c9c0…0c9e0 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 64 65 66 69 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 ┆appendix contains definitions of┆
0x0c9e0…0ca00 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 ┆ some common terms relating┆
0x0ca00…0ca1f (101,) 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ to XENIX system operation. ┆
0x0ca1f…0ca22 FormFeed {
0x0ca1f…0ca22 0c 82 f0 ┆ ┆
0x0ca1f…0ca22 }
0x0ca22…0ca40 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 46 69 72 73 74 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 58 45 ┆ 6.2 A First Look at XE┆
0x0ca40…0ca60 4e 49 58 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 69 ┆NIX Once you have i┆
0x0ca60…0ca80 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f ┆nstalled XENIX on you system, yo┆
0x0ca80…0caa0 75 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 79 20 74 6f 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e ┆u are ready to begin workin┆
0x0caa0…0cac0 67 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆g. If you have never used a XENI┆
0x0cac0…0cae0 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 ┆X system before, this secti┆
0x0cae0…0cb00 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 ┆on will introduce you to some ┆
0x0cb00…0cb20 89 80 80 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆ essential XENIX concepts, and┆
0x0cb20…0cb40 20 74 65 61 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ teach you a few basic comm┆
0x0cb40…0cb60 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 ┆ands. This information should be┆
0x0cb60…0cb80 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 74 61 72 ┆ sufficient to get you star┆
0x0cb80…0cba0 74 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 66 20 ┆ted as a system manager, but if ┆
0x0cba0…0cbc0 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 70 6c 61 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 58 45 4e ┆you are planning to use XEN┆
0x0cbc0…0cbe0 49 58 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73 69 76 65 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 75 72 6e 20 ┆IX extensively, you should turn ┆
0x0cbe0…0cc00 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 6d ┆to the XENIX Fundamentals m┆
0x0cc00…0cc20 (102,) 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 ┆anual for a full description of ┆
0x0cc20…0cc40 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 ┆XENIX commands and utilitie┆
0x0cc40…0cc60 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e ┆s. This section contains in┆
0x0cc60…0cc80 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 ┆formation about: . ┆
0x0cc80…0cca0 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 ┆the use of your terminal keyboar┆
0x0cca0…0ccc0 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆d . the XENIX file ┆
0x0ccc0…0cce0 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 73 ┆and directory naming conventions┆
0x0cce0…0cd00 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ and structure ┆
0x0cd00…0cd20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 75 73 ┆. the XENIX shell and how to us┆
0x0cd20…0cd40 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 74 ┆e XENIX commands . t┆
0x0cd40…0cd60 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆he most commonly used XENIX comm┆
0x0cd60…0cd80 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 65 78 ┆ands . the XENIX tex┆
0x0cd80…0cda0 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 2c 20 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 20 20 41 20 ┆t editor, ed. 6.2.1 A ┆
0x0cda0…0cdc0 57 6f 72 64 20 41 62 6f 75 74 20 59 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆Word About Your XENIX System ┆
0x0cdc0…0cde0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 76 ┆ This section will prov┆
0x0cde0…0ce00 69 64 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 ┆ide you with an overall int┆
0x0ce00…0ce20 (103,) 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆roduction to the use of the XENI┆
0x0ce20…0ce40 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 45 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 ┆X system. Even if you have ┆
0x0ce40…0ce60 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 6d 69 63 ┆some experience working with mic┆
0x0ce60…0ce80 72 6f 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆rocomputer operating system┆
0x0ce80…0cea0 73 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 61 73 70 65 63 74 73 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e ┆s, there are some aspects of XEN┆
0x0cea0…0cec0 49 58 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 66 69 6e 64 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 2e 20 49 66 20 ┆IX you may find unique. If ┆
0x0cec0…0cee0 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 63 6f 6d 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆you are a newcomer to the XENIX ┆
0x0cee0…0cf00 0a 19 89 80 80 53 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 55 4e 49 58 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 ┆ System, or the UNIX operati┆
0x0cf00…0cf20 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 ┆ng system software from which ┆
0x0cf20…0cf40 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 64 65 72 69 76 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 ┆ XENIX is derived, there are s┆
0x0cf40…0cf60 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆everal special features of ┆
0x0cf60…0cf80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 63 6f ┆the system you will want to beco┆
0x0cf80…0cfa0 6d 65 20 66 61 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 ┆me familiar with before you┆
0x0cfa0…0cfc0 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 ┆ begin working. In ┆
0x0cfc0…0cfe0 6d 61 6e 79 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 73 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 ┆many respects, using the XENIX s┆
0x0cfe0…0d000 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 ┆ystem is like working with ┆
0x0d000…0d020 (104,) 61 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2e 20 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 ┆a much larger computer. Although┆
0x0d020…0d040 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6c 6c 75 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 74 ┆ you have the illusion that┆
0x0d040…0d060 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 ┆ you are the only one working wi┆
0x0d060…0d080 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 2c 20 69 6e ┆th the system, XENIX is, in┆
0x0d080…0d0a0 20 66 61 63 74 2c 20 61 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 ┆ fact, a multi-user operating ┆
0x0d0a0…0d0c0 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 ┆ system. That is, if your comp┆
0x0d0c0…0d0e0 75 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 69 70 70 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 65 78 74 72 61 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆uter is equipped with extra ┆
0x0d0e0…0d100 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 72 64 ┆ terminals and at least one hard┆
0x0d100…0d120 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 70 70 6f 72 ┆ disk drive, it will suppor┆
0x0d120…0d140 74 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 2e 20 ┆t several users simultaneously. ┆
0x0d140…0d160 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 ┆Normally, unless you specif┆
0x0d160…0d180 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 65 65 20 61 6e ┆y otherwise, you will not see an┆
0x0d180…0d1a0 79 20 65 76 69 64 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 27 20 ┆y evidence of other users' ┆
0x0d1a0…0d1c0 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 ┆work at your terminal. On the ot┆
0x0d1c0…0d1e0 68 65 72 20 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 ┆her hand, if you have only ┆
0x0d1e0…0d200 6f 6e 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 ┆one terminal, the XENIX system s┆
0x0d200…0d220 (105,) 74 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 75 73 ┆till provides individual us┆
0x0d220…0d240 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 79 20 66 6f 72 20 0a ┆er accounts and a facility for ┆
0x0d240…0d260 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 ┆ restricting access to differ┆
0x0d260…0d280 65 6e 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 27 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ent users' files, to allow ┆
0x0d280…0d2a0 66 6f 72 20 70 72 69 76 61 63 79 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 2e 20 50 72 6f 63 65 64 ┆for privacy and security. Proced┆
0x0d2a0…0d2c0 75 72 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f ┆ures for creating user acco┆
0x0d2c0…0d2e0 75 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 ┆unts and setting permissions are┆
0x0d2e0…0d300 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 34 2c 20 ┆ described in Section 6.4, ┆
0x0d300…0d320 22 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 41 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆"Controlling Access to Files and┆
0x0d320…0d340 20 0a 19 89 80 80 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 22 2e 20 54 65 63 68 6e 69 71 75 65 73 20 66 ┆ Directories". Techniques f┆
0x0d340…0d360 6f 72 20 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 0a ┆or using these XENIX features ┆
0x0d360…0d380 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 70 ┆ to your advantage are also p┆
0x0d380…0d3a0 72 65 73 65 6e 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 69 ┆resented. The way i┆
0x0d3a0…0d3c0 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 72 64 65 72 73 20 ┆n which the XENIX system orders ┆
0x0d3c0…0d3e0 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6b 65 ┆the information that you ke┆
0x0d3e0…0d400 65 70 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 69 ┆ep on the system is introduced i┆
0x0d400…0d420 (106,) 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 59 6f 75 72 20 64 61 ┆n this section. Your da┆
0x0d420…0d440 74 61 20 69 73 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 ┆ta is organized into files, whic┆
0x0d440…0d460 68 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 72 61 6e 67 65 64 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 69 63 61 6c ┆h are arranged hierarchical┆
0x0d460…0d480 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 0a ┆ly in system directories. This ┆
0x0d480…0d4a0 19 89 80 80 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 69 ┆ gives the user great flexibi┆
0x0d4a0…0d4c0 6c 69 74 79 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 ┆lity in organizing informat┆
0x0d4c0…0d4e0 69 6f 6e 20 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 6e 64 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 6c 79 2e 0d 0a ┆ion logically and efficiently. ┆
0x0d4e0…0d500 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 61 79 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 ┆ Another way in which┆
0x0d500…0d520 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 75 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 20 69 73 20 ┆ the XENIX system is unusual is ┆
0x0d520…0d540 69 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 ┆its capacity to allow you t┆
0x0d540…0d560 6f 20 64 6f 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 2d 2d 20 0a ┆o do several things at once -- ┆
0x0d560…0d580 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 72 75 6e 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 ┆ compile programs, run applic┆
0x0d580…0d5a0 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 65 64 69 74 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆ation programs, edit and pr┆
0x0d5a0…0d5c0 6f 63 65 73 73 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 2c 20 ┆ocess text files. This feature, ┆
0x0d5c0…0d5e0 72 65 66 65 72 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 73 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 74 61 73 6b 69 6e ┆referred to as multi- taskin┆
0x0d5e0…0d600 67 2c 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 20 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 ┆g, can be a powerful enhancement┆
0x0d600…0d620 (107,) 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 6f ┆ to your productivity. In o┆
0x0d620…0d640 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 69 ┆rder to take full advantage of i┆
0x0d640…0d660 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 61 ┆t, you will want to learn a┆
0x0d660…0d680 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e ┆s much as possible about the XEN┆
0x0d680…0d6a0 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 65 6c 6c 2c 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 ┆IX shell, a command languag┆
0x0d6a0…0d6c0 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 ┆e which allows you to run s┆
0x0d6c0…0d6e0 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 2c ┆everal processes simultaneously,┆
0x0d6e0…0d700 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 22 73 63 72 69 70 74 73 22 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 ┆ write "scripts" for doing ┆
0x0d700…0d720 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆complex sequences of tasks, and ┆
0x0d720…0d740 72 75 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 61 76 69 6e 67 20 ┆run programs while leaving ┆
0x0d740…0d760 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 72 65 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 6f 72 ┆your terminal free for other wor┆
0x0d760…0d780 6b 2e 20 41 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆k. An introduction to XENIX┆
0x0d780…0d7a0 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 69 73 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 6c 61 74 65 ┆ shell features is provided late┆
0x0d7a0…0d7c0 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆r on in this section. ┆
0x0d7c0…0d7e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 65 73 69 64 65 73 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e ┆ Besides being an environ┆
0x0d7e0…0d800 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 0a 19 ┆ment in which to run your own ┆
0x0d800…0d820 (108,) 89 80 80 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e ┆ application software, the XEN┆
0x0d820…0d840 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 64 ┆IX system also offers a wid┆
0x0d840…0d860 65 20 72 61 6e 67 65 20 6f 66 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆e range of system utilities, and┆
0x0d860…0d880 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 69 7a 65 64 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 76 65 6c ┆ specialized software devel┆
0x0d880…0d8a0 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6e 64 20 74 65 78 74 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 66 74 77 ┆opment and text processing softw┆
0x0d8a0…0d8c0 61 72 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆are. This section will only┆
0x0d8c0…0d8e0 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d ┆ introduce you to a few of the m┆
0x0d8e0…0d900 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d ┆ost commonly used XENIX com┆
0x0d900…0d920 6d 61 6e 64 73 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 79 6f 75 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 77 ┆mands, just to get you started w┆
0x0d920…0d940 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 6f 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 6d 6f ┆ith the system. To learn mo┆
0x0d940…0d960 72 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 72 65 61 64 ┆re about your XENIX system, read┆
0x0d960…0d980 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 6d 61 6e ┆ the XENIX Fundamentals man┆
0x0d980…0d9a0 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 32 20 20 20 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 50 72 65 6c 69 ┆ual. 6.2.2 Some Preli┆
0x0d9a0…0d9c0 6d 69 6e 61 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 ┆minaries Before you┆
0x0d9c0…0d9e0 20 63 61 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ can work successfully with your┆
0x0d9e0…0da00 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 ┆ XENIX system, there are a ┆
0x0da00…0da20 (109,) 66 65 77 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 ┆few things you will have to know┆
0x0da20…0da40 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 68 6f 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 65 20 77 ┆ about how to communicate w┆
0x0da40…0da60 69 74 68 20 69 74 2e 20 49 6e 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ith it. In particular, you will ┆
0x0da60…0da80 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 6e 6f 77 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 ┆have to know how to use the┆
0x0da80…0daa0 20 6b 65 79 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2c ┆ keys on your terminal keyboard,┆
0x0daa0…0dac0 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 65 77 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 ┆ a few rules about XENIX fi┆
0x0dac0…0dae0 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 0a ┆le naming conventions, and how ┆
0x0dae0…0db00 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 ┆ to correctly enter commands ┆
0x0db00…0db20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆on the system so that you c┆
0x0db20…0db40 61 6e 20 67 65 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 77 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 ┆an get XENIX to do what you want┆
0x0db40…0db60 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 59 6f 75 72 20 4b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 0d ┆. 6.2.2.1 Your Keyboard ┆
0x0db60…0db80 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 46 69 72 73 74 2c 20 6c 65 74 27 73 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 ┆ First, let's take a┆
0x0db80…0dba0 20 62 72 69 65 66 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 ┆ brief look at your terminal ┆
0x0dba0…0dbc0 80 80 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 20 49 6e 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 73 2c 20 74 68 ┆ keyboard. In most respects, th┆
0x0dbc0…0dbe0 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c ┆e keyboard of your terminal┆
0x0dbe0…0dc00 20 69 73 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c 79 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 74 79 70 65 77 ┆ is exactly like that of a typew┆
0x0dc00…0dc20 (110,) 72 69 74 65 72 2e 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2c ┆riter. Most of the letters,┆
0x0dc20…0dc40 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 61 6c 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 6e 63 74 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 73 ┆ numerals, and punctuation marks┆
0x0dc40…0dc60 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 61 6d 65 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆ are in the same place, and┆
0x0dc60…0dc80 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆ you will quickly discover that ┆
0x0dc80…0dca0 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 73 70 61 63 65 62 61 72 22 2c 20 22 62 61 63 6b 73 70 61 63 65 22 ┆the "spacebar", "backspace"┆
0x0dca0…0dcc0 2c 20 22 72 65 70 65 61 74 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 22 73 68 69 66 74 22 20 6b 65 79 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆, "repeat", and "shift" keys ┆
0x0dcc0…0dce0 80 80 62 65 68 61 76 65 20 69 6e 20 6d 75 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 77 61 79 20 61 73 ┆ behave in much the same way as┆
0x0dce0…0dd00 20 74 68 65 79 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 77 72 69 74 ┆ they would on any typewrit┆
0x0dd00…0dd20 65 72 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 64 69 66 ┆er. However, there are a few dif┆
0x0dd20…0dd40 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 77 61 72 ┆ferences you should be awar┆
0x0dd40…0dd60 65 20 6f 66 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 2e 20 59 ┆e of before you begin working. Y┆
0x0dd60…0dd80 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 20 6b 65 79 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 22 6c ┆ou may not use keys that "l┆
0x0dd80…0dda0 6f 6f 6b 20 61 6c 69 6b 65 22 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 68 61 6e 67 65 61 62 6c 79 20 2d 20 74 68 65 ┆ook alike" interchangeably - the┆
0x0dda0…0ddc0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 70 70 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 22 4f 22 20 61 6e 64 20 7a ┆ uppercase letter "O" and z┆
0x0ddc0…0dde0 65 72 6f 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f ┆ero, for example, or the lo┆
0x0dde0…0de00 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 22 6c 22 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 28 ┆wercase "l" and the number one (┆
0x0de00…0de20 (111,) 31 29 2e 20 41 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 63 6f ┆1). All computers will reco┆
0x0de20…0de40 67 6e 69 7a 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 73 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 ┆gnize these as separate characte┆
0x0de40…0de60 72 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 62 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 74 ┆rs, so be sure you always t┆
0x0de60…0de80 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 20 6f 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ype the correct one. ┆
0x0de80…0dea0 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 ┆ You should note that some ┆
0x0dea0…0dec0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆of the keys on your keyboard ┆
0x0dec0…0dee0 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f ┆ have a special meaning when yo┆
0x0dee0…0df00 75 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e ┆u are using XENIX. These in┆
0x0df00…0df20 63 6c 75 64 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 2d 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f ┆clude control-characters used to┆
0x0df20…0df40 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 74 ┆ produce XENIX characters t┆
0x0df40…0df60 68 61 74 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 ┆hat don't appear on your keyboar┆
0x0df60…0df80 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 22 65 73 63 61 70 65 22 20 6b 65 79 ┆d, and various "escape" key┆
0x0df80…0dfa0 73 20 6f 72 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 65 78 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆s or sequences used to exit from┆
0x0dfa0…0dfc0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 61 63 74 69 76 69 ┆ programs, terminate activi┆
0x0dfc0…0dfe0 74 69 65 73 2c 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 6f 72 20 73 74 6f 70 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ties, log out, or stop the ┆
0x0dfe0…0e000 6d 6f 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e ┆movement of text on your screen.┆
0x0e000…0e020 (112,) 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6e 67 6c 65 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 20 28 3c 20 ┆ Angle brackets (< ┆
0x0e020…0e040 3e 29 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 74 6f 20 0a ┆>) are used in this chapter to ┆
0x0e040…0e060 19 89 80 80 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 6b 65 79 73 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 68 ┆ represent keys. Note that wh┆
0x0e060…0e080 65 6e 65 76 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆enever you are asked to type ┆
0x0e080…0e0a0 80 80 74 68 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 3e 20 6b 65 79 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 ┆ the <CONTROL> key along with s┆
0x0e0a0…0e0c0 6f 6d 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6b 65 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 ┆ome other key that you shou┆
0x0e0c0…0e0e0 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 3e 20 6b 65 ┆ld always press the <CONTROL> ke┆
0x0e0e0…0e100 79 20 66 69 72 73 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 6c 64 20 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 77 6e 20 77 ┆y first, and hold it down w┆
0x0e100…0e120 68 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 6b 65 79 2c 20 6a 75 ┆hile you type the second key, ju┆
0x0e120…0e140 73 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 6f 6c 64 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 ┆st as you would hold down t┆
0x0e140…0e160 68 65 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 6b 65 79 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 74 79 70 65 77 72 69 74 65 72 20 77 68 69 ┆he shift key on a typewriter whi┆
0x0e160…0e180 6c 65 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 ┆le typing the letter you wa┆
0x0e180…0e1a0 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 63 61 70 69 74 61 6c 69 7a 65 2e 20 48 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 ┆nt to capitalize. Here is a list┆
0x0e1a0…0e1c0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 ┆ of the most commonly used ┆
0x0e1c0…0e1e0 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆characters and sequences: ┆
0x0e1e0…0e200 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 61 63 6b 73 6c 61 73 68 20 28 20 29 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆ backslash ( ) The XENIX┆
0x0e200…0e220 (113,) 20 62 61 63 6b 73 6c 61 73 68 20 28 20 29 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 ┆ backslash ( ) character can be ┆
0x0e220…0e240 0a 19 99 80 80 6f 62 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c ┆ obtained by typing <CONTROL┆
0x0e240…0e260 2d 2f 3e 20 28 6f 72 20 0a 19 99 80 80 44 61 6e 69 73 68 20 5c 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆-/> (or Danish Ø). ┆
0x0e260…0e280 20 20 20 20 70 69 70 65 20 28 20 29 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 72 ┆ pipe ( ) You will fr┆
0x0e280…0e2a0 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 75 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 99 80 80 58 ┆equently have use for the X┆
0x0e2a0…0e2c0 45 4e 49 58 20 70 69 70 65 20 28 20 29 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 ┆ENIX pipe ( ) character, and you┆
0x0e2c0…0e2e0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 99 80 80 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 6c 79 20 73 65 65 20 69 74 20 6f 66 74 65 ┆ will certainly see it ofte┆
0x0e2e0…0e300 6e 20 69 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 99 80 80 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 ┆n in XENIX documentation, a┆
0x0e300…0e320 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 99 80 80 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 ┆lthough it does not appear ┆
0x0e320…0e340 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 0a 19 99 80 ┆on your keyboard. It can be ┆
0x0e340…0e360 80 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 31 3e 20 28 ┆ entered by typing <CONTROL-1> (┆
0x0e360…0e380 6f 72 20 44 61 6e 69 73 68 20 0a 19 99 80 80 7c 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c ┆or Danish ø). <┆
0x0e380…0e3a0 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 53 3e 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 22 63 6f 6e 74 ┆CONTROL-S> Typing the "cont┆
0x0e3a0…0e3c0 72 6f 6c 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 73 22 20 6b 65 79 73 20 0a 19 99 80 80 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 ┆rol" and "s" keys simultane┆
0x0e3c0…0e3e0 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 74 6f 70 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 99 80 80 22 ┆ously will stop text from "┆
0x0e3e0…0e400 73 63 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 22 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 61 ┆scrolling", that is, moving up a┆
0x0e400…0e420 (114,) 6e 64 20 6f 66 66 20 0a 19 99 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 74 61 72 74 ┆nd off the screen. To start┆
0x0e420…0e440 20 73 63 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 0a 19 99 80 80 74 79 70 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e ┆ scrolling again, type <CON┆
0x0e440…0e460 54 52 4f 4c 2d 51 3e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e ┆TROL-Q>. <CONTROL-D>┆
0x0e460…0e480 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 69 6d 70 6f ┆ You will have several impo┆
0x0e480…0e4a0 72 74 61 6e 74 20 75 73 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 99 80 80 74 68 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c ┆rtant uses for the <CONTROL┆
0x0e4a0…0e4c0 2d 44 3e 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆-D> sequence: ┆
0x0e4c0…0e4e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ - to log out ┆
0x0e4e0…0e500 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 20 84 74 6f 20 62 72 69 6e 67 20 74 ┆ - to bring t┆
0x0e500…0e520 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 70 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e ┆he system up from maintenan┆
0x0e520…0e540 63 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ce mode ┆
0x0e540…0e560 20 20 20 20 2d 20 84 74 6f 20 65 78 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆ - to exit from certain XENI┆
0x0e560…0e580 58 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 20 ┆X programs <BREAK> ┆
0x0e580…0e5a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 ┆ In addition to special ┆
0x0e5a0…0e5c0 75 73 65 73 20 69 74 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 99 80 80 69 6e 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 ┆uses it may have in specifi┆
0x0e5c0…0e5e0 63 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 20 0a 19 ┆c XENIX programs, the <BREAK> ┆
0x0e5e0…0e600 99 80 80 6b 65 79 20 28 52 55 42 4f 55 54 20 6f 72 20 44 61 6e 69 73 68 20 53 4c 45 54 20 54 45 ┆ key (RUBOUT or Danish SLET TE┆
0x0e600…0e620 (115,) 47 4e 29 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 99 80 80 69 6e 74 65 72 72 75 70 74 20 61 6e 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆GN) will interrupt any comm┆
0x0e620…0e640 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 0a 19 99 80 80 61 6e 64 20 72 65 ┆and you have entered and re┆
0x0e640…0e660 74 75 72 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 28 24 ┆turn you to the system prompt ($┆
0x0e660…0e680 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆). <ENTER> ┆
0x0e680…0e6a0 49 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 61 6c ┆In some documentation you may al┆
0x0e6a0…0e6c0 73 6f 20 73 65 65 20 0a 19 99 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 6b 65 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 3c 52 45 54 55 ┆so see this key named <RETU┆
0x0e6c0…0e6e0 52 4e 3e 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 22 63 61 72 72 69 61 67 65 20 0a 19 99 80 80 72 65 74 75 72 6e 22 2e ┆RN>, for "carriage return".┆
0x0e6e0…0e700 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 ┆ You must type the <ENTER> or ┆
0x0e700…0e720 99 80 80 3c 52 45 54 55 52 4e 3e 20 6b 65 79 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆ <RETURN> key after a command ┆
0x0e720…0e740 66 6f 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 99 80 80 74 6f 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e ┆for XENIX to receive the in┆
0x0e740…0e760 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 32 2e 32 20 20 ┆structions. 6.2.2.2 ┆
0x0e760…0e780 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 69 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 4e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 ┆XENIX File and Directory Naming ┆
0x0e780…0e7a0 43 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 77 65 20 77 ┆Conventions As we w┆
0x0e7a0…0e7c0 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 65 20 6c 61 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆ill see later, all information o┆
0x0e7c0…0e7e0 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 ┆n your system is organized ┆
0x0e7e0…0e800 69 6e 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 46 69 72 73 ┆into files and directories. Firs┆
0x0e800…0e820 (116,) 74 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 61 72 6e ┆t, it is important to learn┆
0x0e820…0e840 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 77 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆ a few rules about what you can ┆
0x0e840…0e860 6e 61 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆name these files and direct┆
0x0e860…0e880 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 41 6c 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ories. All XENIX files and ┆
0x0e880…0e8a0 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 75 70 20 74 6f ┆directories may have names up to┆
0x0e8a0…0e8c0 20 66 6f 75 72 74 65 65 6e 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 6e 67 2c 20 ┆ fourteen characters long, ┆
0x0e8c0…0e8e0 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 75 70 70 ┆including any combination of upp┆
0x0e8e0…0e900 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 ┆ercase and lowercase letter┆
0x0e900…0e920 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 74 ┆s and numbers. You may not use t┆
0x0e920…0e940 68 65 20 73 6c 61 73 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 28 2f 29 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆he slash (/) character, and┆
0x0e940…0e960 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 76 6f 69 64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 6c ┆ you should also avoid using all┆
0x0e960…0e980 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 75 6e 63 74 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 73 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 74 ┆ punctuation marks except t┆
0x0e980…0e9a0 68 65 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 20 28 2e 29 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆he period (.) and special c┆
0x0e9a0…0e9c0 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 68 61 ┆haracters, because they often ha┆
0x0e9c0…0e9e0 76 65 20 75 6e 65 78 70 65 63 74 65 64 20 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 ┆ve unexpected meanings for ┆
0x0e9e0…0ea00 58 45 4e 49 58 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 57 69 6c 64 20 43 61 72 64 20 43 ┆XENIX. Wild Card C┆
0x0ea00…0ea20 (117,) 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 65 20 65 73 70 65 63 69 ┆haracters Be especi┆
0x0ea20…0ea40 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆ally cautious in your use of the┆
0x0ea40…0ea60 20 74 77 6f 20 22 77 69 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 72 64 22 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 ┆ two "wild card" characters┆
0x0ea60…0ea80 2c 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 28 3f 29 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 61 72 20 28 2a 29 ┆, question mark (?) and star (*)┆
0x0ea80…0eaa0 2e 20 57 69 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 72 64 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 ┆. Wild card characters are ┆
0x0eaa0…0eac0 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 72 20 70 61 72 ┆used to replace filenames or par┆
0x0eac0…0eae0 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 ┆ts of filenames. The questi┆
0x0eae0…0eb00 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 73 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆on mark replaces a single c┆
0x0eb00…0eb20 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 3b 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 20 73 ┆haracter; the star can replace s┆
0x0eb20…0eb40 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 6e 20 ┆everal characters, or even ┆
0x0eb40…0eb60 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 46 6f 72 ┆an entire name. For┆
0x0eb60…0eb80 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 ┆ example, to save typing you mig┆
0x0eb80…0eba0 68 74 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 63 68 61 70 ┆ht refer to your file chap┆
0x0eba0…0ebc0 32 2e 73 e1 20 61 73 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆2.s as any of the following: ┆
0x0ebc0…0ebe0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 68 61 70 3f 2e 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 32 2e ┆ chap?.s *2.┆
0x0ebe0…0ec00 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 32 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 ┆s *2* If ┆
0x0ec00…0ec20 (118,) 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 76 ┆you wish to invoke a command inv┆
0x0ec20…0ec40 6f 6c 76 69 6e 67 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 63 ┆olving several files, you c┆
0x0ec40…0ec60 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 22 77 69 6c 64 20 63 61 72 64 22 20 63 61 70 61 62 69 6c 69 74 ┆an use the "wild card" capabilit┆
0x0ec60…0ec80 79 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6d 20 61 74 ┆y to process all of them at┆
0x0ec80…0eca0 20 6f 6e 63 65 2e 20 53 6f 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 ┆ once. So, if you wish to refer ┆
0x0eca0…0ecc0 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 73 20 28 65 2e ┆to all of your chapters (e.┆
0x0ecc0…0ece0 67 2e 2c 20 63 68 61 70 31 2e 73 2c 20 63 68 61 70 32 2e 73 2c 20 65 74 63 2e 29 2c 20 79 6f 75 ┆g., chap1.s, chap2.s, etc.), you┆
0x0ece0…0ed00 20 63 61 6e 20 6a 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ can just type ┆
0x0ed00…0ed20 2a 2e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 6f 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 ┆*.s to tell XENIX t┆
0x0ed20…0ed40 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 22 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 65 6e 64 69 ┆hat you mean "all the files endi┆
0x0ed40…0ed60 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 2e 73 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 65 76 65 6e 20 75 73 65 20 22 2a 22 20 61 ┆ng in .s" or even use "*" a┆
0x0ed60…0ed80 6c 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 22 65 76 65 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 22 2e 20 4f 66 20 63 6f ┆lone to mean "every file". Of co┆
0x0ed80…0eda0 75 72 73 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 69 6e 67 20 58 45 4e ┆urse, if you are giving XEN┆
0x0eda0…0edc0 49 58 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 22 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆IX some command like "remove ┆
0x0edc0…0ede0 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 22 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c ┆ files", you should be extremel┆
0x0ede0…0ee00 79 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 73 65 ┆y careful about using these┆
0x0ee00…0ee20 (119,) 20 77 69 6c 64 20 63 61 72 64 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 20 ┆ wild card characters. The star ┆
0x0ee20…0ee40 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 77 68 65 72 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 ┆can be used anywhere in a f┆
0x0ee40…0ee60 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 74 ┆ilename, and can occur several t┆
0x0ee60…0ee80 69 6d 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 4d 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 61 20 50 ┆imes. Matching a P┆
0x0ee80…0eea0 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 52 61 6e 67 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 ┆attern Range If you┆
0x0eea0…0eec0 20 68 61 76 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 ┆ have used a consistent conventi┆
0x0eec0…0eee0 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 2d 20 6c 65 74 27 73 ┆on for naming files - let's┆
0x0eee0…0ef00 20 73 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 65 63 75 74 69 76 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 6f 72 ┆ say with consecutive letters or┆
0x0ef00…0ef20 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ numbers, XENIX offers you ┆
0x0ef20…0ef40 74 68 65 20 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 66 ┆the ability to name a group of f┆
0x0ef40…0ef60 69 6c 65 73 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 69 6e 67 20 61 20 72 61 6e 67 65 2e ┆iles by specifying a range.┆
0x0ef60…0ef80 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 73 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 ┆ For example, suppose you want t┆
0x0ef80…0efa0 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 73 20 31 20 74 68 72 ┆o print only chapters 1 thr┆
0x0efa0…0efc0 6f 75 67 68 20 34 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 39 2e 20 54 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 61 79 20 ┆ough 4, and 9. Then you can say ┆
0x0efc0…0efe0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 20 63 68 61 70 20 31 32 33 34 39 20 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ pr chap 12349 * ┆
0x0efe0…0f000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 20 28 20 20 61 6e 64 20 20 29 ┆ The brackets ( and )┆
0x0f000…0f020 (120,) 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 22 6d 61 74 63 68 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 ┆ mean "match any of the characte┆
0x0f020…0f040 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 69 64 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 22 2e 20 41 20 ┆rs inside the brackets". A ┆
0x0f040…0f060 72 61 6e 67 65 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6e 73 65 63 75 74 69 76 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 6f 72 20 ┆range of consecutive letters or ┆
0x0f060…0f080 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 67 69 74 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 65 64 2c 20 ┆ digits can be abbreviated, ┆
0x0f080…0f0a0 73 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 77 69 74 68 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆so you can also do this with ┆
0x0f0a0…0f0b9 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 20 63 68 61 70 20 31 2d 34 39 20 2a 0d 0a ┆ pr chap 1-49 * ┆
0x0f0b9…0f0bc FormFeed {
0x0f0b9…0f0bc 0c 83 d0 ┆ ┆
0x0f0b9…0f0bc }
0x0f0bc…0f0c0 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ ┆
0x0f0c0…0f0e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 28 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d 61 74 63 68 20 66 6f ┆ (This does not match fo┆
0x0f0e0…0f100 72 74 79 2d 6e 69 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 ┆rty-nine filenames, but only ┆
0x0f100…0f120 80 80 66 69 76 65 2e 29 20 4c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 ┆ five.) Letters can also be use┆
0x0f120…0f140 64 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 3a 20 22 20 61 2d 7a 20 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆d within brackets: " a-z " ┆
0x0f140…0f160 6d 61 74 63 68 65 73 20 61 6e 79 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 6e ┆matches any character in the ran┆
0x0f160…0f180 67 65 20 22 61 22 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 22 7a 22 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ge "a" through "z". ┆
0x0f180…0f1a0 b0 a1 41 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 52 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 50 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ Absolute and Relative Pathname┆
0x0f1a0…0f1c0 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 ┆s XENIX files are g┆
0x0f1c0…0f1e0 72 6f 75 70 65 64 20 69 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 72 61 6e 67 ┆rouped in directories and arrang┆
0x0f1e0…0f200 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c ┆ed hierarchically. That is,┆
0x0f200…0f220 (121,) 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 0a ┆ a directory, which contains a ┆
0x0f220…0f240 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 ┆ collection of files, may be ┆
0x0f240…0f260 61 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 79 65 74 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 ┆a member of yet another dir┆
0x0f260…0f280 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 66 6f 72 74 68 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 72 65 73 75 6c ┆ectory, and so forth. This resul┆
0x0f280…0f2a0 74 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 61 20 74 72 ┆ts in the formation of a tr┆
0x0f2a0…0f2c0 65 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ee with branches: ┆
0x0f2c0…0f2e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 28 72 6f 6f 74 20 64 69 72 ┆ / (root dir┆
0x0f2e0…0f300 65 63 74 6f 72 79 29 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 ┆ectory) ┆
0x0f300…0f320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x0f320…0f340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ! ┆
0x0f340…0f360 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 ┆ ! ! e┆
0x0f360…0f380 74 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 65 76 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 73 72 0d 0a ┆tc bin dev usr ┆
0x0f380…0f3a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x0f3a0…0f3c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
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0x0f400…0f420 (122,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x0f420…0f440 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
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0x0f480…0f4a0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 ┆ The "root" of this┆
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0x0f520…0f540 79 6f 75 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆you take along the branches ┆
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0x0f680…0f6a0 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 ┆ length in the next subsect┆
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0x0f6c0…0f6e0 80 80 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e 64 ┆ sufficient that you understand┆
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0x0f720…0f740 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 45 76 65 72 79 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 ┆files. Every single XENIX f┆
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0x0f8a0…0f8c0 6c 75 74 65 22 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 52 6f 62 65 72 74 20 53 6d 69 74 68 2c ┆lute" name is John Robert Smith,┆
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0x0fb80…0fba0 61 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 74 65 72 63 68 61 6e 67 65 ┆ame may be used interchange┆
0x0fba0…0fbc0 61 62 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 53 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 ┆ably. Sample Names┆
0x0fbc0…0fbe0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 48 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 73 61 6d 70 ┆ Here are some samp┆
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0x0fc00…0fc20 (126,) 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ directory names: ┆
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0x0fc40…0fc60 6c 75 74 65 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 64 ┆lute pathname of the root d┆
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0x0fc80…0fca0 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 62 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆em. /bin ┆
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0x0fcc0…0fce0 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 58 ┆st of the frequently used X┆
0x0fce0…0fd00 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 20 ┆ENIX commands. /usr ┆
0x0fd00…0fd20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f ┆ The directory co┆
0x0fd20…0fd40 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 65 72 73 6f 6e ┆ntaining each user's person┆
0x0fd40…0fd60 61 6c 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆al directory. The subdirect┆
0x0fd60…0fd80 6f 72 79 2c 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 62 69 6e e1 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 66 72 ┆ory, / usr/bin contains fr┆
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0x0fdc0…0fde0 76 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 ┆v The directory ┆
0x0fde0…0fe00 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 ┆containing files correspond┆
0x0fe00…0fe20 (127,) 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 65 61 63 68 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 68 79 73 69 ┆ing to each available physi┆
0x0fe20…0fe40 63 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 2c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 2c 20 0a 19 9d ┆cal device (e.g., terminals, ┆
0x0fe40…0fe60 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 6b 73 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ lineprinters, and disks). ┆
0x0fe60…0fe80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 6c 69 62 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 ┆ /lib The┆
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0x0fea0…0fec0 9d 80 80 64 61 74 61 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 ┆ data files used by some stand┆
0x0fec0…0fee0 61 72 64 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f ┆ard commands. /┆
0x0fee0…0ff00 74 6d 70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆tmp This directo┆
0x0ff00…0ff20 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 63 72 61 74 ┆ry contains temporary scrat┆
0x0ff20…0ff40 63 68 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 65 2f 70 ┆ch files. /usr/joe/p┆
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0x0ff60…0ff80 6c 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 54 68 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 70 70 65 6e ┆l pathname. This one happen┆
0x0ff80…0ffa0 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 a1 41 e1 20 69 6e ┆s to be a file named A in┆
0x0ffa0…0ffc0 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 0a ┆ the directory named project ┆
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0x0ffe0…10000 a1 6a 6f 65 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 69 6e 2f 78 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ joe . bin/x ┆
0x10000…10020 (128,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 3b 20 69 74 20 ┆ A relative pathname; it ┆
0x10020…10040 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 a1 78 e1 20 69 6e 20 73 75 62 64 69 ┆names the file x in subdi┆
0x10040…10060 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 62 69 6e e1 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e ┆rectory bin of the curren┆
0x10060…10080 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 ┆t working directory. If the ┆
0x10080…100a0 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 2f 2c 20 69 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ current directory is /, it name┆
0x100a0…100c0 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 2f a1 62 69 6e 2f 78 e1 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 ┆s / bin/x . If the current ┆
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0x100e0…10100 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 65 2f 62 69 6e 2f 78 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ names / usr/joe/bin/x . ┆
0x10100…10120 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 61 6d 65 20 6f ┆ file1 Name o┆
0x10120…10140 66 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 63 ┆f an ordinary file in the c┆
0x10140…10160 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 ┆urrent directory. ┆
0x10160…10180 54 77 6f 20 53 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 53 68 6f 72 74 68 61 6e 64 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆Two Special Shorthand Names ┆
0x10180…101a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 45 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 73 20 22 69 6e 22 20 ┆ Each user resides "in" ┆
0x101a0…101c0 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 0a ┆a directory called the current ┆
0x101c0…101e0 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 41 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 ┆ directory. All files and dir┆
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0x10220…10240 61 74 65 6c 79 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 ┆ately above and "containing┆
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0x10280…102a0 65 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 73 68 6f 72 74 68 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 ┆es special shorthand notations f┆
0x102a0…102c0 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 ┆or this directory and for t┆
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0x102e0…10300 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 68 6f 72 74 68 61 6e 64 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 ┆ . The shorthand name of ┆
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0x10320…10340 80 2e 2f a1 66 69 6c 65 78 78 78 e1 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ ./ filexxx names the same file┆
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0x103e0…10400 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆mple, if you use the XENIX comma┆
0x10400…10420 (130,) 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 64 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆nd, cd, which changes your ┆
0x10420…10440 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 61 6d 65 3a 0d 0a ┆directory to the one you name: ┆
0x10440…10460 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 64 20 2e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ cd .. ┆
0x10460…10480 20 20 20 84 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆ you would be changing to the┆
0x10480…104a0 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 2e 2e 22 2c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 68 65 ┆ directory called "..", the┆
0x104a0…104c0 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 79 6f 75 20 77 65 72 ┆ parent of the directory you wer┆
0x104c0…104e0 65 20 69 6e 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 32 2e 33 20 20 48 6f 77 ┆e in before. 6.2.2.3 How┆
0x104e0…10500 20 74 6f 20 55 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ to Use XENIX Commands ┆
0x10500…10520 20 20 20 84 41 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 74 79 70 65 64 ┆ A XENIX command may be typed┆
0x10520…10540 20 77 68 65 6e 65 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 70 65 61 72 ┆ whenever the prompt appear┆
0x10540…10560 73 2c 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 ┆s, indicating that you are in th┆
0x10560…10580 65 20 22 73 68 65 6c 6c 22 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 76 65 ┆e "shell", the command leve┆
0x10580…105a0 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 77 69 6c ┆l of the system. This prompt wil┆
0x105a0…105c0 6c 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 64 6f 6c 6c 61 72 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 ┆l either be a dollar sign (┆
0x105c0…105e0 24 29 20 6f 72 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 20 29 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 ┆$) or a number sign ( ). XENIX c┆
0x105e0…10600 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 20 6f ┆ommands generally consist o┆
0x10600…10620 (131,) 66 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆f single lowercase words, which ┆
0x10620…10640 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 6d ┆may be followed by one or m┆
0x10640…10660 6f 72 65 20 22 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 22 2e 20 ┆ore "switches" and "arguments". ┆
0x10660…10680 0a 19 89 80 80 4d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 6c ┆ Most often the argument wil┆
0x10680…106a0 6c 20 62 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 45 76 65 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d ┆l be a filename. Every comm┆
0x106a0…106c0 61 6e 64 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 3c ┆and must be followed by typing <┆
0x106c0…106e0 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 ┆ENTER>, even though this is┆
0x106e0…10700 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e 6f 74 65 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 ┆ not noted specifically in most ┆
0x10700…10720 74 65 78 74 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 74 ┆text examples. To t┆
0x10720…10740 61 6b 65 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 ┆ake a simple example, you can us┆
0x10740…10760 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 61 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 ┆e the command cat to look a┆
0x10760…10780 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 ┆t the contents of a file. If you┆
0x10780…107a0 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 63 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 0d ┆ type $ cat file1 ┆
0x107a0…107c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 ┆ the contents of file┆
0x107c0…107e0 31 e1 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 0d 0a ┆1 will appear on your screen. ┆
0x107e0…10800 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 ┆ To use another examp┆
0x10800…10820 (132,) 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 63 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆le, the command lc lists the ┆
0x10820…10840 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆ contents of whatever directory┆
0x10840…10860 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 54 68 65 72 66 6f 72 65 2c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ you name. Therfore, ┆
0x10860…10880 20 24 20 6c 63 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 66 72 65 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 69 6c ┆ $ lc /usr/fred wil┆
0x10880…108a0 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 ┆l give you a list of files and d┆
0x108a0…108c0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆irectories in the directory┆
0x108c0…108e0 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 66 72 65 64 e1 2e 20 4f 6e 65 20 74 68 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 6e 6f 74 65 3a ┆ / usr/fred . One thing to note:┆
0x108e0…10900 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆ When you type XENIX comman┆
0x10900…10920 64 73 2c 20 62 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 6f 72 20 6f 6d 69 74 20 73 ┆ds, be sure to include or omit s┆
0x10920…10940 70 61 63 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 63 74 6c 79 20 61 73 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 3b ┆paces exactly as indicated;┆
0x10940…10960 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 70 61 ┆ it is best to think of the "spa┆
0x10960…10980 63 65 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 61 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 79 ┆ce" as a character like any┆
0x10980…109a0 20 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 79 6f 75 ┆ other. Whether you┆
0x109a0…109c0 20 61 72 65 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 6f 72 20 ┆ are typing at the terminal, or ┆
0x109c0…109e0 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 66 ┆executing commands from a f┆
0x109e0…10a00 69 6c 65 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 ┆ile, XENIX always reads commands┆
0x10a00…10a20 (133,) 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f ┆ from command lines. The co┆
0x10a20…10a40 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 ┆mmand line is a line of characte┆
0x10a40…10a60 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 73 63 61 6e 6e 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 64 ┆rs that is scanned and read┆
0x10a60…10a80 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 65 72 ┆ by the shell command inter┆
0x10a80…10aa0 70 72 65 74 65 72 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 6e ┆preter to determine what to do n┆
0x10aa0…10ac0 65 78 74 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 ┆ext. You must type <ENTER> ┆
0x10ac0…10ae0 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 2d 20 74 68 ┆at the end of every command - th┆
0x10ae0…10b00 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 73 75 62 6d 69 ┆e command will not be submi┆
0x10b00…10b20 74 74 65 64 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 ┆tted until you do. If you make a┆
0x10b20…10b40 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 6c 65 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6c 69 6e ┆ mistake while typing a lin┆
0x10b40…10b60 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 3c 42 4b 53 50 3e ┆e, you can use either the <BKSP>┆
0x10b60…10b80 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 55 3e 20 6b 65 79 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 58 ┆ or <CONTROL-U> keys. The X┆
0x10b80…10ba0 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆ENIX shell then reads the comman┆
0x10ba0…10bc0 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 61 70 70 ┆d line and executes the app┆
0x10bc0…10be0 72 6f 70 72 69 61 74 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 ┆ropriate command. If you type ┆
0x10be0…10c00 89 80 80 3c 49 4e 54 45 52 52 55 50 54 3e 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 ┆ <INTERRUPT> before you have t┆
0x10c00…10c20 (134,) 79 70 65 64 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆yped <ENTER>, the command i┆
0x10c20…10c40 73 20 61 62 6f 72 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e ┆s aborted. When┆
0x10c40…10c60 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 63 74 ┆ you type a command, you are act┆
0x10c60…10c80 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 49 ┆ually invoking a program. I┆
0x10c80…10ca0 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2c 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 68 ┆n XENIX, a program is a file, wh┆
0x10ca0…10cc0 69 63 68 20 68 61 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 65 63 75 74 61 62 6c 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 ┆ich has an executable statu┆
0x10cc0…10ce0 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 70 ┆s. The XENIX shell looks for a p┆
0x10ce0…10d00 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6e 61 6d ┆rogram with the command nam┆
0x10d00…10d20 65 20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 73 20 69 74 2e 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 ┆e and executes it. Some commands┆
0x10d20…10d40 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 22 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 ┆ may also contain "switches┆
0x10d40…10d60 22 20 2d 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 72 20 6f 74 68 ┆" - these specify options or oth┆
0x10d60…10d80 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 ┆er arguments as needed by t┆
0x10d80…10da0 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 0a 19 ┆he program. Multiple commands ┆
0x10da0…10dc0 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 63 6f ┆ can be entered on a single co┆
0x10dc0…10de0 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 73 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆mmand line so long as they ┆
0x10de0…10e00 61 72 65 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 73 65 6d 69 63 6f 6c 6f 6e 20 28 3b 29 ┆are separated by a semicolon (;)┆
0x10e00…10e20 (135,) 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e ┆. For example, the followin┆
0x10e20…10e40 67 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 61 74 65 20 61 6e ┆g prints out the current date an┆
0x10e40…10e60 64 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 77 ┆d the name of the current w┆
0x10e60…10e80 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 61 ┆orking directory: da┆
0x10e80…10ea0 74 65 20 3b 20 70 77 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 77 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆te ; pwd Two XENIX ┆
0x10ea0…10ec0 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 64 61 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 77 64 2c 20 61 72 65 20 6a 6f 69 6e ┆commands date, and pwd, are join┆
0x10ec0…10ee0 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 ┆ed on a single line with th┆
0x10ee0…10f00 65 20 73 65 6d 69 63 6f 6c 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆e semicolon. Comman┆
0x10f00…10f20 64 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 75 62 6d 69 74 74 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 ┆ds can be submitted for processi┆
0x10f20…10f40 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 62 79 20 70 75 74 ┆ng in the background by put┆
0x10f40…10f60 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 61 6d 70 65 72 73 61 6e 64 20 28 26 29 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 ┆ting an ampersand (&) at the end┆
0x10f60…10f80 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 76 65 ┆ of the command. This leave┆
0x10f80…10fa0 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 72 65 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 65 78 ┆s your terminal free. You can ex┆
0x10fa0…10fc0 65 63 75 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 79 ┆ecute other commands from y┆
0x10fc0…10fe0 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 0a 19 89 ┆our terminal while the first ┆
0x10fe0…11000 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 67 72 ┆ command executes in the backgr┆
0x11000…11020 (136,) 6f 75 6e 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 65 61 ┆ound. This is a special fea┆
0x11020…11040 74 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 74 6f 20 66 61 63 69 6c ┆ture of the XENIX shell to facil┆
0x11040…11060 69 74 61 74 65 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 74 61 73 6b 69 6e 67 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 ┆itate multi-tasking - the c┆
0x11060…11080 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 61 73 6b ┆apacity to do more than one task┆
0x11080…110a0 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 68 ┆ at once. Commands h┆
0x110a0…110c0 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 ┆ave the following general syntax┆
0x110c0…110e0 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6d 64 20 20 20 20 a1 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 e1 20 ┆: cmd switches ┆
0x110e0…11100 20 20 20 20 a1 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 e1 a1 73 e1 20 20 20 20 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 ┆ argument s filenames┆
0x11100…11120 e1 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 ┆ In practically ┆
0x11120…11140 61 6c 6c 20 63 61 73 65 73 2c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 6c ┆all cases, command names are all┆
0x11140…11160 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 2e 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 64 ┆ lowercase. Switches are ad┆
0x11160…11180 64 65 64 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ded options available when ┆
0x11180…111a0 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 61 6c 77 61 ┆executing the command. They alwa┆
0x111a0…111c0 79 73 20 70 72 65 63 65 64 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 ┆ys precede other arguments ┆
0x111c0…111e0 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 2e 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 20 ┆and filenames. Switches consist ┆
0x111e0…11200 6f 66 20 61 20 64 61 73 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 65 66 69 78 20 28 2d 29 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e ┆of a dash prefix (-) and an┆
0x11200…11220 (137,) 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 79 69 6e 67 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 6f 72 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 53 ┆ identifying letter or number. S┆
0x11220…11240 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 70 72 65 66 69 ┆ome switches are also prefi┆
0x11240…11260 78 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 70 6c 75 73 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 2b 29 2e 20 53 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 ┆xed by a plus sign (+). Switches┆
0x11260…11280 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 62 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 65 64 20 61 73 20 61 20 ┆ can often be grouped as a ┆
0x11280…112a0 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 61 73 20 69 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆single switch as in: ┆
0x112a0…112c0 20 6c 73 20 2d 61 72 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 6e 76 6f ┆ ls -arl which invo┆
0x112c0…112e0 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 2d 61 2c 20 2d 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 2d 31 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 ┆kes the -a, -r, and -1 switches ┆
0x112e0…11300 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 6f 75 73 6c 79 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 2c 20 68 ┆simultanously. Sometimes, h┆
0x11300…11320 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 64 ┆owever, switches must be invoked┆
0x11320…11340 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 72 65 20 ┆ separately. There ┆
0x11340…11360 61 72 65 20 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 ┆are various types of arguments. ┆
0x11360…11380 41 6e 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 ┆An argument may be a string┆
0x11380…113a0 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 61 73 20 69 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 67 72 65 ┆ of text, as in: gre┆
0x113a0…113c0 70 20 27 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 27 20 6f 75 74 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆p 'string of text' outfile ┆
0x113c0…113e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 22 73 ┆ In the above example, "s┆
0x113e0…11400 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 22 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 3b 20 0a ┆tring of text" is an argument; ┆
0x11400…11420 (138,) 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 20 74 68 61 ┆ it is the string of text tha┆
0x11420…11440 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 65 70 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆t the grep command searches ┆
0x11440…11460 80 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 a1 6f 75 74 66 69 6c 65 e1 2e 20 a1 4f 75 74 ┆ for in the file outfile . Out┆
0x11460…11480 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 69 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 ┆file is a filename argument ┆
0x11480…114a0 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 ┆ that specifies the name of a f┆
0x114a0…114c0 69 6c 65 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆ile required by the command┆
0x114c0…114e0 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 33 20 20 20 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 ┆. 6.2.3 Files and Dire┆
0x114e0…11500 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 74 6f 72 65 ┆ctories XENIX store┆
0x11500…11520 73 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 69 6e ┆s information on the computer in┆
0x11520…11540 20 22 66 69 6c 65 73 22 2c 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 75 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 ┆ "files", in much the same ┆
0x11540…11560 77 61 79 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 6e 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 ┆way as you might store an import┆
0x11560…11580 61 6e 74 20 6d 65 6d 6f 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 69 6e 20 61 ┆ant memo or record in a┆
0x11580…115a0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 66 6f 6c 64 65 72 2e 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6d 61 79 ┆ file folder. Computer files may┆
0x115a0…115c0 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 69 ┆ contain various types of i┆
0x115c0…115e0 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆nformation, such as the text of ┆
0x115e0…11600 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 6f 72 20 6c ┆a document, a program, or l┆
0x11600…11620 (139,) 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a ┆ines of data, but they are all ┆
0x11620…11640 19 89 80 80 74 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 77 61 79 2e 20 46 75 72 ┆ treated in the same way. Fur┆
0x11640…11660 74 68 65 72 6d 6f 72 65 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆thermore, XENIX gives you t┆
0x11660…11680 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 20 6f ┆he option of collecting groups o┆
0x11680…116a0 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 22 2c 20 6d ┆f files in "directories", m┆
0x116a0…116c0 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 66 ┆uch as you might organize file f┆
0x116c0…116e0 6f 6c 64 65 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 6f 20 63 61 74 65 67 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆olders into categories and ┆
0x116e0…11700 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 64 72 61 77 65 72 73 ┆put them in labeled file drawers┆
0x11700…11720 20 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 ┆ so that they can be found ┆
0x11720…11740 65 61 73 69 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆easily. The organization of XENI┆
0x11740…11760 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 69 73 20 ┆X files and directories is ┆
0x11760…11780 71 75 69 74 65 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 6c 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 0a 19 ┆quite flexible. You will soon ┆
0x11780…117a0 89 80 80 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 64 65 63 69 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 62 6f 75 ┆ find that your decisions abou┆
0x117a0…117c0 74 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 ┆t what to name files and wh┆
0x117c0…117e0 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 6d 20 63 61 6e 20 6d ┆ere you decide to put them can m┆
0x117e0…11800 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ake your work on the system┆
0x11800…11820 (140,) 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 ┆ more efficient, just as you wou┆
0x11820…11840 6c 64 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 ┆ld expect to be able to do ┆
0x11840…11860 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 66 61 73 74 65 72 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 6f 66 66 69 63 65 20 77 68 ┆your work faster in an office wh┆
0x11860…11880 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6e 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ere you could find all your┆
0x11880…118a0 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 73 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d ┆ important records quickly. ┆
0x118a0…118c0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 33 2e 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 48 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 20 6f 66 20 46 69 6c ┆ 6.2.3.1 The Hierarchy of Fil┆
0x118c0…118e0 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆es and Directories ┆
0x118e0…11900 49 74 20 69 73 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 65 6d 70 68 61 73 69 7a 65 20 68 65 72 ┆It is important to emphasize her┆
0x11900…11920 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 ┆e that XENIX files and dire┆
0x11920…11940 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 ┆ctories can be organized hierarc┆
0x11940…11960 68 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 61 63 68 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆hically. That is, each XENI┆
0x11960…11980 58 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 ┆X directory can contain other di┆
0x11980…119a0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆rectories, as well as files┆
0x119a0…119c0 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f ┆, and those directories can also┆
0x119c0…119e0 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 ┆ contain directories. There┆
0x119e0…11a00 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 70 79 72 61 6d 69 64 20 6f ┆fore, you can create a pyramid o┆
0x11a00…11a20 (141,) 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆f directories within direct┆
0x11a20…11a40 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 20 73 69 ┆ories. To take a si┆
0x11a40…11a60 6d 70 6c 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 6e 20 53 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 33 2e ┆mple example, in Subsection 6.3.┆
0x11a60…11a80 32 20 a1 e1 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 e1 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 ┆2 John Doe is added to t┆
0x11a80…11aa0 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆he system with the mkuser progra┆
0x11aa0…11ac0 6d 2e 20 4f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 ┆m. One of the things that t┆
0x11ac0…11ae0 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 64 6f 65 73 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 ┆he mkuser program does is to giv┆
0x11ae0…11b00 65 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 66 20 68 69 73 20 ┆e John a work space of his ┆
0x11b00…11b20 6f 77 6e 2c 20 61 20 22 68 6f 6d 65 22 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 ┆own, a "home" directory, called ┆
0x11b20…11b40 0a 19 89 80 80 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 e1 2e 20 4e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 ┆ / usr/johnd . Now you can s┆
0x11b40…11b60 65 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 6a 6f 68 6e 64 e1 20 69 73 ┆ee that the directory johnd is┆
0x11b60…11b80 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 66 61 63 74 2c 20 61 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6f ┆, in fact, a subdirectory o┆
0x11b80…11ba0 66 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 75 73 72 e1 ┆f another directory called usr ┆
0x11ba0…11bc0 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 ┆, which contains the home d┆
0x11bc0…11be0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 0a ┆irectories of all the users on ┆
0x11be0…11c00 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 55 6e 64 6f 75 62 74 65 64 6c 79 2c 20 61 73 20 ┆ the system. Undoubtedly, as ┆
0x11c00…11c20 (142,) 73 6f 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆soon as John logs in to the ┆
0x11c20…11c40 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 68 65 20 77 69 ┆ system for the first time he wi┆
0x11c40…11c60 6c 6c 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 ┆ll begin to create new file┆
0x11c60…11c80 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 74 6f 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 68 69 73 20 77 ┆s and directories to store his w┆
0x11c80…11ca0 6f 72 6b 20 69 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4c 65 74 27 73 20 73 61 79 20 68 ┆ork in. Let's say h┆
0x11ca0…11cc0 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 70 61 ┆e creates a directory called pa┆
0x11cc0…11ce0 79 72 6f 6c 6c e1 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 70 75 74 20 76 61 72 69 ┆yroll in which to put vari┆
0x11ce0…11d00 6f 75 73 20 70 61 79 72 6f 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 61 20 66 69 ┆ous payroll programs and data fi┆
0x11d00…11d20 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 6d 65 ┆les, and another called me┆
0x11d20…11d40 6d 6f 73 e1 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 6f 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 ┆mos in which to store important┆
0x11d40…11d60 20 70 69 65 63 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 ┆ pieces of electronic mail ┆
0x11d60…11d80 68 65 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 ┆he receives from other users on ┆
0x11d80…11da0 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 50 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 68 65 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆the system. Perhaps he will┆
0x11da0…11dc0 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 0a ┆ also create a simple file for ┆
0x11dc0…11de0 19 89 80 80 68 69 6d 73 65 6c 66 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 69 6e 20 68 69 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 ┆ himself right in his home di┆
0x11de0…11e00 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 6c 69 73 74 e1 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 ┆rectory called list , which ┆
0x11e00…11e20 (143,) 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 64 ┆ contains a list of things to d┆
0x11e20…11e40 6f 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c ┆o. The results would look l┆
0x11e40…11e60 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 28 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 ┆ike this (directories are indica┆
0x11e60…11e80 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ted in brackets): ┆
0x11e80…11ea0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ / ┆
0x11ea0…11ec0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x11ec0…11ee0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 73 72 20 0d ┆ usr ┆
0x11ee0…11f00 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x11f00…11f20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x11f20…11f40 20 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ johnd ┆
0x11f40…11f60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x11f60…11f80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 ┆ ! !┆
0x11f80…11fa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ! ┆
0x11fa0…11fc0 20 6d 65 6d 6f 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 79 72 6f 6c 6c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ memos payroll ┆
0x11fc0…11fe0 20 20 20 6c 69 73 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 20 20 20 ┆ list file1 ┆
0x11fe0…12000 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c ┆ file1 fil┆
0x12000…12020 (144,) 65 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆e2 file2 ┆
0x12020…12040 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c ┆ program ┆
0x12040…12060 83 d0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 33 2e 32 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 4d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆ 6.2.3.2 File Manipulation ┆
0x12060…12080 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 6f ┆Commands At this po┆
0x12080…120a0 69 6e 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 61 20 66 65 ┆int, you will need to learn a fe┆
0x120a0…120c0 77 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 ┆w XENIX commands for creati┆
0x120c0…120e0 6e 67 2c 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 2c 20 63 6f 70 79 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 ┆ng, moving, copying and deleting┆
0x120e0…12100 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 54 6f 20 ┆ files and directories. To ┆
0x12100…12120 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 0a 19 ┆create the memos directory, ┆
0x12120…12140 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 68 61 64 20 74 6f 20 ┆ for example, John Doe had to ┆
0x12140…12160 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 73 0d 0a ┆type $ mkdir memos ┆
0x12160…12180 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 2c 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b ┆ Now, in order to mak┆
0x12180…121a0 65 20 74 68 65 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 68 69 73 20 22 63 75 72 ┆e the memos directory his "cur┆
0x121a0…121c0 72 65 6e 74 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c ┆rent" or working directory,┆
0x121c0…121e0 20 68 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ he would need to type: ┆
0x121e0…12200 20 20 20 20 24 20 63 64 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f 6d 65 6d 6f 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ $ cd /usr/johnd/memos ┆
0x12200…12220 (145,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 64 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 ┆ The command cd stands for┆
0x12220…12240 20 22 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 22 2e 20 48 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 20 0a ┆ "change directory". He is now ┆
0x12240…12260 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 6f 72 2c ┆ in the directory memos or,┆
0x12260…12280 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 69 74 73 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a ┆ to give its full pathname, or ┆
0x12280…122a0 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 ┆ location, / usr/johnd/memos ┆
0x122a0…122c0 2e 20 54 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆. To create a new file, type ┆
0x122c0…122e0 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 22 3e 22 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 ┆ the character ">", followed by┆
0x122e0…12300 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 3a 20 4c 65 74 27 73 20 73 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4a 6f ┆ the filename: Let's say Jo┆
0x12300…12320 68 6e 20 77 61 6e 74 73 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e ┆hn wants to create a new file in┆
0x12320…12340 20 68 69 73 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6c 6c ┆ his memos directory call┆
0x12340…12360 65 64 20 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 6e 65 ┆ed newproject : >ne┆
0x12360…12380 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e ┆wproject There is n┆
0x12380…123a0 6f 77 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆ow a file in the memos directo┆
0x123a0…123c0 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 2e 20 54 68 65 ┆ry called newproject . The┆
0x123c0…123e0 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f ┆ lc command lists the contents o┆
0x123e0…12400 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆f the current directory: ┆
0x12400…12420 (146,) 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ file1 newproject ┆
0x12420…12440 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 46 69 6c 65 73 20 63 61 ┆ file2 Files ca┆
0x12440…12460 6e 20 62 65 20 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 6e 65 20 64 ┆n be moved and copied from one d┆
0x12460…12480 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 20 53 75 70 70 6f 73 ┆irectory to another. Suppos┆
0x12480…124a0 65 20 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 77 69 73 68 65 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆e John wishes to move the file ┆
0x124a0…124c0 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 74 6f 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆ newproject to a new direc┆
0x124c0…124e0 74 6f 72 79 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 68 69 73 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆tory created for his new pr┆
0x124e0…12500 6f 6a 65 63 74 2c 20 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a e1 2e 20 46 69 72 73 74 2c 20 68 65 20 63 61 ┆oject, acct.proj . First, he ca┆
0x12500…12520 6e 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a e1 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 74 ┆n create acct.proj with t┆
0x12520…12540 68 65 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 68 65 20 63 61 ┆he mkdir command, and then he ca┆
0x12540…12560 6e 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 66 69 6c ┆n move the newproject fil┆
0x12560…12580 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 ┆e from the memos directory to ┆
0x12580…125a0 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 77 ┆the acct.proj directory w┆
0x125a0…125c0 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 61 73 20 69 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ith the mv command, as in: ┆
0x125c0…125e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f ┆ mv newproject /usr/johnd/┆
0x125e0…12600 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 68 65 20 75 73 65 73 ┆acct.proj If he uses┆
0x12600…12620 (147,) 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 64 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f 61 63 63 74 2e ┆ cd /usr/johnd/acct.┆
0x12620…12640 70 72 6f 6a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 68 69 6d 73 65 6c ┆proj to move himsel┆
0x12640…12660 66 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆f into the acct.proj directory┆
0x12660…12680 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 ┆, and uses the lc command, ┆
0x12680…126a0 74 68 65 20 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 ┆the newproject file will appea┆
0x126a0…126c0 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 ┆r in the list of files in t┆
0x126c0…126e0 68 65 20 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 70 72 6f 6a e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 58 ┆he acct.proj directory. When X┆
0x126e0…12700 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 69 74 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 ┆ENIX moves a file, it remov┆
0x12700…12720 65 73 20 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 ┆es it from the old directory and┆
0x12720…12740 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 75 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 6f ┆ puts the file in the new o┆
0x12740…12760 6e 65 2e 20 49 66 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 77 69 73 68 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 65 65 70 20 61 20 0a 19 89 ┆ne. If John wished to keep a ┆
0x12760…12780 80 80 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c ┆ copy of newproject in the ol┆
0x12780…127a0 64 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 73 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 74 68 75 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d ┆d memos directory, thus m┆
0x127a0…127c0 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 74 ┆aking newproject a file in bot┆
0x127c0…127e0 68 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 68 65 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 ┆h directories, he could use┆
0x127e0…12800 20 74 68 65 20 63 70 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 ┆ the cp command to create anothe┆
0x12800…12820 (148,) 72 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 66 69 ┆r identical newproject fi┆
0x12820…12840 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 ┆le in the other directory. Note ┆
0x12840…12860 74 68 61 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 68 61 ┆that XENIX allows you to ha┆
0x12860…12880 76 65 20 74 77 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 61 ┆ve two files of the same name, a┆
0x12880…128a0 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 64 69 66 66 65 ┆s long as they are in diffe┆
0x128a0…128c0 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rent directories. ┆
0x128c0…128e0 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 6e 65 65 64 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c ┆ If you no longer need a file,┆
0x128e0…12900 20 6a 75 73 74 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ just use the rm command to ┆
0x12900…12920 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 69 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ remove it. The command ┆
0x12920…12940 20 20 20 20 24 72 6d 20 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ $rm newproject ┆
0x12940…12960 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 a1 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 e1 20 66 72 ┆removes the file newproject fr┆
0x12960…12980 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 67 61 69 ┆om the directory. Once agai┆
0x12980…129a0 6e 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 76 65 72 69 66 69 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 ┆n, this can be verified with the┆
0x129a0…129c0 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 ┆ lc command. Similarly, you┆
0x129c0…129e0 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 ┆ can remove an entire directory ┆
0x129e0…12a00 62 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 72 6d 64 69 72 20 ┆by using the command rmdir ┆
0x12a00…12a20 (149,) 61 73 20 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 72 6d 64 69 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 73 0d 0a ┆as in $rmdir memos ┆
0x12a20…12a40 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ However, XENIX will ┆
0x12a40…12a60 6e 6f 74 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆not allow you to remove a direct┆
0x12a60…12a80 6f 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 ┆ory without first removing ┆
0x12a80…12aa0 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 69 74 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆all of the files in it. You can ┆
0x12aa0…12ac0 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 72 6d ┆ type either $rm┆
0x12ac0…12ae0 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 6e 65 77 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ file1 file2 newproject ┆
0x12ae0…12b00 20 20 20 20 84 6f 72 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 ┆ or, using a special XENIX c┆
0x12b00…12b20 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 20 28 2a 29 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 ┆haracter, the star (*), which ┆
0x12b20…12b40 89 80 80 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 0d ┆ stands for everything, enter ┆
0x12b40…12b60 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 72 6d 20 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 ┆ $rm * B┆
0x12b60…12b80 65 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 3b ┆e cautious about using the star;┆
0x12b80…12ba0 20 69 74 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 72 ┆ it really will remove ever┆
0x12ba0…12bc0 79 74 68 69 6e 67 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 69 6e 20 74 ┆ything. Also, you cannot be in t┆
0x12bc0…12be0 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 ┆he directory you are removi┆
0x12be0…12c00 6e 67 2c 20 73 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 62 61 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 ┆ng, so move back to the director┆
0x12c00…12c20 (150,) 79 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 69 74 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 6e 20 6c 65 74 73 ┆y above it. XENIX even lets┆
0x12c20…12c40 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 77 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2c ┆ you type two commands together,┆
0x12c40…12c60 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 ┆ if you separate them with ┆
0x12c60…12c80 61 20 73 65 6d 69 63 6f 6c 6f 6e 20 28 3b 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 63 64 ┆a semicolon (;). $cd┆
0x12c80…12ca0 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 3b 72 6d 64 69 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ /usr/johnd;rmdir memos ┆
0x12ca0…12cc0 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 58 ┆ As you work more with the X┆
0x12cc0…12ce0 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 ┆ENIX system, you will want to ┆
0x12ce0…12d00 89 80 80 6b 6e 6f 77 20 61 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 64 65 61 6c 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 ┆ know a great deal more about ┆
0x12d00…12d20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆these and other commands to ┆
0x12d20…12d40 80 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 ┆ manipulate files and directorie┆
0x12d40…12d60 73 2e 20 52 65 61 64 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 63 75 ┆s. Read whatever XENIX docu┆
0x12d60…12d80 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 ┆mentation you have available for┆
0x12d80…12da0 20 61 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 69 6f 6e ┆ a more detailed discussion┆
0x12da0…12dc0 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 2c 20 61 6e ┆ of the XENIX file structure, an┆
0x12dc0…12de0 64 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆d practice using these comm┆
0x12de0…12e00 61 6e 64 73 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 63 6f 6d 66 6f 72 74 61 62 6c 65 20 77 ┆ands until you are comfortable w┆
0x12e00…12e20 (151,) 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 34 20 20 20 20 54 ┆ith them. 6.2.4 T┆
0x12e20…12e40 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 68 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 ┆he XENIX Shell The ┆
0x12e40…12e60 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 69 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 20 77 69 ┆XENIX shell is your interface wi┆
0x12e60…12e80 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 45 76 65 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6d 65 20 79 ┆th the system. Every time y┆
0x12e80…12ea0 6f 75 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 2c 20 69 6e 20 66 ┆ou log in to XENIX you are, in f┆
0x12ea0…12ec0 61 63 74 2c 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 73 68 65 6c 6c 22 20 2d 20 74 ┆act, invoking a "shell" - t┆
0x12ec0…12ee0 68 69 73 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 73 70 65 61 6b 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 ┆his shell speaks a command langu┆
0x12ee0…12f00 61 67 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 73 70 65 ┆age which allows you to spe┆
0x12f00…12f20 63 69 66 79 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2c 20 72 75 6e 20 73 65 76 65 72 ┆cify input and output, run sever┆
0x12f20…12f40 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 ┆al processes simultaneously┆
0x12f40…12f60 20 62 79 20 70 6c 61 63 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 ┆ by placing them in the bac┆
0x12f60…12f80 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c 20 6f 72 20 6c 69 6e 6b 20 74 77 6f 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 74 ┆kground, or link two processes t┆
0x12f80…12fa0 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2c 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ogether, by connecting the ┆
0x12fa0…12fc0 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 6f 6e 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 ┆output of one process to the inp┆
0x12fc0…12fe0 75 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ut of another. ┆
0x12fe0…13000 84 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 68 61 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆ The XENIX shell has many of the┆
0x13000…13020 (152,) 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 ┆ features of a programming ┆
0x13020…13040 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 70 72 65 70 ┆language, and allows you to prep┆
0x13040…13060 61 72 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 69 70 74 73 20 74 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 ┆are complex scripts to run ┆
0x13060…13080 6c 6f 6e 67 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 73 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 2e 20 54 65 63 ┆long sequences of processes. Tec┆
0x13080…130a0 68 6e 69 71 75 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 65 6c 6c ┆hniques for using the shell┆
0x130a0…130c0 20 61 73 20 61 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 20 61 69 64 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ as a powerful aid to your ┆
0x130c0…130e0 70 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 72 65 20 69 ┆productivity on the system are i┆
0x130e0…13100 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆ntroduced in detail in the ┆
0x13100…13120 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆XENIX Fundamentals manual. ┆
0x13120…13140 8c 83 d8 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 34 2e 31 20 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 49 6e 70 75 74 ┆ 6.2.4.1 Controlling Input┆
0x13140…13160 20 61 6e 64 20 4f 75 74 70 75 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 68 ┆ and Output XENIX h┆
0x13160…13180 61 6e 64 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 6f 6d ┆andles input and output from com┆
0x13180…131a0 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 61 79 3a 20 69 74 20 61 ┆mands in a unique way: it a┆
0x131a0…131c0 73 73 75 6d 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 61 72 65 ┆ssumes that input and output are┆
0x131c0…131e0 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e ┆ associated with the termin┆
0x131e0…13200 61 6c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e ┆al from which the command origin┆
0x13200…13220 (153,) 61 74 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 ┆ates. That is, input comes ┆
0x13220…13240 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 67 6f 65 ┆from the keyboard and output goe┆
0x13240…13260 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 54 ┆s to the terminal screen. T┆
0x13260…13280 6f 20 69 6c 6c 75 73 74 72 61 74 65 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆o illustrate typical command ┆
0x13280…132a0 80 80 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ input and output, type: ┆
0x132a0…132c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ cat This comm┆
0x132c0…132e0 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 77 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆and now expects input from your ┆
0x132e0…13300 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 63 63 65 70 74 20 61 73 ┆keyboard. It will accept as┆
0x13300…13320 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 74 ┆ many lines of text as you can t┆
0x13320…13340 79 70 65 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 70 75 74 2c 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 ┆ype as input, until you typ┆
0x13340…13360 65 20 61 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 20 61 73 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 64 2d 6f 66 2d 66 69 6c ┆e a <CONTROL-D> as an end-of-fil┆
0x13360…13380 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 6f 72 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 ┆e indicator. For example, t┆
0x13380…133a0 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 77 6f 20 6c 69 6e ┆ype: this is two lin┆
0x133a0…133c0 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 70 75 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆es of input ┆
0x133c0…133e0 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f ┆<CONTROL-D> When yo┆
0x133e0…13400 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 2c 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 65 6e ┆u type the <CONTROL-D>, input en┆
0x13400…13420 (154,) 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 67 69 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 ┆ds and output begins. The c┆
0x13420…13440 61 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 6f 75 74 70 ┆at command then immediately outp┆
0x13440…13460 75 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆uts the two lines that you ┆
0x13460…13480 74 79 70 65 64 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 73 20 73 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 74 ┆typed. Since output is sent to t┆
0x13480…134a0 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 62 79 20 64 65 66 61 75 ┆he terminal screen by defau┆
0x134a0…134c0 6c 74 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 ┆lt, that is where the two lines ┆
0x134c0…134e0 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 73 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 ┆ are sent. Thus, the complet┆
0x134e0…13500 65 20 73 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 ┆e session will look like this ┆
0x13500…13520 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ on your terminal screen: ┆
0x13520…13540 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 63 61 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 ┆ $cat this is t┆
0x13540…13560 77 6f 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 70 75 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆wo lines of input ┆
0x13560…13580 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 77 6f 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ this is two lines ┆
0x13580…135a0 20 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 70 75 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ of input $ ┆
0x135a0…135c0 20 20 20 84 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 74 68 61 ┆ However, you can specify tha┆
0x135c0…135e0 74 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 61 6e 64 2f 6f 72 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 72 ┆t input and/or output be "r┆
0x135e0…13600 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 22 2e 20 49 6e 70 75 74 20 6d 61 79 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆edirected". Input may come from ┆
0x13600…13620 (155,) 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆a file instead of from the ┆
0x13620…13640 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6d 61 ┆terminal keyboard, and output ma┆
0x13640…13660 79 20 62 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 ┆y be directed to a file or ┆
0x13660…13680 74 6f 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 74 6f 20 ┆to a lineprinter, instead of to ┆
0x13680…136a0 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 ┆the terminal screen. Also, ┆
0x136a0…136c0 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 22 70 69 70 65 73 22 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 ┆you can create "pipes" to allow ┆
0x136c0…136e0 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆the output from one command┆
0x136e0…13700 20 74 6f 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2e ┆ to become the input to another.┆
0x13700…13720 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 34 2e 32 20 20 52 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ 6.2.4.2 Redirection ┆
0x13720…13740 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆ Instead of having your┆
0x13740…13760 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆ input come directly from the ┆
0x13760…13780 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 6f 72 20 77 61 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 ┆ terminal, or watching the out┆
0x13780…137a0 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆put of some process come to ┆
0x137a0…137c0 80 79 6f 75 72 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 73 6b 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆ your screen, you can ask XENIX ┆
0x137c0…137e0 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 ┆to take a file you specify ┆
0x137e0…13800 61 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 ┆as input, and output the results┆
0x13800…13820 (156,) 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 ┆ of the process into anothe┆
0x13820…13840 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2c 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 70 ┆r file. In XENIX, a file can rep┆
0x13840…13860 6c 61 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 69 74 68 65 ┆lace the terminal for eithe┆
0x13860…13880 72 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 6f 72 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 ┆r input or output. For example, ┆
0x13880…138a0 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 73 0d ┆the command ls ┆
0x138a0…138c0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆ displays a list of ┆
0x138c0…138e0 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 ┆files in your current directory ┆
0x138e0…13900 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 42 75 ┆on your terminal screen. Bu┆
0x13900…13920 74 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 73 61 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 73 20 3e 66 69 6c ┆t if you say ls >fil┆
0x13920…13927 65 6c 69 73 74 0d 0a ┆elist ┆
0x13927…1392a FormFeed {
0x13927…1392a 0c 83 d0 ┆ ┆
0x13927…1392a }
0x1392a…13940 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 79 ┆ a list of y┆
0x13940…13960 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆our files is placed in the file ┆
0x13960…13980 a1 66 69 6c 65 6c 69 73 74 e1 2e 20 49 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 ┆ filelist . If a file calle┆
0x13980…139a0 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 6c 69 73 74 e1 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 78 69 73 74 2c 20 58 45 4e ┆d filelist does not exist, XEN┆
0x139a0…139c0 49 58 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 ┆IX will create it. The outp┆
0x139c0…139e0 75 74 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 28 3e 29 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 ┆ut redirection symbol (>) means ┆
0x139e0…13a00 22 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆"put the output from the co┆
0x13a00…13a20 (157,) 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 72 ┆mmand into the following file, r┆
0x13a20…13a40 61 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 6e 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 69 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 ┆ather than display it on th┆
0x13a40…13a60 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 22 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆e terminal screen". ┆
0x13a60…13a80 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 66 69 ┆ You can also combine several fi┆
0x13a80…13aa0 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 74 ┆les into one, using the cat┆
0x13aa0…13ac0 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 66 31 20 66 32 20 ┆ command: cat f1 f2 ┆
0x13ac0…13ae0 66 33 20 3e 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆f3 >temp This comma┆
0x13ae0…13b00 6e 64 20 73 61 79 73 20 22 74 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆nd says "take the contents of th┆
0x13b00…13b20 65 73 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 ┆ese three files and put the┆
0x13b20…13b40 6d 20 61 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 22 ┆m all into a file called temp "┆
0x13b40…13b60 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 ┆. The output append┆
0x13b60…13b80 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 28 3e 3e 29 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 20 69 6e 20 6d 75 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆ symbol (>>) works in much the s┆
0x13b80…13ba0 61 6d 65 20 77 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 ┆ame way as output redirecti┆
0x13ba0…13bc0 6f 6e 2c 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 22 61 64 64 20 74 6f ┆on, except that it means "add to┆
0x13bc0…13be0 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 22 2e 20 54 68 61 74 20 69 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ the end of". That is ┆
0x13be0…13c00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 66 69 6c 65 33 20 3e 3e 74 ┆ cat file1 file2 file3 >>t┆
0x13c00…13c20 (158,) 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 63 61 74 ┆emp means to concat┆
0x13c20…13c40 65 6e 61 74 65 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 2c 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 66 69 6c ┆enate file1 , file2 , and fil┆
0x13c40…13c60 65 33 a1 e1 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 ┆e3 to the end of whatever┆
0x13c60…13c80 20 69 73 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 69 6e 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 69 66 20 ┆ is already in temp . Thus, if ┆
0x13c80…13ca0 79 6f 75 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 68 61 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e ┆you already had information┆
0x13ca0…13cc0 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 ┆ in the file called temp , inst┆
0x13cc0…13ce0 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 70 6c 61 63 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 63 6f ┆ead of replacing the old co┆
0x13ce0…13d00 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e ┆ntents of temp with the conten┆
0x13d00…13d20 74 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 2c 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆ts of file1 , file2 , and┆
0x13d20…13d40 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 33 e1 2c 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆ file3 , these three files will┆
0x13d40…13d60 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆ be placed at the end of th┆
0x13d60…13d80 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 ┆e old file called temp instead┆
0x13d80…13da0 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 72 65 64 ┆. As with normal output red┆
0x13da0…13dc0 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 69 66 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 20 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆irection, if temp doesn't ┆
0x13dc0…13de0 80 65 78 69 73 74 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 2e 0d 0a ┆ exist, it is created for you. ┆
0x13de0…13de2 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x13de2…13e1b Params {
0x13de2…13e1b 04 00 2f 4e 0a 00 06 00 00 00 00 02 01 41 31 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ /N A1@ ┆
0x13de2…13e1b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 0f 19 23 2d 37 41 4b 55 5f 69 73 7d 87 91 ff 04 ┆ #-7AKU_iså ┆
0x13de2…13e1b }
0x13e1b…13e54 Params {
0x13e1b…13e54 04 00 27 4e 0c 00 06 00 00 00 00 02 01 48 31 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ┆ 'N H1` ┆
0x13e1b…13e54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 0a 0f 14 19 1e 23 28 2d 32 37 3c 41 46 4b ff 04 ┆ #(-27<AFK ┆
0x13e1b…13e54 }
0x13e54…13e60 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 ┆ T┆
0x13e60…13e80 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 28 3c 29 20 ┆he input redirection symbol (<) ┆
0x13e80…13ea0 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 ┆means to take the input for┆
0x13ea0…13ec0 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 66 69 ┆ a program from the following fi┆
0x13ec0…13ee0 6c 65 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 ┆le, instead of from the ter┆
0x13ee0…13f00 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 75 ┆minal. This allows you to make u┆
0x13f00…13f20 70 20 61 20 73 63 72 69 70 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆p a script of editing comma┆
0x13f20…13f40 6e 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 6d 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c ┆nds and put them into a file cal┆
0x13f40…13f60 6c 65 64 20 a1 73 63 72 69 70 74 e1 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c ┆led script . Then you coul┆
0x13f60…13f80 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 ┆d execute the commands in the sc┆
0x13f80…13fa0 72 69 70 74 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 ┆ript on a file using the XE┆
0x13fa0…13fc0 4e 49 58 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆NIX editor by typing: ┆
0x13fc0…13fe0 20 20 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 3c 73 63 72 69 70 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 ┆ ed file <script A┆
0x13fe0…14000 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 75 73 65 ┆s another example, you could use┆
0x14000…14020 (160,) 20 65 64 20 74 6f 20 70 72 65 70 61 72 65 20 61 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 ┆ ed to prepare a letter in ┆
0x14020…14040 66 69 6c 65 20 a1 6c 65 74 74 65 72 2e 74 78 74 e1 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 73 65 6e 64 20 69 74 20 ┆file letter.txt , then send it ┆
0x14040…14060 74 6f 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 77 69 74 68 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆to several people with ┆
0x14060…14080 20 20 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 61 64 61 6d 20 65 76 65 20 6d 61 72 79 20 6a 6f 65 20 3c 6c 65 74 74 65 ┆ mail adam eve mary joe <lette┆
0x14080…140a0 72 2e 74 78 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 34 2e 33 20 20 50 69 70 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆r.txt 6.2.4.3 Pipes ┆
0x140a0…140c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 50 69 70 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 20 66 65 61 74 ┆ Pipes are a unique feat┆
0x140c0…140e0 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 20 70 69 70 65 20 ┆ure of the XENIX system. A pipe ┆
0x140e0…14100 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 61 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 ┆ is simply a way to connect ┆
0x14100…14120 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 ┆the output of one command to ┆
0x14120…14140 80 80 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 ┆ the input of another command, ┆
0x14140…14160 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 61 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 ┆so that the two run as a se┆
0x14160…14180 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 61 20 70 69 70 65 ┆quence of commands called a pipe┆
0x14180…141a0 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 0d 0a 0d ┆line. For example ┆
0x141a0…141c0 0a 09 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 20 6d 65 6d 6f 31 20 6d 65 6d 6f 32 20 6d 65 6d 6f 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ pr memo1 memo2 memo3 ┆
0x141c0…141e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆ prints the files named ┆
0x141e0…14200 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 31 e1 2c 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 6d 65 6d 6f 33 e1 2c 20 0a ┆ memo1 , memo2 , and memo3 , ┆
0x14200…14220 (161,) 19 89 80 80 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 70 61 67 65 ┆ beginning each on a new page┆
0x14220…14240 2e 20 53 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 6d 20 72 75 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆. Suppose you want them run ┆
0x14240…14260 80 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 70 ┆ together instead. You could typ┆
0x14260…1426f 65 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a ┆e: ┆
0x1426f…14272 FormFeed {
0x1426f…14272 0c 83 d8 ┆ ┆
0x1426f…14272 }
0x14272…14280 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 ┆ cat ┆
0x14280…142a0 6d 65 6d 6f 31 20 6d 65 6d 6f 32 20 6d 65 6d 6f 33 3e 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆memo1 memo2 memo3>temp ┆
0x142a0…142c0 20 70 72 20 3c 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ pr <temp rm temp ┆
0x142c0…142e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 6f 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 ┆ to put the contents of ┆
0x142e0…14300 74 68 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6d 65 6d 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆the three memo files into a new ┆
0x14300…14320 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 e1 2c 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 69 ┆ file called temp , print i┆
0x14320…14340 74 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 0a ┆t, then remove. However, it is ┆
0x14340…14360 19 89 80 80 71 75 69 74 65 20 61 20 62 69 74 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 ┆ quite a bit simpler to take ┆
0x14360…14380 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 63 61 74 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 ┆the output of cat and conne┆
0x14380…143a0 63 74 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 70 72 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 ┆ct it to the input of pr, using ┆
0x143a0…143c0 61 20 70 69 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 6d 65 6d 6f 31 20 6d 65 ┆a pipe: cat memo1 me┆
0x143c0…143e0 6d 6f 32 20 6d 65 6d 6f 33 20 20 20 70 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 ┆mo2 memo3 pr The ┆
0x143e0…14400 76 65 72 74 69 63 61 6c 20 62 61 72 20 28 20 29 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 74 ┆vertical bar ( ) means to take t┆
0x14400…14420 (162,) 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 61 74 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 77 ┆he output from cat, which w┆
0x14420…14440 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 67 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 ┆ould normally have gone to the t┆
0x14440…14460 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 70 72 ┆erminal, and put it into pr┆
0x14460…14480 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 ┆ to be formatted. T┆
0x14480…144a0 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 6f 66 20 ┆here are many other examples of ┆
0x144a0…144c0 70 69 70 65 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆pipes. For example, ┆
0x144c0…144e0 6c 73 20 20 20 70 72 20 2d 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 61 ┆ls pr -3 prints a┆
0x144e0…14500 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 63 6f 6c ┆ list of your files in three col┆
0x14500…14520 75 6d 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 63 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 ┆umns. The program wc counts┆
0x14520…14540 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆ the number of lines, words, and┆
0x14540…14560 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 69 74 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2c 20 61 ┆ characters in its input, a┆
0x14560…14580 6e 64 20 77 68 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆nd who prints a list of all ┆
0x14580…145a0 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 2c 20 ┆ the users currently logged in, ┆
0x145a0…145c0 6f 6e 65 20 70 65 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆one per line. Thus, ┆
0x145c0…145e0 77 68 6f 20 20 20 77 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 68 6f 77 20 6d ┆who wc tells how m┆
0x145e0…14600 61 6e 79 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 2e 20 41 6e 64 20 6f 66 ┆any people are logged in. And of┆
0x14600…14620 (163,) 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 73 20 20 20 77 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ course ls wc ┆
0x14620…14640 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ counts your files. ┆
0x14640…14660 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6e 79 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 72 65 61 64 73 20 66 ┆ Any program that reads f┆
0x14660…14680 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 ┆rom the terminal keyboard can ┆
0x14680…146a0 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 70 69 70 65 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 20 41 6e 79 ┆ read from a pipe instead. Any┆
0x146a0…146c0 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 ┆ program that displays outp┆
0x146c0…146e0 75 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 ┆ut to the terminal screen can se┆
0x146e0…14700 6e 64 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 69 70 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e ┆nd input to a pipe. You can┆
0x14700…14720 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 73 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 70 69 70 65 ┆ have as many elements in a pipe┆
0x14720…14740 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4d ┆line as you wish. M┆
0x14740…14760 61 6e 79 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 73 ┆any XENIX programs are written s┆
0x14760…14780 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 79 20 74 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 70 75 ┆o that they take their inpu┆
0x14780…147a0 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 69 66 20 66 69 6c ┆t from one or more files, if fil┆
0x147a0…147c0 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 69 76 65 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 6e ┆e arguments are given. If n┆
0x147c0…147e0 6f 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 79 20 72 65 61 64 ┆o arguments are given, they read┆
0x147e0…14800 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 ┆ from the terminal keyboard┆
0x14800…14820 (164,) 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 75 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 70 69 70 65 6c 69 ┆, and thus can be used in pipeli┆
0x14820…14840 6e 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆nes. For example ┆
0x14840…14860 20 20 70 72 20 33 20 61 6c 62 65 72 74 2e 74 78 74 20 62 65 72 6e 61 72 64 2e 74 78 74 20 63 61 ┆ pr 3 albert.txt bernard.txt ca┆
0x14860…14880 72 6c 2e 74 78 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 70 72 69 6e 74 73 2c 20 69 6e 20 6f ┆rl.txt prints, in o┆
0x14880…148a0 72 64 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 a1 61 6c 62 65 72 74 2e 74 65 78 74 e1 2c 20 a1 ┆rder, the files albert.text , ┆
0x148a0…148c0 62 65 72 6e 61 72 64 2e 74 78 74 e1 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 a1 63 61 72 6c 2e 74 78 74 ┆bernard.txt , and carl.txt┆
0x148c0…148e0 e1 2e 20 42 75 74 20 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 61 6c 62 65 72 74 ┆ . But in cat albert┆
0x148e0…14900 2e 74 78 74 20 62 65 72 6e 61 72 64 2e 74 78 74 20 63 61 72 6c 2e 74 78 74 20 20 20 70 72 0d 0a ┆.txt bernard.txt carl.txt pr ┆
0x14900…14920 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 70 72 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 63 61 74 ┆ pr prints the concat┆
0x14920…14940 65 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 63 6f 6d 69 6e 67 20 64 6f ┆enation of these files coming do┆
0x14940…14960 77 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 69 70 65 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 ┆wn the pipeline. The differ┆
0x14960…14980 65 6e 63 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 65 72 65 2c 20 a1 61 6c 62 65 72 74 2e 74 78 74 e1 2c ┆ence is that here, albert.txt ,┆
0x14980…149a0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 62 65 72 6e 61 72 64 2e 74 78 74 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 63 61 72 6c 2e 74 ┆ bernard.txt , and carl.t┆
0x149a0…149c0 78 74 e1 20 61 72 65 20 72 75 6e 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 ┆xt are run together and then ┆
0x149c0…149e0 89 80 80 74 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 61 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 ┆ treated as one file rather th┆
0x149e0…149ef 61 6e 20 74 68 72 65 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆an three. ┆
0x149ef…149f2 FormFeed {
0x149ef…149f2 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x149ef…149f2 }
0x149f2…14a00 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 35 20 20 20 20 46 72 ┆ 6.2.5 Fr┆
0x14a00…14a20 (165,) 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 55 73 65 64 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆equently Used Commands ┆
0x14a20…14a40 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆ In this subsection, some com┆
0x14a40…14a60 6d 6f 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 6d 6d ┆mon XENIX commands are summ┆
0x14a60…14a80 61 72 69 7a 65 64 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 64 65 73 63 ┆arized. You will find these desc┆
0x14a80…14aa0 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 20 75 73 65 20 74 ┆riptions of immediate use t┆
0x14aa0…14ac0 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6a 75 73 74 20 67 65 74 74 69 6e 67 ┆o you while you are just getting┆
0x14ac0…14ae0 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 ┆ started using your XENIX s┆
0x14ae0…14b00 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 6d 6f 72 ┆ystem. However, as you learn mor┆
0x14b00…14b20 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f ┆e about the system, you sho┆
0x14b20…14b40 75 6c 64 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 ┆uld read the XENIX Fundamentals ┆
0x14b40…14b60 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 ┆ manual, which is a complete┆
0x14b60…14b80 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ introduction to the use of ┆
0x14b80…14ba0 80 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 ┆ the XENIX system. The commands ┆
0x14ba0…14bc0 6c 69 73 74 65 64 20 68 65 72 65 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 72 65 65 ┆listed here represent three┆
0x14bc0…14be0 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 63 74 69 76 69 74 69 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ types of activities: ┆
0x14be0…14c00 20 20 2e 20 84 6c 6f 67 67 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 79 ┆ . logging in and out, using y┆
0x14c00…14c20 (166,) 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 ┆our terminal and lineprinte┆
0x14c20…14c40 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 61 6c 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 ┆r, and dealing with processes ru┆
0x14c40…14c60 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆nning on the system ┆
0x14c60…14c80 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 64 69 72 65 ┆ . manipulating files, dire┆
0x14c80…14ca0 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 72 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 ┆ctories, and your position in ┆
0x14ca0…14cc0 8b 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ the file hierarchy ┆
0x14cc0…14ce0 20 20 2e 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 74 69 6c ┆ . using some basic system util┆
0x14ce0…14d00 69 74 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 72 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c ┆ities Where possibl┆
0x14d00…14d20 65 2c 20 74 72 79 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6f 75 ┆e, try each of these commands ou┆
0x14d20…14d40 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 54 ┆t as you read about them. T┆
0x14d40…14d60 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 ┆here is no substitute for practi┆
0x14d60…14d80 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 4c 6f 67 67 69 6e 67 20 49 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ce. Logging In ┆
0x14d80…14da0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 67 61 69 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆ To gain access to the s┆
0x14da0…14dc0 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 22 6c 6f 67 69 6e 3a 22 20 0a ┆ystem, respond to the "login:" ┆
0x14dc0…14de0 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e ┆ prompt by typing your accoun┆
0x14de0…14e00 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆t name followed by <ENTER>. ┆
0x14e00…14e20 (167,) 80 54 68 65 6e 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 a1 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 e1 3a ┆ Then respond to the password :┆
0x14e20…14e40 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ prompt with your password. ┆
0x14e40…14e60 80 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 61 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 ┆ For example, a login for the us┆
0x14e60…14e80 65 72 20 a1 6a 6f 65 e1 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 ┆er joe might look like th┆
0x14e80…14ea0 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 3a 6a 6f 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆is: login:joe ┆
0x14ea0…14ec0 20 20 20 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 61 62 72 61 63 61 64 61 62 72 61 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ password:abracadabra ┆
0x14ec0…14ee0 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 4e 4f 54 20 61 70 70 65 ┆ The password will NOT appe┆
0x14ee0…14f00 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆ar on the terminal screen as ┆
0x14f00…14f20 80 80 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 35 2e 31 20 20 43 ┆ you type it. 6.2.5.1 C┆
0x14f20…14f40 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 ┆ommands for Using Your Terminal ┆
0x14f40…14f60 61 6e 64 20 4c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 4c 6f 67 ┆and Lineprinter Log┆
0x14f60…14f80 67 69 6e 67 20 4f 75 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 6f 75 74 ┆ging Out The logout┆
0x14f80…14fa0 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 2d 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 6e ┆ procedure is simple - all you n┆
0x14fa0…14fc0 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆eed to do is type: ┆
0x14fc0…14fe0 20 20 20 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 69 6e ┆ <CONTROL-D> Sin┆
0x14fe0…15000 63 65 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 ┆ce within other programs, <CONTR┆
0x15000…15020 (168,) 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 20 73 69 67 6e 69 66 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 64 2d 6f 66 2d ┆OL-D> signifies the end-of-┆
0x15020…15040 66 69 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 74 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 69 74 20 ┆file to the system, at times it ┆
0x15040…15060 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 3c 43 ┆may be necessary to type <C┆
0x15060…15080 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 ┆ONTROL-D> several times before y┆
0x15080…150a0 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6c 6f 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 20 6f 75 74 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ou can log yourself out. ┆
0x150a0…150c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 ┆ Changing Your Passwor┆
0x150c0…150e0 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 70 61 ┆d To change your pa┆
0x150e0…15100 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 ┆ssword, use the passwd command. ┆
0x15100…15120 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f ┆The passwd command will pro┆
0x15120…15140 6d 70 74 20 79 6f 75 20 74 77 69 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 2e 20 46 6f ┆mpt you twice for the answer. Fo┆
0x15140…15160 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6a 6f 65 2c 20 61 20 73 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6d ┆r the user joe, a session m┆
0x15160…15176 69 67 68 74 20 67 6f 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ight go like this: ┆
0x15176…15179 FormFeed {
0x15176…15179 0c 83 d0 ┆ ┆
0x15176…15179 }
0x15179…15180 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x15180…151a0 20 20 20 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6a 6f 65 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ Changing password for joe ┆
0x151a0…151c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 6c 64 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 61 62 72 61 63 61 64 61 62 72 61 0d ┆ Old password:abracadabra ┆
0x151c0…151e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 77 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 20 42 61 7a 6f 6f 6b 61 68 ┆ New password: Bazookah┆
0x151e0…15200 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 65 74 79 70 65 20 6e 65 77 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 20 ┆ Retype new password: ┆
0x15200…15220 (169,) 42 61 7a 6f 6f 6b 61 68 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 ┆Bazookah To maintai┆
0x15220…15240 6e 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 2c 20 a1 e1 79 6f 75 72 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 65 73 20 61 72 65 ┆n security, your responses are┆
0x15240…15260 20 4e 4f 54 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e e1 2e 20 ┆ NOT shown on the screen . ┆
0x15260…15280 49 74 20 69 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 69 78 20 75 70 70 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆It is best to mix uppercase and ┆
0x15280…152a0 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 ┆lowercase letters and make ┆
0x152a0…152c0 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 66 69 76 65 20 0a ┆the password greater than five ┆
0x152c0…152e0 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ characters in length. ┆
0x152e0…15300 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 4f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 0d ┆ Setting Terminal Options ┆
0x15300…15320 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 ┆ There are a number ┆
0x15320…15340 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 ┆of terminal options that can be ┆
0x15340…15360 73 65 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 73 74 74 79 2e 20 ┆set with the command stty. ┆
0x15360…15380 57 68 65 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 73 2c ┆When entered without parameters,┆
0x15380…153a0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 74 79 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 ┆ stty displays the current ┆
0x153a0…153c0 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d ┆terminal settings. For exam┆
0x153c0…153e0 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c ┆ple, typical output might look l┆
0x153e0…15400 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 39 36 30 30 ┆ike this: speed 9600┆
0x15400…15420 (170,) 20 62 61 75 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 72 61 73 65 20 27 20 68 27 20 3b 20 6b 69 6c ┆ baud erase ' h' ; kil┆
0x15420…15440 6c 20 27 20 75 27 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 76 65 6e 20 2d 6e 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆l ' u' even -nl ┆
0x15440…15460 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 61 79 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 74 65 20 6f ┆ This says that the rate o┆
0x15460…15480 66 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 72 61 6e 73 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆f data transmission to and from ┆
0x15480…154a0 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 69 73 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 2c 20 ┆ the terminal is 9600 baud, ┆
0x154a0…154c0 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 73 70 61 63 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 ┆that the backspace character ┆
0x154c0…154e0 80 80 28 65 72 61 73 65 29 20 69 73 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 48 3e 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 ┆ (erase) is <CONTROL-H>, that t┆
0x154e0…15500 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c ┆he line kill character is <┆
0x15500…15520 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 55 3e 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 ┆CONTROL-U>, that even parity is ┆
0x15520…15540 73 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 67 6e 69 ┆set, and that <ENTER> signi┆
0x15540…15560 66 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 6c 69 6e 65 ┆fies the beginning of a new line┆
0x15560…15580 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 ┆. Each of the above charact┆
0x15580…155a0 65 72 69 73 74 69 63 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 74 20 62 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 ┆eristics can be set by using the┆
0x155a0…155c0 20 73 74 74 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 65 6e 74 72 ┆ stty command, or with entr┆
0x155c0…155e0 69 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2e a1 70 ┆ies in a special file called . p┆
0x155e0…15600 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 2e 20 28 53 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 33 2c 20 ┆rofile . (See Section 6.3, ┆
0x15600…15620 (171,) 22 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 61 64 79 20 66 6f 72 20 59 6f ┆"Getting the System Ready for Yo┆
0x15620…15640 75 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 22 2e 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e ┆ur Users".) Changin┆
0x15640…15660 67 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆g Terminals If you ┆
0x15660…15680 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 74 65 72 ┆have to log in to XENIX on a ter┆
0x15680…156a0 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 61 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 ┆minal of a type different t┆
0x156a0…156c0 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 ┆han the terminal you normally us┆
0x156c0…156e0 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 ┆e, you may need to change t┆
0x156e0…15700 68 65 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 54 45 52 4d 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 ┆he shell TERM variable. This is ┆
0x15700…15720 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 20 ┆normally set to the proper ┆
0x15720…15740 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e ┆default terminal when you log in┆
0x15740…15760 2c 20 62 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 ┆, but if you switch termina┆
0x15760…15780 6c 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 27 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e ┆ls, you'll need to type somethin┆
0x15780…157a0 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 45 52 4d 3d a1 74 ┆g like: TERM= t┆
0x157a0…157c0 65 72 6d 6e 61 6d 65 e1 3b 20 65 78 70 6f 72 74 20 54 45 52 4d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ermname ; export TERM ┆
0x157c0…157e0 20 20 84 77 68 65 72 65 20 a1 74 65 72 6d 6e 61 6d 65 e1 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 ┆ where termname is the name ┆
0x157e0…15800 6f 66 20 61 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 41 20 77 69 64 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆of a know terminal. A wide ┆
0x15800…15820 (172,) 76 61 72 69 65 74 79 20 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 ┆variety of terminals are support┆
0x15820…15840 65 64 3b 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 73 74 ┆ed; terminal names are list┆
0x15840…15860 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 2f a1 65 74 ┆ed in the system file named / et┆
0x15860…15880 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 2e 20 28 53 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 36 ┆c/termcap . (See Appendix 6┆
0x15880…158a0 2e 42 2c 20 22 4e 6f 74 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 53 79 73 ┆.B, "Notes on the Multi-user Sys┆
0x158a0…158c0 74 65 6d 22 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 45 72 61 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 43 6f ┆tem"). Erasing a Co┆
0x158c0…158e0 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 4c 69 6e 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6d ┆mmand Line If you m┆
0x158e0…15900 61 6b 65 20 61 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 61 20 63 6f 6d ┆ake a mistake while typing a com┆
0x15900…15920 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 65 72 61 73 65 20 74 68 ┆mand line, you can erase th┆
0x15920…15940 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 74 79 70 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆e current line and retype a new ┆
0x15940…15960 6f 6e 65 2e 20 45 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 55 3e 2c 20 61 ┆one. Enter a <CONTROL-U>, a┆
0x15960…15980 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 61 74 20 66 ┆s shown below: kat f┆
0x15980…159a0 69 6c 65 32 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 55 3e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 66 69 ┆ile2<CONTROL-U> cat fi┆
0x159a0…159c0 6c 65 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 74 ┆le1 In this case, t┆
0x159c0…159e0 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 61 62 6f 72 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 6e ┆he first line is aborted and a n┆
0x159e0…15a00 65 77 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 ┆ewline is generated automat┆
0x15a00…15a20 (173,) 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 79 20 72 65 73 75 6d 65 ┆ically so that typing may resume┆
0x15a20…15a40 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆. You then can enter the co┆
0x15a40…15a60 72 72 65 63 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rrect command line. ┆
0x15a60…15a80 20 20 20 20 b0 48 61 6c 74 69 6e 67 20 53 63 72 65 65 6e 20 4f 75 74 70 75 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ Halting Screen Output ┆
0x15a80…15aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65 78 61 6d 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 ┆ If you are examining the┆
0x15aa0…15ac0 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ contents of a file on the ┆
0x15ac0…15ae0 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6b 65 65 70 20 74 68 ┆terminal screen, you can keep th┆
0x15ae0…15b00 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 6f ┆e contents from scrolling o┆
0x15b00…15b20 66 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 66 61 73 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 ┆ff the screen faster than you ca┆
0x15b20…15b40 6e 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 6f 20 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 69 6c 79 ┆n read them. To temporarily┆
0x15b40…15b60 20 68 61 6c 74 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 27 73 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ halt a program's output to the ┆
0x15b60…15b80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 ┆terminal screen, type <CONT┆
0x15b80…15ba0 52 4f 4c 2d 53 3e 2e 20 54 6f 20 72 65 73 75 6d 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 ┆ROL-S>. To resume output, type a┆
0x15ba0…15bc0 6e 79 20 6b 65 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 3c 49 4e 54 45 52 52 55 50 54 3e 2e 0d ┆ny key except <INTERRUPT>. ┆
0x15bc0…15be0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 53 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 74 ┆ Sending a File to t┆
0x15be0…15c00 68 65 20 4c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 6f 20 70 72 ┆he Lineprinter To pr┆
0x15c00…15c20 (174,) 69 6e 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2c 20 74 79 ┆int files on the lineprinter, ty┆
0x15c20…15c40 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 70 72 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆pe: lpr file1 ┆
0x15c40…15c60 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 6f 72 0d 0a 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ for one file, or ┆
0x15c60…15c80 20 20 20 20 20 6c 70 72 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 66 69 6c 65 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ lpr file1 file2 file3 ┆
0x15c80…15ca0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ for several files. ┆
0x15ca0…15cc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 70 61 67 69 6e 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 ┆ You can also paginate and┆
0x15cc0…15ce0 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 72 61 77 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 62 79 20 0a 19 ┆ print a file of raw text, by ┆
0x15ce0…15d00 89 80 80 74 79 70 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 20 74 65 78 74 66 69 ┆ typing: pr textfi┆
0x15d00…15d20 6c 65 20 20 20 20 6c 70 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 70 72 20 61 6e ┆le lpr The pr an┆
0x15d20…15d40 64 20 6c 70 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 75 73 ┆d lpr commands are very often us┆
0x15d40…15d60 65 64 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 ┆ed together, connected by a┆
0x15d60…15d80 20 70 69 70 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 65 ┆ pipe. As another e┆
0x15d80…15da0 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 72 74 2c 20 70 61 67 69 6e 61 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 ┆xample, to sort, paginate, and p┆
0x15da0…15dc0 72 69 6e 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rint a file, type: ┆
0x15dc0…15de0 20 20 20 20 73 6f 72 74 20 64 61 74 61 66 69 6c 65 20 20 20 70 72 20 20 20 6c 70 72 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ sort datafile pr lpr ┆
0x15de0…15e00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 4c 69 6e 65 20 50 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 51 ┆ Getting Line Printer Q┆
0x15e00…15e20 (175,) 75 65 75 65 20 49 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4d 6f ┆ueue Information Mo┆
0x15e20…15e40 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 77 61 69 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆re than one file may be waiting ┆
0x15e40…15e60 74 6f 20 62 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 ┆to be printed at the linepr┆
0x15e60…15e80 69 6e 74 65 72 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 74 68 ┆inter. XENIX does not require th┆
0x15e80…15ea0 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 62 65 66 6f ┆at the file be printed befo┆
0x15ea0…15ec0 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 70 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 73 2e 20 49 6e 73 ┆re the lpr command finishes. Ins┆
0x15ec0…15ee0 74 65 61 64 2c 20 6c 70 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 73 75 72 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 ┆tead, lpr makes sure only t┆
0x15ee0…15f00 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 ┆hat the file is placed in a spec┆
0x15f00…15f20 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆ial directory where it will┆
0x15f20…15f40 20 77 61 69 74 20 69 74 73 20 74 75 72 6e 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 20 49 66 ┆ wait its turn to be printed. If┆
0x15f40…15f60 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 ┆ you have problems with you┆
0x15f60…15f80 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2c 20 6f 72 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 0a 19 ┆r lineprinter, or want to see ┆
0x15f80…15fa0 89 80 80 68 6f 77 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 77 61 69 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e ┆ how many files are waiting in┆
0x15fa0…15fc0 20 74 68 65 20 71 75 65 75 65 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 73 ┆ the queue, type: ls┆
0x15fc0…15fe0 20 2d 31 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c 2f 6c 70 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 ┆ -1 /usr/spool/lpd ┆
0x15fe0…16000 46 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 57 68 61 74 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 52 ┆Finding out What Processes are R┆
0x16000…16020 (176,) 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆unning Because you ┆
0x16020…16040 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 ┆may have several processes runni┆
0x16040…16060 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 ┆ng simultaneously, you may ┆
0x16060…16080 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 ┆want to check what is currently ┆
0x16080…160a0 0a 19 89 80 80 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 20 70 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 73 74 61 ┆ running. The ps command sta┆
0x160a0…160c0 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 22 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 22 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆nds for "process status" and ┆
0x160c0…160e0 80 80 6c 69 73 74 73 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 ┆ lists information about all th┆
0x160e0…16100 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 ┆e processes associated with┆
0x16100…16120 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 68 ┆ your terminal. For instance, th┆
0x16120…16140 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 70 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆e output from a ps command ┆
0x16140…16159 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆might look like this: ┆
0x16159…1615c FormFeed {
0x16159…1615c 0c 83 b8 ┆ ┆
0x16159…1615c }
0x1615c…16160 0a 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x16160…16180 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 49 44 20 20 20 54 54 59 20 54 49 4d 45 20 43 4d 44 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ PID TTY TIME CMD ┆
0x16180…161a0 20 20 20 31 30 33 30 38 20 33 38 20 20 31 3a 33 36 20 65 64 20 63 68 61 70 30 32 2e 6d 61 6e 0d ┆ 10308 38 1:36 ed chap02.man ┆
0x161a0…161c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 39 20 33 38 20 20 30 3a 32 39 20 2d 73 68 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ 49 38 0:29 -sh ┆
0x161c0…161e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 31 32 36 37 20 33 38 20 20 30 3a 30 30 20 73 68 20 2d 63 20 70 73 0d 0a ┆ 11267 38 0:00 sh -c ps ┆
0x161e0…16200 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 22 50 49 44 22 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 67 69 76 ┆ The "PID" column giv┆
0x16200…16220 (177,) 65 73 20 61 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 ┆es a unique process identificati┆
0x16220…16240 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 ┆on number that can be used ┆
0x16240…16260 74 6f 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 20 0a 19 ┆to kill a particular process. ┆
0x16260…16280 89 80 80 54 68 65 20 22 54 54 59 22 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 ┆ The "TTY" column gives the te┆
0x16280…162a0 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆rminal that the process is ┆
0x162a0…162c0 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 2e 20 54 68 65 20 22 54 49 4d 45 22 20 63 6f 6c 75 ┆associated with. The "TIME" colu┆
0x162c0…162e0 6d 6e 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 74 69 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 65 ┆mn gives the cumulative exe┆
0x162e0…16300 63 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 69 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆cution time for the process. ┆
0x16300…16320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 4b 69 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 61 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ Killing a Process ┆
0x16320…16340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 73 74 6f 70 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 ┆ To stop execution of a ┆
0x16340…16360 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 3c 49 4e 54 45 ┆process, you can type <INTE┆
0x16360…16380 52 52 55 50 54 3e 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 6f 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 ┆RRUPT>. However, to kill all of ┆
0x16380…163a0 79 6f 75 72 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e ┆your processes executing in┆
0x163a0…163c0 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 ┆ the background, you will need t┆
0x163c0…163e0 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 54 79 70 ┆o use the kill command. Typ┆
0x163e0…16400 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆e: kill 0 ┆
0x16400…16420 (178,) 20 20 84 74 6f 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 ┆ to kill all of your processes┆
0x16420…16440 2e 20 54 6f 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆. To kill only a specified ┆
0x16440…16460 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 67 72 6f ┆process executing in the backgro┆
0x16460…16480 75 6e 64 2c 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆und, first use the ps comma┆
0x16480…164a0 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 ┆nd to find out which processes a┆
0x164a0…164c0 72 65 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 69 72 20 70 ┆re running and what their p┆
0x164c0…164e0 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rocess ID numbers are: ┆
0x164e0…16500 20 20 20 50 49 44 20 20 20 54 54 59 20 54 49 4d 45 20 43 4d 44 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ PID TTY TIME CMD ┆
0x16500…16520 33 34 35 39 20 20 30 33 20 20 30 3a 31 35 20 2d 73 68 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 38 33 ┆3459 03 0:15 -sh 483┆
0x16520…16540 31 20 20 30 33 20 20 31 3a 35 32 20 65 64 20 63 68 61 70 30 31 2e 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆1 03 1:52 ed chap01.s ┆
0x16540…16560 20 20 35 31 38 35 20 20 30 33 20 20 30 3a 30 30 20 73 68 20 2d 63 20 70 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ 5185 03 0:00 sh -c ps ┆
0x16560…16580 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 78 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ Next, you might type ┆
0x16580…165a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 34 38 33 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 ┆ kill 4831 wh┆
0x165a0…165c0 65 72 65 20 34 38 33 31 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 50 49 44 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 ┆ere 4831 is the PID of the proce┆
0x165c0…165e0 73 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 69 6c 6c 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ss that you want killed. ┆
0x165e0…16600 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 4d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆ 6.2.5.2 File Manipulation ┆
0x16600…16620 (179,) 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 46 ┆Commands Creating F┆
0x16620…16640 69 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 ┆iles To create a new┆
0x16640…16660 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ file, simply type: ┆
0x16660…16680 3e 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 48 65 72 65 2c 20 a1 66 69 ┆>filename Here, fi┆
0x16680…166a0 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 e1 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 6c 79 ┆lename is the name of the newly┆
0x166a0…166c0 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 2d ┆ created file. The greater-┆
0x166c0…166e0 74 68 61 6e 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 3e 29 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 ┆than sign (>) is used to redirec┆
0x166e0…16700 74 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 ┆t output from the terminal ┆
0x16700…16720 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 2c 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆to a file. In general, new files┆
0x16720…16740 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 ┆ are created automatically ┆
0x16740…16760 62 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 73 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆by commands as needed. ┆
0x16760…16780 20 20 20 b0 44 69 73 70 6c 61 79 69 6e 67 20 46 69 6c 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ Displaying File Contents ┆
0x16780…167a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 ┆ To display the content┆
0x167a0…167c0 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆s of a file, use the cat command┆
0x167c0…167e0 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 43 61 74 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 ┆. Cat displays the contents┆
0x167e0…16800 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 ┆ of a file on the default s┆
0x16800…16820 (180,) 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 ┆tandard output file which is the┆
0x16820…16837 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a ┆ terminal screen. For ┆
0x16837…1683a FormFeed {
0x16837…1683a 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x16837…1683a }
0x1683a…16840 0a 19 89 80 80 65 ┆ e┆
0x16840…16860 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 ┆xample, the following command di┆
0x16860…16880 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 66 69 6c ┆splays the contents of fil┆
0x16880…168a0 65 31 e1 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 ┆e1 on the screen: c┆
0x168a0…168c0 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c ┆at file1 Cat can al┆
0x168c0…168e0 73 6f 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 ┆so display the contents of more ┆
0x168e0…16900 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆than one file as in ┆
0x16900…16920 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ cat file1 file2 ┆
0x16920…16940 20 b0 43 6f 6d 62 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 46 69 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 ┆ Combining Files T┆
0x16940…16960 68 65 20 63 61 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 22 63 6f 6e 63 61 ┆he cat command stands for "conca┆
0x16960…16980 74 65 6e 61 74 65 22 2e 20 49 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 ┆tenate". It can be used to ┆
0x16980…169a0 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 6e ┆combine several files into one n┆
0x169a0…169c0 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 65 20 74 ┆ew file. Thus, to combine t┆
0x169c0…169e0 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 ┆he two files named file1 and ┆
0x169e0…16a00 66 69 6c 65 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 ┆file2 , and to create a new┆
0x16a00…16a20 (181,) 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 62 69 67 66 69 6c 65 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ file named bigfile , type: ┆
0x16a20…16a40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 3e 62 69 67 66 69 6c ┆ cat file1 file2 >bigfil┆
0x16a40…16a60 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 2d 74 68 61 6e 20 ┆e The greater-than ┆
0x16a60…16a80 73 69 67 6e 20 28 3e 29 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 20 6e 6f 72 ┆sign (>) is used to redirect nor┆
0x16a80…16aa0 6d 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆mal output of the cat comma┆
0x16aa0…16ac0 6e 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 0a ┆nd from the terminal screen to ┆
0x16ac0…16ae0 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 4d ┆ the new file. M┆
0x16ae0…16b00 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 ┆oving a File You ca┆
0x16b00…16b20 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 64 69 66 66 ┆n use the mv command in two diff┆
0x16b20…16b40 65 72 65 6e 74 20 77 61 79 73 2e 20 46 69 72 73 74 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆erent ways. First, you can ┆
0x16b40…16b60 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 6e 65 77 ┆move a file so that it has a new┆
0x16b60…16b80 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 ┆ name. For instance, to mov┆
0x16b80…16ba0 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 74 65 78 74 e1 20 74 6f 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 66 ┆e a file named text to a new f┆
0x16ba0…16bc0 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 62 6f 6f 6b e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ile named book , type: ┆
0x16bc0…16be0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 74 65 78 74 20 62 6f 6f 6b 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ mv text book ┆
0x16be0…16c00 20 20 84 41 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 73 2c 20 6e 6f ┆ After this move completes, no┆
0x16c00…16c20 (182,) 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 74 65 78 74 e1 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 65 78 69 73 74 20 0a 19 ┆ file named text will exist ┆
0x16c20…16c40 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 ┆ in the working directory. In ┆
0x16c40…16c60 65 66 66 65 63 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 ┆effect, you are actually re┆
0x16c60…16c80 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 74 65 78 74 e1 2e 20 59 ┆naming the file called text . Y┆
0x16c80…16ca0 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 ┆ou can also move a file int┆
0x16ca0…16cc0 6f 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 ┆o a specified directory. You mus┆
0x16cc0…16ce0 74 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 74 ┆t give the name of the dest┆
0x16ce0…16d00 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ination directory after the name┆
0x16d00…16d20 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 ┆ of the file you are moving┆
0x16d20…16d40 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 20 ┆. For instance, to move file1 ┆
0x16d40…16d60 61 6e 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 32 e1 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆and file2 into the direct┆
0x16d60…16d80 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 2f a1 74 6d 70 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ory named / tmp , type: ┆
0x16d80…16da0 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 2f 74 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ mv file1 file2 /tmp ┆
0x16da0…16dc0 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6d 6f 76 65 ┆ The two files you have move┆
0x16dc0…16de0 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 69 73 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆d will disappear from your ┆
0x16de0…16e00 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 62 65 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 ┆working directory, and be added ┆
0x16e00…16e20 (183,) 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2f a1 74 6d 70 e1 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 ┆to the directory / tmp . Th┆
0x16e20…16e40 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 68 61 73 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 ┆e above command has exactly the ┆
0x16e40…16e60 73 61 6d 65 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 20 61 73 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 ┆same effect as typing the f┆
0x16e60…16e80 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 77 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ollowing two commands: ┆
0x16e80…16ea0 20 20 20 6d 76 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 2f 74 6d 70 2f 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ mv file1 /tmp/file1 ┆
0x16ea0…16ec0 20 6d 76 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 2f 74 6d 70 2f 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ mv file2 /tmp/file2 ┆
0x16ec0…16ee0 20 84 52 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 ┆ Remember that the mv command a┆
0x16ee0…16f00 6c 77 61 79 73 20 63 68 65 63 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆lways checks to see if the ┆
0x16f00…16f20 6c 61 73 74 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 ┆last argument is the name of a d┆
0x16f20…16f40 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 66 20 73 6f 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 ┆irectory, and if so, all fi┆
0x16f40…16f60 6c 65 73 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d ┆les designated by filename argum┆
0x16f60…16f80 65 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 ┆ents are moved into that di┆
0x16f80…16fa0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 61 6e 6f 6e 20 6a 6f 68 ┆rectory. mv anon joh┆
0x16fa0…16fa8 6e 64 6f 65 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ndoe ┆
0x16fa8…16fab FormFeed {
0x16fa8…16fab 0c 83 c8 ┆ ┆
0x16fa8…16fab }
0x16fab…16fc0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 6f 70 79 69 6e 67 20 61 20 ┆ Copying a ┆
0x16fc0…16fe0 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 77 6f 20 ┆File There are two ┆
0x16fe0…17000 77 61 79 73 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 70 ┆ways in which you can use the cp┆
0x17000…17020 (184,) 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 69 72 73 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 6f ┆ command. First, you can co┆
0x17020…17040 70 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 ┆py one file to another file. You┆
0x17040…17060 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 ┆ can also copy one or more ┆
0x17060…17080 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 ┆files into a directory. To creat┆
0x17080…170a0 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 77 6f 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 79 ┆e two copies of a file in y┆
0x170a0…170c0 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a ┆our own working directory, you ┆
0x170c0…170e0 19 89 80 80 6d 75 73 74 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 63 6f 70 79 2e 20 54 6f ┆ must rename the new copy. To┆
0x170e0…17100 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 70 20 66 ┆ do this, type: cp f┆
0x17100…17120 69 6c 65 20 63 6c 6f 6e 65 2d 6f 66 2d 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 ┆ile clone-of-file Y┆
0x17120…17140 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 77 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 ┆ou will now have two files with ┆
0x17140…17160 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆identical contents in your ┆
0x17160…17180 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆working directory. ┆
0x17180…171a0 54 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆To copy three files into a direc┆
0x171a0…171c0 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 64 69 72 e1 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 3a ┆tory named filedir , type:┆
0x171c0…171e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 70 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ cp file1 file2 file┆
0x171e0…17200 33 20 66 69 6c 65 64 69 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 ┆3 filedir In the ab┆
0x17200…17220 (185,) 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 63 6f 70 ┆ove command, three files are cop┆
0x17220…17240 69 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 66 69 6c ┆ied into the directory fil┆
0x17240…17260 65 64 69 72 e1 3b 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 73 74 69 ┆edir ; the original versions sti┆
0x17260…17280 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 ┆ll reside in your working d┆
0x17280…172a0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 6f 6e 65 2d 74 6f 2d 6f 6e 65 20 ┆irectory. There is a one-to-one ┆
0x172a0…172c0 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 65 6e 63 65 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ correspondence between the ┆
0x172c0…172e0 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆names in the two directories. ┆
0x172e0…17300 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 44 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 20 41 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ Deleting A File ┆
0x17300…17320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 6f 72 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ To delete or remove file┆
0x17320…17340 73 2c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 66 ┆s, simply type: rm f┆
0x17340…17360 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 61 ┆ile1 file2 In the a┆
0x17360…17380 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 20 ┆bove command, the files file1 ┆
0x17380…173a0 61 6e 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 32 e1 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f ┆and file2 are removed fro┆
0x173a0…173c0 6d 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆m your working directory. ┆
0x173c0…173e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 50 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 57 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 44 69 72 ┆ Printing Your Working Dir┆
0x173e0…17400 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 70 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ectory The pwd comm┆
0x17400…17420 (186,) 61 6e 64 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 22 70 72 69 6e 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 ┆and stands for "print working di┆
0x17420…17440 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 22 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 69 66 20 ┆rectory". For instance, if ┆
0x17440…17460 79 6f 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 ┆your current working directory i┆
0x17460…17480 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 65 e1 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 ┆s / usr/joe , then when you┆
0x17480…174a0 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 77 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ type pwd ┆
0x174a0…174c0 20 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ you will get the output: ┆
0x174c0…174e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 ┆ /usr/joe You┆
0x174e0…17500 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 ┆ should always think of yourself┆
0x17500…17520 20 61 73 20 72 65 73 69 64 69 6e 67 20 22 69 6e 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b ┆ as residing "in" your work┆
0x17520…17540 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 4c 69 73 74 ┆ing directory. List┆
0x17540…17560 69 6e 67 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ing Directory Contents ┆
0x17560…17580 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6d ┆ The most basic directory com┆
0x17580…175a0 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 6c 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6c 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆mand is ls. The ls command ┆
0x175a0…175c0 73 6f 72 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆sorts and lists the names of the┆
0x175c0…175e0 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 ┆ files and directories that┆
0x175e0…17600 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 55 6e ┆ reside in a given directory. Un┆
0x17600…17620 (187,) 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 2c ┆less you specify otherwise,┆
0x17620…17640 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 ┆ the contents of your working di┆
0x17640…17660 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 73 74 65 64 2e 20 49 66 20 61 72 67 75 ┆rectory are listed. If argu┆
0x17660…17680 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 64 ┆ments are given, then for each d┆
0x17680…176a0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 6c 73 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 ┆irectory argument ls lists ┆
0x176a0…176c0 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆the contents of the given direct┆
0x176c0…176e0 6f 72 79 3b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 ┆ory; for each file argument┆
0x176e0…17700 2c 20 6c 73 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 73 20 69 74 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆, ls repeats its name. For ┆
0x17700…17720 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆instance, if you type ┆
0x17720…17740 20 20 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 ┆ ls the output┆
0x17740…17760 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 6c ┆ from the command might typicall┆
0x17760…17780 79 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆y look like this: ┆
0x17780…177a0 20 20 20 64 69 72 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 69 72 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ dir1 dir2 ┆
0x177a0…177c0 20 64 69 72 33 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ dir3 file1 ┆
0x177c0…177e0 66 69 6c 65 32 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6c 65 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆file2 file3 ┆
0x177e0…17800 20 20 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆ Using the same directory, the┆
0x17800…17820 (188,) 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 73 20 64 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ command ls d* ┆
0x17820…17840 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6c 69 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74 ┆ would list the files wit┆
0x17840…17860 68 69 6e 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆hin each of the directories ┆
0x17860…17880 80 a1 64 69 72 31 e1 2c 20 a1 64 69 72 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 64 69 72 33 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ dir1 , dir2 , and dir3 . ┆
0x17880…178a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆ The lc command, which ┆
0x178a0…178c0 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 22 6c 69 73 74 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 73 22 2c 20 0a 19 ┆stands for "list in columns", ┆
0x178c0…178e0 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 6d ┆ prints names in columns, so m┆
0x178e0…17900 6f 72 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 66 69 74 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ore information can fit on ┆
0x17900…17920 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 6c 73 2e ┆the screen at once than with ls.┆
0x17920…17940 20 41 20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0d ┆ A sample listing follows: ┆
0x17940…17960 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 74 66 69 6c 65 20 20 20 20 68 65 6c 70 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ atfile help ┆
0x17960…17980 20 6f 65 6d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 69 7a 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 76 30 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ oem size v0 ┆
0x17980…179a0 20 20 20 62 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 62 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 70 65 72 73 20 20 ┆ bin lib papers ┆
0x179a0…179c0 20 20 73 72 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 76 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 ┆ src v1 calend┆
0x179c0…179e0 61 72 20 20 6d 61 6b 65 74 61 70 65 20 20 20 70 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 ┆ar maketape po termcap┆
0x179e0…17a00 20 20 20 20 76 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6d 64 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 65 6d 6f 73 ┆ v2 cmds memos┆
0x17a00…17a20 (189,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 6f 72 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 65 72 6d 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 20 76 35 0d 0a 20 ┆ port termnames v5 ┆
0x17a20…17a40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 74 20 20 20 6d 67 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 6f ┆ convert mgr pro┆
0x17a40…17a60 62 73 20 20 20 20 20 74 65 73 74 2e 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 6f 65 6d 20 20 20 20 ┆bs test.s doem ┆
0x17a60…17a80 20 20 6d 6b 66 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 61 6e 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 65 73 74 64 69 72 0d 0a ┆ mkfs rand testdir ┆
0x17a80…17aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 72 72 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 73 67 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 61 ┆ errs msg ra┆
0x17aa0…17ac0 6e 64 2e 63 20 20 20 20 74 74 63 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 72 72 73 2e 73 68 20 20 20 ┆nd.c ttc errs.sh ┆
0x17ac0…17ae0 6e 72 6f 66 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 63 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 79 70 65 73 65 74 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆nroff sco typeset ┆
0x17ae0…17b00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4c 63 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6c 65 74 73 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 63 75 72 ┆ Lc also lets you recur┆
0x17b00…17b20 73 69 76 65 6c 79 20 6c 69 73 74 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 ┆sively list a directory and all ┆
0x17b20…17b40 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 73 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 62 79 20 74 79 ┆of its subdirectories by ty┆
0x17b40…17b60 70 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 63 20 2d 52 0d 0a 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ping lc -R ┆
0x17b60…17b80 20 20 20 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 2d 52 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 72 65 63 75 ┆ where the -R stands for recu┆
0x17b80…17ba0 72 73 69 76 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 76 65 ┆rsive. A command ve┆
0x17ba0…17bc0 72 79 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 63 20 69 73 20 6c 2e 20 4c 20 ┆ry similar to ls and lc is l. L ┆
0x17bc0…17be0 67 69 76 65 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 70 61 6e 64 65 64 20 22 6c 6f 6e 67 22 20 6c 69 ┆gives an expanded "long" li┆
0x17be0…17c00 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 69 6e 67 20 ┆sting of a directory, producing ┆
0x17c00…17c20 (190,) 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 73 ┆an output that might look s┆
0x17c20…17c40 6f 6d 65 74 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 ┆ometing like this: t┆
0x17c40…17c60 6f 74 61 6c 20 35 30 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 72 77 78 72 2d 78 2d 2d 2d 20 32 20 ┆otal 501 drwxr-x--- 2 ┆
0x17c60…17c80 62 6f 72 69 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 37 32 20 41 70 72 20 20 35 20 31 34 3a 33 33 20 64 69 72 ┆boris 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir┆
0x17c80…17ca0 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 72 77 78 72 2d 78 2d 2d 2d 20 32 20 65 6e 69 64 20 20 20 ┆1 drwxr-x--- 2 enid ┆
0x17ca0…17cc0 20 20 20 20 20 32 37 32 20 41 70 72 20 20 35 20 31 34 3a 33 33 20 64 69 72 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ 272 Apr 5 14:33 dir2 ┆
0x17cc0…17ce0 20 20 20 20 20 64 72 77 78 72 2d 78 2d 2d 2d 20 32 20 69 72 69 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 39 ┆ drwxr-x--- 2 iris 59┆
0x17ce0…17d00 32 20 41 70 72 20 20 36 20 31 31 3a 31 32 20 64 69 72 33 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 ┆2 Apr 6 11:12 dir3 -r┆
0x17d00…17d20 77 2d 72 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 31 20 6f 6c 61 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 38 32 20 41 70 72 20 20 ┆w-r----- 1 olaf 282 Apr ┆
0x17d20…17d40 37 20 31 35 3a 31 31 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 72 2d 2d 2d ┆7 15:11 file1 -rw-r---┆
0x17d40…17d60 2d 2d 20 31 20 6f 6c 61 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 32 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 31 33 3a 35 ┆-- 1 olaf 72 Apr 7 13:5┆
0x17d60…17d80 30 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 72 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 31 20 6f ┆0 file2 -rw-r----- 1 o┆
0x17d80…17da0 6c 61 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 30 33 20 41 70 72 20 20 31 20 31 33 3a 32 32 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆laf 1403 Apr 1 13:22 file┆
0x17da0…17dc0 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 52 65 61 64 69 6e 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6c 65 66 74 ┆3 Reading from left┆
0x17dc0…17de0 20 74 6f 20 72 69 67 68 74 2c 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 67 69 76 65 6e ┆ to right, the information given┆
0x17de0…17e00 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 61 63 68 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆ for each file or directory┆
0x17e00…17e20 (191,) 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2e 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 ┆ includes: 1. Permis┆
0x17e20…17e40 73 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 2e 20 4e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 6c ┆sions 2. Number of l┆
0x17e40…17e60 69 6e 6b 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 2e 20 4f 77 6e 65 72 0d 0a 0d ┆inks 3. Owner ┆
0x17e60…17e80 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 2e 20 53 69 7a 65 20 69 6e 20 62 79 74 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ 4. Size in bytes ┆
0x17e80…17ea0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 35 2e 20 54 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 ┆ 5. Time of last modificat┆
0x17ea0…17ec0 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 2e 20 46 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ion 6. Filename ┆
0x17ec0…17ee0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 ┆ The information in this┆
0x17ee0…17f00 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ listing and how to change ┆
0x17f00…17f20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 65 64 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 2e ┆permissions are discussed below.┆
0x17f20…17f40 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 57 6f 72 6b ┆ Changing Your Work┆
0x17f40…17f60 69 6e 67 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 72 20 ┆ing Directory Your ┆
0x17f60…17f80 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 73 20 79 6f 75 ┆working directory represents you┆
0x17f80…17fa0 72 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 ┆r location in the file syst┆
0x17fa0…17fc0 65 6d 3a 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 22 77 68 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 22 20 69 6e 20 58 45 4e ┆em: it is "where you are" in XEN┆
0x17fc0…17fe0 49 58 2e 20 54 6f 20 61 6c 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆IX. To alter your location ┆
0x17fe0…18000 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 ┆in the XENIX file system, you ne┆
0x18000…18020 (192,) 65 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 ┆ed only type: c┆
0x18020…18040 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆d This changes your┆
0x18040…18060 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 66 20 79 6f ┆ working directory to that of yo┆
0x18060…18080 75 72 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 ┆ur home directory. To move ┆
0x18080…180a0 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 0a ┆to any other directory, simply ┆
0x180a0…180c0 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 73 20 61 6e ┆ specify that directory as an┆
0x180c0…180e0 20 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 63 64 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 61 6e ┆ argument to cd. For instan┆
0x180e0…18100 63 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 64 20 2f 75 73 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ce cd /usr ┆
0x18100…18120 20 20 20 84 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 75 73 72 e1 20 64 69 72 65 ┆ moves you to the / usr dire┆
0x18120…18140 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 0a 19 ┆ctory. Because you are always ┆
0x18140…18160 89 80 80 22 69 6e 22 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 ┆ "in" your working directory, ┆
0x18160…18180 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 ┆changing working directorie┆
0x18180…181a0 73 20 69 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 22 74 72 61 76 65 6c 69 6e 67 22 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆s is much like "traveling" from ┆
0x181a0…181c0 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆directory to directory. ┆
0x181c0…181e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 43 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a ┆ Creating a Directory ┆
0x181e0…18200 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 ┆ To create a subdirec┆
0x18200…18220 (193,) 74 6f 72 79 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 ┆tory in your working directory, ┆
0x18220…18240 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 ┆use the mkdir command. For ┆
0x18240…18260 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 ┆instance, to create a new d┆
0x18260…18280 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 e1 2c 20 73 ┆irectory named phonenumbers , s┆
0x18280…182a0 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 20 70 68 ┆imply type: mkdir ph┆
0x182a0…182c0 6f 6e 65 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆onenumbers Now you ┆
0x182c0…182e0 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 2c 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆will have a new, empty directory┆
0x182e0…18300 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ in your home directory. ┆
0x18300…18320 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d ┆ Removing a Directory ┆
0x18320…18340 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆ To remove a directo┆
0x18340…18360 72 79 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆ry located in your working direc┆
0x18360…18380 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 64 69 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆tory, use the rmdir command┆
0x18380…183a0 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆. For instance, to remove the ┆
0x183a0…183c0 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 ┆ directory named phonenumbers┆
0x183c0…183e0 e1 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 0a 19 ┆ from the current directory, ┆
0x183e0…18400 89 80 80 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 64 69 ┆ simply type: rmdi┆
0x18400…18420 (194,) 72 20 70 68 6f 6e 65 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 ┆r phonenumbers The ┆
0x18420…18440 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 e1 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 ┆directory phonenumbers must be┆
0x18440…18460 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 72 65 6d ┆ empty before it can be rem┆
0x18460…18480 6f 76 65 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 73 20 79 6f 75 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 63 63 ┆oved. This prevents you from acc┆
0x18480…184a0 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e ┆identally deleting files an┆
0x184a0…184b2 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆d directories. ┆
0x184b2…184b5 FormFeed {
0x184b2…184b5 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x184b2…184b5 }
0x184b5…184c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 ┆ ┆
0x184c0…184e0 52 65 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 61 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆Renaming a Directory ┆
0x184e0…18500 20 84 54 6f 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 ┆ To rename a directory, use the┆
0x18500…18520 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 6f ┆ mv command, just as you wo┆
0x18520…18540 75 6c 64 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 65 72 65 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 4e ┆uld if you were moving a file. N┆
0x18540…18560 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 74 68 ┆ote that directories and th┆
0x18560…18580 65 69 72 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 77 69 74 ┆eir contents cannot be moved wit┆
0x18580…185a0 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆h the mv command; they can ┆
0x185a0…185c0 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 64 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 ┆only be renamed. For instance, t┆
0x185c0…185e0 6f 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 a1 6c 69 74 ┆o rename the directory lit┆
0x185e0…18600 74 6c 65 2e 64 69 72 e1 20 74 6f 20 a1 62 69 67 2e 64 69 72 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆tle.dir to big.dir , type: ┆
0x18600…18620 (195,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 2e 64 69 72 20 62 69 67 2e 64 69 72 0d 0a ┆ mv little.dir big.dir ┆
0x18620…18640 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 72 65 6e ┆ This is a simple ren┆
0x18640…18660 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b 20 6e 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f ┆aming operation; no files are mo┆
0x18660…18680 76 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 35 2e 33 20 20 42 61 73 69 63 20 53 79 73 74 65 ┆ved. 6.2.5.3 Basic Syste┆
0x18680…186a0 6d 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 46 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 ┆m Utilities Finding┆
0x186a0…186c0 20 4f 75 74 20 57 68 6f 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ Out Who is on the System ┆
0x186c0…186e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 77 68 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 74 68 65 ┆ The who command lists the┆
0x186e0…18700 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 2c 20 0a ┆ names, terminal line numbers, ┆
0x18700…18720 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 ┆ and login times of all users┆
0x18720…18740 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 ┆ currently logged on the sy┆
0x18740…18760 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆stem. For example, type: ┆
0x18760…18780 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 6f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆ who This comma┆
0x18780…187a0 6e 64 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 ┆nd should produce something like┆
0x187a0…187c0 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f ┆ the following output on yo┆
0x187c0…187e0 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ur terminal screen: ┆
0x187e0…18800 61 72 6e 6f 6c 64 20 20 20 74 74 79 30 32 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 31 30 3a 30 32 0d 0a 20 ┆arnold tty02 Apr 7 10:02 ┆
0x18800…18820 (196,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 61 70 68 6e 65 20 20 20 74 74 79 32 31 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 ┆ daphne tty21 Apr 7 ┆
0x18820…18840 30 37 3a 34 37 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 6c 6c 69 6f 74 20 20 20 74 74 79 32 33 20 20 ┆07:47 elliot tty23 ┆
0x18840…18860 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 31 34 3a 32 31 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 6c 6c 65 6e 20 20 20 ┆ Apr 7 14:21 ellen ┆
0x18860…18880 20 74 74 79 32 35 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 30 38 3a 33 36 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ tty25 Apr 7 08:36 ┆
0x18880…188a0 67 75 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 74 79 32 36 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 30 39 3a 35 35 0d 0a 20 ┆gus tty26 Apr 7 09:55 ┆
0x188a0…188c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 64 72 69 61 6e 20 20 20 74 74 79 32 38 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 20 37 20 ┆ adrian tty28 Apr 7 ┆
0x188c0…188e0 31 34 3a 32 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 53 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 46 69 6c ┆14:21 Sorting a Fil┆
0x188e0…18900 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 6f 72 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆e The sort command ┆
0x18900…18920 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆is one of the most useful XENIX ┆
0x18920…18940 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 42 ┆file processing commands. B┆
0x18940…18960 79 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 2c 20 73 6f 72 74 20 73 6f 72 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 ┆y default, sort sorts the lines ┆
0x18960…18980 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 63 63 6f 72 64 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆of a file according to the ┆
0x18980…189a0 41 53 43 49 49 20 63 6f 6c 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 ┆ASCII collating sequence. For ┆
0x189a0…189c0 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 72 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 ┆ example, to sort a file named┆
0x189c0…189e0 20 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 6c 69 73 74 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ phonelist , type: ┆
0x189e0…18a00 73 6f 72 74 20 70 68 6f 6e 65 6c 69 73 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 ┆sort phonelist In t┆
0x18a00…18a20 (197,) 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 72 74 65 64 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e ┆he above case, the sorted conten┆
0x18a20…18a40 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 ┆ts of the file are displaye┆
0x18a40…18a60 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 54 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 73 6f 72 ┆d on the screen. To create a sor┆
0x18a60…18a80 74 65 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 6c 69 73 74 e1 20 ┆ted version of phonelist ┆
0x18a80…18aa0 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 70 68 6f 6e 65 73 6f 72 74 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆named phonesort , type: ┆
0x18aa0…18ac0 20 20 20 20 20 73 6f 72 74 20 70 68 6f 6e 65 6c 69 73 74 20 3e 70 68 6f 6e 65 73 6f 72 74 0d 0a ┆ sort phonelist >phonesort ┆
0x18ac0…18ae0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 6f 72 74 20 69 73 20 75 73 ┆ Note that sort is us┆
0x18ae0…18b00 65 66 75 6c 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆eful in sorting the output from ┆
0x18b00…18b20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 ┆ other commands. For example┆
0x18b20…18b40 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 ┆, to sort the output from e┆
0x18b40…18b60 78 65 63 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 77 68 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a ┆xecution of a who command, type:┆
0x18b60…18b80 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 6f 20 20 20 73 6f 72 74 20 3e 77 68 6f 73 6f 72 74 ┆ who sort >whosort┆
0x18b80…18ba0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 77 69 64 65 20 76 61 72 69 65 74 79 20 6f 66 20 ┆ A wide variety of ┆
0x18ba0…18bc0 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 ┆other sorting options are availa┆
0x18bc0…18bd6 62 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 73 6f 72 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ble for sort. ┆
0x18bd6…18bd9 FormFeed {
0x18bd6…18bd9 0c 83 c8 ┆ ┆
0x18bd6…18bd9 }
0x18bd9…18be0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x18be0…18c00 20 20 20 b0 53 65 61 72 63 68 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 50 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 ┆ Searching for a Pattern in a┆
0x18c00…18c20 (198,) 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 67 72 65 70 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ File The grep comm┆
0x18c20…18c40 61 6e 64 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 74 72 61 63 74 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 66 ┆and selects and extracts lines f┆
0x18c40…18c60 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 ┆rom a file, printing only t┆
0x18c60…18c80 68 6f 73 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 61 74 63 68 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 70 61 ┆hose lines that match a given pa┆
0x18c80…18ca0 74 74 65 72 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c ┆ttern. For example,┆
0x18ca0…18cc0 20 74 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 6f 75 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c ┆ to print out all lines in a fil┆
0x18cc0…18ce0 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 22 74 74 79 33 ┆e containing the word "tty3┆
0x18ce0…18d00 38 22 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 67 72 65 70 20 27 74 74 79 33 ┆8", type: grep 'tty3┆
0x18d00…18d20 38 27 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 2c ┆8' file In general,┆
0x18d20…18d40 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 65 6e 63 6c 6f 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 ┆ you should always enclose the p┆
0x18d40…18d60 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 69 6e 67 20 66 6f ┆attern you are searching fo┆
0x18d60…18d80 72 20 69 6e 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 71 75 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 73 20 28 27 29 2c ┆r in single quotation marks ('),┆
0x18d80…18da0 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 6d 65 74 61 63 68 61 72 61 63 ┆ so that special metacharac┆
0x18da0…18dc0 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 78 70 61 6e 64 65 64 20 75 6e 65 78 70 65 63 74 65 64 ┆ters are not expanded unexpected┆
0x18dc0…18de0 6c 79 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 74 ┆ly by the shell command int┆
0x18de0…18e00 65 72 70 72 65 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 b0 46 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 ┆erpreter. Finding ┆
0x18e00…18e20 (199,) 4f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 54 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 44 61 74 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆Out the Time and Date ┆
0x18e20…18e40 20 20 84 54 6f 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 ┆ To get the current time and d┆
0x18e40…18e60 61 74 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 61 74 65 ┆ate simply type date┆
0x18e60…18e80 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 65 74 20 61 20 73 69 6d ┆ You will get a sim┆
0x18e80…18ea0 70 6c 65 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 6d ┆ple answer in the following form┆
0x18ea0…18ec0 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 75 65 20 46 65 62 20 31 38 20 31 39 3a 30 32 3a 31 ┆: Tue Feb 18 19:02:1┆
0x18ec0…18ee0 39 20 50 53 54 20 31 39 38 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 20 20 20 20 54 65 78 74 20 ┆9 PST 1983 6.2.6 Text ┆
0x18ee0…18f00 45 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 45 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 65 78 ┆Editing with Ed Tex┆
0x18f00…18f20 74 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 2d 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 69 ┆t editing - the capacity to mani┆
0x18f20…18f40 70 75 6c 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 20 ┆pulate the contents of any ┆
0x18f40…18f60 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 ┆file, whether it contains writte┆
0x18f60…18f80 6e 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 63 6f ┆n text, data, or program co┆
0x18f80…18fa0 64 65 20 2d 20 69 73 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 20 ┆de - is essential for using any ┆
0x18fa0…18fc0 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 66 66 65 ┆computer system. XENIX offe┆
0x18fc0…18fe0 72 73 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6c 61 74 65 64 20 ┆rs several editors, and related ┆
0x18fe0…19000 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 72 65 63 6f 67 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6c ┆ pattern recognition and fil┆
0x19000…19020 (200,) 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 69 73 6f 6e 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆e comparison utilities for ┆
0x19020…19040 75 73 65 20 62 6f 74 68 20 69 6e 20 74 65 78 74 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆use both in text processing and ┆
0x19040…19060 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 ┆programming. These tools ar┆
0x19060…19080 65 20 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 65 64 20 61 74 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e ┆e discussed at length in the XEN┆
0x19080…190a0 49 58 20 46 75 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 49 6e 20 ┆IX Fundamentals manual. In ┆
0x190a0…190c0 79 6f 75 72 20 72 6f 6c 65 20 61 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆your role as system manager you ┆
0x190c0…190e0 68 61 76 65 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 65 6e 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 ┆have already been introduce┆
0x190e0…19100 64 20 74 6f 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c ┆d to several important XENIX fil┆
0x19100…19120 65 73 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 2c 20 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 ┆es - / etc/passwd , . profi┆
0x19120…19140 6c 65 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 2c 20 74 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 20 66 65 ┆le , and / etc/rc , to name a fe┆
0x19140…19160 77 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆w. You will soon find that ┆
0x19160…19180 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 6f 72 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 2c ┆you need to add or change these,┆
0x19180…191a0 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 ┆ and other files on the sys┆
0x191a0…191c0 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 62 72 69 65 ┆tem. This is a brie┆
0x191c0…191e0 66 20 73 75 6d 6d 61 72 79 20 6f 66 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 66 75 ┆f summary of some of the many fu┆
0x191e0…19200 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 65 78 74 20 65 ┆nctions of the XENIX text e┆
0x19200…19220 (201,) 64 69 74 6f 72 2c 20 65 64 2e 20 49 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 61 ┆ditor, ed. It does not contain a┆
0x19220…19240 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 68 61 75 73 74 69 76 65 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 65 64 20 63 6f 6d ┆n exhaustive list of ed com┆
0x19240…19260 6d 61 6e 64 73 2c 20 6e 6f 72 20 64 6f 65 73 20 69 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 ┆mands, nor does it even begin ┆
0x19260…19280 89 80 80 74 6f 20 64 65 6d 6f 6e 73 74 72 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 64 65 20 72 61 6e 67 65 ┆ to demonstrate the wide range┆
0x19280…192a0 20 6f 66 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6f 73 73 69 ┆ of editing functions possi┆
0x192a0…192c0 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 ┆ble on your XENIX system. Howeve┆
0x192c0…192e0 72 2c 20 69 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 65 6c 70 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 67 65 ┆r, it should help you to ge┆
0x192e0…19300 74 20 79 6f 75 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 74 65 78 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f ┆t you started using a text edito┆
0x19300…19320 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 64 65 78 74 65 72 69 74 79 ┆r with sufficient dexterity┆
0x19320…19340 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ to do your routine system ┆
0x19340…19360 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 31 ┆management tasks. 6.2.6.1┆
0x19360…19380 20 20 49 6e 76 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 45 64 69 74 6f 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Invoking the Editor ┆
0x19380…193a0 20 20 54 6f 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 20 65 64 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ To invoke ed, type: ┆
0x193a0…193c0 20 20 65 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 e1 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 65 ┆ ed filename whe┆
0x193c0…193e0 72 65 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 e1 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆re filename is the name of the┆
0x193e0…19400 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 66 20 ┆ file you want to edit. If ┆
0x19400…19420 (202,) 6e 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 2c 20 61 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 ┆no name is given, a question mar┆
0x19420…19440 6b 20 28 3f 29 20 69 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 20 0a 8c 83 d8 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 69 73 20 ┆k (?) is printed. This ┆
0x19440…19460 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 ┆is not an error. You are simply ┆
0x19460…19480 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 ┆creating a new file to edit┆
0x19480…194a0 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 6b 65 ┆. The text in the new file is ke┆
0x194a0…194c0 70 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆pt in a special buffer file┆
0x194c0…194e0 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 69 74 2e 20 54 68 ┆ while you are working on it. Th┆
0x194e0…19500 69 6e 6b 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 61 73 20 61 20 77 6f 72 6b ┆ink of the buffer as a work┆
0x19500…19520 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 2d 20 61 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 73 63 72 61 74 63 68 20 70 61 64 20 77 ┆ space - a kind of scratch pad w┆
0x19520…19540 69 74 68 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆ith a temporary copy of the┆
0x19540…19560 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 ┆ file you are editing. You tell ┆
0x19560…19580 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 61 74 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 ┆ed what to do to your text ┆
0x19580…195a0 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 0a 19 ┆by typing instructions called ┆
0x195a0…195c0 89 80 80 22 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 22 2e 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 63 6f 6e ┆ "commands". Most commands con┆
0x195c0…195e0 73 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 ┆sist of a single letter, wh┆
0x195e0…19600 69 63 68 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 74 79 70 65 64 20 69 6e 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 2e 20 ┆ich must be typed in lowercase. ┆
0x19600…19620 (203,) 45 61 63 68 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 74 79 70 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 61 20 ┆Each command is typed on a ┆
0x19620…19640 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 3c 45 ┆separate line and followed by <E┆
0x19640…19660 4e 54 45 52 3e 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 61 20 58 ┆NTER>, just like typing a X┆
0x19660…19680 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 45 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 ┆ENIX system command. Ed will res┆
0x19680…196a0 70 6f 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 69 74 68 6f ┆pond to your commands witho┆
0x196a0…196c0 75 74 20 67 69 76 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 73 20 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 ┆ut giving you any prompts or mes┆
0x196c0…196e0 73 61 67 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 ┆sages. If you make an error┆
0x196e0…19700 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 69 6e 20 65 64 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ typing commands in ed, it will ┆
0x19700…19720 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 77 69 74 68 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆answer you with: ┆
0x19720…19740 20 20 3f 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 32 20 20 41 64 64 69 6e 67 20 54 65 78 74 20 ┆ ? 6.2.6.2 Adding Text ┆
0x19740…19760 74 6f 20 61 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 61 64 64 20 6c 69 ┆to a File To add li┆
0x19760…19780 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 ┆nes of text to the file you are ┆
0x19780…197a0 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 20 61 6e 20 22 61 22 20 66 ┆editing, just type an "a" f┆
0x197a0…197c0 6f 72 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2e 20 ┆or append, followed by <ENTER>. ┆
0x197c0…197e0 4e 65 78 74 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 ┆Next, enter the lines of te┆
0x197e0…19800 78 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆xt you want, like this: ┆
0x19800…19820 (204,) 20 20 20 20 61 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 0d ┆ a Now is the time ┆
0x19820…19840 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6c 6c 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 6d 65 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ for all good men ┆
0x19840…19860 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 61 69 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 ┆ to come to the aid of their┆
0x19860…19880 20 70 61 72 74 79 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ party. . ┆
0x19880…198a0 84 54 6f 20 73 74 6f 70 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 2c 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 ┆ To stop appending, type a line ┆
0x198a0…198c0 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 69 6f 64 ┆that contains only a period┆
0x198c0…198e0 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 79 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 2e 20 41 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 20 28 ┆ on a line by itself. A period (┆
0x198e0…19900 2e 29 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆.) is used to tell ed that ┆
0x19900…19920 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 64 20 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆you have finished appending. ┆
0x19920…19940 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 33 20 20 53 61 76 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d ┆ 6.2.6.3 Saving Your File ┆
0x19940…19960 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 74 27 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ It's likely that you ┆
0x19960…19980 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 6f 72 20 ┆will want to save your text for ┆
0x19980…199a0 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 61 74 65 72 20 75 73 65 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 ┆ later use. To save the cont┆
0x199a0…199c0 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ents of your file, use the ┆
0x199c0…199e0 77 72 69 74 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 77 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 ┆write command, w, followed by th┆
0x199e0…19a00 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 ┆e name of the file that you┆
0x19a00…19a20 (205,) 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 6f 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 74 ┆ want to write to. This copies t┆
0x19a20…19a40 68 65 20 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 ┆he temporary buffer's conte┆
0x19a40…19a60 6e 74 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 ┆nts to the file you name, replac┆
0x19a60…19a80 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f ┆ing any previous contents o┆
0x19a80…19aa0 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 ┆f this file. For example, to sav┆
0x19aa0…19ac0 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆e the text in a file named ┆
0x19ac0…19ae0 a1 74 65 78 74 e1 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 20 74 65 78 74 ┆ text , type: w text┆
0x19ae0…19b00 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4c 65 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 62 65 74 77 ┆ Leave a space betw┆
0x19b00…19b20 65 65 6e 20 77 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 57 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆een w and the filename. Writing ┆
0x19b20…19b40 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6a 75 73 74 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 61 20 70 65 72 6d 61 6e 65 ┆a file just makes a permane┆
0x19b40…19b60 6e 74 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 73 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e ┆nt copy of your text, so you can┆
0x19b60…19b80 20 67 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ go on adding lines to the ┆
0x19b80…19ba0 63 6f 70 79 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 ┆copy you are editing. If you use┆
0x19ba0…19bc0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 77 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 6e 61 6d 69 ┆ the w command without nami┆
0x19bc0…19be0 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 65 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 75 74 20 0a 19 ┆ng a file, ed writes back out ┆
0x19be0…19c00 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 77 68 ┆ to the file that you named wh┆
0x19c00…19c20 (206,) 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 64 20 65 64 2e 20 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆en you invoked ed. Because ┆
0x19c20…19c40 65 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 ┆ed always works on a copy of a f┆
0x19c40…19c60 69 6c 65 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 73 65 6c 66 2c 20 6e ┆ile, not the file itself, n┆
0x19c60…19c80 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 ┆o change in the contents of a fi┆
0x19c80…19ca0 6c 65 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 67 69 ┆le takes place until you gi┆
0x19ca0…19cb5 76 65 20 61 20 77 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ve a w command. ┆
0x19cb5…19cb8 FormFeed {
0x19cb5…19cb8 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x19cb5…19cb8 }
0x19cb8…19cc0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 ┆ 6.2.6┆
0x19cc0…19ce0 2e 34 20 20 45 78 69 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 45 64 69 74 6f 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆.4 Exiting the Editor ┆
0x19ce0…19d00 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 61 20 73 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 ┆ To terminate a session with ┆
0x19d00…19d20 65 64 2c 20 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 79 6f 75 27 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 6f ┆ed, save the text you're wo┆
0x19d20…19d40 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 62 79 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆rking on by writing it to a file┆
0x19d40…19d60 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 77 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 74 ┆ using the w command, and t┆
0x19d60…19d80 68 65 6e 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 71 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆hen type: q ┆
0x19d80…19da0 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 ┆ The system responds with th┆
0x19da0…19dc0 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2e 20 41 74 20 0a 19 89 ┆e XENIX prompt character. At ┆
0x19dc0…19de0 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 76 61 6e 69 73 68 65 ┆ this point your buffer vanishe┆
0x19de0…19e00 73 2c 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆s, along with the text you ┆
0x19e00…19e20 (207,) 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 77 ┆have been working on, which is w┆
0x19e20…19e40 68 79 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 ┆hy you want to write it out┆
0x19e40…19e60 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 71 75 69 74 74 69 6e 67 20 2d 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 ┆ before quitting - unless you ha┆
0x19e60…19e80 76 65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 20 6e ┆ve made a mistake, and do n┆
0x19e80…19ea0 6f 74 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6b 65 65 70 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 41 ┆ot want to keep your new file. A┆
0x19ea0…19ec0 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 65 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 20 22 3f 22 2c ┆ctually, ed will print "?",┆
0x19ec0…19ee0 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 74 72 79 20 74 6f 20 71 75 69 74 20 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 77 72 69 74 ┆ if you try to quit without writ┆
0x19ee0…19f00 69 6e 67 2e 20 41 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6f 69 6e 74 2c 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 6f ┆ing. At that point, write o┆
0x19f00…19f20 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 3b 20 69 66 20 6e 6f 74 2c ┆ut the text if you want; if not,┆
0x19f20…19f40 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 71 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ type another q. ┆
0x19f40…19f60 20 20 84 49 74 27 73 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 65 20 74 6f 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 79 6f ┆ It's good practice to name yo┆
0x19f60…19f80 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 61 72 ┆ur file when you first star┆
0x19f80…19fa0 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 65 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 0d ┆t using ed: ed file ┆
0x19fa0…19fc0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 68 65 6e 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 77 20 6f 72 ┆ then just type w or┆
0x19fc0…19fe0 20 71 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 77 61 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 74 79 70 65 20 77 20 66 72 6f ┆ q. This way, you can type w fro┆
0x19fe0…1a000 6d 20 74 69 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 62 65 20 73 65 63 75 72 ┆m time to time and be secur┆
0x1a000…1a020 (208,) 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6c 65 64 67 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 67 ┆e in the knowledge that if you g┆
0x1a020…1a040 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 ┆ot the filename right in th┆
0x1a040…1a060 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 ┆e beginning, you are writing out┆
0x1a060…1a080 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 65 61 63 68 20 74 69 ┆ to the proper file each ti┆
0x1a080…1a0a0 6d 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 35 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 ┆me. 6.2.6.5 Printing the┆
0x1a0a0…1a0c0 20 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 59 6f 75 72 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Contents of Your File ┆
0x1a0c0…1a0e0 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 62 ┆ To see the contents of the b┆
0x1a0e0…1a100 75 66 66 65 72 20 28 6f 72 20 70 61 72 74 73 20 6f 66 20 69 74 29 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆uffer (or parts of it) on t┆
0x1a100…1a120 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 22 70 72 69 ┆he terminal screen, use the "pri┆
0x1a120…1a140 6e 74 22 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 70 2e 20 54 6f 20 64 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 2c ┆nt" command, p. To do this,┆
0x1a140…1a160 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e ┆ specify the lines where you wan┆
0x1a160…1a180 74 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 ┆t printing to begin and whe┆
0x1a180…1a1a0 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 64 2c 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 64 ┆re you want it to end, separated┆
0x1a1a0…1a1c0 20 62 79 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 ┆ by a comma, and followed b┆
0x1a1c0…1a1e0 79 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 22 70 22 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 ┆y the letter "p". Thus, to print┆
0x1a1e0…1a200 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 77 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 28 74 68 61 74 ┆ the first two lines, (that┆
0x1a200…1a220 (209,) 20 69 73 2c 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 31 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 32 29 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆ is, lines 1 through 2) type: ┆
0x1a220…1a240 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2c 32 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 75 70 70 ┆ 1,2p Supp┆
0x1a240…1a260 6f 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 ┆ose you want to print all the li┆
0x1a260…1a280 6e 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 ┆nes in the buffer. Then you┆
0x1a280…1a2a0 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6c 6c 61 72 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 24 29 2c 20 77 68 ┆ can use the dollar sign ($), wh┆
0x1a2a0…1a2c0 69 63 68 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 ┆ich stands for "the line nu┆
0x1a2c0…1a2e0 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 62 75 66 ┆mber of the last line in the buf┆
0x1a2e0…1a300 66 65 72 22 2e 20 55 73 65 20 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 77 61 79 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆fer". Use it this way: ┆
0x1a300…1a320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2c 24 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 77 ┆ 1,$p This w┆
0x1a320…1a340 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 ┆ill print all the lines in the f┆
0x1a340…1a360 69 6c 65 20 28 66 72 6f 6d 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 ┆ile (from line 1 to the las┆
0x1a360…1a380 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 ┆t line). To print th┆
0x1a380…1a3a0 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 ┆e last line, type: $┆
0x1a3a0…1a3c0 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 61 6e 79 ┆p You can print any┆
0x1a3c0…1a3e0 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 ┆ single line by typing the line ┆
0x1a3e0…1a400 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 70 2e 20 54 68 ┆number, followed by a p. Th┆
0x1a400…1a420 (210,) 75 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 ┆us lp pr┆
0x1a420…1a440 69 6e 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ints the first line of text. ┆
0x1a440…1a460 8c 83 e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 66 61 63 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 70 ┆ In fact, you can p┆
0x1a460…1a480 72 69 6e 74 20 61 6e 79 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 6a ┆rint any single line by typing j┆
0x1a480…1a4a0 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 3b 20 74 68 65 72 65 27 ┆ust the line number; there'┆
0x1a4a0…1a4c0 73 20 6e 6f 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 70 2e 20 ┆s no need to type the letter p. ┆
0x1a4c0…1a4e0 0a 19 89 80 80 53 6f 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ So if you type ┆
0x1a4e0…1a500 24 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 ┆$ ed prints the last┆
0x1a500…1a520 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ line of the buffer. ┆
0x1a520…1a540 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 65 66 66 6f 72 74 20 69 6e 20 73 70 ┆ You can also save effort in sp┆
0x1a540…1a560 65 63 69 66 79 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 62 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6c 75 ┆ecifying lines by using plu┆
0x1a560…1a580 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 69 6e 75 73 20 61 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 62 79 20 74 ┆s and minus as line numbers by t┆
0x1a580…1a5a0 68 65 6d 73 65 6c 76 65 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆hemselves. For example ┆
0x1a5a0…1a5c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 62 79 20 69 74 73 65 6c 66 ┆ - by itself┆
0x1a5c0…1a5e0 20 69 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 62 61 63 6b 20 75 70 20 6f 6e ┆ is a command to move back up on┆
0x1a5e0…1a600 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆e line in the file. ┆
0x1a600…1a620 (211,) 20 20 20 20 20 84 45 64 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆ Ed maintains a record of t┆
0x1a620…1a640 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 64 69 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 ┆he last line that you did a┆
0x1a640…1a660 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 28 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 33 ┆nything to (in this case, line 3┆
0x1a660…1a680 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 6a 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 29 20 73 ┆, which you just printed) s┆
0x1a680…1a6a0 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 ┆o that it can be used instead of┆
0x1a6a0…1a6c0 20 61 6e 20 65 78 70 6c 69 63 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 54 ┆ an explicit line number. T┆
0x1a6c0…1a6e0 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 63 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 61 63 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 69 ┆he line most recently acted on i┆
0x1a6e0…1a700 73 20 72 65 66 65 72 72 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 ┆s referred to with a period┆
0x1a700…1a720 20 28 2e 29 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 64 6f 74 22 2e 20 44 6f 74 20 69 73 ┆ (.) and is called "dot". Dot is┆
0x1a720…1a740 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 ┆ a line number in the same ┆
0x1a740…1a760 77 61 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 6f 6c 6c 61 72 20 28 24 29 20 69 73 3b 20 69 74 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 ┆way that dollar ($) is; it means┆
0x1a760…1a780 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 22 2c 20 6f 72 20 6c 6f 6f ┆ "the current line", or loo┆
0x1a780…1a7a0 73 65 6c 79 2c 20 22 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 ┆sely, "the line you most re┆
0x1a7a0…1a7c0 63 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 64 69 64 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 22 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 ┆cently did something to". You ca┆
0x1a7c0…1a7e0 6e 20 66 69 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 64 6f 74 ┆n find out the value of dot┆
0x1a7e0…1a800 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ at any time by typing: ┆
0x1a800…1a820 (212,) 20 20 20 20 2e 3d 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 36 20 20 44 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 ┆ .= 6.2.6.6 Deleting┆
0x1a820…1a840 20 54 65 78 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 74 65 78 ┆ Text To delete tex┆
0x1a840…1a860 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2c ┆t from the file you are editing,┆
0x1a860…1a880 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 64 65 6c 65 74 65 22 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 ┆ use the "delete" command, ┆
0x1a880…1a8a0 64 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 20 61 72 65 20 0a ┆d. The lines to be deleted are ┆
0x1a8a0…1a8c0 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 64 20 65 78 61 63 74 6c 79 20 61 73 20 74 ┆ specified for d exactly as t┆
0x1a8c0…1a8e0 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 66 6f 72 20 70 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 73 74 61 72 ┆hey are for p: star┆
0x1a8e0…1a900 74 69 6e 67 2d 6c 69 6e 65 2c 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 2d 6c 69 6e 65 e1 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ting-line,ending-line d ┆
0x1a900…1a920 20 20 20 20 74 68 75 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ thus, the command ┆
0x1a920…1a940 20 20 34 2c 24 64 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 64 65 6c 65 74 65 73 20 6c 69 6e ┆ 4,$d deletes lin┆
0x1a940…1a960 65 73 20 34 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 ┆es 4 through the end. There are ┆
0x1a960…1a980 6e 6f 77 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6c 65 66 74 20 69 6e 20 6f 75 72 ┆now three lines left in our┆
0x1a980…1a9a0 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 62 79 20 74 79 ┆ example, as you can check by ty┆
0x1a9a0…1a9c0 70 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2c 24 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ping: 1,$p ┆
0x1a9c0…1a9e0 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 24 20 6e 6f 77 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 33 21 ┆ Notice that $ now is line 3!┆
0x1a9e0…1aa00 20 44 6f 74 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e ┆ Dot is set to the next lin┆
0x1aa00…1aa20 (213,) 65 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 2c 20 75 ┆e after the last line deleted, u┆
0x1aa20…1aa40 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 ┆nless the last line deleted┆
0x1aa40…1aa60 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 ┆ is the last line of your file. ┆
0x1aa60…1aa80 49 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 64 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f ┆In that case, dot is set to┆
0x1aa80…1aaa0 20 24 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 37 20 20 53 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6e 67 ┆ $. 6.2.6.7 Substituting┆
0x1aaa0…1aac0 20 54 65 78 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 22 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 ┆ Text The "substitu┆
0x1aac0…1aae0 74 65 22 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 73 2c 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 70 6c 61 ┆te" command, s, is used to repla┆
0x1aae0…1ab00 63 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 ┆ce one string of characters┆
0x1ab00…1ab20 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 ┆ with another. You can use this ┆
0x1ab20…1ab40 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 69 6e 64 69 76 ┆ command to change indiv┆
0x1ab40…1ab60 69 64 75 61 6c 20 77 6f 72 64 73 20 6f 72 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 61 20 ┆idual words or letters within a ┆
0x1ab60…1ab80 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 ┆ line or group of lines. For┆
0x1ab80…1aba0 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 73 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 74 68 61 74 2c 20 64 75 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ example, suppose that, due ┆
0x1aba0…1abc0 80 74 6f 20 61 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 2c 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 73 61 79 73 3a ┆ to a typing error, line 1 says:┆
0x1abc0…1abe0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 20 74 69 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ Now is th time ┆
0x1abe0…1ac00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 22 65 22 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e ┆ The letter "e" has been┆
0x1ac00…1ac20 (214,) 20 6c 65 66 74 20 6f 66 66 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 22 74 68 65 22 2e 20 59 6f 75 ┆ left off of the word "the". You┆
0x1ac20…1ac40 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 73 20 74 6f 20 66 69 78 20 74 68 69 73 20 75 70 3a 0d ┆ can use s to fix this up: ┆
0x1ac40…1ac60 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 73 2f 74 68 2f 74 68 65 2f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 1s/th/the/ ┆
0x1ac60…1ac80 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 ┆ This substitutes the charact┆
0x1ac80…1aca0 65 72 73 20 22 74 68 65 22 20 69 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ers "the" in line 1 for the ┆
0x1aca0…1acc0 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 22 74 68 22 2e 20 54 6f 20 76 65 72 69 66 79 20 74 68 61 74 ┆ characters "th". To verify that┆
0x1acc0…1ace0 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 6f 72 6b 65 ┆ the substitution has worke┆
0x1ace0…1ad00 64 2c 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆d, type p ┆
0x1ad00…1ad20 20 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ to get Now is the ┆
0x1ad20…1ad40 74 69 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 77 68 61 74 20 ┆time which is what ┆
0x1ad40…1ad60 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 65 64 2e 20 4e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 6f 74 20 6d 75 73 74 ┆you wanted. Notice that dot must┆
0x1ad60…1ad80 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 ┆ have been set to the line ┆
0x1ad80…1ada0 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 6f 6b 20 70 6c 61 63 ┆where the substitution took plac┆
0x1ada0…1adc0 65 2c 20 73 69 6e 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e ┆e, since the p command prin┆
0x1adc0…1ade0 74 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 44 6f 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 73 65 74 ┆ted that line. Dot is always set┆
0x1ade0…1ae00 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 61 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆ this way with the s comman┆
0x1ae00…1ae20 (215,) 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 ┆d. The syntax for th┆
0x1ae20…1ae40 65 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆e substitute command is: ┆
0x1ae40…1ae60 20 20 20 20 20 a1 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 2d 6c 69 6e 65 2c 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 2d 6c 69 6e 65 e1 ┆ starting-line,ending-line ┆
0x1ae60…1ae80 73 a1 2f 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e 2f 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 2f e1 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆s /pattern/replacement/ ┆
0x1ae80…1aea0 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 62 ┆ The string of characters b┆
0x1aea0…1aec0 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 70 61 69 72 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6c ┆etween the first pair of sl┆
0x1aec0…1aee0 61 73 68 65 73 20 69 73 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 62 79 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 69 73 ┆ashes is replaced by whatever is┆
0x1aee0…1af00 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 69 72 2c 20 69 ┆ between the second pair, i┆
0x1af00…1af20 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 a1 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e ┆n all the lines between startin┆
0x1af20…1af40 67 2d 6c 69 6e 65 e1 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 2d 0a 19 89 80 84 6c 69 6e 65 e1 2e 20 ┆g-line and ending- line . ┆
0x1af40…1af60 4f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 6f 63 63 75 72 72 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 65 61 63 ┆Only the first occurrence on eac┆
0x1af60…1af80 68 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2e ┆h line is changed, however.┆
0x1af80…1afa0 20 54 68 65 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 ┆ The rules for line numbers are ┆
0x1afa0…1afc0 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 6f 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 70 2c 20 65 78 ┆the same as those for p, ex┆
0x1afc0…1afe0 63 65 70 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 6f 74 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 ┆cept that dot is set to the last┆
0x1afe0…1b000 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 66 20 ┆ line changed. However, if ┆
0x1b000…1b020 (216,) 6e 6f 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c 20 64 6f 74 ┆no substitution takes place, dot┆
0x1b020…1b040 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 61 75 73 65 ┆ is not changed. This cause┆
0x1b040…1b060 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 28 3f ┆s printing of a question mark (?┆
0x1b060…1b080 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 61 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆) as a warning. ┆
0x1b080…1b0a0 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Thus, you can type ┆
0x1b0a0…1b0c0 31 2c 24 20 73 2f 73 70 65 6c 69 6e 67 2f 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 2f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆1,$ s/speling/spelling/ ┆
0x1b0c0…1b0e0 20 20 20 20 84 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 70 65 6c 6c ┆ and correct the first spell┆
0x1b0e0…1b100 69 6e 67 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 20 6f 6e 20 65 61 63 68 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ing mistake on each line in ┆
0x1b100…1b120 80 74 68 65 20 74 65 78 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 6e 6f 20 6c 69 ┆ the text. If no li┆
0x1b120…1b140 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ne numbers are given, the s comm┆
0x1b140…1b160 61 6e 64 20 61 73 73 75 6d 65 73 20 77 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 61 6e 20 22 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 ┆and assumes we mean "make t┆
0x1b160…1b180 68 65 20 73 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 64 6f 74 22 2c 20 73 6f ┆he substitution on line dot", so┆
0x1b180…1b1a0 20 69 74 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 20 ┆ it changes things only on ┆
0x1b1a0…1b1c0 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6c 65 61 64 73 20 74 6f 20 ┆the current line. This leads to ┆
0x1b1c0…1b1e0 74 68 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 0d 0a 0d ┆the very common sequence ┆
0x1b1e0…1b200 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 2f 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 2f 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 ┆ s/something/something ┆
0x1b200…1b220 (217,) 65 6c 73 65 2f 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 ┆else/p which makes ┆
0x1b220…1b240 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c ┆some correction on the current l┆
0x1b240…1b260 69 6e 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6e 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 69 74 2c 20 74 6f ┆ine, and then prints it, to┆
0x1b260…1b280 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 69 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 72 69 67 68 74 2e 20 ┆ make sure it worked out right. ┆
0x1b280…1b2a0 0a 19 89 80 80 28 4e 6f 74 69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 20 6f ┆ (Notice that there is a p o┆
0x1b2a0…1b2c0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 ┆n the same line as the s ┆
0x1b2c0…1b2e0 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 66 65 77 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 ┆ command. With few exceptions, ┆
0x1b2e0…1b300 70 20 63 61 6e 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 20 61 6e 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e ┆p can follow any command; n┆
0x1b300…1b320 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 ┆o other multi-command lines are ┆
0x1b320…1b340 6c 65 67 61 6c 2e 29 20 54 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 63 63 75 72 ┆legal.) To change all occur┆
0x1b340…1b360 72 65 6e 63 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆rences on the current line, you ┆
0x1b360…1b380 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 2f 73 6f 6d 65 74 ┆should type: s/somet┆
0x1b380…1b3a0 68 69 6e 67 2f 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 65 6c 73 65 2f 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆hing/something else/g ┆
0x1b3a0…1b3c0 20 20 84 77 68 65 72 65 20 67 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 67 6c 6f 62 61 6c 20 73 ┆ where g stands for a global s┆
0x1b3c0…1b3e0 75 62 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 63 63 75 72 72 65 6e ┆ubstitution of all occurren┆
0x1b3e0…1b400 63 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 74 27 ┆ces on the line. It'┆
0x1b400…1b420 (218,) 73 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6c 65 67 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆s also legal to type ┆
0x1b420…1b440 20 73 2f 73 74 72 69 6e 67 2f 2f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d ┆ s/string// which m┆
0x1b440…1b460 65 61 6e 73 20 22 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 ┆eans "change the first string of┆
0x1b460…1b480 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 22 2c 20 6f 72 ┆ characters to nothing", or┆
0x1b480…1b4a0 20 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ in other words, remove them. ┆
0x1b4a0…1b4c0 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 32 2e 36 2e 38 20 20 53 65 61 72 63 68 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 6.2.6.8 Searching ┆
0x1b4c0…1b4e0 20 20 20 20 84 53 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 ┆ Suppose you have the follow┆
0x1b4e0…1b500 69 6e 67 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 78 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ing three lines of text: ┆
0x1b500…1b520 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 77 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 ┆ Now is the time f┆
0x1b520…1b540 6f 72 20 61 6c 6c 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 6d 65 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d ┆or all good men to com┆
0x1b540…1b560 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 61 69 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 70 61 72 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e to the aid of their party. ┆
0x1b560…1b580 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 2c 20 73 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 ┆ Now, suppose you want ┆
0x1b580…1b5a0 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 ┆to find the line that contains t┆
0x1b5a0…1b5c0 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 6f 72 64 20 22 74 68 65 69 72 22 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f ┆he word "their", so that yo┆
0x1b5c0…1b5e0 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 69 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆u can change it to the word ┆
0x1b5e0…1b600 80 22 74 68 65 22 2e 20 57 69 74 68 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6c ┆ "the". With a file only three l┆
0x1b600…1b620 (219,) 69 6e 65 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 2c 20 69 74 27 73 20 70 72 65 74 74 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 61 73 79 ┆ines long, it's pretty easy┆
0x1b620…1b640 20 74 6f 20 6b 65 65 70 20 74 72 61 63 6b 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 74 68 65 ┆ to keep track of which line the┆
0x1b640…1b660 20 77 6f 72 64 20 22 74 68 65 69 72 22 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 42 75 74 20 69 66 ┆ word "their" is on. But if┆
0x1b660…1b680 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 68 75 6e 64 ┆ the file contained several hund┆
0x1b680…1b6a0 72 65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 27 64 20 62 65 65 6e 20 6d ┆red lines, and you'd been m┆
0x1b6a0…1b6c0 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 2c 20 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 61 72 ┆aking changes, deleting and rear┆
0x1b6c0…1b6e0 72 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 6f 6e 2c 20 79 ┆ranging lines, and so on, y┆
0x1b6e0…1b700 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 77 ┆ou would no longer really know w┆
0x1b700…1b720 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 ┆hat this line number would ┆
0x1b720…1b740 62 65 2e 20 49 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆be. Instead, you would use ┆
0x1b740…1b760 63 6f 6e 74 65 78 74 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 69 6e 67 2e 20 43 6f 6e 74 65 78 74 20 73 65 61 72 63 ┆context searching. Context searc┆
0x1b760…1b780 68 69 6e 67 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 61 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 ┆hing is simply a method of ┆
0x1b780…1b7a0 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 69 72 65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 72 65 67 ┆specifying the desired line, reg┆
0x1b7a0…1b7c0 61 72 64 6c 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 ┆ardless of what its number ┆
0x1b7c0…1b7e0 69 73 2c 20 62 79 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 74 65 78 74 75 61 6c 20 70 ┆is, by specifying some textual p┆
0x1b7e0…1b800 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e ┆attern contained in the lin┆
0x1b800…1b820 (220,) 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 73 61 79 20 22 ┆e. The way to say "┆
0x1b820…1b840 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 ┆search for a line that contains ┆
0x1b840…1b860 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 ┆this particular string of c┆
0x1b860…1b880 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 22 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆haracters" is to type: ┆
0x1b880…1b8a0 20 20 20 2f 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 77 65 20 77 61 6e 74 ┆ /string of characters we want┆
0x1b8a0…1b8c0 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 2f 0d 0a 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 ┆ to find/ For exa┆
0x1b8c0…1b8e0 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 65 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆mple, the ed command ┆
0x1b8e0…1b900 20 2f 74 68 65 69 72 2f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 69 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 ┆ /their/ is a conte┆
0x1b900…1b920 78 74 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 74 6f ┆xt search which is sufficient to┆
0x1b920…1b940 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 69 72 65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 49 74 20 ┆ find the desired line. It ┆
0x1b940…1b960 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 6f 63 63 75 72 72 65 6e 63 65 20 ┆will locate the next occurrence ┆
0x1b960…1b980 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 73 ┆of the characters between s┆
0x1b980…1b9a0 6c 61 73 68 65 73 20 28 22 74 68 65 69 72 22 29 2e 20 49 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 73 65 74 73 20 64 ┆lashes ("their"). It also sets d┆
0x1b9a0…1b9c0 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 ┆ot to that line and prints ┆
0x1b9c0…1b9e0 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 20 76 65 72 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆the line for verification: ┆
0x1b9e0…1ba00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 61 69 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆ to come to the aid of the┆
0x1ba00…1ba20 (221,) 69 72 20 70 61 72 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 22 4e 65 78 74 20 6f 63 63 ┆ir party. "Next occ┆
0x1ba20…1ba40 75 72 72 65 6e 63 65 22 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 64 20 73 74 61 72 74 73 20 6c 6f ┆urrence" means that ed starts lo┆
0x1ba40…1ba60 6f 6b 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 6c 69 6e ┆oking for the string at lin┆
0x1ba60…1ba80 65 20 2e 2b 31 2c 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆e .+1, searches to the end of th┆
0x1ba80…1baa0 65 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 73 20 61 74 ┆e buffer, then continues at┆
0x1baa0…1bac0 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 65 73 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 64 6f 74 ┆ line 1 and searches to line dot┆
0x1bac0…1bae0 2e 20 28 54 68 61 74 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 ┆. (That is, the search ┆
0x1bae0…1bb00 22 77 72 61 70 73 20 61 72 6f 75 6e 64 22 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 24 20 74 6f 20 31 29 2e 20 49 74 20 ┆"wraps around" from $ to 1). It ┆
0x1bb00…1bb20 73 63 61 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆scans all the lines in the ┆
0x1bb20…1bb40 62 75 66 66 65 72 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 69 74 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6e 64 73 20 74 68 65 ┆buffer until it either finds the┆
0x1bb40…1bb60 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 69 72 65 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 6f 72 20 67 65 74 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 ┆ desired line or gets back ┆
0x1bb60…1bb80 74 6f 20 64 6f 74 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆to dot again. If the given ┆
0x1bb80…1bba0 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 62 65 20 66 6f ┆string of characters can't be fo┆
0x1bba0…1bbc0 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 ┆und in any line, ed prints ┆
0x1bbc0…1bbe0 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3f 0d ┆an error message: ? ┆
0x1bbe0…1bc00 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 2c 20 65 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 ┆ Otherwise, ed prints┆
0x1bc00…1bc15 (222,) 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 74 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 2e 0d 0a ┆ the line it found. ┆
0x1bc15…1bc18 FormFeed {
0x1bc15…1bc18 0c 80 c8 ┆ ┆
0x1bc15…1bc18 }
0x1bc18…1bc20 0a b0 a1 36 2e 33 20 20 ┆ 6.3 ┆
0x1bc20…1bc40 20 20 20 20 47 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 61 64 79 20 66 6f 72 ┆ Getting the System Ready for┆
0x1bc40…1bc60 20 59 6f 75 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 74 68 61 ┆ Your Users Now tha┆
0x1bc60…1bc80 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 20 74 75 72 6e 69 ┆t you have some experience turni┆
0x1bc80…1bca0 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 69 6e ┆ng on your system, and usin┆
0x1bca0…1bcc0 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆g your keyboard to enter command┆
0x1bcc0…1bce0 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 74 6f 20 66 65 65 6c ┆s, you should begin to feel┆
0x1bce0…1bd00 20 63 6f 6d 66 6f 72 74 61 62 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 72 6f 6c 65 20 61 73 20 73 79 73 ┆ comfortable in your role as sys┆
0x1bd00…1bd20 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f ┆tem manager. O┆
0x1bd20…1bd40 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 58 27 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 69 ┆ne of XENIX's special features i┆
0x1bd40…1bd60 73 20 69 74 73 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 20 6d ┆s its capacity to support m┆
0x1bd60…1bd80 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 45 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ultiple users. Even if your syst┆
0x1bd80…1bda0 65 6d 20 68 61 73 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 73 ┆em has only one terminal, s┆
0x1bda0…1bdc0 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆everal people may be using the s┆
0x1bdc0…1bde0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 57 ┆ystem at different times. W┆
0x1bde0…1be00 69 74 68 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2c 20 65 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 73 2c 20 6f ┆ith XENIX, each user accesses, o┆
0x1be00…1be20 (223,) 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 22 2c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆r "logs in", to the system ┆
0x1be20…1be40 75 6e 64 65 72 20 61 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆under a separate name and is ┆
0x1be40…1be60 80 80 61 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 61 20 77 6f 72 6b 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 22 75 73 65 72 ┆ assigned a workspace, or "user┆
0x1be60…1be80 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 22 20 6f 66 20 68 69 73 20 6f 77 6e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 45 61 63 ┆ directory" of his own. Eac┆
0x1be80…1bea0 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 69 73 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 61 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 74 6f ┆h user is assigned a password to┆
0x1bea0…1bec0 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 75 6e 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 ┆ prevent unauthorized users┆
0x1bec0…1bee0 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆ from accessing information on t┆
0x1bee0…1bf00 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 59 6f 75 72 20 6a 6f 62 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 73 79 73 74 ┆he system. Your job as syst┆
0x1bf00…1bf20 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 69 6e ┆em manager is to create and main┆
0x1bf20…1bf40 74 61 69 6e 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆tain user accounts. ┆
0x1bf40…1bf60 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 ┆ In this section you will b┆
0x1bf60…1bf80 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆e introduced to one special ┆
0x1bf80…1bfa0 80 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 75 70 65 72 2d ┆ user on the system: the "super-┆
0x1bfa0…1bfc0 75 73 65 72 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 ┆user", and learn the follow┆
0x1bfc0…1bfe0 69 6e 67 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ing simple procedures: ┆
0x1bfe0…1c000 20 20 20 2e 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 ┆ . how to add users to the sys┆
0x1c000…1c020 (224,) 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆tem with the mkuser program ┆
0x1c020…1c040 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 66 ┆ . how to remove users f┆
0x1c040…1c060 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 0a ┆rom the system with the rmuser ┆
0x1c060…1c080 19 8b 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f ┆ program . how to┆
0x1c080…1c0a0 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ change a user's password ┆
0x1c0a0…1c0c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 ┆ You will also be introduc┆
0x1c0c0…1c0e0 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 77 6f 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 ┆ed to two important XENIX f┆
0x1c0e0…1c100 69 6c 65 73 3a 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 61 6e 64 20 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c ┆iles: / etc/passwd and . profil┆
0x1c100…1c120 65 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 33 2e 31 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 53 75 70 65 72 2d 55 73 ┆e . 6.3.1 The Super-Us┆
0x1c120…1c140 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 73 20 ┆er XENIX restricts ┆
0x1c140…1c160 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 6f 77 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆access to many of its own system┆
0x1c160…1c180 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 20 70 72 6f 74 ┆ files, and provides a prot┆
0x1c180…1c1a0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 65 63 68 61 6e 69 73 6d 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 ┆ection mechanism to allow users ┆
0x1c1a0…1c1c0 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6f 77 ┆to restrict use of their ow┆
0x1c1c0…1c1e0 6e 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆n files. There is one user, ┆
0x1c1e0…1c200 80 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 73 20 75 6e 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 61 63 63 65 ┆ however, who has unlimited acce┆
0x1c200…1c220 (225,) 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 74 6c 79 ┆ss to the system: the aptly┆
0x1c220…1c240 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 22 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 22 2c 20 77 68 6f 73 65 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e ┆ named "super-user", whose login┆
0x1c240…1c260 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 ┆ name is "root". Because th┆
0x1c260…1c280 65 20 22 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 22 20 68 61 73 20 75 6e 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 65 64 20 ┆e "super-user" has unrestricted ┆
0x1c280…1c2a0 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆access to every file on the┆
0x1c2a0…1c2c0 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 72 65 67 75 6c 61 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 ┆ system, many regular system ┆
0x1c2c0…1c2e0 80 80 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 64 75 74 69 65 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 79 6f 75 ┆ maintenance duties require you┆
0x1c2e0…1c300 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 2e 20 4f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ to log in as "root". Only ┆
0x1c300…1c320 74 68 65 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 20 63 61 6e 20 61 64 64 20 6f 72 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 75 73 65 ┆the "root" can add or remove use┆
0x1c320…1c340 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 48 6f ┆r accounts, for example. Ho┆
0x1c340…1c360 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 ┆wever, because the super-user's ┆
0x1c360…1c380 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 75 6e 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 ┆access is unlimited, simple┆
0x1c380…1c3a0 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 63 61 75 73 65 20 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 20 64 61 6d 61 ┆ mistakes can cause massive dama┆
0x1c3a0…1c3c0 67 65 20 74 6f 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆ge to system and user files┆
0x1c3c0…1c3e0 2c 20 6f 72 20 65 76 65 6e 20 62 72 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆, or even bring down the system ┆
0x1c3e0…1c400 69 74 73 65 6c 66 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 ┆itself. Therefore, the numb┆
0x1c400…1c420 (226,) 65 72 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 73 20 77 68 6f 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 ┆er of individuals who are given ┆
0x1c420…1c440 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 73 68 6f ┆the super-user password sho┆
0x1c440…1c460 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 ┆uld be extremely limited, and ┆
0x1c460…1c480 89 80 80 74 68 6f 73 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 68 6f 20 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 ┆ those users who are authorize┆
0x1c480…1c4a0 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 74 20 61 73 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 ┆d to act as super-user, inc┆
0x1c4a0…1c4c0 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 73 68 6f 75 6c ┆luding the system manager, shoul┆
0x1c4c0…1c4e0 64 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆d log in as super- user only┆
0x1c4e0…1c500 20 77 68 65 6e 20 61 62 73 6f 6c 75 74 65 6c 79 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 74 6f 20 70 65 ┆ when absolutely necessary to pe┆
0x1c500…1c520 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 ┆rform a system maintenance ┆
0x1c520…1c540 74 61 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 69 6e ┆task. One continuin┆
0x1c540…1c560 67 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 ┆g responsibility you will have a┆
0x1c560…1c580 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 69 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e ┆s system manager is creatin┆
0x1c580…1c5a0 67 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 22 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 22 20 66 6f 72 ┆g and maintaining "accounts" for┆
0x1c5a0…1c5c0 20 65 61 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 50 6c 65 61 73 65 ┆ each of your users. Please┆
0x1c5c0…1c5e0 20 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 74 ┆ remember that even if you are t┆
0x1c5e0…1c600 68 65 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 ┆he only user on your sy┆
0x1c600…1c620 (227,) 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e ┆stem, you should create a workin┆
0x1c620…1c640 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆g account for yourself and ┆
0x1c640…1c660 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f ┆consistently log in as an o┆
0x1c660…1c680 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 ┆rdinary user, unless you must be┆
0x1c680…1c6a0 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 ┆ super-user in order to per┆
0x1c6a0…1c6c0 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 74 61 73 6b 2e 20 41 63 63 69 64 65 6e ┆form a maintenance task. Acciden┆
0x1c6c0…1c6e0 74 61 6c 20 6d 69 73 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 ┆tal misuse of your super-us┆
0x1c6e0…1c700 65 72 20 70 6f 77 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 69 6e 20 64 69 73 61 73 74 65 72 ┆er powers can result in disaster┆
0x1c700…1c720 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 33 2e 32 20 20 20 20 41 64 64 69 6e 67 20 61 20 55 73 65 72 3a ┆. 6.3.2 Adding a User:┆
0x1c720…1c740 20 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ The mkuser Program ┆
0x1c740…1c760 84 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 ┆ The mkuser program makes the pr┆
0x1c760…1c780 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 ┆ocess of adding a new user ┆
0x1c780…1c7a0 61 73 20 65 61 73 79 20 61 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 2e 20 54 6f 20 ┆as easy as possible for you. To ┆
0x1c7a0…1c7c0 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 6e 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 ┆prevent unauthorized users ┆
0x1c7c0…1c7e0 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 22 6c 6f 67 69 6e 73 22 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆from creating "logins" for ┆
0x1c7e0…1c800 74 68 65 6d 73 65 6c 76 65 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 ┆themselves, you must be logged i┆
0x1c800…1c820 (228,) 6e 20 61 73 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6b 75 73 ┆n as "root" to use the mkus┆
0x1c820…1c840 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 ┆er program. When you are logged ┆
0x1c840…1c860 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 65 20 61 20 ┆in as root, you will see a ┆
0x1c860…1c880 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 20 29 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 ┆number sign ( ) prompt on the sc┆
0x1c880…1c8a0 72 65 65 6e 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 6f 6c 6c 61 72 ┆reen rather than the dollar┆
0x1c8a0…1c8c0 20 73 69 67 6e 20 28 24 29 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 73 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 ┆ sign ($) which prompts ordinary┆
0x1c8c0…1c8e0 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 74 69 76 69 74 69 65 73 2e 20 53 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 ┆ user activities. Simply ty┆
0x1c8e0…1c900 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆pe mkuser ┆
0x1c900…1c920 20 20 84 61 6e 64 20 68 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 6f 72 20 3c 52 45 54 55 52 ┆ and hit the <ENTER> or <RETUR┆
0x1c920…1c940 4e 3e 20 6b 65 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 ┆N> key. The system will res┆
0x1c940…1c960 70 6f 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 3a 0d 0a ┆pond with the following lines: ┆
0x1c960…1c980 0d 0a 06 4d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 20 0a 0d 0a 06 41 64 64 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆ Mkuser Add a user to the┆
0x1c980…1c9a0 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 44 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 64 65 74 61 69 ┆ system Do you require detai┆
0x1c9a0…1c9c0 6c 65 64 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 3f 20 28 79 2f 6e 2f 71 29 3a a1 20 e1 0d 0a 0d ┆led instructions? (y/n/q): ┆
0x1c9c0…1c9e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 ┆ You must respond with┆
0x1c9e0…1ca00 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2e 20 49 66 20 ┆ one of these three letters. If ┆
0x1ca00…1ca20 (229,) 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 ┆you answer with the letter ┆
0x1ca20…1ca40 22 71 22 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 22 71 75 69 74 22 2c 20 74 68 ┆"q", which stands for "quit", th┆
0x1ca40…1ca60 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆e mkuser program will termi┆
0x1ca60…1ca80 6e 61 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆nate, and return you to the ┆
0x1ca80…1caa0 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 ┆ system. Note that typing the le┆
0x1caa0…1cac0 74 74 65 72 20 22 71 22 2c 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 71 75 69 74 22 2c 20 ┆tter "q", the word "quit", ┆
0x1cac0…1cae0 6f 72 20 68 69 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 20 6b 65 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆or hitting the <BREAK> key will ┆
0x1cae0…1cb00 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆terminate the mkuser progra┆
0x1cb00…1cb20 6d 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 73 70 ┆m at any time, unless you are sp┆
0x1cb20…1cb40 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 65 64 20 4e 4f 54 20 74 ┆ecifically instructed NOT t┆
0x1cb40…1cb60 6f 20 75 73 65 20 69 74 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 61 6d 69 ┆o use it. When you are more fami┆
0x1cb60…1cb80 6c 69 61 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 ┆liar with mkuser you will p┆
0x1cb80…1cba0 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 22 6e 22 20 66 6f 72 20 6e 6f 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f ┆robably answer "n" for no, if yo┆
0x1cba0…1cbc0 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 65 ┆u do not need to read the e┆
0x1cbc0…1cbe0 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 ┆xplanation again. If you answer ┆
0x1cbe0…1cc00 0a 19 89 80 80 22 79 22 20 66 6f 72 20 79 65 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 70 72 ┆ "y" for yes, you will be pr┆
0x1cc00…1cc20 (230,) 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ovided with more information. ┆
0x1cc20…1cc40 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 ┆ You will need to know┆
0x1cc40…1cc60 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 0a ┆ the meaning of three terms in ┆
0x1cc60…1cc80 19 89 80 80 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ order to continue: ┆
0x1cc80…1cca0 20 20 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d ┆ login name is the nam┆
0x1cca0…1ccc0 65 20 62 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 0a 19 9b 80 ┆e by which the user will be ┆
0x1ccc0…1cce0 80 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 ┆ known to the system. It is gene┆
0x1cce0…1cd00 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 68 6f 72 74 65 6e ┆rally convenient to shorten┆
0x1cd00…1cd20 20 74 68 69 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 73 79 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 65 6e 74 72 79 20 74 6f 2c 20 70 65 ┆ this for easy entry to, pe┆
0x1cd20…1cd40 72 68 61 70 73 2c 20 61 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 6c 61 73 ┆rhaps, a first name and las┆
0x1cd40…1cd60 74 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 28 6a 6f 68 6e 64 29 2c 20 61 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 69 6e 69 74 69 ┆t initial (johnd), a first initi┆
0x1cd60…1cd80 61 6c 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 61 6e 64 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 28 6a 64 6f 65 29 2c 20 6f 72 ┆al and last name (jdoe), or┆
0x1cd80…1cda0 20 74 68 72 65 65 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 73 20 28 6a 61 64 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ three initials (jad). ┆
0x1cda0…1cdc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 67 69 76 65 73 ┆ comment gives┆
0x1cdc0…1cde0 20 79 6f 75 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 61 6e 79 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 69 6e ┆ you space to record any in┆
0x1cde0…1ce00 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 73 ┆formation about your new user, s┆
0x1ce00…1ce20 (231,) 75 63 68 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 61 73 20 68 69 73 20 64 65 70 61 72 74 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6e 64 20 70 ┆uch as his department and p┆
0x1ce20…1ce40 68 6f 6e 65 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 28 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆hone extension (Accounting ┆
0x1ce40…1ce60 20 33 33 33 29 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 74 ┆ 333). You are limited to t┆
0x1ce60…1ce80 77 65 6e 74 79 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 73 70 61 63 ┆wenty characters, including spac┆
0x1ce80…1cea0 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 70 61 73 73 ┆es. initial pass┆
0x1cea0…1cec0 77 6f 72 64 20 20 84 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 79 6f 75 2c 20 61 73 20 73 ┆word is the password you, as s┆
0x1cec0…1cee0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 20 74 6f 20 79 6f ┆ystem manager, assign to yo┆
0x1cee0…1cf00 75 72 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 6d 61 79 20 ┆ur new users. The user may ┆
0x1cf00…1cf20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆change this password after he ┆
0x1cf20…1cf40 9b 80 80 68 61 73 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 ┆ has logged in with the initia┆
0x1cf40…1cf60 6c 20 0a 19 9b 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 28 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆l password. (optional) ┆
0x1cf60…1cf80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 66 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 ┆ After you have read the┆
0x1cf80…1cfa0 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 20 ┆ instructions, you may continue ┆
0x1cfa0…1cfc0 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 62 79 20 68 69 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 ┆ to use mkuser by hitting th┆
0x1cfc0…1cfe0 65 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 6b 65 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 ┆e <ENTER> key. The ┆
0x1cfe0…1d000 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77 20 61 73 6b 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 ┆program will now ask you to ente┆
0x1d000…1d020 (232,) 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 ┆r the new user's login name┆
0x1d020…1d040 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 75 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 76 61 6c 69 64 20 65 6e 74 ┆. Note the rules for a valid ent┆
0x1d040…1d060 72 79 3b 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 ┆ry; you will not be allowed┆
0x1d060…1d080 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 76 61 6c 69 64 20 65 6e 74 72 79 2e 20 46 6f 72 ┆ to create an invalid entry. For┆
0x1d080…1d0a0 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ example, login name┆
0x1d0a0…1d0c0 3a 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 66 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 ┆: johnd After you h┆
0x1d0c0…1d0e0 69 74 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 66 6f ┆it <ENTER>, you will be asked fo┆
0x1d0e0…1d100 72 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 74 72 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 65 6e 74 ┆r a comment entry. This ent┆
0x1d100…1d120 72 79 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 32 30 20 0a ┆ry is limited to a total of 20 ┆
0x1d120…1d140 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 73 70 61 63 65 73 ┆ characters, including spaces┆
0x1d140…1d160 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 3e 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d ┆. Please enter Comment>-----┆
0x1d160…1d180 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆--------------- ┆
0x1d180…1d1a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3e 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 20 33 33 ┆ >Accounting 33┆
0x1d1a0…1d1c0 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 77 69 73 ┆3 If you do not wis┆
0x1d1c0…1d1e0 68 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 ┆h to enter a comment, just type ┆
0x1d1e0…1d200 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 20 4e 6f 77 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 ┆<ENTER> instead. Now mkuser┆
0x1d200…1d220 (233,) 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 68 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 ┆ will show you the entire entry ┆
0x1d220…1d240 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆it has created for the new ┆
0x1d240…1d260 75 73 65 72 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 ┆user in a special system file ┆
0x1d260…1d280 89 80 80 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 65 6e ┆ called / etc/passwd . This en┆
0x1d280…1d2a0 74 72 79 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆try includes the following: ┆
0x1d2a0…1d2c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 ┆ user ID The mkus┆
0x1d2c0…1d2e0 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 72 62 69 74 72 61 72 69 6c 79 20 0a 19 98 80 ┆er program will arbitrarily ┆
0x1d2e0…1d300 80 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 28 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 ┆ create user ID (you will often ┆
0x1d300…1d320 73 65 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 98 80 80 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 58 45 4e ┆see this abbreviated in XEN┆
0x1d320…1d340 49 58 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 0a 19 98 80 80 22 75 69 64 22 29 20 ┆IX documentation as "uid") ┆
0x1d340…1d360 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e ┆numbers for each new user accoun┆
0x1d360…1d380 74 2c 20 0a 19 98 80 80 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 32 30 30 2e 20 4e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 ┆t, starting at 200. Numbers┆
0x1d380…1d3a0 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 32 30 30 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 98 80 80 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 64 20 66 6f 72 ┆ below 200 are reserved for┆
0x1d3a0…1d3c0 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 49 44 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 98 80 80 63 ┆ system IDs like root and c┆
0x1d3c0…1d3e0 72 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ron. group ID ┆
0x1d3e0…1d400 84 54 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 66 61 63 ┆ The group ID is an optional fac┆
0x1d400…1d420 (234,) 69 6c 69 74 79 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 98 80 80 61 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6a 6f 69 6e 74 20 61 63 ┆ility for allowing joint ac┆
0x1d420…1d440 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 98 80 80 6d 6b 75 ┆cess to the same files. mku┆
0x1d440…1d460 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 ┆ser will initially set the group┆
0x1d460…1d480 20 69 64 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 98 80 80 61 6c 6c 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 35 30 2e ┆ id of all new users to 50.┆
0x1d480…1d4a0 20 49 6e 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 0a 19 98 80 80 62 65 6c 6f 6e ┆ In effect, all users belon┆
0x1d4a0…1d4c0 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 22 67 72 6f 75 70 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 79 20 ┆g to the same "group", and they ┆
0x1d4c0…1d4e0 0a 19 98 80 80 73 68 61 72 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 ┆ share access to all files. ┆
0x1d4e0…1d500 49 66 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 72 20 0a 19 98 80 80 70 72 69 76 61 63 79 20 69 73 20 64 65 73 69 72 ┆If greater privacy is desir┆
0x1d500…1d520 65 64 2c 20 6f 72 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 98 80 80 63 72 65 61 74 ┆ed, or if you wish to creat┆
0x1d520…1d540 65 20 74 72 75 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 ┆e true group IDs, the / etc/pass┆
0x1d540…1d560 77 64 e1 20 0a 19 98 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 65 64 69 74 65 64 2c 20 75 73 69 ┆wd file may be edited, usi┆
0x1d560…1d580 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 0a 19 98 80 80 65 64 69 74 6f 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ng your text editor. ┆
0x1d580…1d5a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 84 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 ┆ home directory The mkuser┆
0x1d5a0…1d5c0 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 0a ┆ program automatically creates ┆
0x1d5c0…1d5e0 19 98 80 80 61 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 ┆ a work space for the new use┆
0x1d5e0…1d600 72 2c 20 61 20 0a 19 98 80 80 22 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 22 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d ┆r, a "directory" of the sam┆
0x1d600…1d620 (235,) 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 98 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 6c ┆e name as the login name, l┆
0x1d620…1d640 6f 63 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 75 73 72 e1 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 98 80 ┆ocated in the / usr parent ┆
0x1d640…1d660 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆ directory. In this example, the┆
0x1d660…1d680 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 0a 19 98 80 80 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ directory would be: ┆
0x1d680…1d6a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d ┆ /usr/johnd ┆
0x1d6a0…1d6c0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 69 65 6c 64 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 ┆ comment field This┆
0x1d6c0…1d6e0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 ┆ will contain whatever informati┆
0x1d6e0…1d700 6f 6e 20 0a 19 98 80 80 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 28 69 6e 20 74 68 69 ┆on you have entered (in thi┆
0x1d700…1d720 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 0a 19 98 80 80 44 6f 65 27 73 20 64 65 70 61 72 74 6d 65 ┆s case, John Doe's departme┆
0x1d720…1d740 6e 74 20 61 6e 64 20 70 68 6f 6e 65 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d8 0a ┆nt and phone extension). ┆
0x1d740…1d760 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 68 65 ┆ shell The she┆
0x1d760…1d780 6c 6c 20 69 73 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 98 80 ┆ll is a XENIX program which ┆
0x1d780…1d7a0 80 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 73 20 75 73 65 72 ┆ prompts for and interprets user┆
0x1d7a0…1d7c0 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2c 20 0a 19 98 80 80 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 2f a1 62 69 6e 2f 73 ┆ commands, normally / bin/s┆
0x1d7c0…1d7e0 68 e1 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 6f 74 68 65 72 77 69 73 65 20 0a 19 98 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 ┆h unless otherwise specifi┆
0x1d7e0…1d800 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 ┆ed. The / etc/passwd┆
0x1d800…1d820 (236,) e1 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 ┆ entry for you: ┆
0x1d820…1d840 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1d840…1d860 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1d860…1d880 55 73 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6d ┆User name is johnd Com┆
0x1d880…1d8a0 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 69 65 6c 64 20 69 73 3a 20 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 20 33 33 33 0d 0a ┆ment field is: Accounting 333 ┆
0x1d8a0…1d8c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 69 73 3a ┆ Password file entry is:┆
0x1d8c0…1d8e0 0d 0a e1 e1 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 3a 6a 39 64 6a 66 3a 32 30 34 3a 32 ┆ johnd:j9djf:204:2┆
0x1d8e0…1d900 30 34 3a 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 20 33 33 33 3a 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 3a 2f 62 ┆04:Accounting 333:/usr/johnd:/b┆
0x1d900…1d920 69 6e 2f 73 68 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 44 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 ┆in/sh: Do you want t┆
0x1d920…1d940 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 3f 20 28 79 2f 6e 2f 71 29 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆o change anything? (y/n/q): ┆
0x1d940…1d960 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1d960…1d980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x1d980…1d9a0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 45 76 65 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 ┆ Every user of the sy┆
0x1d9a0…1d9c0 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 ┆stem must have an entry in this ┆
0x1d9c0…1d9e0 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 66 69 65 6c 64 ┆ file. Note that every field┆
0x1d9e0…1da00 20 69 73 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 63 6f 6c 6f 6e 20 28 3a 29 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ is separated by a colon (:). ┆
0x1da00…1da20 (237,) 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 66 69 65 6c 64 2c 20 3a 3a 2c 20 ┆ The empty field, ::, ┆
0x1da20…1da40 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 ┆after the login name is the pass┆
0x1da40…1da60 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 65 6c 64 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 ┆word field. If you enter a ┆
0x1da60…1da80 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 61 20 73 74 72 61 6e ┆password it will contain a stran┆
0x1da80…1daa0 67 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2c 20 ┆ge sequence of characters, ┆
0x1daa0…1dac0 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 22 65 6e 63 72 79 70 74 65 64 22 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 ┆which is the "encrypted", or ┆
0x1dac0…1dae0 80 80 63 6f 64 65 64 2c 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 ┆ coded, version of the password┆
0x1dae0…1db00 20 79 6f 75 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6d ┆ you created. The m┆
0x1db00…1db20 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 20 6f ┆kuser program will give you an o┆
0x1db20…1db40 70 70 6f 72 74 75 6e 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 ┆pportunity to change the us┆
0x1db40…1db60 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 6f 69 6e ┆er name, or comment at this poin┆
0x1db60…1db80 74 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 22 6e 22 20 66 6f 72 20 6e 6f ┆t, if you answer "n" for no┆
0x1db80…1dba0 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆. ┆
0x1dba0…1dbc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1dbc0…1dbe0 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 ┆ You can change any of┆
0x1dbe0…1dc00 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 69 74 65 6d 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 75 73 65 72 6e 61 ┆ the following items: userna┆
0x1dc00…1dc20 (238,) 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 a1 20 20 20 20 20 ┆me comment ┆
0x1dc20…1dc40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1dc40…1dc60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ ┆
0x1dc60…1dc80 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 69 74 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 ┆If you hit <BREAK>, the mkuser p┆
0x1dc80…1dca0 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 6f ┆rogram will terminate witho┆
0x1dca0…1dcc0 75 74 20 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 75 73 65 72 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 ┆ut adding the new user. If you d┆
0x1dcc0…1dce0 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 68 69 74 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆o not hit <BREAK>, it will ┆
0x1dce0…1dd00 72 65 70 6f 72 74 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆report: ┆
0x1dd00…1dd20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1dd20…1dd40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 75 70 64 ┆ Password file upd┆
0x1dd40…1dd60 61 74 65 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 6f 6d 65 ┆ated Home┆
0x1dd60…1dd80 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 0d 0a 20 ┆ directory /usr/johnd created ┆
0x1dd80…1dda0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f ┆ /usr/johnd/┆
0x1dda0…1ddc0 2e 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆.profile created ┆
0x1ddc0…1dde0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 65 73 74 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 73 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 72 3a 20 ┆ Test mail sent to user: ┆
0x1dde0…1de00 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 55 73 65 ┆johnd Use┆
0x1de00…1de20 (239,) 72 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 61 64 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 20 ┆r johnd added to this system. ┆
0x1de20…1de40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1de40…1de60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x1de60…1de80 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 63 61 6e 20 75 ┆ Now John Doe can u┆
0x1de80…1dea0 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 67 ┆se the system but you can also g┆
0x1dea0…1dec0 69 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 69 6d 20 61 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 ┆ive him a password if you a┆
0x1dec0…1dee0 6e 73 77 65 72 20 28 79 29 20 79 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 71 ┆nswer (y) yes to the next q┆
0x1dee0…1df00 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 3a ┆uestion appearing on the screen:┆
0x1df00…1df20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 44 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 ┆ Do you want to giv┆
0x1df20…1df40 65 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 61 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 28 79 2f 6e 29 3f 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e John Doe a password (y/n)? ┆
0x1df40…1df60 8c 83 c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 65 64 20 79 65 ┆ If you answered ye┆
0x1df60…1df80 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 73 6b 20 79 6f 75 20 66 6f 72 20 ┆s, the program will ask you for ┆
0x1df80…1dfa0 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 65 6e 74 72 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 65 ┆a password entry. You are e┆
0x1dfa0…1dfc0 6e 63 6f 75 72 61 67 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 69 78 20 75 70 70 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a ┆ncouraged to mix uppercase and ┆
0x1dfc0…1dfe0 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 77 65 72 63 61 73 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2c 20 64 69 67 69 74 73 2c 20 61 ┆ lowercase letters, digits, a┆
0x1dfe0…1e000 6e 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 0a 19 ┆nd special characters to make ┆
0x1e000…1e020 (240,) 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 68 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 67 75 65 73 73 2e 20 41 ┆ the password hard to guess. A┆
0x1e020…1e040 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆fter the user logs in for t┆
0x1e040…1e060 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 ┆he first time with the password ┆
0x1e060…1e080 79 6f 75 20 67 69 76 65 20 68 69 6d 2c 20 68 65 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 6e 67 65 ┆you give him, he can change┆
0x1e080…1e0a0 20 69 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 28 53 65 ┆ it with the passwd command. (Se┆
0x1e0a0…1e0c0 65 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 32 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 ┆e Section 6.2 for a descrip┆
0x1e0c0…1e0e0 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 29 2e 20 50 6c 65 ┆tion of the passwd command). Ple┆
0x1e0e0…1e100 61 73 65 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 ┆ase type carefully because ┆
0x1e100…1e120 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 4e 4f 54 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 ┆the password will NOT appear on ┆
0x1e120…1e140 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 3b 20 79 6f ┆your screen as you type; yo┆
0x1e140…1e160 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 ┆u will not be able to see if you┆
0x1e160…1e180 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 ┆ have made a mistake. You w┆
0x1e180…1e1a0 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 74 77 69 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ill be asked twice for the ┆
0x1e1a0…1e1c0 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3b 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 ┆password; if the two entries are┆
0x1e1c0…1e1e0 20 6e 6f 74 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ not identical, XENIX will ┆
0x1e1e0…1e200 6e 6f 74 20 61 63 63 65 70 74 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f ┆not accept them. No┆
0x1e200…1e220 (241,) 77 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 73 ┆w John Doe can use the system as┆
0x1e220…1e240 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 68 69 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 69 73 20 6c ┆ soon as you tell him his l┆
0x1e240…1e260 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 28 69 66 20 61 6e 79 29 2e ┆ogin name and password (if any).┆
0x1e260…1e280 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 20 66 6f ┆ When he logs in fo┆
0x1e280…1e2a0 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 68 69 73 20 6e 65 77 20 6c 6f ┆r the first time with his new lo┆
0x1e2a0…1e2c0 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 68 65 20 77 ┆gin name and password, he w┆
0x1e2c0…1e2e0 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ill receive the message: ┆
0x1e2e0…1e300 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 20 0d 0a 06 59 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ You have mail ┆
0x1e300…1e320 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 69 73 20 ┆ If John is ┆
0x1e320…1e340 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 63 75 72 69 6f 75 73 2c 20 68 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 ┆at all curious, he will type the┆
0x1e340…1e360 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 61 69 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ command mail ┆
0x1e360…1e380 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e ┆ and the system will respon┆
0x1e380…1e3a0 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 46 72 6f 6d 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 20 ┆d From root ┆
0x1e3a0…1e3c0 64 61 74 65 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆date ┆
0x1e3c0…1e3e0 20 20 20 20 57 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 21 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Welcome to XENIX! ┆
0x1e3e0…1e400 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 68 65 20 63 68 6f 6f 73 65 73 2c 20 68 ┆ If he chooses, h┆
0x1e400…1e420 (242,) 65 20 6d 61 79 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 68 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 69 ┆e may change his password at thi┆
0x1e420…1e440 73 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 20 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆s point by entering the com┆
0x1e440…1e460 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆mand passwd ┆
0x1e460…1e480 20 20 20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ XENIX will respond: ┆
0x1e480…1e4a0 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 43 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 6f 72 ┆ Changing password for┆
0x1e4a0…1e4c0 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 6c 64 20 70 ┆ johnd. Old p┆
0x1e4c0…1e4e0 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 77 20 ┆assword: New ┆
0x1e4e0…1e500 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆password: ┆
0x1e500…1e520 20 20 20 84 4a 6f 68 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 73 20 68 69 73 20 6f 6c 64 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 ┆ John enters his old password┆
0x1e520…1e540 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 68 69 73 20 63 68 6f 69 63 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆, followed by his choice of ┆
0x1e540…1e560 80 61 20 6e 65 77 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ a new password. the passwd comm┆
0x1e560…1e580 61 6e 64 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 70 64 61 74 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆and automatically updates t┆
0x1e580…1e5a0 68 65 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 66 69 ┆he entry in the / etc/passwd fi┆
0x1e5a0…1e5c0 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 66 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 ┆le. After you have ┆
0x1e5c0…1e5e0 62 65 65 6e 20 61 63 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆been acting in the role of syste┆
0x1e5e0…1e600 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 61 20 77 68 69 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆m manager for a while, you ┆
0x1e600…1e620 (243,) 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65 ┆may have reason to change entrie┆
0x1e620…1e640 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆s in the / etc/passwd file┆
0x1e640…1e660 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆ directly, such as creating new ┆
0x1e660…1e680 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6c ┆ group IDs. If you are l┆
0x1e680…1e6a0 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆ogged in as super-user, you will┆
0x1e6a0…1e6c0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 ┆ be able to edit / etc/pass┆
0x1e6c0…1e6e0 77 64 e1 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 ┆wd like any other file, with ┆
0x1e6e0…1e700 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70 72 65 63 61 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆ the following precautions: ┆
0x1e700…1e720 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 41 6c 77 61 79 73 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 ┆ . Always use the pass┆
0x1e720…1e740 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 2e 0d ┆wd command to change passwords. ┆
0x1e740…1e760 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 4d 61 6b 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 74 6f 20 2f ┆ . Make changes to /┆
0x1e760…1e780 a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 ┆ etc/passwd when the system is ┆
0x1e780…1e7a0 0a 19 8b 80 80 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 6c 79 20 69 64 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ relatively idle. ┆
0x1e7a0…1e7c0 20 20 2e 20 4e 65 76 65 72 20 74 6f 75 63 68 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 49 44 73 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 ┆ . Never touch system IDs, like┆
0x1e7c0…1e7e0 20 22 63 72 6f 6e 22 20 6f 72 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e ┆ "cron" or "root". .┆
0x1e7e0…1e800 20 84 53 61 76 65 20 61 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 70 61 ┆ Save a copy of the old /etc/pa┆
0x1e800…1e820 (244,) 73 73 77 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 6e 61 6d ┆sswd file under another nam┆
0x1e820…1e840 65 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆e, for example: ┆
0x1e840…1e860 63 70 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd- ┆
0x1e860…1e880 20 20 20 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 33 2e 33 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 2e 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 20 46 69 6c ┆ 6.3.3 The .profile Fil┆
0x1e880…1e8a0 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 69 6e ┆e When any user, in┆
0x1e8a0…1e8c0 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 72 6f 6f 74 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2c ┆cluding root, or the super-user,┆
0x1e8c0…1e8e0 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 2c 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 ┆ first logs in, a file in t┆
0x1e8e0…1e900 68 61 74 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 22 68 6f 6d 65 22 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c ┆hat user's "home" directory call┆
0x1e900…1e920 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 69 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 64 20 61 ┆ed . profile is executed a┆
0x1e920…1e940 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 73 ┆utomatically. This file performs┆
0x1e940…1e960 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ several functions: ┆
0x1e960…1e980 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 49 74 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 68 61 74 ┆ . It tells the system what┆
0x1e980…1e9a0 20 6b 69 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 69 73 20 0a 19 ┆ kind of terminal the user is ┆
0x1e9a0…1e9c0 8b 80 80 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 49 74 ┆ working on. . It┆
0x1e9c0…1e9e0 20 65 73 74 61 62 6c 69 73 68 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 ┆ establishes the name of the use┆
0x1e9e0…1ea00 72 27 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆r's home directory. ┆
0x1ea00…1ea20 (245,) 2e 20 84 49 74 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 6f 20 ┆. It tells the system where to ┆
0x1ea20…1ea40 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 ┆look for programs the user ┆
0x1ea40…1ea60 72 75 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 49 74 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 74 68 ┆runs. . It tells th┆
0x1ea60…1ea80 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 ┆e system where the user's electr┆
0x1ea80…1eaa0 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 62 6f 78 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a ┆onic mail box is located. ┆
0x1eaa0…1eac0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 49 74 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ . It determines the ┆
0x1eac0…1eae0 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 6f 6e ┆meaning of certain characters on┆
0x1eae0…1eb00 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 22 6b 69 6c ┆ the terminal, such as "kil┆
0x1eb00…1eb20 6c 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 62 61 63 6b 73 70 61 63 65 22 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆l" and "backspace". ┆
0x1eb20…1eb40 84 54 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c ┆ The mkuser program automaticall┆
0x1eb40…1eb60 79 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 ┆y creates the . profile fi┆
0x1eb60…1eb80 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 65 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 77 69 74 ┆le in each user's directory, wit┆
0x1eb80…1eba0 68 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 73 ┆h entries which should be s┆
0x1eba0…1ebc0 75 69 74 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 66 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 61 72 65 ┆uitable. However, if changes are┆
0x1ebc0…1ebe0 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 2c 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 65 64 69 74 65 ┆ necessary, it can be edite┆
0x1ebe0…1ec00 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 79 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 ┆d like any XENIX file, using you┆
0x1ec00…1ec20 (246,) 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 75 73 65 ┆r text editor. Ordinary use┆
0x1ec20…1ec40 72 73 20 6d 61 79 20 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 ┆rs may edit their own . profile ┆
0x1ec40…1ec60 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 33 2e 34 20 20 20 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 ┆ file. 6.3.4 Removing ┆
0x1ec60…1ec80 61 20 55 73 65 72 3a 20 54 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆a User: The rmuser Program ┆
0x1ec80…1eca0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d ┆ Of course, it is sometim┆
0x1eca0…1ecc0 65 73 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 ┆es necessary to remove a user ┆
0x1ecc0…1ece0 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 66 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 ┆ from the system. If John Doe ┆
0x1ece0…1ed00 67 65 74 73 20 61 20 6a 6f 62 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d ┆gets a job with another com┆
0x1ed00…1ed20 70 61 6e 79 2c 20 6e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 ┆pany, naturally the system manag┆
0x1ed20…1ed40 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 68 69 6d ┆er will want to prevent him┆
0x1ed40…1ed60 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 ┆ from continuing to access the p┆
0x1ed60…1ed80 61 79 72 6f 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 6e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 ┆ayroll files. In removing a┆
0x1ed80…1eda0 20 75 73 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 ┆ user from the system, the rmuse┆
0x1eda0…1edc0 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e ┆r program does the followin┆
0x1edc0…1ede0 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 ┆g: . deletes the use┆
0x1ede0…1ee00 72 27 73 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 66 ┆r's entry in the / etc/passwd f┆
0x1ee00…1ee20 (247,) 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 ┆ile . removes the us┆
0x1ee20…1ee40 65 72 27 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆er's home directory ┆
0x1ee40…1ee60 20 20 20 20 84 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 ┆ However, rmuser will do not┆
0x1ee60…1ee80 68 69 6e 67 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 4a 6f 68 6e 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 ┆hing unless all of John's f┆
0x1ee80…1eea0 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 ┆iles and directories are either ┆
0x1eea0…1eec0 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 72 ┆removed from the system, or┆
0x1eec0…1eee0 20 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 6f 74 68 ┆ moved to the directories of oth┆
0x1eee0…1ef00 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 ┆er users. It is not a good ┆
0x1ef00…1ef20 69 64 65 61 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 66 72 ┆idea to remove a user's files fr┆
0x1ef20…1ef40 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 79 20 68 61 ┆om the system until they ha┆
0x1ef40…1ef60 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 22 73 61 76 65 64 22 20 6f 72 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 6c 6f ┆ve been "saved" or copied to flo┆
0x1ef60…1ef80 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 73 20 62 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 74 ┆ppy disks by one of the met┆
0x1ef80…1efa0 68 6f 64 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 36 2c 20 0a ┆hods described in Section 6.6, ┆
0x1efa0…1efc0 19 89 80 80 22 42 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 55 70 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 22 2e 20 41 66 ┆ "Backing Up Your System". Af┆
0x1efc0…1efe0 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ter you have made a backup ┆
0x1efe0…1f000 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d ┆copy of the files, simply type: ┆
0x1f000…1f020 (248,) 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 64 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ cd /usr/johnd ┆
0x1f020…1f040 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 2d 66 72 20 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 61 6e 64 20 ┆ rm -fr * and ┆
0x1f040…1f060 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 4a 6f 68 6e 27 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 ┆all of John's files will be dele┆
0x1f060…1f080 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 79 6f ┆ted. After this, yo┆
0x1f080…1f0a0 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 6f 20 ┆u can use the rmuser program to ┆
0x1f0a0…1f0c0 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆remove his login from the s┆
0x1f0c0…1f0e0 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 4a 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 72 6d 75 ┆ystem. Just type the command rmu┆
0x1f0e0…1f100 73 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 61 ┆ser, making sure that you a┆
0x1f100…1f120 72 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 ┆re logged in as root. You should┆
0x1f120…1f140 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ see the message: ┆
0x1f140…1f160 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 2a 2a 2a 2a 72 6d 75 73 65 72 2d 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 75 73 ┆ ****rmuser-remove a us┆
0x1f160…1f180 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2a 2a 2a 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆er from the system**** ┆
0x1f180…1f1a0 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 ┆ followed by a┆
0x1f1a0…1f1c0 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 77 68 61 74 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 64 6f 65 73 ┆ description of what rmuser does┆
0x1f1c0…1f1e0 2e 20 41 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 ┆. At the end of the descrip┆
0x1f1e0…1f200 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 ┆tion you will see: ┆
0x1f200…1f220 (249,) 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 50 72 65 73 73 20 45 4e 54 45 52 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 72 ┆ Press ENTER when you are r┆
0x1f220…1f240 65 61 64 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆eady. ┆
0x1f240…1f260 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e ┆ You will be prompted for the n┆
0x1f260…1f280 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 6f 69 ┆ame of the user you are goi┆
0x1f280…1f2a0 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆ng to remove from the system. ┆
0x1f2a0…1f2c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 45 6e 74 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 69 ┆ Enter name of i┆
0x1f2c0…1f2e0 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a ┆d to be removed ┆
0x1f2e0…1f300 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 64 65 6c ┆ rmuser will then del┆
0x1f300…1f320 65 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆ete that user's entry in the ┆
0x1f320…1f340 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 68 69 73 20 6d 61 69 6c ┆ password file, remove his mail┆
0x1f340…1f360 20 62 6f 78 2c 20 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ box, . profile file, and ┆
0x1f360…1f380 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 63 ┆home directory. Onc┆
0x1f380…1f3a0 65 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 ┆e again, before you remove a use┆
0x1f3a0…1f3c0 72 20 49 44 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 68 ┆r ID from the system you sh┆
0x1f3c0…1f3e0 6f 75 6c 64 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 62 ┆ould make sure the user's mail b┆
0x1f3e0…1f400 6f 78 20 69 73 20 65 6d 70 74 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 ┆ox is empty, and that all f┆
0x1f400…1f420 (250,) 69 6c 65 73 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 68 ┆iles belonging to that user ID h┆
0x1f420…1f440 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 73 61 76 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 20 61 ┆ave been saved or deleted a┆
0x1f440…1f460 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 6d 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 ┆s required. The rmuser program w┆
0x1f460…1f480 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 66 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 ┆ill refuse to remove a user┆
0x1f480…1f4a0 20 49 44 20 6f 72 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 66 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f ┆ ID or any of its files if one o┆
0x1f4a0…1f4c0 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 68 65 ┆r more of the following che┆
0x1f4c0…1f4e0 63 6b 73 20 66 61 69 6c 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 54 68 65 20 75 73 ┆cks fails: . The us┆
0x1f4e0…1f500 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 79 73 ┆er name given is one of the "sys┆
0x1f500…1f520 74 65 6d 22 20 75 73 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 72 6f ┆tem" user names, such as ro┆
0x1f520…1f540 6f 74 2c 20 73 79 73 2c 20 73 79 73 69 6e 66 6f 2c 20 63 72 6f 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 75 75 63 70 2e ┆ot, sys, sysinfo, cron, or uucp.┆
0x1f540…1f560 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 54 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 ┆ . The user ID ┆
0x1f560…1f580 69 73 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 32 30 30 2e 20 28 4f 6e 6c 79 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 49 44 73 20 68 ┆is below 200. (Only system IDs h┆
0x1f580…1f5a0 61 76 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 32 30 30 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ave numbers below 200). ┆
0x1f5a0…1f5c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 54 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 62 6f 78 20 ┆ . The user's mail box ┆
0x1f5c0…1f5e0 65 78 69 73 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 6d 70 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆exists and is not empty. ┆
0x1f5e0…1f600 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 54 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 ┆ . The user's home director┆
0x1f600…1f620 (251,) 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 8b 80 ┆y contains files other than ┆
0x1f620…1f640 80 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f ┆ . profile . You sho┆
0x1f640…1f660 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 77 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆uld now see the message: ┆
0x1f660…1f680 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 06 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 75 73 65 ┆ Removing use┆
0x1f680…1f6a0 72 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 43 4f 4e 46 49 52 4d ┆r johnd from the system. CONFIRM┆
0x1f6a0…1f6c0 3f 20 28 79 2f 6e 2f 71 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆? (y/n/q): ┆
0x1f6c0…1f6e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 22 79 22 2c 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 ┆ If you answer "y", johnd ┆
0x1f6e0…1f700 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 ┆will be removed from the sy┆
0x1f700…1f720 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 55 73 65 72 20 6a 6f ┆stem. User jo┆
0x1f720…1f740 68 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆hnd removed from the system ┆
0x1f740…1f760 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 ┆ If you a┆
0x1f760…1f780 6e 73 77 65 72 20 22 6e 22 20 6f 72 20 22 71 22 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 27 73 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 ┆nswer "n" or "q" johnd's account┆
0x1f780…1f7a0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 52 6d 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e ┆ will remain. Rmuser will n┆
0x1f7a0…1f7c0 6f 77 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 20 63 68 61 6e 63 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 ┆ow give you a chance to remove a┆
0x1f7c0…1f7e0 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 ┆nother user: ┆
0x1f7e0…1f800 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 44 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 ┆ Do you want to remove anoth┆
0x1f800…1f820 (252,) 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 3f 20 28 79 2f 6e 2f 71 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 ┆er user? (y/n/q): ┆
0x1f820…1f840 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 20 74 68 65 ┆ You may repeat the┆
0x1f840…1f860 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 20 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 69 66 20 ┆ removal process. Of course, if ┆
0x1f860…1f880 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 ┆you have accidentally remov┆
0x1f880…1f8a0 65 64 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 28 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 27 74 20 0a ┆ed a user (remember, you can't ┆
0x1f8a0…1f8c0 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 69 66 20 68 65 20 68 61 73 20 61 6e ┆ remove the user if he has an┆
0x1f8c0…1f8e0 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 29 2c 20 6e 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆y files on the system), no ┆
0x1f8e0…1f900 68 61 72 6d 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 2e 20 4a 75 73 74 20 75 73 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f ┆harm is done. Just use mkuser to┆
0x1f900…1f920 20 72 65 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 68 69 73 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 2e ┆ recreate his user account.┆
0x1f920…1f922 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x1f922…1f925 FormFeed {
0x1f922…1f925 0c 82 c0 ┆ ┆
0x1f922…1f925 }
0x1f925…1f940 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 41 63 63 ┆ 6.4 Controlling Acc┆
0x1f940…1f960 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ess to Files and Directories ┆
0x1f960…1f980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 ┆ In this section, you w┆
0x1f980…1f9a0 69 6c 6c 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6d 6f 73 74 ┆ill learn about one of your most┆
0x1f9a0…1f9c0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 ┆ important responsibilities┆
0x1f9c0…1f9e0 20 61 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f ┆ as system manager - contro┆
0x1f9e0…1fa00 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 27 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆lling your users' access to the ┆
0x1fa00…1fa20 (253,) 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f ┆files and directories on yo┆
0x1fa20…1fa40 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 ┆ur system. Because XENIX offers ┆
0x1fa40…1fa60 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 20 66 6f 72 ┆several different tools for┆
0x1fa60…1fa80 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 ┆ controlling access, you will ha┆
0x1fa80…1faa0 76 65 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 72 65 61 74 20 64 65 61 6c 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 69 6c ┆ve a great deal of flexibil┆
0x1faa0…1fac0 69 74 79 20 69 6e 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 73 61 67 65 20 ┆ity in restricting system usage ┆
0x1fac0…1fae0 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 62 6f 74 68 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 63 79 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 63 ┆ for both efficiency and sec┆
0x1fae0…1fb00 75 72 69 74 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 74 77 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆urity. In the previous two ┆
0x1fb00…1fb20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 ┆sections you have been introduce┆
0x1fb20…1fb40 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 67 ┆d to the way that XENIX org┆
0x1fb40…1fb60 61 6e 69 7a 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 ┆anizes the information on the sy┆
0x1fb60…1fb80 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆stem with files and directo┆
0x1fb80…1fba0 72 69 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 ┆ries, and the way in which user ┆
0x1fba0…1fbc0 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 64 64 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f ┆accounts are added and remo┆
0x1fbc0…1fbe0 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 ┆ved from the system. In this sec┆
0x1fbe0…1fc00 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 ┆tion the following concepts┆
0x1fc00…1fc20 (254,) 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 74 ┆ are introduced: . t┆
0x1fc20…1fc40 68 65 20 64 65 66 69 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 2c 20 ┆he definition of users, groups, ┆
0x1fc40…1fc60 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 61 73 ┆and others . the as┆
0x1fc60…1fc80 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 72 65 73 74 72 ┆signment of permissions to restr┆
0x1fc80…1fca0 69 63 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 74 68 ┆ict file access . th┆
0x1fca0…1fcc0 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 75 6e 6d 6f 75 6e 74 ┆e creation, mounting and unmount┆
0x1fcc0…1fce0 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ing of file systems ┆
0x1fce0…1fd00 20 2e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 0d ┆ . the need for system security ┆
0x1fd00…1fd20 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 ┆ You will learn the f┆
0x1fd20…1fd40 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ollowing procedures: ┆
0x1fd40…1fd60 20 2e 20 84 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 ┆ . how to determine the permiss┆
0x1fd60…1fd80 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 ┆ion of files and directorie┆
0x1fd80…1fda0 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆s . how to set and ┆
0x1fda0…1fdc0 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆change permissions to files and ┆
0x1fdc0…1fde0 0a 19 8b 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 68 ┆ directories . h┆
0x1fde0…1fe00 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 ┆ow to create and mount a file sy┆
0x1fe00…1fe20 (255,) 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 31 20 20 20 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 50 65 72 ┆stem 6.4.1 Setting Per┆
0x1fe20…1fe40 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 3a 20 55 73 65 72 73 2c 20 47 72 6f 75 70 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 4f 74 68 ┆missions: Users, Groups, and Oth┆
0x1fe40…1fe60 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 ┆ers As system manag┆
0x1fe60…1fe80 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 61 ┆er you will be responsible for a┆
0x1fe80…1fea0 64 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 ┆dding and removing user acc┆
0x1fea0…1fec0 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 69 ┆ounts on the system. Each user i┆
0x1fec0…1fee0 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 75 6e 69 71 75 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 74 ┆s given a unique password t┆
0x1fee0…1ff00 6f 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 20 70 72 69 76 61 63 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 ┆o ensure privacy, and optionally┆
0x1ff00…1ff20 2c 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 72 6f 75 70 20 61 66 66 69 6c 69 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆, a group affiliation that ┆
0x1ff20…1ff40 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 73 68 61 72 ┆allows a number of users to shar┆
0x1ff40…1ff60 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆e access to files. You will┆
0x1ff60…1ff80 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 ┆ also need to know something ┆
0x1ff80…1ffa0 80 80 61 62 6f 75 74 20 68 6f 77 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 ┆ about how permission to access┆
0x1ffa0…1ffc0 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 73 ┆ files on the system is ass┆
0x1ffc0…1ffe0 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 ┆igned to users, groups, and othe┆
0x1ffe0…20000 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 31 ┆rs on the system. 6.4.1.1┆
0x20000…20020 (256,) 20 20 55 73 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6e 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 77 68 ┆ Users Any user wh┆
0x20020…20040 6f 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 76 61 6c 69 64 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 70 ┆o has a valid login name and a p┆
0x20040…20060 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 63 6f 67 6e 69 7a 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆assword recognized by the s┆
0x20060…20080 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 20 74 6f ┆ystem may log in, and proceed to┆
0x20080…200a0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 65 64 69 74 20 74 65 78 74 2c 20 6f ┆ access files, edit text, o┆
0x200a0…200c0 72 20 72 75 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 42 75 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 0a 19 ┆r run programs. But not every ┆
0x200c0…200e0 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 65 76 ┆ user should have access to ev┆
0x200e0…20100 65 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ery file on the system. ┆
0x20100…20120 20 20 20 20 84 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 44 6f 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 ┆ For example, John Doe would┆
0x20120…20140 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 77 61 6e 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 ┆ probably not want every user ┆
0x20140…20160 89 80 80 74 6f 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 6f 72 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 ┆ to be able to read or change ┆
0x20160…20180 74 68 65 20 70 61 79 72 6f 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 72 65 61 74 65 ┆the payroll files he create┆
0x20180…201a0 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 53 6f 20 58 45 ┆d in the previous section. So XE┆
0x201a0…201c0 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 6f 66 20 73 74 ┆NIX provides a method of st┆
0x201c0…201e0 72 69 63 74 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 65 61 63 ┆rictly controlling access to eac┆
0x201e0…20200 68 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆h individual file and direc┆
0x20200…20220 (257,) 74 6f 72 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 ┆tory with permission or protecti┆
0x20220…20240 6f 6e 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c ┆on settings. Naturally,┆
0x20240…20260 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 ┆ every user has access to all th┆
0x20260…20280 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 77 68 69 ┆e files and directories whi┆
0x20280…202a0 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 68 69 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 0a 19 ┆ch are in his home directory. ┆
0x202a0…202c0 89 80 80 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 2c 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 ┆ When the user logs in, this i┆
0x202c0…202e0 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 68 65 20 69 73 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 6f 73 ┆s where he is initially pos┆
0x202e0…20300 69 74 69 6f 6e 65 64 2e 20 4f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 69 6c 79 2c 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6e 6e ┆itioned. Ordinarily, a user cann┆
0x20300…20320 6f 74 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 ┆ot access other files and d┆
0x20320…20340 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 ┆irectories, unless the necessary┆
0x20340…20360 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 65 6e 20 73 65 74 2e ┆ permissions have been set.┆
0x20360…20380 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 ┆ Only the super-use┆
0x20380…203a0 72 20 68 61 73 20 75 6e 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 ┆r has unlimited power to access ┆
0x203a0…203c0 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆files on the system, which ┆
0x203c0…203e0 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 6c 6f 67 67 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆makes logging in as "root" ┆
0x203e0…20400 74 65 6d 70 74 69 6e 67 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 2e 20 42 75 74 20 73 69 6e 63 65 ┆temptingly convenient. But since┆
0x20400…20420 (258,) 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆ the XENIX file protection ┆
0x20420…20440 6d 65 63 68 61 6e 69 73 6d 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆mechanism does not apply to the ┆
0x20440…20460 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2c 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6d 69 73 74 61 6b ┆super-user, a single mistak┆
0x20460…20480 65 20 6d 61 64 65 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 63 61 75 ┆e made by the super-user can cau┆
0x20480…204a0 73 65 20 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 ┆se massive damage to other ┆
0x204a0…204c0 75 73 65 72 73 27 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 6f ┆users' programs and data, and po┆
0x204c0…204e0 73 73 69 62 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 6e 20 62 72 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ssibly even bring down the ┆
0x204e0…20500 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 47 ┆entire system. 6.4.1.2 G┆
0x20500…20520 72 6f 75 70 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 47 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 61 20 ┆roups Generally, a ┆
0x20520…20540 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆user will restrict access to the┆
0x20540…20560 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 68 65 20 6f ┆ files and directories he o┆
0x20560…20580 77 6e 73 20 62 79 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f ┆wns by setting the permission fo┆
0x20580…205a0 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 65 76 65 ┆r that file. This can preve┆
0x205a0…205c0 6e 74 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 2c 20 6f 72 ┆nt other users from changing, or┆
0x205c0…205e0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 65 76 65 6e 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 2c 20 68 69 73 20 ┆ perhaps even reading, his ┆
0x205e0…20600 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆files. However, some direct┆
0x20600…20620 (259,) 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 68 61 72 65 ┆ories and files need to be share┆
0x20620…20640 64 20 62 79 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 73 ┆d by several users, while s┆
0x20640…20660 74 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 65 ┆till remaining restricted from e┆
0x20660…20680 76 65 72 79 6f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6c 73 65 2e 20 54 68 75 73 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 66 ┆veryone else. Thus XENIX of┆
0x20680…206a0 66 65 72 73 20 61 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 73 20 6d 6f 72 ┆fers a group ID which allows mor┆
0x206a0…206c0 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 61 63 ┆e than one user the same ac┆
0x206c0…206e0 63 65 73 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 63 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆cess. In practice, you may ┆
0x206e0…20700 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 6f ┆decide not to use this feature o┆
0x20700…20720 6e 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c ┆n a small system. XENIX wil┆
0x20720…20740 6c 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 ┆l automatically set the group ID┆
0x20740…20760 20 61 73 20 69 66 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 65 64 20 ┆ as if every user belonged ┆
0x20760…20780 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 3b 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 63 68 61 6e 67 ┆to the same group; you may chang┆
0x20780…207a0 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 69 72 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 ┆e this as desired. 6┆
0x207a0…207c0 2e 34 2e 31 2e 33 20 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆.4.1.3 Permissions ┆
0x207c0…207e0 84 49 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 61 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 ┆ In order to get a look at the p┆
0x207e0…20800 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 20 ┆ermission settings for all ┆
0x20800…20820 (260,) 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 77 65 20 63 61 6e ┆the files in a directory, we can┆
0x20820…20840 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 61 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6c 63 20 63 6f ┆ use a variant of the lc co┆
0x20840…20860 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 31 2e 20 48 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 ┆mmand, 1. Here is a sample outpu┆
0x20860…20880 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 72 77 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 31 20 6a 6f 68 6e ┆t: -rw-rw---- 1 john┆
0x20880…208a0 64 20 31 31 35 31 35 20 20 4e 6f 76 20 31 37 20 20 31 34 3a 32 31 20 66 69 6c 65 31 0d 0a 20 20 ┆d 11515 Nov 17 14:21 file1 ┆
0x208a0…208c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 72 77 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 31 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 31 32 33 33 37 20 ┆ -rw-rw---- 1 johnd 12337 ┆
0x208c0…208e0 20 4e 6f 76 20 31 36 20 20 31 30 3a 31 35 20 66 69 6c 65 32 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d ┆ Nov 16 10:15 file2 -┆
0x208e0…20900 72 77 78 72 77 78 2d 2d 78 20 31 20 66 72 65 64 73 20 20 37 37 31 32 20 20 4f 63 74 20 31 30 20 ┆rwxrwx--x 1 freds 7712 Oct 10 ┆
0x20900…20920 20 30 39 3a 30 32 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 ┆ 09:02 program The ┆
0x20920…20940 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 61 20 6c 6f 74 20 6f 66 ┆command gives you quite a lot of┆
0x20940…20960 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 4a 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 72 ┆ information. Just to the r┆
0x20960…20980 69 67 68 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 77 68 6f ┆ight of the name of the user who┆
0x20980…209a0 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆ created the file, you will┆
0x209a0…209c0 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 69 6e 66 6f 72 ┆ see the size of the file (infor┆
0x209c0…209e0 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 6f 66 20 73 70 65 ┆mation which will be of spe┆
0x209e0…20a00 63 69 61 6c 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 ┆cial interest to you when you ar┆
0x20a00…20a20 (261,) 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 72 74 20 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 61 ┆e short on disk space and a┆
0x20a20…20a40 72 65 20 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 77 68 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a ┆re trying to decide what files ┆
0x20a40…20a60 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 29 2c 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69 6d ┆ to remove), the date and tim┆
0x20a60…20a80 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 61 73 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆e when that file was either ┆
0x20a80…20aa0 80 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 6f 72 20 6c 61 73 74 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 ┆ created or last changed, and th┆
0x20aa0…20ac0 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 ┆e name of the file or direc┆
0x20ac0…20ae0 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 63 61 72 65 ┆tory. Now look care┆
0x20ae0…20b00 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 65 6e 20 6c 65 74 74 ┆fully at the pattern of ten lett┆
0x20b00…20b20 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 73 68 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 66 74 2e ┆ers and dashes on the left.┆
0x20b20…20b40 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 65 78 70 6c 61 ┆ The first space is easily expla┆
0x20b40…20b60 69 6e 65 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 20 22 64 22 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 61 20 64 69 72 ┆ined. A "d" indicates a dir┆
0x20b60…20b80 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 20 22 2d 22 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 ┆ectory, a "-" means an ordinary ┆
0x20b80…20ba0 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6e 69 6e 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 ┆ file. The other nine charac┆
0x20ba0…20bc0 74 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 ┆ters are a representation of ┆
0x20bc0…20be0 80 80 74 68 65 20 6e 69 6e 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 ┆ the nine possible combinations┆
0x20be0…20c00 20 6f 66 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 ┆ of permission which can be┆
0x20c00…20c20 (262,) 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 6e 69 6e ┆ assigned to any file. These nin┆
0x20c20…20c40 65 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 69 76 69 64 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆e can be divided into t┆
0x20c40…20c60 68 72 65 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 72 65 65 2c 20 72 65 61 64 20 28 72 29 2c 20 ┆hree groups of three, read (r), ┆
0x20c60…20c80 77 72 69 74 65 20 28 77 29 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 28 78 29 20 ┆write (w), and execute (x) ┆
0x20c80…20ca0 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c ┆permissions for each of the foll┆
0x20ca0…20cc0 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 61 74 65 67 6f 72 69 65 73 3a 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 22 75 73 65 72 ┆owing categories: the "user┆
0x20cc0…20ce0 22 20 77 68 6f 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 77 6e 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 ┆" who is the owner of the file, ┆
0x20ce0…20d00 74 68 65 20 22 67 72 6f 75 70 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 6f 73 65 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 73 20 68 ┆the "group" whose members h┆
0x20d00…20d20 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d ┆ave been defined by the system m┆
0x20d20…20d40 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 22 6f 74 68 65 72 22 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 ┆anager, and "other" which i┆
0x20d40…20d60 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 20 65 76 65 72 79 6f 6e 65 20 65 6c 73 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 65 61 63 68 20 63 ┆ncludes everyone else. In each c┆
0x20d60…20d80 61 73 65 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 73 68 20 28 2d 29 20 64 65 6e 69 65 73 20 70 65 72 6d 69 ┆ase a dash (-) denies permi┆
0x20d80…20da0 73 73 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 22 72 2c 22 20 22 77 2c 22 ┆ssion, and the letters "r," "w,"┆
0x20da0…20dc0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 22 78 22 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 69 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 65 6e 74 72 ┆ and "x" allow it. The entr┆
0x20dc0…20de0 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 78 72 77 78 72 77 78 20 31 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 ┆y -rwxrwxrwx 1 johnd┆
0x20de0…20e00 20 33 32 20 4f 63 74 20 31 39 20 31 30 3a 30 30 20 70 75 62 6c 69 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 32 Oct 19 10:00 public ┆
0x20e00…20e20 (263,) 20 20 20 20 84 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 65 76 65 72 79 6f 6e 65 2c 20 6f 77 ┆ indicates that everyone, ow┆
0x20e20…20e40 6e 65 72 2c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 68 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ner, group, and other, has ┆
0x20e40…20e60 66 75 6c 6c 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 72 69 67 68 74 73 20 74 6f 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c ┆full access rights to a file cal┆
0x20e60…20e80 6c 65 64 20 a1 70 75 62 6c 69 63 e1 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4a 6f 68 ┆led public created by Joh┆
0x20e80…20ea0 6e 20 44 6f 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 74 68 ┆n Doe. Of course th┆
0x20ea0…20ec0 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 4a 6f 68 6e 20 6d 69 ┆ere are some files which John mi┆
0x20ec0…20ee0 67 68 74 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 65 65 70 20 70 72 69 76 61 74 65 2e 20 46 ┆ght want to keep private. F┆
0x20ee0…20f00 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 a1 6c 69 73 74 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 68 ┆or example, the list file in h┆
0x20f00…20f20 69 73 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f ┆is home directory, which co┆
0x20f20…20f40 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 68 69 73 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 61 6c 20 22 74 6f 20 64 6f 22 20 6c 69 73 74 ┆ntains his personal "to do" list┆
0x20f40…20f60 2e 20 53 6f 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e ┆. So, the permission settin┆
0x20f60…20f80 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a ┆g on this file would look like ┆
0x20f80…20fa0 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d ┆ this: -rw-------┆
0x20fa0…20fc0 20 31 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 20 20 20 20 33 20 4e 6f 76 20 31 38 20 30 37 3a 33 31 20 6c 69 73 74 0d ┆ 1 johnd 3 Nov 18 07:31 list ┆
0x20fc0…20fe0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 65 74 ┆ Permissions are set┆
0x20fe0…21000 20 66 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 77 61 79 ┆ for directories in the same way┆
0x21000…21020 (264,) 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e ┆ as files, but you should n┆
0x21020…21040 6f 74 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 2e 20 4e 6f 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 ┆ote these differences. No user, ┆
0x21040…21060 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 2c 20 63 61 6e 20 77 72 ┆ even the super-user, can wr┆
0x21060…21080 69 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 22 78 22 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ite on a directory. The "x" ┆
0x21080…210a0 80 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 22 73 65 ┆ permission is taken to mean "se┆
0x210a0…210c0 61 72 63 68 2c 22 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 ┆arch," rather than execute ┆
0x210c0…210e0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 53 65 61 72 ┆in the case of directories. Sear┆
0x210e0…21100 63 68 20 28 78 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 ┆ch (x) permission is requir┆
0x21100…21120 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 72 20 63 61 74 20 61 ┆ed to cd to a directory or cat a┆
0x21120…21140 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 52 ┆ file in it. R┆
0x21140…21160 65 61 64 20 28 72 29 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 ┆ead (r) permission is required t┆
0x21160…21180 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 57 72 69 74 65 ┆o use the lc command. Write┆
0x21180…211a0 20 28 77 29 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 75 ┆ (w) permission is required to u┆
0x211a0…211c0 73 65 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 20 6f 72 20 72 6d 64 69 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 63 72 65 61 74 ┆se mkdir or rmdir, or creat┆
0x211c0…211e0 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c 20 69 ┆e a file in a directory. Thus, i┆
0x211e0…21200 66 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 ┆f a directory's permission ┆
0x21200…21220 (265,) 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 22 72 2d 78 22 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 61 6c 6c ┆is set "r-x", you can access all┆
0x21220…21240 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 74 6f 20 61 ┆ of its files, subject to a┆
0x21240…21260 6e 79 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 73 65 74 ┆ny permissions that might be set┆
0x21260…21280 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 ┆ for any individual files. ┆
0x21280…212a0 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 22 72 77 78 22 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 ┆If the directory is "rwx", you c┆
0x212a0…212c0 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 20 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 69 74 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 ┆an do anything in it. If a ┆
0x212c0…212e0 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 22 2d 2d 78 22 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆directory is "--x", you can only┆
0x212e0…21300 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 ┆ access a file if you know ┆
0x21300…21320 69 74 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 31 2e 34 20 20 48 6f 77 20 74 6f ┆its name. 6.4.1.4 How to┆
0x21320…21340 20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ Change Permission Settings ┆
0x21340…21360 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 61 64 64 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 ┆ When you add a file or ┆
0x21360…21380 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c ┆directory, your XENIX system wil┆
0x21380…213a0 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 65 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 64 65 ┆l automatically set some de┆
0x213a0…213c0 66 61 75 6c 74 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆fault permissions for you. ┆
0x213c0…213e0 54 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 61 64 20 28 72 29 20 61 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 28 77 29 ┆These are read (r) and write (w)┆
0x213e0…21400 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 2c 20 72 ┆ permission for the user, r┆
0x21400…21420 (266,) 65 61 64 2d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 28 72 29 20 66 6f 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 ┆ead-only (r) for group and other┆
0x21420…21440 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ permission setting: ┆
0x21440…21460 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d 72 2d 2d 72 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 ┆ -rw-r--r-- If┆
0x21460…21480 20 79 6f 75 20 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 20 73 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆ you decide to change a setting ┆
0x21480…214a0 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆you will need to learn the ┆
0x214a0…214c0 63 68 6d 6f 64 20 6f 72 20 22 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 22 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 ┆chmod or "change mode" command. ┆
0x214c0…214e0 54 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 ┆To enter the command, you w┆
0x214e0…21500 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 73 61 79 20 77 68 6f 73 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e ┆ill have to say whose permission┆
0x21500…21520 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 28 22 75 22 2c 20 22 67 22 2c 20 6f 72 ┆ is to change ("u", "g", or┆
0x21520…21540 20 22 6f 22 20 66 6f 72 20 75 73 65 72 2c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a ┆ "o" for user, group and other ┆
0x21540…21560 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 69 76 65 6c 79 29 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ respectively), and you will ┆
0x21560…21580 61 6c 73 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 65 74 68 ┆also have to indicate wheth┆
0x21580…215a0 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 28 2b 29 20 6f 72 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e ┆er you are adding (+) or removin┆
0x215a0…215c0 67 20 28 2d 29 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 69 ┆g (-) permission. After thi┆
0x215c0…215e0 73 2c 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 28 ┆s, give the type of permission (┆
0x215e0…21600 72 2c 20 77 2c 20 6f 72 20 78 29 2c 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 ┆r, w, or x), then the f┆
0x21600…21620 (267,) 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 53 6f 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 ┆ile or directory name. So, for e┆
0x21620…21640 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆xample, to change the file ┆
0x21640…21660 22 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 22 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 73 65 74 74 ┆"program" from a permission sett┆
0x21660…21680 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 66 6f 72 20 75 ┆ing of read and write for u┆
0x21680…216a0 73 65 72 2c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 28 2d 72 77 2d 72 77 2d 72 77 ┆ser, group, and other (-rw-rw-rw┆
0x216a0…216c0 2d 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 65 76 65 72 79 6f 6e 65 20 74 ┆-) to also allow everyone t┆
0x216c0…216e0 6f 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆o execute the file you would ┆
0x216e0…21700 80 80 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 63 68 ┆ need to type: $ ch┆
0x21700…21720 6d 6f 64 20 75 67 6f 2b 78 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f ┆mod ugo+x program O┆
0x21720…21740 72 2c 20 69 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 22 75 67 6f 22 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 74 79 ┆r, instead of "ugo" you could ty┆
0x21740…21760 70 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 74 74 65 72 20 22 61 22 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 3a 0d ┆pe the letter "a" for all: ┆
0x21760…21780 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 63 68 6d 6f 64 20 61 2b 78 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d ┆ $ chmod a+x program ┆
0x21780…217a0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 77 2c 20 74 6f 20 74 61 6b 65 20 72 65 61 64 20 61 ┆ Now, to take read a┆
0x217a0…217c0 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 61 77 61 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 ┆nd write permission away from ┆
0x217c0…217e0 89 80 80 65 76 65 72 79 6f 6e 65 20 65 6c 73 65 20 62 65 73 69 64 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 64 ┆ everyone else besides you and┆
0x217e0…21800 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ the members of your group, ┆
0x21800…21820 (268,) 80 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 63 68 6d 6f ┆ you can use: $ chmo┆
0x21820…21840 64 20 6f 2d 72 77 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 ┆d o-rw program If y┆
0x21840…21860 6f 75 20 67 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 64 65 72 2c 20 6f 72 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 2c 20 6f 66 20 ┆ou get the order, or syntax, of ┆
0x21860…21880 74 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 72 6f 6e 67 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 ┆this command wrong, XENIX w┆
0x21880…218a0 69 6c 6c 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 62 69 74 20 ┆ill sometimes answer with a bit ┆
0x218a0…218c0 6f 66 20 68 65 6c 70 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 55 73 61 67 65 3a 20 63 68 6d 6f ┆of help: Usage: chmo┆
0x218c0…218e0 64 20 20 75 67 6f 61 20 20 20 2b 2d 3d 20 20 20 72 77 78 74 75 67 6f 20 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d ┆d ugoa +-= rwxtugo file ┆
0x218e0…21900 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 69 74 65 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 62 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 ┆ The items in brackets┆
0x21900…21920 20 61 72 65 20 22 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 22 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e 65 65 ┆ are "options". You will not nee┆
0x21920…21940 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 62 65 73 69 64 65 73 ┆d the other options besides┆
0x21940…21960 20 22 72 77 78 22 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 ┆ "rwx" in the last set of b┆
0x21960…21980 72 61 63 6b 65 74 73 2e 20 41 66 74 65 72 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 63 68 6d 6f 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 ┆rackets. After using chmod alway┆
0x21980…219a0 73 20 74 72 79 20 74 68 65 20 31 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 65 63 ┆s try the 1 command to chec┆
0x219a0…219c0 6b 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 6d 69 73 ┆k the results. If you make a mis┆
0x219c0…219e0 74 61 6b 65 2c 20 6e 6f 20 68 61 72 6d 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 6e 65 3b 20 6a 75 73 74 ┆take, no harm is done; just┆
0x219e0…21a00 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e 0d 0a ┆ change the permissions again. ┆
0x21a00…21a20 (269,) 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 32 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a ┆ 6.4.2 The File System ┆
0x21a20…21a40 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 ┆ XENIX performs the t┆
0x21a40…21a60 61 73 6b 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 66 ┆ask of disk storage management f┆
0x21a60…21a80 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e ┆or all users of the system.┆
0x21a80…21aa0 20 49 74 20 61 6c 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 73 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 75 70 6f 6e 20 0a 19 ┆ It allocates disk space upon ┆
0x21aa0…21ac0 89 80 80 64 65 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 6b 65 65 70 73 20 74 72 61 63 6b 20 6f 66 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 ┆ demand, keeps track of where ┆
0x21ac0…21ae0 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 72 69 ┆on the disk the data is wri┆
0x21ae0…21b00 74 74 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 74 72 69 65 76 65 73 20 61 6e 79 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 69 ┆tten and retrieves any part of i┆
0x21b00…21b20 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 22 ┆t when given the "pathname"┆
0x21b20…21b40 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 ┆ of the file. When a file is no ┆
0x21b40…21b60 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 65 ┆longer needed, it can be de┆
0x21b60…21b80 6c 65 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 70 61 63 ┆leted and XENIX returns the spac┆
0x21b80…21ba0 65 20 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 63 63 75 70 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 6f 6c 20 6f ┆e it occupied to the pool o┆
0x21ba0…21bc0 66 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 66 72 65 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 41 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a ┆f available free space. A disk ┆
0x21bc0…21be0 19 89 80 80 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 ┆ device contains not only the┆
0x21be0…21c00 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 74 68 65 6d 73 65 6c 76 65 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ files themselves, but also ┆
0x21c00…21c20 (270,) 80 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6e 65 65 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 ┆ the information needed to locat┆
0x21c20…21c40 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 ┆e the files on the disk and┆
0x21c40…21c60 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 54 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 ┆ manage them. Together, these ar┆
0x21c60…21c80 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 22 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 22 2e ┆e called the "file system".┆
0x21c80…21ca0 20 41 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 ┆ A simple XENIX system contains ┆
0x21ca0…21cc0 6f 6e 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 65 ┆one disk device which is se┆
0x21cc0…21ce0 74 20 75 70 20 61 73 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 69 ┆t up as a single file system, wi┆
0x21ce0…21d00 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 63 65 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c ┆th the exception of a small┆
0x21d00…21d20 20 61 72 65 61 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 73 77 61 70 70 69 6e 67 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆ area reserved for swapping, the┆
0x21d20…21d40 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 69 6e 67 20 64 61 74 61 20 ┆ process of switching data ┆
0x21d40…21d60 62 61 63 6b 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 74 68 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 ┆back and forth from the disk ┆
0x21d60…21d80 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 ┆ to the main memory of the comp┆
0x21d80…21da0 75 74 65 72 2e 20 49 6e 73 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 64 ┆uter. Instead of being used┆
0x21da0…21dc0 20 61 73 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 61 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 ┆ as a single storage area, howev┆
0x21dc0…21de0 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 ┆er, the disk may be partiti┆
0x21de0…21e00 6f 6e 65 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 64 69 73 74 69 6e 63 74 20 61 72 65 61 73 ┆oned into several distinct areas┆
0x21e00…21e20 (271,) 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 61 20 73 ┆. Each partition may be a s┆
0x21e20…21e40 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e ┆eparate file system. 6.4.┆
0x21e40…21e60 33 20 20 20 20 43 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆3 Creating File Systems ┆
0x21e60…21e80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 66 69 6e 64 20 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 ┆ You may find it convenie┆
0x21e80…21ea0 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 70 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆nt to set the system up so that ┆
0x21ea0…21ec0 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 6e 74 20 6f ┆ a file system is resident o┆
0x21ec0…21ee0 6e 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 54 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 0a 8c 83 ┆n a floppy disk. To do this, ┆
0x21ee0…21f00 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 ┆ you must create the file s┆
0x21f00…21f20 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆ystem on the floppy with the ┆
0x21f20…21f40 80 80 6d 6b 66 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 42 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 ┆ mkfs command. Be sure you have┆
0x21f40…21f60 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 65 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 76 ┆ a formatted floppy disk av┆
0x21f60…21f80 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 76 61 6c 75 65 20 6f ┆ailable, with nothing of value o┆
0x21f80…21fa0 6e 20 69 74 3b 20 69 74 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 72 69 74 65 2d ┆n it; it must have a write-┆
0x21fa0…21fc0 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 61 62 2e 20 28 46 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 6e 20 68 ┆enable tab. (For directions on h┆
0x21fc0…21fe0 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 73 65 ┆ow to format a new disk, se┆
0x21fe0…22000 65 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 36 29 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆e Section 6.6). If a file system┆
0x22000…22020 (272,) 20 61 6c 72 65 61 64 79 20 65 78 69 73 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 69 74 ┆ already exists on disk, it┆
0x22020…22040 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 64 65 73 74 72 6f 79 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 63 65 ┆ will be destroyed by this proce┆
0x22040…22060 64 75 72 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 52 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 65 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆dure. Remember, each of the┆
0x22060…22080 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 6e 61 ┆ devices on your system has a na┆
0x22080…220a0 6d 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 65 61 63 68 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 68 61 73 20 61 20 63 ┆me, and each device has a c┆
0x220a0…220c0 6f 72 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 6e 61 ┆orresponding file by the same na┆
0x220c0…220e0 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 64 65 76 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e ┆me in the / dev directory.┆
0x220e0…22100 20 54 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 63 61 6c 6c ┆ The floppy disk drives are call┆
0x22100…22120 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 66 64 30 22 2c 20 22 66 64 31 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 20 66 6f 72 ┆ed "fd0", "fd1", and so for┆
0x22120…22140 74 68 2e 20 28 48 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆th. (Hard disk drives are named ┆
0x22140…22160 0a 19 89 80 80 22 68 64 30 22 2c 20 22 68 64 31 22 2c 20 65 74 63 2e 29 2e 20 49 6e 73 65 72 74 ┆ "hd0", "hd1", etc.). Insert┆
0x22160…22180 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 69 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆ a floppy disk in one of the ┆
0x22180…221a0 80 80 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f ┆ floppy drives, and enter one o┆
0x221a0…221c0 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 6e ┆f the following command lin┆
0x221c0…221e0 65 73 2e 20 42 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 6f 20 67 69 76 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆es. Be sure to give XENIX the co┆
0x221e0…22200 72 72 65 63 74 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 65 20 77 ┆rrect drive name and note w┆
0x22200…22220 (273,) 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 6f ┆hether you have a single-sided o┆
0x22220…22240 72 20 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 2e ┆r double-sided floppy disk.┆
0x22240…22260 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 64 6f 75 62 ┆ If you have a doub┆
0x22260…22280 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 ┆le-sided disk, you will need to ┆
0x22280…222a0 65 6e 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆enter the command line: ┆
0x222a0…222c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 66 73 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 72 66 64 30 20 32 ┆ $ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 2┆
0x222c0…222e0 34 34 38 20 32 20 31 36 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 ┆448 2 16 If you have┆
0x222e0…22300 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 75 73 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ a single-sided disk, use: ┆
0x22300…22320 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 66 73 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 72 66 64 30 20 31 32 31 ┆ $ /etc/mkfs /dev/rfd0 121┆
0x22320…22340 36 20 32 20 31 36 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 ┆6 2 16 The numbers ┆
0x22340…22360 22 32 34 34 38 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 31 32 31 36 22 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 ┆"2448" and "1216" represent the ┆
0x22360…22380 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 ┆total number of disk blocks┆
0x22380…223a0 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 2d 20 ┆ on the floppy disk for double- ┆
0x223a0…223c0 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 72 65 73 70 ┆and single-sided disks resp┆
0x223c0…223e0 65 63 74 69 76 65 6c 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 22 32 22 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 ┆ectively. The numbers "2" and ┆
0x223e0…22400 89 80 80 22 31 36 22 20 61 72 65 20 6d 61 67 69 63 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆ "16" are magic numbers which ┆
0x22400…22420 (274,) 74 65 6c 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 61 72 72 61 6e 67 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆tell XENIX how to arrange i┆
0x22420…22440 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 ┆nformation on the disk. 6┆
0x22440…22460 2e 34 2e 34 20 20 20 20 4d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆.4.4 Mounted File Systems ┆
0x22460…22480 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 ┆ Once you have created ┆
0x22480…224a0 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 6f 6e 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2c 20 79 6f ┆file systems on floppy disks, yo┆
0x224a0…224c0 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e ┆u will have to use the moun┆
0x224c0…224e0 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆t command in order to access ┆
0x224e0…22500 80 80 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 74 6f 6c 64 20 61 62 6f 75 74 ┆ them. XENIX must be told about┆
0x22500…22520 20 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 ┆ any file systems other tha┆
0x22520…22540 6e 20 74 68 65 20 a1 72 6f 6f 74 e1 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 61 6c ┆n the root system, which is al┆
0x22540…22560 77 61 79 73 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e ┆ways present on the system.┆
0x22560…22580 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 75 73 65 64 20 ┆ If you have several often used ┆
0x22580…225a0 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 62 61 73 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 ┆floppy-based file systems, ┆
0x225a0…225c0 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆you can place the mount command ┆
0x225c0…225e0 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 ┆and the names of the file s┆
0x225e0…22600 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 68 ┆ystems in the / etc/rc file, wh┆
0x22600…22620 (275,) 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 72 65 61 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 ┆ich is read by the system w┆
0x22620…22640 68 65 6e 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆hen it is first booted. ┆
0x22640…22660 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆ To mount a file system on t┆
0x22660…22680 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 69 6e 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆he floppy in drive 0 onto the ┆
0x22680…226a0 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 61 63 63 74 2e 72 65 63 6f 72 ┆ directory called / acct.recor┆
0x226a0…226c0 64 73 e1 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 6d 6f 75 ┆ds type: $ /etc/mou┆
0x226c0…226e0 6e 74 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 64 30 20 2f 61 63 63 74 2e 72 65 63 6f 72 64 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆nt /dev/fd0 /acct.records ┆
0x226e0…22700 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 75 ┆ The directory you are mou┆
0x22700…22720 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆nting must be empty and not ┆
0x22720…22740 80 79 6f 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 2c 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆ your current, working directory┆
0x22740…22760 2e 20 4f 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 79 70 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 2c ┆. Once you have typed this,┆
0x22760…22780 20 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 72 65 63 6f 72 64 73 e1 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 70 20 ┆ acct.records becomes the top ┆
0x22780…227a0 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 ┆level directory on the flop┆
0x227a0…227c0 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 41 6e 79 20 6e 65 77 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 79 6f 75 ┆py disk. Any new directories you┆
0x227c0…227e0 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 a1 61 63 63 74 2e 72 65 63 6f 72 64 73 e1 20 61 ┆ create in acct.records a┆
0x227e0…22800 72 65 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 ┆re resident on the floppy disk. ┆
0x22800…22820 (276,) 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 ┆The mounted file system is ┆
0x22820…22840 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆attached to the root system. ┆
0x22840…22860 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 ┆ Before removing the mou┆
0x22860…22880 6e 74 65 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆nted floppy, type: ┆
0x22880…228a0 20 20 20 24 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 75 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 64 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ $ /etc/umount /dev/fd0 ┆
0x228a0…228c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 22 75 6e 6d 6f 75 6e 74 73 22 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆ This "unmounts" the file ┆
0x228c0…228e0 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 65 61 76 65 73 20 69 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆system and leaves it in a c┆
0x228e0…22900 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 20 73 74 61 74 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 35 20 20 20 ┆onsistent state. 6.4.5 ┆
0x22900…22920 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ XENIX System Security ┆
0x22920…22940 20 20 20 84 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 6f 66 ┆ Although security is more of┆
0x22940…22960 20 61 6e 20 69 73 73 75 65 20 6f 6e 20 6c 61 72 67 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 ┆ an issue on larger systems, ┆
0x22960…22980 80 80 65 76 65 72 79 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 6d 75 73 74 20 74 61 6b 65 ┆ every system manager must take┆
0x22980…229a0 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f ┆ into consideration the pro┆
0x229a0…229c0 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 64 61 74 61 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 66 72 6f ┆tection of data and programs fro┆
0x229c0…229e0 6d 20 75 6e 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 70 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆m unauthorized inspection o┆
0x229e0…22a00 72 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 72 6e 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 70 72 ┆r change. This concern may be pr┆
0x22a00…22a20 (277,) 65 73 65 6e 74 20 6e 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 74 74 65 72 20 68 6f 77 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 72 65 ┆esent no matter how many re┆
0x22a20…22a40 67 75 6c 61 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 2e 20 45 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 79 6f ┆gular users you have. Even if yo┆
0x22a40…22a60 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 61 74 ┆u have only one terminal at┆
0x22a60…22a80 74 61 63 68 65 64 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 ┆tached to your XENIX system, you┆
0x22a80…22aa0 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 ┆ may have different users a┆
0x22aa0…22ac0 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 ┆uthorized to access the system f┆
0x22ac0…22ae0 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 61 73 6b 73 20 61 74 20 64 69 66 66 65 ┆or different tasks at diffe┆
0x22ae0…22b00 72 65 6e 74 20 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 74 6f 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 ┆rent times. The key to system ┆
0x22b00…22b20 89 80 80 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 6f 6f 6c ┆ security is to use XENIX tool┆
0x22b20…22b40 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 61 64 76 61 6e 74 61 67 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 6e 74 ┆s to maximum advantage. Int┆
0x22b40…22b60 65 6c 6c 69 67 65 6e 74 20 64 65 63 69 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c ┆elligent decisions about the fol┆
0x22b60…22b80 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 61 6e 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 62 69 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 ┆lowing can make a big diffe┆
0x22b80…22ba0 72 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 6f 76 65 72 61 6c 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 3a ┆rent in overall system security:┆
0x22ba0…22bc0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 74 68 65 20 65 73 74 61 62 6c 69 73 68 6d 65 6e 74 ┆ . the establishment┆
0x22bc0…22be0 20 6f 66 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 0d 0a ┆ of user accounts and group ID ┆
0x22be0…22c00 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 73 65 ┆ . initial password se┆
0x22c00…22c20 (278,) 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 ┆lection and changing of password┆
0x22c20…22c40 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 ┆s . the assignment ┆
0x22c40…22c60 6f 66 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 78 69 6d 69 7a 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆of permissions to maximize file ┆
0x22c60…22c80 0a 19 8b 80 80 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 6c ┆ protection, while still all┆
0x22c80…22ca0 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 ┆owing convenient access to ┆
0x22ca0…22cc0 75 73 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆user files and directories. ┆
0x22cc0…22ce0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 ┆ In addition, you should┆
0x22ce0…22d00 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 74 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 ┆ consider taking physical s┆
0x22d00…22d20 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 70 72 65 63 61 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ecurity precautions: ┆
0x22d20…22d40 20 2e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 72 ┆ . removing the key from the har┆
0x22d40…22d60 64 20 64 69 73 6b 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 69 6e 67 20 ┆d disk . organizing ┆
0x22d60…22d80 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆and locking up floppies ┆
0x22d80…22da0 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 75 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 72 ┆ . making sure all your user┆
0x22da0…22dc0 73 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 66 69 6e ┆s log out when they are fin┆
0x22dc0…22de0 69 73 68 65 64 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 70 72 6f 74 ┆ished working . prot┆
0x22de0…22e00 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 72 65 61 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 69 6e 74 72 75 73 ┆ecting the work area from intrus┆
0x22e00…22e20 (279,) 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 ┆ion . protecting th┆
0x22e20…22e40 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 ┆e computer and disks from physic┆
0x22e40…22e60 61 6c 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 65 78 70 6f 73 75 72 65 20 ┆al damage through exposure ┆
0x22e60…22e80 74 6f 20 63 69 67 61 72 65 74 74 65 20 73 6d 6f 6b 65 2c 20 73 70 69 6c 6c 65 64 20 63 6f 66 66 ┆to cigarette smoke, spilled coff┆
0x22e80…22ea0 65 65 2c 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 62 61 6c 6c 20 70 6f 69 6e ┆ee, or the use of ball poin┆
0x22ea0…22ec0 74 20 70 65 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 6e 6f 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 8b 80 ┆t pens to make notations on ┆
0x22ec0…22ee0 80 64 69 73 6b 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 73 2c 20 65 74 63 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e ┆ disk labels, etc. .┆
0x22ee0…22f00 20 84 6b 65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 20 6f 66 66 2d 73 69 74 65 2c ┆ keeping some backups off-site,┆
0x22f00…22f20 20 69 6e 20 63 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 61 73 74 65 72 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 74 68 65 ┆ in case of disaster in the┆
0x22f20…22f40 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 61 72 65 61 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 63 ┆ computer area. Onc┆
0x22f40…22f60 65 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 62 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 20 ┆e again, be sure that you limit ┆
0x22f60…22f80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 6c ┆the use of the super- user l┆
0x22f80…22fa0 6f 67 69 6e 2c 20 74 6f 20 6d 69 6e 69 6d 69 7a 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 69 73 6b 20 6f 66 20 61 63 ┆ogin, to minimize the risk of ac┆
0x22fa0…22fc0 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 6d 61 67 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆cidentally damaging system ┆
0x22fc0…22fe0 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 35 ┆files and programs. 6.4.5┆
0x22fe0…23000 2e 31 20 20 50 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d ┆.1 Protection and Permission ┆
0x23000…23020 (280,) 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ When considering the ┆
0x23020…23040 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 ┆assignment of permissions, note ┆
0x23040…23060 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 63 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 ┆the special case of access ┆
0x23060…23080 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 0a 8c 83 ┆permissions for directories. ┆
0x23080…230a0 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 52 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 ┆ Remember that the execute ┆
0x230a0…230c0 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 62 69 74 20 66 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 0a ┆permission bit for directories ┆
0x230c0…230e0 19 89 80 80 67 72 61 6e 74 73 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 ┆ grants permission to search ┆
0x230e0…23100 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 ┆the directory for a given f┆
0x23100…23120 69 6c 65 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 61 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 20 70 61 74 ┆ile during the scanning of a pat┆
0x23120…23140 68 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 65 63 75 74 ┆hname. If a user has execut┆
0x23140…23160 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 2c 20 62 75 74 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 61 64 20 70 65 72 6d 69 ┆e permission, but not read permi┆
0x23160…23180 73 73 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 6f 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆ssion, to a given directory┆
0x23180…231a0 2c 20 68 65 20 6d 61 79 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 ┆, he may access files in that di┆
0x231a0…231c0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 68 65 20 69 73 20 ┆rectory, even though he is ┆
0x231c0…231e0 75 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆unable to read the contents of t┆
0x231e0…23200 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 57 72 69 74 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 ┆he directory. Write permiss┆
0x23200…23220 (281,) 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 ┆ion on a directory means that ┆
0x23220…23240 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6d 61 79 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c 65 74 ┆ the user may create and delet┆
0x23240…23260 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆e files in that directory. ┆
0x23260…23280 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 75 70 ┆ The capacity of the "sup┆
0x23280…232a0 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 22 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 ┆er-user" to read and write to ┆
0x232a0…232c0 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e ┆ any file in any directory, an┆
0x232c0…232e0 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6e 79 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 ┆d change any permission set┆
0x232e0…23300 74 69 6e 67 73 20 63 61 6e 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 73 65 72 69 6f 75 73 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 ┆tings can present serious securi┆
0x23300…23320 74 79 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 ┆ty problems. The root passw┆
0x23320…23340 6f 72 64 20 63 61 6e 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 ┆ord can only be given to individ┆
0x23340…23360 75 61 6c 73 20 77 68 6f 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 74 6f 20 ┆uals who are authorized to ┆
0x23360…23380 72 65 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆read and change any file in the ┆
0x23380…233a0 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆system. Also, the use of th┆
0x233a0…233c0 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 65 6c 79 20 ┆e root login should be severely ┆
0x233c0…233e0 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 65 64 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 70 6f 74 65 6e ┆ restricted because of poten┆
0x233e0…23400 74 69 61 6c 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆tial damage to the system. ┆
0x23400…23420 (282,) 45 76 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 ┆Even the system manager must be ┆
0x23420…23440 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 ┆extremely cautious about op┆
0x23440…23460 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 75 6e 64 65 72 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 ┆erations undertaken while logged┆
0x23460…23480 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 6f 20 65 6e 73 ┆ in as root. To ens┆
0x23480…234a0 75 72 65 20 62 6f 74 68 20 64 61 74 61 20 70 72 69 76 61 63 79 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 74 65 67 72 ┆ure both data privacy and integr┆
0x234a0…234c0 69 74 79 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 ┆ity, it is usually sufficie┆
0x234c0…234e0 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆nt to set the permission on your┆
0x234e0…23500 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 61 ┆ files so that they are ina┆
0x23500…23520 63 63 65 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 66 ┆ccessible to others. However, if┆
0x23520…23540 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6f 6d 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 72 65 61 73 ┆ you have some special reas┆
0x23540…23560 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 20 61 20 74 65 78 74 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 ┆on to protect a text file, you c┆
0x23560…23580 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 72 79 70 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f ┆an use the crypt command to┆
0x23580…235a0 20 22 65 6e 63 6f 64 65 22 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 65 78 74 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 68 ┆ "encode" document text. This sh┆
0x235a0…235c0 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 ┆ould not normally be requir┆
0x235c0…235e0 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 22 72 65 61 64 22 20 61 63 63 65 ┆ed on a system where "read" acce┆
0x235e0…23600 73 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ss has been limited. ┆
0x23600…23620 (283,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 65 65 64 6c 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 73 61 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ Needless to say, the syst┆
0x23620…23640 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 ┆em manager must be careful to ┆
0x23640…23660 89 80 80 61 73 73 69 67 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 6f 6e ┆ assign the correct protection┆
0x23660…23680 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e ┆ to the files under his con┆
0x23680…236a0 74 72 6f 6c 2e 20 49 6e 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6e 65 63 65 73 ┆trol. In particular, it is neces┆
0x236a0…236c0 73 61 72 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 66 69 ┆sary that special device fi┆
0x236c0…236e0 6c 65 73 20 62 65 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 ┆les be protected from writing, a┆
0x236e0…23700 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 2c 20 62 79 20 6f 72 64 ┆nd probably reading, by ord┆
0x23700…23720 69 6e 61 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 73 65 6e 73 69 74 69 76 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆inary users when sensitive files┆
0x23720…23740 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 ┆ belonging to other users a┆
0x23740…23760 72 65 20 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 0a ┆re stored on the system. It is ┆
0x23760…23780 19 89 80 80 65 61 73 79 20 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆ easy to write programs that ┆
0x23780…237a0 65 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 62 79 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆examine and change files by ┆
0x237a0…237c0 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 ┆ accessing the device on which t┆
0x237c0…237e0 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 73 69 64 65 6e 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e ┆he files are resident. 6.┆
0x237e0…23800 34 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 53 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆4.5.2 Password Security ┆
0x23800…23820 (284,) 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 64 69 73 63 6f 75 72 61 67 65 20 75 73 65 72 ┆ You should discourage user┆
0x23820…23840 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 68 6f 6f 73 69 6e 67 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a ┆s from choosing passwords that ┆
0x23840…23860 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 68 ┆ are easily remembered, and h┆
0x23860…23880 65 6e 63 65 20 72 65 61 64 69 6c 79 20 67 75 65 73 73 65 64 3a 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ence readily guessed: these ┆
0x23880…238a0 80 74 65 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 68 6f 72 74 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 ┆ tend to be short, from a limite┆
0x238a0…238c0 64 20 61 6c 70 68 61 62 65 74 2c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 ┆d alphabet, often found in ┆
0x238c0…238e0 74 68 65 20 64 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 73 ┆the dictionary, and frequently s┆
0x238e0…23900 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 ┆omething obvious like the u┆
0x23900…23920 73 65 72 27 73 20 6f 77 6e 20 6e 69 63 6b 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 6c 69 63 65 6e 73 65 20 70 6c ┆ser's own nickname or license pl┆
0x23920…23940 61 74 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 54 68 65 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 ┆ate number. They should be ┆
0x23940…23960 72 65 6d 69 6e 64 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 65 66 65 61 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 69 ┆reminded that this defeats the i┆
0x23960…23980 64 65 61 20 6f 66 20 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 2e 20 50 61 ┆dea of having passwords. Pa┆
0x23980…239a0 73 73 77 6f 72 64 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 73 69 78 20 63 ┆sswords should be at least six c┆
0x239a0…239c0 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 72 61 6e 64 6f 6d 6c 79 ┆haracters long and randomly┆
0x239c0…239e0 20 63 68 6f 73 65 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 70 68 61 62 65 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 ┆ chosen from an alphabet which i┆
0x239e0…23a00 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 67 69 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 ┆ncludes digits and special ┆
0x23a00…23a20 (285,) 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 34 2e 35 2e 33 20 20 52 65 73 74 ┆characters. 6.4.5.3 Rest┆
0x23a20…23a40 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 4f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 ┆ating the Obvious T┆
0x23a40…23a60 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 62 75 74 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 6e 65 67 6c 65 63 ┆he most obvious but often neglec┆
0x23a60…23a80 74 65 64 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 75 6c 74 ┆ted security problem result┆
0x23a80…23aa0 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 66 61 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 20 ┆s from users failing to log out ┆
0x23aa0…23ac0 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 79 20 66 69 6e ┆of the system when they fin┆
0x23ac0…23ae0 69 73 68 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 6c 65 61 76 69 6e 67 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ish their work, leaving all the ┆
0x23ae0…23b00 66 69 6c 65 73 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 63 ┆files to which they have ac┆
0x23b00…23b20 63 65 73 73 20 76 75 6c 6e 65 72 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 6e 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 ┆cess vulnerable to unauthorized ┆
0x23b20…23b40 75 73 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 6e 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 73 68 ┆use. Inexperienced users sh┆
0x23b40…23b60 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 65 64 6c 79 20 72 65 6d 69 6e 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c ┆ould be repeatedly reminded to l┆
0x23b60…23b80 6f 67 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 2e 20 52 65 73 74 72 69 63 74 69 6e 67 20 61 63 63 ┆og out. Restricting acc┆
0x23b80…23ba0 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 61 72 65 61 2c 20 6c 6f 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 ┆ess to the work area, locking up┆
0x23ba0…23bc0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 63 68 69 76 65 73 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 62 61 73 65 64 20 64 ┆ archives of floppy-based d┆
0x23bc0…23be0 61 74 61 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 0a ┆ata and programs, and removing ┆
0x23be0…23c00 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 61 72 65 ┆ the key to the hard disk are┆
0x23c00…23c20 (286,) 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 6d 65 61 73 75 72 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ simple protective measures ┆
0x23c20…23c40 80 74 68 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 69 66 20 61 20 68 69 67 68 20 6c 65 76 ┆ that can be taken if a high lev┆
0x23c40…23c60 65 6c 20 6f 66 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 2e ┆el of security is required.┆
0x23c60…23c62 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x23c62…23c65 FormFeed {
0x23c62…23c65 0c 80 a8 ┆ ┆
0x23c62…23c65 }
0x23c65…23c80 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 4b 65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 58 45 ┆ 6.5 Keeping Your XE┆
0x23c80…23ca0 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 48 65 61 6c 74 68 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆NIX System Healthy ┆
0x23ca0…23cc0 4b 65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e ┆Keeping your XENIX system runnin┆
0x23cc0…23ce0 67 20 73 6d 6f 6f 74 68 6c 79 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 61 72 67 65 6c 79 20 ┆g smoothly depends largely ┆
0x23ce0…23d00 6f 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 6d ┆on two factors: . m┆
0x23d00…23d20 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 74 65 67 72 69 74 79 ┆aintaining file system integrity┆
0x23d20…23d40 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 2c 20 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 22 63 6c 65 61 6e 22 20 66 ┆, that is, having "clean" f┆
0x23d40…23d60 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 65 6e 73 75 72 ┆ile systems . ensur┆
0x23d60…23d80 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 64 65 71 75 61 74 65 20 66 72 65 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 ┆ing that adequate free disk spac┆
0x23d80…23da0 65 20 69 73 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 ┆e is available to the users┆
0x23da0…23dc0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f ┆ In this section yo┆
0x23dc0…23de0 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 ┆u will learn about XENIX process┆
0x23de0…23e00 65 73 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 61 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 6f 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 ┆es - what XENIX does with t┆
0x23e00…23e20 (287,) 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 61 73 6b 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆he programs and other tasks on t┆
0x23e20…23e40 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 20 73 ┆he system. Some automatic s┆
0x23e40…23e60 79 73 74 65 6d 2d 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 0a ┆ystem-checking programs called ┆
0x23e60…23e80 19 89 80 80 22 64 61 65 6d 6f 6e 73 22 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 2c 20 61 6c ┆ "daemons" are introduced, al┆
0x23e80…23ea0 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ong with an important XENIX ┆
0x23ea0…23ec0 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 2e 20 54 ┆ system file called / etc/rc . T┆
0x23ec0…23ee0 68 65 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆hen, you will be introduced ┆
0x23ee0…23f00 80 74 6f 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 20 77 68 69 63 ┆ to a number of XENIX tools whic┆
0x23f00…23f20 68 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 69 64 20 79 6f 75 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆h will aid you, the system ┆
0x23f20…23f40 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 69 6e 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 ┆manager, in performing system ma┆
0x23f40…23f60 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 73 65 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆intenance tasks. These prog┆
0x23f60…23f80 72 61 6d 73 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 6f 75 20 63 6c 65 61 6e 20 75 70 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆rams help you clean up files and┆
0x23f80…23fa0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆ file systems by reporting ┆
0x23fa0…23fc0 68 6f 77 20 6d 75 63 68 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 62 65 69 6e 67 20 75 73 65 ┆how much disk space is being use┆
0x23fc0…23fe0 64 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 65 6c 70 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 20 6c 69 ┆d and helping you locate li┆
0x23fe0…24000 74 74 6c 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 46 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 ┆ttle used files. Finally, you wi┆
0x24000…24020 (288,) 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 61 72 6e 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 65 ┆ll learn how to communicate┆
0x24020…24040 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆ with the other users on the ┆
0x24040…24060 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 65 6e 6c 69 73 74 ┆ system, so that you can enlist┆
0x24060…24080 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 63 6f 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 65 73 65 ┆ their cooperation in prese┆
0x24080…240a0 72 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 68 65 61 6c 74 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d ┆rving the health of the system. ┆
0x240a0…240c0 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 31 20 20 20 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ 6.5.1 Processes ┆
0x240c0…240e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 6c 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 ┆ All functions running on ┆
0x240e0…24100 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 2d 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 ┆the system - including system ┆
0x24100…24120 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 65 ┆ and user programs, editing, e┆
0x24120…24140 74 63 2e 20 2d 20 61 72 65 20 22 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 22 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 65 76 65 ┆tc. - are "processes". Seve┆
0x24140…24160 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6d 61 79 20 65 61 63 68 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 ┆ral users may each have several ┆
0x24160…24180 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 ┆processes running simultane┆
0x24180…241a0 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 ┆ously and it is often necessary ┆
0x241a0…241c0 74 6f 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 70 72 ┆to check whether certain pr┆
0x241c0…241e0 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2c 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f ┆ocesses are running, in order to┆
0x241e0…24200 20 73 74 6f 70 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 22 6b 69 6c 6c 22 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 20 70 ┆ stop or "kill" them. The p┆
0x24200…24220 (289,) 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 22 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 22 2c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆s, or "process status", command ┆
0x24220…24240 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f ┆can be used to list the pro┆
0x24240…24260 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆cesses currently running. The ┆
0x24260…24280 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 66 20 70 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 70 ┆ output of ps is the list of p┆
0x24280…242a0 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆rocesses running from the t┆
0x242a0…242c0 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 61 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 ┆erminal at which you typed the c┆
0x242c0…242e0 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 ┆ommand. When, however, you ┆
0x242e0…24300 61 64 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 22 2d 61 22 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆add the switch "-a": ┆
0x24300…24320 20 70 73 20 2d 61 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 ┆ ps -a your output ┆
0x24320…24340 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e ┆will be all the processes runnin┆
0x24340…24360 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆g on the system: ┆
0x24360…24380 20 20 50 49 44 20 20 54 54 59 20 20 54 49 4d 45 20 20 43 4d 44 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ PID TTY TIME CMD ┆
0x24380…243a0 31 36 37 20 20 63 6f 20 20 20 30 3a 30 34 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 36 30 33 20 20 30 31 ┆167 co 0:04 603 01┆
0x243a0…243c0 20 20 20 31 3a 30 31 20 20 76 69 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ 1:01 vi file.c ┆
0x243c0…243e0 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 ┆The first column is the process ┆
0x243e0…24400 49 44 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 62 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 ┆ID, the name by which the p┆
0x24400…24420 (290,) 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 65 64 20 69 66 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 ┆rocess is identified if, for exa┆
0x24420…24440 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 69 6c 6c 20 69 74 2e 20 ┆mple, you need to kill it. ┆
0x24440…24460 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 ┆The second column is the number ┆
0x24460…24480 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 ┆of the terminal from which ┆
0x24480…244a0 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 3b 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 ┆the process is running; note tha┆
0x244a0…244c0 74 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 ┆t several processes may be ┆
0x244c0…244e0 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 ┆running from a single terminal. ┆
0x244e0…24500 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 65 78 74 20 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 74 61 ┆The next column is the tota┆
0x24500…24520 6c 20 74 69 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 68 61 73 ┆l time for which the process has┆
0x24520…24540 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 65 6e 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 46 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆ been running. Finally, the┆
0x24540…24560 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f ┆ name of the command or pro┆
0x24560…24580 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 67 69 76 65 6e 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 68 61 ┆gram is given. You will often ha┆
0x24580…245a0 76 65 20 75 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 ┆ve use for the ps command w┆
0x245a0…245c0 68 69 6c 65 20 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆hile doing system mainenance. ┆
0x245c0…245e0 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d8 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 31 2e 31 20 20 44 61 65 6d 6f 6e 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 ┆ 6.5.1.1 Daemon Process┆
0x245e0…24600 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 ┆es In addition to t┆
0x24600…24620 (291,) 68 6f 73 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 ┆hose programs which you yourself┆
0x24620…24640 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 6f 66 20 ┆ will use in the course of ┆
0x24640…24660 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 79 6f ┆your system maintenance work, yo┆
0x24660…24680 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 77 61 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 ┆u should be aware that ther┆
0x24680…246a0 65 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 20 66 65 77 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 ┆e are also a few other programs ┆
0x246a0…246c0 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 72 75 6e 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 77 68 65 6e ┆ that run automatically when┆
0x246c0…246e0 65 76 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 ┆ever you use your XENIX sys┆
0x246e0…24700 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 64 61 65 6d 6f 6e 73 22 20 ┆tem. These are called "daemons" ┆
0x24700…24720 28 70 72 6f 6e 6f 75 6e 63 65 64 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 64 65 6d 6f 6e 73 22 29 2e ┆(pronounced like "demons").┆
0x24720…24740 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 64 61 65 6d 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 61 ┆ These daemon programs periodica┆
0x24740…24760 6c 6c 79 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 72 20 70 65 72 ┆lly check the system or per┆
0x24760…24780 66 6f 72 6d 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 53 6f 6d ┆form basic system functions. Som┆
0x24780…247a0 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 64 61 65 6d 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 3a 0d ┆e examples of daemons are: ┆
0x247a0…247c0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 75 70 64 61 74 65 20 22 75 70 64 61 74 65 73 22 20 ┆ . update "updates" ┆
0x247c0…247e0 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 62 79 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e ┆the disk by automatically writin┆
0x247e0…24800 67 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 62 ┆g information from memory b┆
0x24800…24820 (292,) 61 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 74 68 69 72 74 79 20 0a 19 ┆ack to your disk every thirty ┆
0x24820…24840 8b 80 80 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 6e ┆ seconds. This ensures that in┆
0x24840…24860 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 65 76 65 6e 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 79 6f ┆ the unlikely event that yo┆
0x24860…24880 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 22 63 72 61 73 68 65 73 22 20 6f 72 20 68 61 6c 74 73 20 61 62 6e ┆ur system "crashes" or halts abn┆
0x24880…248a0 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 ┆ormally, the information re┆
0x248a0…248c0 63 6f 72 64 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 6b 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e ┆corded on disk will be as curren┆
0x248c0…248e0 74 20 61 73 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆t as possible. ┆
0x248e0…24900 2e 20 84 6c 70 64 20 73 75 70 65 72 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f ┆. lpd superintends the operatio┆
0x24900…24920 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆n of the lineprinter. ┆
0x24920…24940 20 20 2e 20 84 63 72 6f 6e 20 61 63 74 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 61 72 6d 20 63 6c 6f ┆ . cron acts like an alarm clo┆
0x24940…24960 63 6b 2c 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 ┆ck, allowing you to execute ┆
0x24960…24980 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6a 6f 62 73 20 61 74 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ commands and jobs at times you ┆
0x24980…249a0 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 69 6e 20 61 64 76 61 6e 63 65 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 72 65 70 65 ┆specify in advance. It repe┆
0x249a0…249c0 61 74 65 64 6c 79 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 ┆atedly looks in a file called / ┆
0x249c0…249e0 75 73 72 2f 6c 69 62 2f 63 72 6f 6e 74 61 62 e1 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 ┆usr/lib/crontab for instru┆
0x249e0…24a00 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e ┆ctions to perform these function┆
0x24a00…24a20 (293,) 73 2e 0d 0a 19 8b 80 80 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 36 2e 35 2e 31 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f ┆s. 6.5.1.2 The /etc/┆
0x24a20…24a40 72 63 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 69 6c 79 2c ┆rc File Ordinarily,┆
0x24a40…24a60 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 64 61 65 ┆ the commands to start these dae┆
0x24a60…24a80 6d 6f 6e 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 70 75 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆mons running are put in the┆
0x24a80…24aa0 20 2f a1 a1 a1 65 e1 a1 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 72 75 6e 73 20 ┆ / e tc/rc file, which runs ┆
0x24aa0…24ac0 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 79 ┆automatically at the time y┆
0x24ac0…24ae0 6f 75 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2e 20 54 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 20 66 69 6c ┆ou boot XENIX. The / etc/rc fil┆
0x24ae0…24b00 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 ┆e also contains directions ┆
0x24b00…24b20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 ┆to the system to perform other f┆
0x24b20…24b40 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 74 20 6d ┆unctions. For example, it m┆
0x24b40…24b60 61 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 67 72 65 65 74 73 ┆ay contain a message that greets┆
0x24b60…24b80 20 79 6f 75 20 77 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 64 69 ┆ you when you log in, or di┆
0x24b80…24ba0 72 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 61 73 6b 20 79 6f 75 20 66 6f 72 20 74 ┆rect the system to ask you for t┆
0x24ba0…24bc0 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 ┆he time. If you have file s┆
0x24bc0…24be0 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 ┆ystems which need to be mounted ┆
0x24be0…24c00 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f ┆ the mount commands can also┆
0x24c00…24c20 (294,) 20 62 65 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 2c 20 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ be placed in / etc/rc , so ┆
0x24c20…24c40 80 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 ┆ that these file systems are aut┆
0x24c40…24c60 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 ┆omatically mounted when the┆
0x24c60…24c80 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f ┆ system is booted. If you are lo┆
0x24c80…24ca0 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 65 64 ┆gged in as root, you may ed┆
0x24ca0…24cc0 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 74 68 ┆it the / etc/rc file, to add th┆
0x24cc0…24ce0 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 77 68 69 ┆e names of file systems whi┆
0x24ce0…24d00 63 68 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 6f 72 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 ┆ch need to be mounted or change ┆
0x24d00…24d20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 72 65 65 74 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 ┆the system greeting message┆
0x24d20…24d40 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 61 64 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 70 ┆. You can also add commands to p┆
0x24d40…24d60 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 79 6f 75 20 64 65 ┆erform any functions you de┆
0x24d60…24d80 63 69 64 65 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 65 76 65 72 20 74 ┆cide must be repeated whenever t┆
0x24d80…24da0 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 72 65 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d ┆he system is rebooted. ┆
0x24da0…24dc0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 32 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 49 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 44 69 ┆ 6.5.2 The Importance of Di┆
0x24dc0…24de0 73 6b 20 53 70 61 63 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 ┆sk Space Available ┆
0x24de0…24e00 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 72 61 70 69 64 6c 79 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 61 20 70 72 65 ┆disk space rapidly becomes a pre┆
0x24e00…24e20 (295,) 63 69 6f 75 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 64 69 74 79 20 6f 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 ┆cious commodity on any comp┆
0x24e20…24e40 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 73 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 ┆uter system. As users compile ┆
0x24e40…24e60 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 65 64 69 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 70 65 72 66 ┆ programs, edit files, or perf┆
0x24e60…24e80 6f 72 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2c 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆orm other tasks, they are c┆
0x24e80…24ea0 6f 6d 70 65 74 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 76 61 6c 75 61 62 6c 65 20 72 65 73 6f 75 ┆ompeting for this valuable resou┆
0x24ea0…24ec0 72 63 65 2e 20 4f 6e 20 61 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 74 ┆rce. On a typical system, t┆
0x24ec0…24ee0 68 65 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆he potential for running out of ┆
0x24ee0…24f00 66 72 65 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 68 69 67 ┆free disk space is very hig┆
0x24f00…24f20 68 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 ┆h, and when this actually occurs┆
0x24f20…24f40 2c 20 6e 6f 20 6e 65 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 ┆, no new files can be creat┆
0x24f40…24f60 65 64 2c 20 6e 6f 72 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 65 78 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 65 ┆ed, nor can any existing files e┆
0x24f60…24f80 78 70 61 6e 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 66 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2c 20 65 61 63 68 20 66 69 ┆xpand. If possible, each fi┆
0x24f80…24f9a 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 0a ┆le system should contain ┆
0x24f9a…24f9d FormFeed {
0x24f9a…24f9d 0c 83 b8 ┆ ┆
0x24f9a…24f9d }
0x24f9d…24fa0 0a 19 89 ┆ ┆
0x24fa0…24fc0 80 80 61 70 70 72 6f 78 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 20 31 35 25 20 66 72 65 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 ┆ approximately 15% free space, ┆
0x24fc0…24fe0 6d 6f 72 65 20 69 66 20 75 73 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 ┆more if usage of the file s┆
0x24fe0…25000 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 6c 75 63 74 75 61 74 65 73 2c 20 6c 65 73 73 20 69 66 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 ┆ystem fluctuates, less if it is ┆
0x25000…25020 (296,) 72 65 6c 61 74 69 76 65 6c 79 20 73 74 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 65 78 ┆relatively stable. It is ex┆
0x25020…25040 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 74 69 63 ┆tremely important that you antic┆
0x25040…25060 69 70 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 69 73 6b 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f ┆ipate the risk of running o┆
0x25060…25080 75 74 20 6f 66 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 52 65 67 61 72 64 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 73 6b 20 6f 66 20 ┆ut of space. Regard the task of ┆
0x25080…250a0 6d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 61 63 65 20 61 73 20 61 6e ┆monitoring disk space as an┆
0x250a0…250c0 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 69 76 65 20 6d 61 ┆ essential part of preventive ma┆
0x250c0…250e0 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 66 ┆intenance. XENIX of┆
0x250e0…25100 66 65 72 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 71 75 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 66 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 ┆fers some techniques for finding┆
0x25100…25120 20 6f 75 74 20 68 6f 77 20 6d 75 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 65 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 65 78 ┆ out how much free space ex┆
0x25120…25140 69 73 74 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ists in a particular file system┆
0x25140…25160 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 69 6c ┆, and determining which fil┆
0x25160…25180 65 73 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 63 61 6e 64 69 64 61 74 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆es might be candidates for ┆
0x25180…251a0 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 61 67 65 20 ┆deletion if there is a shortage ┆
0x251a0…251c0 6f 66 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆of space. The XENIX command┆
0x251c0…251e0 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 6f 75 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 74 ┆s that will help you determine t┆
0x251e0…25200 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 ┆he status of disk space on ┆
0x25200…25220 (297,) 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 ┆a file system and help you remov┆
0x25220…25240 65 20 75 6e 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆e unwanted files are: ┆
0x25240…25260 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 69 73 6b 20 66 72 65 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ df disk free ┆
0x25260…25280 20 20 20 20 64 75 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 69 73 6b 20 75 73 61 67 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ du disk usage ┆
0x25280…252a0 20 20 66 69 6e 64 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6e 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ find find files ┆
0x252a0…252c0 20 20 84 45 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 69 73 20 69 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 62 ┆ Each of these is introduced b┆
0x252c0…252e0 72 69 65 66 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 63 ┆riefly in the following sec┆
0x252e0…25300 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c ┆tions. However, you will probabl┆
0x25300…25320 79 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆y also want to refer to the┆
0x25320…25340 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 66 ┆ XENIX System Reference volume f┆
0x25340…25360 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 ┆or more information. ┆
0x25360…25380 a1 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 31 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 66 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ 6.5.2.1 The df Command ┆
0x25380…253a0 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 ┆ This command prints out th┆
0x253a0…253c0 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 66 72 65 65 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 76 61 ┆e number of free blocks ava┆
0x253c0…253e0 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 ┆ilable in whatever file system i┆
0x253e0…25400 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 2e 20 49 66 20 6e 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 ┆s specified. If no file sys┆
0x25400…25420 (298,) 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 72 65 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 ┆tem is specified, the free space┆
0x25420…25440 20 69 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 66 69 ┆ in all normally mounted fi┆
0x25440…25460 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 69 73 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 6a ┆le systems is printed. You can j┆
0x25460…25480 75 73 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 66 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ust type in df ┆
0x25480…254a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ or you can specify a file┆
0x254a0…254c0 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 66 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 72 6f 6f ┆ system: df /dev/roo┆
0x254c0…254e0 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 6f ┆t The output will lo┆
0x254e0…25500 6f 6b 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f ┆ok something like: /┆
0x25500…25520 64 65 76 2f 72 6f 6f 74 20 37 30 30 38 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 ┆dev/root 7008 This ┆
0x25520…25540 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 ┆indicates that the root file sys┆
0x25540…25560 74 65 6d 20 68 61 73 20 37 30 30 38 20 66 72 65 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 62 6c 6f 63 ┆tem has 7008 free disk bloc┆
0x25560…25580 6b 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ks. Naturally, you ┆
0x25580…255a0 6d 75 73 74 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 68 61 72 64 20 ┆must know the size of your hard ┆
0x255a0…255c0 6f 72 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 69 6e 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 74 6f ┆or floppy disk in blocks to┆
0x255c0…255e0 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 61 74 20 70 65 72 63 65 6e 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆ determine what percentage of th┆
0x255e0…25600 65 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 ┆e total disk these numbers ┆
0x25600…25620 (299,) 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 20 73 75 6d 6d 61 ┆represent. The table below summa┆
0x25620…25640 72 69 7a 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 20 ┆rizes the sizes of typical ┆
0x25640…25660 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 61 6e 64 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 69 6e 20 62 6f 74 68 20 0a 19 ┆floppy and hard disks in both ┆
0x25660…25680 89 80 80 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6b 69 6c 6f 62 79 74 65 73 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ blocks and kilobytes: ┆
0x25680…256a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x256a0…256c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x256c0…256e0 20 20 20 a1 20 06 20 20 20 20 44 49 53 4b 20 53 54 41 54 49 53 54 49 43 53 20 20 20 20 09 0d 0a ┆ DISK STATISTICS ┆
0x256e0…25700 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a2 e2 a1 20 4d 65 64 69 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Media ┆
0x25700…25720 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 20 4b 62 79 74 65 73 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 06 20 20 20 20 ┆ Blocks Kbytes ┆
0x25720…25740 a1 20 38 22 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 31 36 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 8" single floppy 1216 ┆
0x25740…25760 20 36 30 38 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 38 22 20 64 6f ┆ 608 8" do┆
0x25760…25780 75 62 6c 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 20 20 20 20 32 34 34 38 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 32 34 20 20 20 ┆uble floppy 2448 1224 ┆
0x25780…257a0 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 38 2d 6d 65 67 2e 20 68 61 72 64 20 ┆ 8-meg. hard ┆
0x257a0…257c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 34 2c 39 30 39 20 20 20 20 20 37 34 35 34 2e 35 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ 14,909 7454.5 ┆
0x257c0…257e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 31 32 2d 6d 65 67 2e 20 68 61 72 64 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 12-meg. hard ┆
0x257e0…257f8 32 30 2c 39 36 31 20 20 20 20 31 30 34 38 30 2e 35 20 20 20 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆20,961 10480.5 ┆
0x257f8…257fb FormFeed {
0x257f8…257fb 0c 83 d0 ┆ ┆
0x257f8…257fb }
0x257fb…25800 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x25800…25820 (300,) 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 69 74 68 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ With experience, you will ┆
0x25820…25840 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 73 61 67 65 20 0a ┆come to know your system usage ┆
0x25840…25860 19 89 80 80 77 65 6c 6c 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 ┆ well enough to know whether ┆
0x25860…25880 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 63 72 69 74 69 63 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 ┆disk space is critical. 6┆
0x25880…258a0 2e 35 2e 32 2e 32 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 75 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆.5.2.2 The du Command ┆
0x258a0…258c0 20 20 20 84 4c 65 74 27 73 20 73 75 70 70 6f 73 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 64 69 73 63 6f ┆ Let's suppose that you disco┆
0x258c0…258e0 76 65 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 64 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d ┆ver when you use the df com┆
0x258e0…25900 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 ┆mand that you have a shortage of┆
0x25900…25920 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 4e 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 74 ┆ disk space. Now you have t┆
0x25920…25940 6f 20 64 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 64 65 74 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 ┆o do some detective work to find┆
0x25940…25960 20 6f 75 74 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 77 61 73 ┆ out where space may be was┆
0x25960…25980 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 ┆ted on your system. The command ┆
0x25980…259a0 64 75 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 62 6c 6f 63 ┆du gives the number of bloc┆
0x259a0…259c0 6b 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆ks that are used by files in the┆
0x259c0…259e0 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 65 61 ┆ specified directory and ea┆
0x259e0…25a00 63 68 20 6f 66 20 69 74 73 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 ┆ch of its subdirectories. If you┆
0x25a00…25a20 (301,) 20 75 73 65 20 64 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 73 70 ┆ use du with no filename sp┆
0x25a20…25a40 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 69 7a 65 ┆ecified, it will report the size┆
0x25a40…25a60 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 2c 20 6f 66 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆ in blocks, of every direct┆
0x25a60…25a80 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆ory and file, starting at the ┆
0x25a80…25aa0 89 80 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 4f 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 ┆ current directory. Or, you ca┆
0x25aa0…25ac0 6e 20 67 69 76 65 20 69 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆n give it a file or directo┆
0x25ac0…25ae0 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 ┆ry name. In this case, you would┆
0x25ae0…25b00 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 ┆ probably search the entire┆
0x25b00…25b20 20 2f a1 75 73 72 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 63 65 73 73 69 76 65 6c ┆ / usr directory for excessivel┆
0x25b20…25b40 79 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 ┆y large files and directori┆
0x25b40…25b60 65 73 2e 20 50 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 6c 6f 6f ┆es. Part of the output might loo┆
0x25b60…25b80 6b 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 75 ┆k like this: du┆
0x25b80…25ba0 20 2f 75 73 72 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 30 38 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 ┆ /usr 208 /usr/ant┆
0x25ba0…25bc0 68 6f 6e 79 73 2f 61 64 6d 69 6e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 37 38 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 ┆honys/admin 378 /u┆
0x25bc0…25be0 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 2f 6d 70 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 39 39 39 20 20 20 20 ┆sr/anthonys/mp 999 ┆
0x25be0…25c00 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 2f 6a 75 6e 6b 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 35 ┆ /usr/anthonys/junk 15┆
0x25c00…25c20 (302,) 38 35 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 36 ┆85 /usr/anthonys 26┆
0x25c20…25c40 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f 6d 65 6d 6f 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ /usr/johnd/memos ┆
0x25c40…25c60 20 32 33 35 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 2f 70 61 79 72 6f 6c 6c 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ 235 /usr/johnd/payroll ┆
0x25c60…25c80 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 36 31 20 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 ┆ 261 /usr/johnd ┆
0x25c80…25ca0 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 33 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆6.5.2.3 The find Command ┆
0x25ca0…25cc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 78 ┆ The find command is an ex┆
0x25cc0…25ce0 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 66 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 ┆tremely useful tool for finding ┆
0x25ce0…25d00 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 62 79 20 73 69 7a 65 2c 20 64 61 74 65 2c 20 6f 77 6e 65 72 2c ┆ files by size, date, owner,┆
0x25d00…25d20 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 65 20 6f 66 20 6c 61 73 74 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 89 ┆ and date of last access. It ┆
0x25d20…25d40 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 65 6c 70 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆ will help you locate old files┆
0x25d40…25d60 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 72 61 72 65 6c 79 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 65 ┆ that the user rarely or ne┆
0x25d60…25d80 76 65 72 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 62 75 74 20 68 61 73 20 6e 65 67 6c 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 ┆ver accesses but has neglected t┆
0x25d80…25da0 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 73 65 65 ┆o remove, or files that see┆
0x25da0…25dc0 6d 20 65 78 63 65 73 73 69 76 65 6c 79 20 6c 61 72 67 65 2e 20 49 6e 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c ┆m excessively large. Incidentall┆
0x25dc0…25de0 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e ┆y, you can also use the fin┆
0x25de0…25e00 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 66 20 79 6f ┆d command to locate a file if yo┆
0x25e00…25e20 (303,) 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 67 6f 74 74 65 6e 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 69 74 20 69 ┆u have forgotten where it i┆
0x25e20…25e40 73 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 2e 0d 0a ┆s in your directory hierarchy. ┆
0x25e40…25e60 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 63 65 64 69 6e 67 20 65 78 61 ┆ In the preceding exa┆
0x25e60…25e80 6d 70 6c 65 20 77 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 64 75 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a ┆mple we used the du command to ┆
0x25e80…25ea0 19 89 80 80 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 2f a1 75 73 72 e1 20 66 6f 72 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 77 ┆ search / usr for possible w┆
0x25ea0…25ec0 61 73 74 65 64 20 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 61 20 0a 19 ┆asted space, and discovered a ┆
0x25ec0…25ee0 89 80 80 73 75 73 70 69 63 69 6f 75 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 61 ┆ suspicious file named / usr/a┆
0x25ee0…25f00 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 2f 6a 75 6e 6b e1 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 ┆nthonys/junk with a size of ┆
0x25f00…25f20 80 80 39 39 39 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 75 73 65 ┆ 999 blocks. You could also use┆
0x25f20…25f40 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ the find command with the ┆
0x25f40…25f60 22 2d 61 74 69 6d 65 22 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 ┆"-atime" specification followed ┆
0x25f60…25f80 62 79 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 64 61 79 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 ┆by a number of days within ┆
0x25f80…25fa0 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 68 61 73 6e 27 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 ┆which a file hasn't been accesse┆
0x25fa0…25fc0 64 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 ┆d. You may discover that th┆
0x25fc0…25fe0 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 2f 6a 75 6e 6b e1 20 68 61 73 20 ┆e file / usr/anthonys/junk has ┆
0x25fe0…26000 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 6d 6f 6e ┆not been accessed for a mon┆
0x26000…26020 (304,) 74 68 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 73 61 66 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 ┆th. It is probably safe to remov┆
0x26020…26040 65 20 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2c ┆e it. Occasionally,┆
0x26040…26060 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 ┆ while you are working on the sy┆
0x26060…26080 73 74 65 6d 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 69 6e 65 78 70 6c 69 63 61 62 6c 79 20 67 ┆stem you may inexplicably g┆
0x26080…260a0 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 65 6d 6f ┆et the message: memo┆
0x260a0…260c0 72 79 20 66 61 75 6c 74 20 2d 2d 20 63 6f 72 65 20 64 75 6d 70 65 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ry fault -- core dumped ┆
0x260c0…260e0 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d 65 61 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 ┆ This does not mean that the┆
0x260e0…26100 72 65 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 77 72 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆re is something wrong with ┆
0x26100…26120 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 ┆your system. An error in a progr┆
0x26120…26134 61 6d 20 63 61 75 73 65 73 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 74 6f 20 0a ┆am causes XENIX to ┆
0x26134…26137 FormFeed {
0x26134…26137 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x26134…26137 }
0x26137…26140 0a 19 89 80 80 61 75 74 6f ┆ auto┆
0x26140…26160 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 62 69 6e 61 ┆matically store output in a bina┆
0x26160…26180 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 63 6f 72 65 e1 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 79 6f ┆ry file called core in yo┆
0x26180…261a0 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 ┆ur current directory. Most users┆
0x261a0…261c0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 ┆ will not bother to access ┆
0x261c0…261e0 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 67 65 74 ┆this file, but will often forget┆
0x261e0…26200 20 74 6f 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 69 74 3b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6f 66 74 65 ┆ to delete it; this is ofte┆
0x26200…26220 (305,) 6e 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 70 6c 61 63 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 77 61 73 74 65 ┆n a good place to look for waste┆
0x26220…26240 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 28 46 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆d disk space. (Files named ┆
0x26240…26260 a1 74 6d 70 e1 20 61 72 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 63 61 6e 64 69 64 61 74 65 ┆ tmp are other likely candidate┆
0x26260…26280 73 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e ┆s). In the followin┆
0x26280…262a0 67 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆g example, the find command can ┆
0x262a0…262c0 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 ┆be used to search for all t┆
0x262c0…262e0 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 a1 63 6f 72 65 e1 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 76 65 ┆he files named core which have┆
0x262e0…26300 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 65 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 77 65 ┆ not been accessed for a we┆
0x26300…26320 65 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 6e 64 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e ┆ek. find /usr/anthon┆
0x26320…26340 79 73 20 2d 6e 61 6d 65 20 63 6f 72 65 20 2d 61 74 69 6d 65 20 2b 37 20 2d 70 72 69 6e 74 0d 0a ┆ys -name core -atime +7 -print ┆
0x26340…26360 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 2d ┆ The specification "-┆
0x26360…26380 6e 61 6d 65 22 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 0a 19 ┆name" means you want the find ┆
0x26380…263a0 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 62 79 ┆ command to look for a file by┆
0x263a0…263c0 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 ┆ the name which follows. Th┆
0x263c0…263e0 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 22 2d 61 74 69 6d 65 22 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 79 ┆e specification "-atime" means y┆
0x263e0…26400 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆ou want to search for files┆
0x26400…26420 (306,) 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 76 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 65 64 20 77 69 ┆ which have not been accessed wi┆
0x26420…26440 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 79 73 20 77 68 69 ┆thin the number of days whi┆
0x26440…26460 63 68 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 2e 20 42 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 6f 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 22 2d ┆ch follow. Be sure to specify "-┆
0x26460…26480 70 72 69 6e 74 22 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆print", or the find command┆
0x26480…264a0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 6c 65 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 77 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 66 ┆ will not let you know what it f┆
0x264a0…264c0 6f 75 6e 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 66 ┆ound. Because the various f┆
0x264c0…264e0 6f 72 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 72 61 74 ┆orms of the find command are rat┆
0x264e0…26500 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 6c 69 63 61 74 65 64 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 67 6f ┆her complicated, it is a go┆
0x26500…26520 6f 64 20 69 64 65 61 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 73 75 6c 74 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 ┆od idea to consult the XENIX ┆
0x26520…26540 80 80 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 76 6f 6c 75 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f ┆ System Reference volume for mo┆
0x26540…26560 72 65 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 32 2e 34 20 20 54 68 65 20 ┆re details. 6.5.2.4 The ┆
0x26560…26580 71 75 6f 74 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 71 75 ┆quot Command The qu┆
0x26580…265a0 6f 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 72 65 70 ┆ot command is another useful rep┆
0x265a0…265c0 6f 72 74 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 6f 6c 2e 20 49 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 ┆orting tool. It prints the ┆
0x265c0…265e0 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6f 77 6e 65 64 ┆number of blocks currently owned┆
0x265e0…26600 20 62 79 20 65 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆ by each user in the named ┆
0x26600…26620 (307,) 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆file system. If you type ┆
0x26620…26640 20 20 20 20 20 71 75 6f 74 20 2d 6e 20 2f 66 69 6c 65 73 79 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ quot -n /filesys ┆
0x26640…26660 20 20 84 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6c ┆ it will give you a list of al┆
0x26660…26680 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6f 77 6e 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆l files and their owners in ┆
0x26680…266a0 80 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 73 79 73 ┆ the file system called filesys┆
0x266a0…266c0 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 33 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 ┆ . 6.5.3 Communic┆
0x266c0…266e0 61 74 69 6e 67 20 57 69 74 68 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 55 73 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ating With Other Users ┆
0x266e0…26700 20 20 20 84 45 6e 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 ┆ Enlisting the cooperation of┆
0x26700…26720 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 69 73 2c 20 69 6e 20 61 20 77 61 79 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f ┆ your users is, in a way, o┆
0x26720…26740 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 70 6f 77 65 72 66 75 6c 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e ┆ne of your most powerful mainten┆
0x26740…26760 61 6e 63 65 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 43 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 ┆ance tools. Communication w┆
0x26760…26780 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 ┆ith the other system users can b┆
0x26780…267a0 65 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 61 63 74 69 63 20 74 6f 20 61 69 64 20 79 6f 75 20 69 6e 20 79 6f ┆e a tactic to aid you in yo┆
0x267a0…267c0 75 72 20 71 75 65 73 74 20 66 6f 72 20 66 72 65 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 20 46 6f ┆ur quest for free disk space. Fo┆
0x267c0…267e0 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 6d 6f 74 64 e1 20 ┆r example, the / etc/motd ┆
0x267e0…26800 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 22 6d 65 73 73 61 67 ┆file, which contains the "messag┆
0x26800…26820 (308,) 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 79 22 2c 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 65 64 69 74 65 ┆e of the day", can be edite┆
0x26820…26840 64 20 74 6f 20 67 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 72 65 6d 69 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 ┆d to gently remind users that ┆
0x26840…26860 89 80 80 73 70 61 63 65 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 77 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 6c 64 20 66 69 6c ┆ space is low and that old fil┆
0x26860…26880 65 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 2e 20 49 66 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆es should be deleted. If, i┆
0x26880…268a0 6e 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 6f 6c 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 61 62 6f 76 ┆n using the tools described abov┆
0x268a0…268c0 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 65 20 70 61 ┆e, you discover that one pa┆
0x268c0…268e0 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 75 73 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 68 69 73 20 ┆rticular user has more than his ┆
0x268e0…26900 66 61 69 72 20 73 68 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 74 ┆fair share of disk space, t┆
0x26900…26920 72 79 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6f 66 66 ┆ry a message directed at the off┆
0x26920…26940 65 6e 64 65 72 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 69 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆ender, using the mail comma┆
0x26940…26960 6e 64 2c 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 61 76 61 69 6c ┆nd, if the mail program is avail┆
0x26960…26980 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆able on your system. ┆
0x26980…269a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 61 6e 74 68 6f 6e 79 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 74 ┆ mail anthonys It┆
0x269a0…269c0 27 73 20 74 69 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 63 6c 65 61 6e 20 75 70 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 21 20 ┆'s time to clean up your files! ┆
0x269c0…269e0 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e ┆<CONTROL-D> You can┆
0x269e0…26a00 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 72 65 61 63 68 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 68 6f 20 61 72 ┆ also reach all the users who ar┆
0x26a00…26a20 (309,) 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 77 69 74 ┆e logged in immediately wit┆
0x26a20…26a40 68 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 6c 6c 20 28 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 6c 6c 29 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 ┆h the wall (write all) command, ┆
0x26a40…26a60 69 66 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆if it is available on your ┆
0x26a60…26a6b 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆system. ┆
0x26a6b…26a6e FormFeed {
0x26a6b…26a6e 0c 83 c8 ┆ ┆
0x26a6b…26a6e }
0x26a6e…26a80 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 61 6c 6c 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ wall ┆
0x26a80…26aa0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 66 72 ┆ There is a shortage of fr┆
0x26aa0…26ac0 65 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6c 65 61 6e 20 75 ┆ee disk space. Clean u┆
0x26ac0…26ae0 70 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 6e 75 73 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 0d ┆p your unused files.<CONTROL-D> ┆
0x26ae0…26b00 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 72 79 20 74 6f 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ Try to reserve the ┆
0x26b00…26b20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 77 61 6c 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 6d 65 72 67 65 6e 63 69 65 73 2c 20 68 6f 77 ┆use of wall for emergencies, how┆
0x26b20…26b40 65 76 65 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 64 69 73 72 75 70 74 73 20 6f ┆ever, because it disrupts o┆
0x26b40…26b60 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 6f 20 65 64 ┆ther users. Also, remember to ed┆
0x26b60…26b80 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 6d 6f 74 64 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 64 61 ┆it your / etc/motd file da┆
0x26b80…26ba0 69 6c 79 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 63 6f 6d ┆ily, so that the users don't com┆
0x26ba0…26bc0 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 65 78 70 65 63 74 20 6f 6c 64 20 61 6e 64 20 75 6e 72 65 6c 69 61 ┆e to expect old and unrelia┆
0x26bc0…26be0 62 6c 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 35 2e 34 20 20 20 ┆ble information. 6.5.4 ┆
0x26be0…26c00 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 49 6e 74 65 67 72 69 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ File System Integrity ┆
0x26c00…26c20 (310,) 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 20 6f ┆ In addition to the problem o┆
0x26c20…26c40 66 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 64 65 71 75 61 74 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆f maintaining adequate disk ┆
0x26c40…26c60 80 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 6c 69 74 79 ┆ space, there is the possibility┆
0x26c60…26c80 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 76 ┆ that a file system may dev┆
0x26c80…26ca0 65 6c 6f 70 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 63 69 65 73 2e 20 41 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 ┆elop inconsistencies. A file sys┆
0x26ca0…26cc0 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆tem consists of files, and ┆
0x26cc0…26ce0 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72 6e 2c 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 20 6f 66 ┆these files, in turn, consist of┆
0x26ce0…26d00 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 74 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 62 6c 6f 63 ┆ blocks of bytes. If a bloc┆
0x26d00…26d20 6b 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 62 61 64 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 68 ┆k of information is bad, then th┆
0x26d20…26d40 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 68 65 ┆e file, and potentially the┆
0x26d40…26d60 20 65 6e 74 69 72 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 6f 6d 69 ┆ entire file system, is compromi┆
0x26d60…26d80 73 65 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 27 73 20 69 6e 74 65 67 72 ┆sed. A file system's integr┆
0x26d80…26da0 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 72 6f 6d 69 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 0a 19 ┆ity is compromised when it is ┆
0x26da0…26dc0 89 80 80 69 6e 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 69 73 ┆ internally inconsistent. This┆
0x26dc0…26de0 20 6f 63 63 75 72 73 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 ┆ occurs either when the sys┆
0x26de0…26e00 74 65 6d 20 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 73 68 75 74 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 70 72 6f 70 65 ┆tem has not been shut down prope┆
0x26e00…26e20 (311,) 72 6c 79 20 6f 72 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 72 64 77 61 ┆rly or if there is a hardwa┆
0x26e20…26e40 72 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 64 75 65 20 74 6f 20 66 61 75 6c 74 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 ┆re error due to faulty disk driv┆
0x26e40…26e60 65 73 20 6f 72 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆es or floppy disks. ┆
0x26e60…26e80 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 66 73 63 6b 2c 20 6f 72 20 ┆ A program called fsck, or ┆
0x26e80…26ea0 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 68 65 63 6b 2c 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 0a ┆file system check, is the tool ┆
0x26ea0…26ec0 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 75 73 65 73 20 74 6f 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 ┆ XENIX uses to check the cons┆
0x26ec0…26ee0 69 73 74 65 6e 63 79 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 ┆istency of file systems and, ┆
0x26ee0…26f00 80 80 69 66 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 2c 20 72 65 70 61 69 72 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 49 66 20 ┆ if necessary, repair them. If ┆
0x26f00…26f20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 75 ┆the system has not been shu┆
0x26f20…26f40 74 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 79 6f ┆t down normaly, the next time yo┆
0x26f40…26f60 75 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 20 74 6f 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 ┆u attempt to boot the syste┆
0x26f60…26f80 6d 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆m you will be asked if the syste┆
0x26f80…26fa0 6d 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 20 22 63 6c 65 61 ┆m should proceed with "clea┆
0x26fa0…26fc0 6e 69 6e 67 22 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 ┆ning". You should always answer ┆
0x26fc0…26fe0 79 65 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f ┆yes to this question. If yo┆
0x26fe0…27000 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 22 64 69 72 74 79 22 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 ┆ur file system is "dirty", that ┆
0x27000…27020 (312,) 69 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 79 6f ┆is, inconsistent, all of yo┆
0x27020…27040 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 61 74 20 72 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ur files are at risk. ┆
0x27040…27060 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 66 73 63 6b 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 ┆ The fsck program is responsib┆
0x27060…27080 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6c 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 ┆le for file system cleaning┆
0x27080…270a0 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 75 73 70 65 63 74 20 ┆. If you have reason to suspect ┆
0x270a0…270c0 74 68 61 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 ┆that file system inconsiste┆
0x270c0…270e0 6e 63 79 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 69 62 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 79 20 61 62 6e 6f 72 ┆ncy is responsible for any abnor┆
0x270e0…27100 6d 61 6c 20 62 65 68 61 76 69 6f 72 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 69 6e ┆mal behavior, you should in┆
0x27100…27120 76 6f 6b 65 20 66 73 63 6b 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 ┆voke fsck, followed by the name ┆
0x27120…27140 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 ┆of the questionable file sy┆
0x27140…27160 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 ┆stem. However, you should not us┆
0x27160…27180 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 73 63 6b 20 69 6e 64 69 73 63 72 69 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 6c 79 2c 20 62 65 ┆e fsck indiscriminately, be┆
0x27180…271a0 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆cause it will occasionally ┆
0x271a0…271c0 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 69 74 73 20 ┆delete damaged files during its ┆
0x271c0…271e0 63 6c 65 61 6e 75 70 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 65 72 ┆cleanup process. Her┆
0x271e0…27200 65 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 73 63 ┆e is an example: fsc┆
0x27200…27220 (313,) 6b 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 68 64 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 20 50 68 61 73 65 20 ┆k /dev/hd0 ** Phase ┆
0x27220…27240 31 20 2d 20 43 68 65 63 6b 20 42 6c 6f 63 6b 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 20 50 68 ┆1 - Check Blocks ** Ph┆
0x27240…27260 61 73 65 20 32 20 2d 20 43 68 65 63 6b 20 50 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ase 2 - Check Pathnames ┆
0x27260…27280 20 20 2a 2a 20 50 68 61 73 65 20 33 20 2d 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 76 69 74 ┆ ** Phase 3 - check Connectivit┆
0x27280…272a0 79 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 20 50 68 61 73 65 20 34 20 2d 20 43 68 65 63 6b 20 52 ┆y ** Phase 4 - Check R┆
0x272a0…272c0 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 43 6f 75 6e 74 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 20 50 68 61 ┆eference Counts ** Pha┆
0x272c0…272e0 73 65 20 35 20 2d 20 43 68 65 63 6b 20 46 72 65 65 20 4c 69 73 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆se 5 - Check Free List ┆
0x272e0…27300 20 20 34 32 36 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 36 37 35 33 20 62 6c 6f 63 6b 73 20 37 30 30 38 20 66 72 65 ┆ 426 files 6753 blocks 7008 fre┆
0x27300…27305 65 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e ┆
0x27305…27308 FormFeed {
0x27305…27308 0c 83 a0 ┆ ┆
0x27305…27308 }
0x27308…27320 0a b0 a1 36 2e 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 55 70 20 59 ┆ 6.6 Backing Up Y┆
0x27320…27340 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 69 6d 70 6f ┆our System The impo┆
0x27340…27360 72 74 61 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 22 62 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 75 70 22 20 6f 72 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 ┆rtance of "backing up" or making┆
0x27360…27380 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e ┆ copies of all the files on┆
0x27380…273a0 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 6f 76 65 72 65 6d 70 68 61 ┆ your system cannot be overempha┆
0x273a0…273c0 73 69 7a 65 64 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 42 61 63 6b 75 70 73 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆sized. Backups are the only┆
0x273c0…273e0 20 69 6e 73 75 72 61 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 67 61 69 6e ┆ insurance your users have again┆
0x273e0…27400 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6d 65 2d 63 6f 6e 73 75 6d 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 73 74 6c ┆st time-consuming and costl┆
0x27400…27420 (314,) 79 20 6c 6f 73 73 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a ┆y losses of their programs and ┆
0x27420…27440 19 89 80 80 64 61 74 61 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 6f 6e ┆ data. You should no more con┆
0x27440…27460 73 69 64 65 72 20 73 6b 69 70 70 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 63 68 65 64 75 6c 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆sider skipping a scheduled ┆
0x27460…27480 62 61 63 6b 75 70 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 79 6f 75 20 77 6f ┆backup, because you think you wo┆
0x27480…274a0 6e 27 74 20 62 65 20 6e 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 69 74 2c 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 ┆n't be needing it, than you┆
0x274a0…274c0 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 73 6b 69 70 70 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 75 ┆ would consider skipping an insu┆
0x274c0…274e0 72 61 6e 63 65 20 70 61 79 6d 65 6e 74 2e 20 49 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆rance payment. In addition ┆
0x274e0…27500 74 6f 20 69 6e 65 76 69 74 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 65 76 65 72 79 64 61 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 6d 69 73 ┆to inevitable, everyday user mis┆
0x27500…27520 74 61 6b 65 73 20 2d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 2c ┆takes - deleting, changing,┆
0x27520…27540 20 6f 72 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 76 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 ┆ or writing over files, there ar┆
0x27540…27560 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 61 74 61 73 74 72 6f 70 68 69 63 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 69 ┆e more catastrophic possibi┆
0x27560…27580 6c 69 74 69 65 73 3a 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 ┆lities: accidental damage to ┆
0x27580…275a0 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 6f 72 20 68 61 72 64 77 ┆ XENIX system software or hardw┆
0x275a0…275c0 61 72 65 20 66 61 69 6c 75 72 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 75 63 ┆are failure. If you are luc┆
0x275c0…275e0 6b 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 61 72 65 6c 79 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 ┆ky, you will rarely need to use ┆
0x275e0…27600 79 6f 75 72 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 75 74 20 6e 6f 6e ┆your backup copies, but non┆
0x27600…27620 (315,) 65 74 68 65 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 61 ┆etheless you must have a systema┆
0x27620…27640 74 69 63 20 70 6c 61 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 68 65 64 75 6c 69 6e 67 20 62 61 63 ┆tic plan for scheduling bac┆
0x27640…27660 6b 75 70 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 68 6f ┆kups. You must also determine ho┆
0x27660…27680 77 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 75 6c 6c 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 69 73 20 72 65 ┆w often a full backup is re┆
0x27680…276a0 71 75 69 72 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 77 68 65 72 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f ┆quired, and decide where, and fo┆
0x276a0…276c0 72 20 68 6f 77 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 6e 67 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 ┆r how long, you will store ┆
0x276c0…276e0 79 6f 75 72 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 2e 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 ┆your backups. Some suggestions a┆
0x276e0…27700 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 68 65 72 65 2c 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 ┆re provided here, but you w┆
0x27700…27720 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 61 73 73 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 65 64 73 20 6f 66 20 ┆ill have to assess the needs of ┆
0x27720…27740 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆ the users on your own syste┆
0x27740…27760 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆m. The XENIX system┆
0x27760…27780 20 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 77 61 79 73 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 63 6f 70 ┆ offers several ways to make cop┆
0x27780…277a0 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ies of system and user file┆
0x277a0…277c0 73 2e 20 57 68 69 63 68 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 6f 72 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a ┆s. Which method or methods you ┆
0x277c0…277e0 19 89 80 80 63 68 6f 6f 73 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 20 6f 6e 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 ┆ choose will depend on severa┆
0x277e0…27800 6c 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 3a 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆l factors: whether you have ┆
0x27800…27820 (316,) 80 61 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 6f 72 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ a hard disk or floppy-only syst┆
0x27820…27840 65 6d 2c 20 68 6f 77 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 ┆em, how often the contents ┆
0x27840…27860 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 73 69 67 6e 69 66 69 63 61 6e 74 ┆of your disks change significant┆
0x27860…27880 6c 79 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f ┆ly and the total size of yo┆
0x27880…278a0 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 ┆ur system. The following procedu┆
0x278a0…278c0 72 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 ┆res are discussed in this s┆
0x278c0…278e0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 ┆ection: . using the┆
0x278e0…27900 20 74 61 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 ┆ tar program to copy the content┆
0x27900…27920 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆s of a file system ┆
0x27920…27940 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 75 6d 70 2f 72 65 73 74 6f 72 20 63 6f 6d ┆ . using the dump/restor com┆
0x27940…27960 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 ┆mands to backup and restore ┆
0x27960…27980 80 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 36 2e 31 20 20 20 20 46 6f ┆ file systems 6.6.1 Fo┆
0x27980…279a0 72 6d 61 74 74 69 6e 67 20 46 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 44 69 73 6b 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rmatting Floppy Disks ┆
0x279a0…279c0 20 20 84 42 65 66 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 ┆ Before you can use a floppy d┆
0x279c0…279e0 69 73 6b 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 69 74 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 ┆isk, you must format it, us┆
0x279e0…27a00 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f 65 74 ┆ing the command: /et┆
0x27a00…27a20 (317,) 63 2f 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 64 61 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆c/format /dev/fdall ┆
0x27a20…27a40 84 54 68 65 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 63 61 6e 20 6e 6f 77 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 ┆ The floppy disk can now be used┆
0x27a40…27a60 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 72 20 6f 72 20 64 75 6d 70 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆ by the tar or dump command┆
0x27a60…27a80 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 36 2e 32 20 20 20 20 41 72 63 68 69 76 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆. 6.6.2 Archiving and ┆
0x27a80…27aa0 54 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 43 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 59 6f 75 72 20 44 69 73 6b 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆Taking Care of Your Disks ┆
0x27aa0…27ac0 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 72 61 70 69 64 6c 79 20 61 63 63 75 6d 75 6c 61 ┆ You will rapidly accumula┆
0x27ac0…27ae0 74 65 20 61 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆te a great number of floppy ┆
0x27ae0…27b00 80 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ disks. These will include: ┆
0x27b00…27b20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 ┆ . XENIX distribution dis┆
0x27b20…27b40 6b 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 ┆ks . applicati┆
0x27b40…27b60 6f 6e 20 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 75 73 65 72 20 66 ┆on packages . user f┆
0x27b60…27b80 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 ┆ile systems . backup┆
0x27b80…27b83 73 0d 0a ┆s ┆
0x27b83…27b86 FormFeed {
0x27b83…27b86 0c 83 d8 ┆ ┆
0x27b83…27b86 }
0x27b86…27ba0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 45 61 63 68 20 66 75 6c 6c 2c 20 6f 72 20 22 ┆ Each full, or "┆
0x27ba0…27bc0 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 22 2c 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 ┆periodic", backup of the XENIX s┆
0x27bc0…27be0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 20 61 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 6e ┆ystem may require a large n┆
0x27be0…27c00 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 73 65 76 65 ┆umber of floppy disks (e.g. seve┆
0x27c00…27c20 (318,) 6e 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 69 67 68 74 20 64 6f 75 62 6c 65 2d 73 69 64 65 64 20 64 69 73 ┆n or eight double-sided dis┆
0x27c20…27c40 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 62 61 63 6b 20 75 70 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 ┆ks to back up a XENIX system wit┆
0x27c40…27c60 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 20 38 2d 6d 65 67 61 62 79 74 65 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 29 2e ┆h an 8-megabyte hard disk).┆
0x27c60…27c80 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 6e 6f 75 67 68 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 6f 6e 20 0a ┆ You must have enough disks on ┆
0x27c80…27ca0 19 89 80 80 68 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6b 65 65 70 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 64 69 73 6b ┆ hand to keep the backup disk┆
0x27ca0…27cc0 73 20 69 6e 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 20 66 6f 72 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 65 ┆s in reserve for several we┆
0x27cc0…27ce0 65 6b 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 73 70 61 72 65 ┆eks, as well as sufficient spare┆
0x27ce0…27d00 73 20 6f 6e 20 68 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 49 ┆s on hand for your users. I┆
0x27d00…27d20 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 20 61 ┆n addition, you should develop a┆
0x27d20…27d40 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 62 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 20 ┆ simple but logical method ┆
0x27d40…27d60 66 6f 72 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 7a 69 6e 67 2c 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 ┆for organizing, labeling, and st┆
0x27d60…27d80 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 ┆oring your disks. Since you┆
0x27d80…27da0 72 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆r floppy disks will contain ┆
0x27da0…27dc0 80 76 61 6c 75 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 61 73 65 73 2c 20 69 72 ┆ valuable, and in some cases, ir┆
0x27dc0…27de0 72 65 70 6c 61 63 65 61 62 6c 65 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 61 20 68 69 67 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆replaceable data, a high pr┆
0x27de0…27e00 69 6f 72 69 74 79 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 61 66 65 74 79 ┆iority should be given to safety┆
0x27e00…27e20 (319,) 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 ┆ and security. You should c┆
0x27e20…27e40 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 6f 66 66 2d 73 69 74 65 20 ┆onsider designating an off-site ┆
0x27e40…27e60 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 61 72 65 61 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 6f 20 6b 65 ┆storage area in which to ke┆
0x27e60…27e80 65 70 20 61 6c 74 65 72 6e 61 74 65 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 ┆ep alternate backups, to enable ┆
0x27e80…27ea0 72 65 63 6f 76 65 72 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 64 69 73 61 74 65 72 20 77 68 69 ┆recovery from a disater whi┆
0x27ea0…27ec0 63 68 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 61 72 65 61 2e 0d 0a ┆ch damages your computer area. ┆
0x27ec0…27ee0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 20 61 ┆ You should develop a┆
0x27ee0…27f00 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 20 70 6f 6c 69 63 79 20 66 6f 72 20 73 61 76 69 6e 67 20 79 6f ┆ consistent policy for saving yo┆
0x27f00…27f20 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 3b 20 72 65 73 69 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 6d 70 ┆ur backups; resist the temp┆
0x27f20…27f40 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 72 65 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 ┆tation to immediately reuse the ┆
0x27f40…27f60 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 20 41 6e 74 69 63 69 70 61 74 65 20 74 68 ┆ backup disks. Anticipate th┆
0x27f60…27f80 61 74 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆at users will occasionally ┆
0x27f80…27fa0 61 73 6b 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 72 65 6c 61 74 ┆ask for the restoration of relat┆
0x27fa0…27fc0 69 76 65 6c 79 20 6f 6c 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 4f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 70 72 6f 61 ┆ively old files. One approa┆
0x27fc0…27fe0 63 68 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 6f 72 20 22 70 65 72 69 6f ┆ch is to save the full or "perio┆
0x27fe0…28000 64 69 63 22 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 20 69 6e ┆dic" backup disks for an in┆
0x28000…28020 (320,) 64 65 66 69 6e 69 74 65 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 6d ┆definite period after they are m┆
0x28020…28040 61 64 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 62 61 ┆ade, and the incremental ba┆
0x28040…28060 63 6b 75 70 73 20 66 6f 72 20 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 20 74 77 6f 20 77 65 65 6b 73 2e 20 59 6f ┆ckups for at least two weeks. Yo┆
0x28060…28080 75 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 72 6f 74 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 64 ┆u can easily rotate these d┆
0x28080…280a0 69 73 6b 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 66 6f 72 20 6e 65 77 20 62 61 63 6b 75 ┆isks back into use for new backu┆
0x280a0…280c0 70 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 36 2e 33 20 20 20 20 a8 e8 55 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ps. 6.6.3 Using the ┆
0x280c0…280e0 74 61 72 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 74 61 72 ┆tar Command The tar┆
0x280e0…28100 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 77 61 79 20 74 ┆ program is one convenient way t┆
0x28100…28120 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 61 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 66 69 ┆o copy a small number of fi┆
0x28120…28140 6c 65 73 20 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 74 6f 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 ┆les or directories to floppy dis┆
0x28140…28160 6b 73 2e 20 41 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 ┆ks. Although it is a more c┆
0x28160…28180 6f 6d 70 6c 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 77 69 73 68 ┆omplicated command, you may wish┆
0x28180…281a0 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 61 72 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 69 74 20 61 6c 6c ┆ to use tar, because it all┆
0x281a0…281c0 6f 77 73 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 74 6f 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 ┆ows you to copy files to floppy ┆
0x281c0…281e0 64 69 73 6b 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 73 68 75 74 74 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e ┆disks without shutting down┆
0x281e0…28200 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 61 72 2c 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 ┆ the system. To use tar, make su┆
0x28200…28220 (321,) 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f 6f ┆re you are logged in as roo┆
0x28220…28240 74 2c 20 69 6e 73 65 72 74 20 61 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 65 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 ┆t, insert a formatted floppy ┆
0x28240…28260 80 80 64 69 73 6b 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 72 69 76 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 ┆ disk in the drive, and type th┆
0x28260…28280 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆e command in the following ┆
0x28280…282a0 66 6f 72 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 61 72 20 63 76 66 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 ┆form: tar cvf /dev/f┆
0x282a0…282c0 64 20 66 69 6c 65 31 20 66 69 6c 65 32 20 66 69 6c 65 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆d file1 file2 file3 ┆
0x282c0…282e0 84 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 20 74 61 72 20 61 ┆ Note that you must follow tar a┆
0x282e0…28300 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 73 20 63 76 66 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 ┆nd the switches cvf with th┆
0x28300…28320 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f ┆e name of the device to which yo┆
0x28320…28340 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 70 69 65 64 2e 20 49 6e ┆u want the files copied. In┆
0x28340…28360 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 31 e1 2c 20 a1 66 69 ┆ the above example, file1 , fi┆
0x28360…28380 6c 65 32 e1 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 a1 66 69 6c 65 33 e1 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 62 65 69 6e 67 ┆le2 , and file3 are being┆
0x28380…283a0 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 ┆ copied to floppy drive 0. Note ┆
0x283a0…283c0 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 65 20 65 69 74 68 65 ┆that you need not use eithe┆
0x283c0…283e0 72 20 6d 6b 66 73 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 63 ┆r mkfs or the mount command to c┆
0x283e0…28400 6f 70 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 ┆opy to this disk. If you ar┆
0x28400…28420 (322,) 65 20 63 6f 70 79 69 6e 67 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 ┆e copying directories, the whole┆
0x28420…28440 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 72 65 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 66 72 ┆ directory tree starting fr┆
0x28440…28460 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆om the directory or directo┆
0x28460…28480 72 69 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 2e 20 54 6f ┆ries you name will be copied. To┆
0x28480…284a0 20 67 65 74 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 70 69 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 6b 20 6f 6e 74 6f 20 ┆ get your copies back onto ┆
0x284a0…284c0 74 68 65 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 ┆the hard disk, position yourself┆
0x284c0…284e0 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 ┆ in the directory into whic┆
0x284e0…28500 68 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 70 79 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 72 20 ┆h you need to copy the files or ┆
0x28500…28520 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ directories and type: ┆
0x28520…28540 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 61 72 20 78 76 66 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ tar xvf /dev/fd ┆
0x28540…28560 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 73 75 6c 74 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 ┆ Consult the XENIX System Re┆
0x28560…28580 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 66 ┆ference manual for more inf┆
0x28580…285a0 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 74 61 72 20 63 6f 6d ┆ormation about using the tar com┆
0x285a0…285c0 6d 61 6e 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 36 2e 34 20 20 20 20 44 75 6d 70 2f 52 ┆mand. 6.6.4 Dump/R┆
0x285c0…285e0 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆estore File System ┆
0x285e0…28600 55 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 75 6d 70 28 31 29 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 28 31 29 ┆Use of the dump(1) and restor(1)┆
0x28600…28620 (323,) 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 74 ┆ commands will enable you t┆
0x28620…28640 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 69 61 74 65 64 20 ┆o perform a more differentiated ┆
0x28640…28660 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 28 69 6e 63 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 75 6d 70 29 2e 20 ┆backup (incremental dump). ┆
0x28660…28680 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 ┆For further information, see the┆
0x28680…286a0 20 a1 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 84 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 4d 61 6e 75 61 6c ┆ XENIX Programmer's Manual┆
0x286a0…286ae e1 2c 20 56 6f 6c 2e 20 31 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ , Vol. 1. ┆
0x286ae…286b1 FormFeed {
0x286ae…286b1 0c 80 b8 ┆ ┆
0x286ae…286b1 }
0x286b1…286c0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6d ┆ 6.7 Com┆
0x286c0…286e0 6d 6f 6e 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 50 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆mon System Problems ┆
0x286e0…28700 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 ┆ If you follow the instructions ┆
0x28700…28720 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 ┆in this chapter carefully, ┆
0x28720…28740 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 66 65 77 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 ┆you will have few problems with ┆
0x28740…28760 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c ┆your XENIX system. However,┆
0x28760…28780 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 69 6e 65 76 69 74 61 62 6c ┆ some difficulties are inevitabl┆
0x28780…287a0 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e ┆e with any computer system.┆
0x287a0…287c0 20 49 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 20 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆ Included here is a discussion o┆
0x287c0…287e0 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 64 65 61 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆f how to deal with some com┆
0x287e0…28800 6d 6f 6e 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e ┆mon system problems. 6.7.┆
0x28800…28820 (324,) 31 20 20 20 20 4a 61 6d 6d 65 64 20 4c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆1 Jammed Lineprinter ┆
0x28820…28840 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 70 6f ┆ You will need super-user po┆
0x28840…28860 77 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 63 61 72 72 79 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 ┆wers to carry out these ins┆
0x28860…28880 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 73 6f 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆tructions, so first be sure you ┆
0x28880…288a0 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 2e 20 4e 6f ┆are logged in as "root". No┆
0x288a0…288c0 77 2c 20 64 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 6f 72 64 65 ┆w, do the following in this orde┆
0x288c0…288e0 72 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2e 20 84 43 68 65 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 ┆r: 1. Check to see ┆
0x288e0…28900 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 22 6f 77 6e 73 22 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 70 72 ┆which process "owns" the line pr┆
0x28900…28920 69 6e 74 65 72 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 69 74 73 20 70 72 6f ┆inter and determine its pro┆
0x28920…28940 63 65 73 73 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 73 20 2d 61 20 ┆cess ID number, using the ps -a ┆
0x28940…28960 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 73 20 ┆ command: ps ┆
0x28960…28980 2d 61 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 2e 20 84 55 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 ┆-a 2. Use the kill ┆
0x28980…289a0 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 2d 39 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 6f 20 72 ┆command, with the -9 switch to r┆
0x289a0…289c0 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆emove the process. ┆
0x289c0…289e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 2d 39 20 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 ┆ kill -9 process ID numbe┆
0x289e0…28a00 72 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 2e 20 84 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 ┆r 3. Remove the fi┆
0x28a00…28a20 (325,) 6c 65 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c 2f 6c 70 64 2f 6c 6f 63 6b e1 20 61 6e 64 20 71 75 65 ┆le / usr/spool/lpd/lock and que┆
0x28a20…28a40 75 65 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 20 6a 6f 62 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ue another print job: ┆
0x28a40…28a60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 64 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c 2f 6c 70 64 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ cd /usr/spool/lpd ┆
0x28a60…28a80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 2d 66 20 6c 6f 63 6b 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ rm -f lock ┆
0x28a80…28aa0 34 2e 20 84 52 65 73 75 62 6d 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 6a 6f 62 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆4. Resubmit the print job: ┆
0x28aa0…28ac0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 20 20 6c 70 72 26 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 ┆ pr file lpr& ┆
0x28ac0…28ae0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 32 20 20 20 20 46 6f 72 67 6f 74 74 65 6e 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ 6.7.2 Forgotten Password ┆
0x28ae0…28b00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 46 6f 72 20 73 65 63 75 72 69 74 79 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 73 2c 20 ┆ For security reasons, ┆
0x28b00…28b20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 61 6e 20 ┆there is no way to determine an ┆
0x28b20…28b40 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 49 66 20 61 20 75 73 65 ┆ existing password. If a use┆
0x28b40…28b60 72 20 66 6f 72 67 65 74 73 20 68 69 73 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆r forgets his password, the ┆
0x28b60…28b80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 20 2d 20 6f 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 6f 6e 65 20 77 68 6f ┆ system manager - or someone who┆
0x28b80…28ba0 20 68 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆ has the authority to log i┆
0x28ba0…28bc0 6e 20 61 73 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 2d 20 6d 75 73 74 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 ┆n as super-user - must create a ┆
0x28bc0…28be0 6e 65 77 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 ┆new password, using the pas┆
0x28be0…28c00 73 77 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d ┆swd command, followed by the nam┆
0x28c00…28c20 (326,) 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆e of the user account: ┆
0x28c20…28c40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 6a 6f 65 62 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 ┆ passwd joeb Ne┆
0x28c40…28c60 77 20 50 61 73 73 77 64 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 65 65 6e 74 65 72 20 70 61 73 73 ┆w Passwd: Reenter pass┆
0x28c60…28c80 77 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 69 76 65 20 61 ┆wd: This will give a┆
0x28c80…28ca0 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 6a 6f 65 62 22 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f ┆ user called "joeb" a new passwo┆
0x28ca0…28cc0 72 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 33 20 20 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 4f 75 ┆rd. 6.7.3 System is Ou┆
0x28cc0…28ce0 74 20 6f 66 20 53 70 61 63 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 72 65 71 ┆t of Space This req┆
0x28ce0…28d00 75 69 72 65 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 2e 20 49 66 2c 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 75 73 69 6e 67 ┆uires some work. If, after using┆
0x28d00…28d20 20 74 68 65 20 64 66 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 ┆ the df command, you see th┆
0x28d20…28d40 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 6e ┆at there is very little space on┆
0x28d40…28d60 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 ┆ the file system, or th┆
0x28d60…28d80 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 67 69 76 65 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 6e 20 22 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 73 70 ┆e system gives you an "out of sp┆
0x28d80…28da0 61 63 65 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 ┆ace" message, you will have┆
0x28da0…28dc0 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 71 75 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆ to use the find and quot c┆
0x28dc0…28de0 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 6a 75 64 67 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 ┆ommands and some good judgment t┆
0x28de0…28e00 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 2d 75 73 ┆o find and delete little-us┆
0x28e00…28e20 (327,) 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 28 54 68 65 73 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 ┆ed files. (These procedures are ┆
0x28e20…28e40 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 74 61 69 6c 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 ┆described in detail in Sect┆
0x28e40…28e60 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 35 2c 20 22 4b 65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 59 6f 75 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 48 65 ┆ion 6.5, "Keeping Your System He┆
0x28e60…28e80 61 6c 74 68 79 22 2e 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 ┆althy".) If you are┆
0x28e80…28ea0 20 63 68 72 6f 6e 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 73 70 61 63 65 2c 20 72 65 6d ┆ chronically short of space, rem┆
0x28ea0…28ec0 69 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 67 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 63 6c 65 61 ┆ind users regularly to clea┆
0x28ec0…28ee0 6e 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 ┆n up their files, using the mess┆
0x28ee0…28f00 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 61 79 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f ┆age of the day file, / etc/┆
0x28f00…28f20 6d 6f 74 64 e1 2e 09 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 74 20 69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 ┆motd . It is gener┆
0x28f20…28f40 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 69 64 65 61 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 31 35 25 ┆ally a good idea to maintain 15%┆
0x28f40…28f60 20 66 72 65 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 ┆ free space on your file sy┆
0x28f60…28f80 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 69 66 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 a1 2e 37 2e 34 ┆stem, if possible. 6 .7.4┆
0x28f80…28fa0 20 20 20 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 44 61 6d 61 67 65 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ System Files Damaged ┆
0x28fa0…28fc0 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 74 20 69 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 6f ┆ It is possible to remove o┆
0x28fc0…28fe0 72 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 ┆r damage important XENIX sy┆
0x28fe0…29000 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 72 6f ┆stem files while logged in as ro┆
0x29000…29020 (328,) 6f 74 2e 20 54 6f 20 72 65 63 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c ┆ot. To recover these files,┆
0x29020…29040 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 69 6e 20 22 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 75 73 65 72 22 20 6d 6f ┆ you must be in "single-user" mo┆
0x29040…29060 64 65 2e 20 54 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆de. To do this, bring the s┆
0x29060…29080 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 63 6f 6d ┆ystem down with the shutdown com┆
0x29080…290a0 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 62 6f 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆mand, then reboot the syste┆
0x290a0…290c0 6d 2e 20 4e 6f 77 2c 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 ┆m. Now, when you see the message┆
0x290c0…290e0 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 79 70 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 2d 64 20 74 6f ┆: Type control-d to┆
0x290e0…29100 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 73 74 61 72 74 75 70 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ proceed with normal startup ┆
0x29100…29120 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 28 6f 72 20 67 69 76 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 ┆ (or give root password f┆
0x29120…29140 6f 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆or system maintenance): ┆
0x29140…29160 20 20 20 20 84 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 70 61 73 73 77 ┆ respond with the root passw┆
0x29160…29180 6f 72 64 2c 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 46 ┆ord, followed by <ENTER>. F┆
0x29180…291a0 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 20 66 6f 72 20 72 ┆ollow the normal procedure for r┆
0x291a0…291c0 65 73 74 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e ┆estoring files described in┆
0x291c0…291e0 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 36 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ Section 6.6. In this case, you ┆
0x291e0…29200 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 74 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆will be restoring your file┆
0x29200…29220 (329,) 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 2f 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 ┆s to the root directory, /. For ┆
0x29220…29240 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 69 ┆ example, if / etc/passwd i┆
0x29240…29260 73 20 6c 6f 73 74 20 6f 72 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 2c 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆s lost or damage, it can be ┆
0x29260…29280 80 72 65 63 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e ┆ recovered by using the followin┆
0x29280…292a0 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 20 78 66 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 72 66 ┆g: restor xf /dev/rf┆
0x292a0…292c0 64 30 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 ┆d0 /etc/passwd In t┆
0x292c0…292e0 68 69 73 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 2f 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 66 69 6c ┆his example, the /etc/passwd fil┆
0x292e0…29300 65 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b ┆e is restored from the disk┆
0x29300…29320 20 69 6e 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 2e 20 49 66 20 64 61 6d 61 ┆ in floppy disk drive 0. If dama┆
0x29320…29340 67 65 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 73 20 ┆ge to your system files is ┆
0x29340…29360 76 65 72 79 20 65 78 74 65 6e 73 69 76 65 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 69 64 65 ┆very extensive, it is a good ide┆
0x29360…29380 61 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 ┆a to reinstall your XENIX s┆
0x29380…293a0 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 ┆ystem again, using your XENIX ┆
0x293a0…293c0 89 80 80 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 20 61 6e 64 20 53 65 63 74 ┆ distribution package and Sect┆
0x293c0…293e0 69 6f 6e 20 34 2e 31 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 ┆ion 4.1 of this manual. The┆
0x293e0…29400 6e 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆n restore all your working files┆
0x29400…29420 (330,) 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 6d 6f 73 ┆ and programs from your mos┆
0x29420…29440 74 20 72 65 63 65 6e 74 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆t recent backup floppy disks. ┆
0x29440…29460 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 35 20 20 20 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 44 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 ┆ 6.7.5 Terminal Difficult┆
0x29460…29480 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 ┆ies Occasionally, y┆
0x29480…294a0 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 69 65 73 20 77 ┆ou may experience difficulties w┆
0x294a0…294c0 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d ┆ith your terminal. For exam┆
0x294c0…294e0 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 20 6b 65 79 20 ┆ple, if you use the <BREAK> key ┆
0x294e0…29500 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2d 6f 72 69 65 6e ┆to exit from a screen-orien┆
0x29500…29520 74 65 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ted program, like the XENIX ┆
0x29520…29540 80 74 65 78 74 20 65 64 69 74 6f 72 20 76 69 2c 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 6f 73 73 ┆ text editor vi, there is a poss┆
0x29540…29560 69 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 61 76 65 20 ┆ibility that you may leave ┆
0x29560…29580 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 69 6e 20 61 20 22 6e 6f 20 65 63 68 6f 22 20 6f 72 20 22 ┆the terminal in a "no echo" or "┆
0x29580…295a0 72 61 77 22 20 6d 6f 64 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 76 65 72 79 20 63 6f 6e ┆raw" mode. This is very con┆
0x295a0…295c0 66 75 73 69 6e 67 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 75 6e 61 62 6c ┆fusing because you will be unabl┆
0x295c0…295e0 65 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 61 6e 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 61 74 20 79 6f 75 72 ┆e to see any output at your┆
0x295e0…29600 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 54 72 79 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 ┆ terminal. Try the following to ┆
0x29600…29620 (331,) 72 65 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆reset the terminal: ┆
0x29620…29640 20 20 20 20 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 4a 3e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 74 79 20 ┆ <CONTROL-J> stty ┆
0x29640…29660 65 63 68 6f 20 2d 72 61 77 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 4a 3e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 ┆echo -raw <CONTROL-J> ┆
0x29660…29680 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 ┆ Note that the first time ┆
0x29680…296a0 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 4a 3e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a ┆you type <CONTROL-J>, you will ┆
0x296a0…296c0 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 67 65 74 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 ┆ probably get an error messag┆
0x296c0…296e0 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆e. The system is responding ┆
0x296e0…29700 80 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 76 69 73 69 62 6c 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 ┆ first to the invisible message ┆
0x29700…29720 79 6f 75 20 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 79 70 65 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 ┆you attempted to type on th┆
0x29720…29740 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 4a 75 73 74 20 74 72 79 20 69 74 20 61 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 74 ┆e screen. Just try it a second t┆
0x29740…29760 69 6d 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 73 74 74 79 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 74 65 ┆ime. The stty command is te┆
0x29760…29780 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 4a 3e 2c 20 6e 6f 74 ┆rminated with a <CONTROL-J>, not┆
0x29780…297a0 20 61 6e 20 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 ┆ an <ENTER>. If you are in ┆
0x297a0…297c0 22 6e 6f 20 65 63 68 6f 22 20 6d 6f 64 65 2c 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 ┆"no echo" mode, of course, you w┆
0x297c0…297e0 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 73 20 ┆ill not see the command as ┆
0x297e0…29800 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 69 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 36 20 20 20 20 46 6f 72 ┆you type it. 6.7.6 For┆
0x29800…29820 (332,) 67 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 52 6f 6f 74 20 50 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆getting the Root Password ┆
0x29820…29840 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 44 4f 4e 27 54 21 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f ┆ DON'T! There is no way to┆
0x29840…29860 20 72 65 63 6f 76 65 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆ recover from the loss of the ┆
0x29860…29880 89 80 80 72 6f 6f 74 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 74 6f 20 72 65 69 6e ┆ root password, except to rein┆
0x29880…298a0 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f ┆stall your XENIX system fro┆
0x298a0…298c0 6d 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 69 65 ┆m the XENIX distribution floppie┆
0x298c0…298e0 73 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 20 64 65 73 ┆s, using the procedures des┆
0x298e0…29900 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 34 2e 31 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 75 73 69 6e ┆cribed in Section 4.1, then usin┆
0x29900…29920 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 ┆g your backup floppy disks ┆
0x29920…29940 74 6f 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 ┆to restore your system. 6┆
0x29940…29960 2e 37 2e 37 20 20 20 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 61 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆.7.7 Removing a Directory ┆
0x29960…29980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 53 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 74 72 79 ┆ Sometimes when you try┆
0x29980…299a0 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 6d 64 69 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 ┆ to use the rmdir command to ┆
0x299a0…299c0 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 ┆ remove a directory, you will g┆
0x299c0…299e0 65 74 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 73 61 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 ┆et a message saying that th┆
0x299e0…29a00 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 6d 70 74 79 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 74 ┆e directory is not empty, even t┆
0x29a00…29a20 (333,) 68 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 6c 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 6f 65 73 20 6e ┆hough the lc command does n┆
0x29a20…29a40 6f 74 20 6c 69 73 74 20 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 52 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 ┆ot list any files. Remember that┆
0x29a40…29a60 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 66 ┆ there may be one or more f┆
0x29a60…29a80 69 6c 65 73 20 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 22 2e 22 20 28 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 ┆iles beginning with "." (. profi┆
0x29a80…29aa0 6c 65 e1 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 64 6f 20 ┆le , for example) which do ┆
0x29aa0…29ac0 6e 6f 74 20 73 68 6f 77 20 75 70 20 69 6e 20 6c 63 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 20 ┆not show up in lc output. There ┆
0x29ac0…29ae0 61 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 77 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 65 76 65 72 79 ┆are also two files in every┆
0x29ae0…29b00 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 22 2e 22 20 61 6e 64 20 22 2e 2e 22 20 28 ┆ directory called "." and ".." (┆
0x29b00…29b20 54 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 65 ┆This naming convention is e┆
0x29b20…29b40 78 70 6c 61 69 6e 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 32 29 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆xplained in Section 6.2). The ┆
0x29b40…29b60 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 72 6d 2a 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 4e 4f 54 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 74 ┆ command rm* will NOT delete t┆
0x29b60…29b80 68 65 73 65 3b 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 74 65 72 69 73 6b 20 28 2a 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c ┆hese; the asterisk (*) will┆
0x29b80…29ba0 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 69 63 6b 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 55 73 65 0d 0a 0d ┆ not pick up these files. Use ┆
0x29ba0…29bc0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 63 20 2d 61 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 73 ┆ lc -a to s┆
0x29bc0…29be0 65 65 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ee these files and then ┆
0x29be0…29c00 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 2e 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 ┆ rm .* to remove ┆
0x29c00…29c20 (334,) 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 38 20 20 20 20 53 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 43 68 ┆them. 6.7.8 Special Ch┆
0x29c20…29c40 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 46 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆aracters in Filenames ┆
0x29c40…29c60 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 75 73 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆ You should never use any of t┆
0x29c60…29c80 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 ┆he following special charac┆
0x29c80…29ca0 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 20 64 69 ┆ters in the name of a file or di┆
0x29ca0…29cc0 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 ┆rectory, because they have ┆
0x29cc0…29ce0 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 73 20 74 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 28 73 65 65 20 74 ┆special meanings to XENIX (see t┆
0x29ce0…29d00 68 65 20 64 69 73 63 75 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6e ┆he discussion of naming con┆
0x29d00…29d20 76 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 32 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ventions in Section 6.2): ┆
0x29d20…29d40 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 20 3e 20 2e 20 2f 20 3f 20 20 20 20 27 20 22 20 3b 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 20 ┆ < > . / ? ' " ; ( ┆
0x29d40…29d60 29 20 2a 20 26 20 20 20 24 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 63 ┆) * & $ If you ac┆
0x29d60…29d80 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 ┆cidentally type any of the above┆
0x29d80…29da0 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 20 ┆ special characters into a ┆
0x29da0…29dc0 66 69 6c 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 ┆filename they can be very diffic┆
0x29dc0…29de0 75 6c 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 2e 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 ┆ult to remove. Files with s┆
0x29de0…29e00 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 ┆pecial characters in their names┆
0x29e00…29e20 (335,) 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c 74 ┆ can be extremely difficult┆
0x29e20…29e40 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 77 6f 72 73 74 20 63 61 73 65 20 69 73 20 0a 19 ┆ to remove. The worst case is ┆
0x29e40…29e60 89 80 80 62 65 67 69 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 ┆ beginning a file name with a ┆
0x29e60…29e80 64 61 73 68 20 28 2d 29 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 6d 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 ┆dash (-). The rm command th┆
0x29e80…29ea0 69 6e 6b 73 20 74 68 65 20 22 2d 22 20 69 73 20 61 20 66 6c 61 67 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 70 6f 72 ┆inks the "-" is a flag and repor┆
0x29ea0…29ec0 74 73 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 2e 20 49 66 20 72 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 6f 6e 27 74 20 77 6f ┆ts an error. If rm won't wo┆
0x29ec0…29ee0 72 6b 2c 20 74 72 79 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 ┆rk, try renaming the file with t┆
0x29ee0…29f00 68 65 20 6d 76 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f ┆he mv command, as in the fo┆
0x29f00…29f20 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 63 61 73 65 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 6e 61 6d ┆llowing case where a file is nam┆
0x29f20…29f40 65 64 20 2d a1 a1 78 e1 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 20 2d 78 20 6a 75 6e 6b ┆ed - x : mv -x junk┆
0x29f40…29f42 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x29f42…29f45 FormFeed {
0x29f42…29f45 0c 83 d8 ┆ ┆
0x29f42…29f45 }
0x29f45…29f60 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 6e 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 69 74 2e 20 ┆ Then remove it. ┆
0x29f60…29f80 41 73 20 61 20 6c 61 73 74 20 72 65 73 6f 72 74 2c 20 6d 6f 76 65 20 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e ┆As a last resort, move everythin┆
0x29f80…29fa0 67 20 65 6c 73 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆g else to another directory┆
0x29fa0…29fc0 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 6f 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 2d 72 66 20 64 69 72 0d ┆, and do rm -rf dir ┆
0x29fc0…29fe0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 ┆ on the old director┆
0x29fe0…2a000 79 2e 20 54 68 65 6e 20 75 73 65 20 6d 76 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 ┆y. Then use mv to rename the ┆
0x2a000…2a020 (336,) 80 80 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6c 64 ┆ temporary directory to the old┆
0x2a020…2a040 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 44 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 72 79 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 6c 65 74 65 ┆ name. Do not try to delete┆
0x2a040…2a060 20 6f 64 64 6c 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 77 69 6c 64 20 63 61 72 ┆ oddly named files with wild car┆
0x2a060…2a080 64 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 74 65 72 69 73 6b 20 ┆d characters like asterisk ┆
0x2a080…2a0a0 28 2a 29 20 61 6e 64 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 28 3f 29 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 ┆(*) and question mark (?) unless┆
0x2a0a0…2a0c0 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 6f 75 67 68 74 20 69 74 20 6f 75 74 20 63 61 ┆ you have thought it out ca┆
0x2a0c0…2a0e0 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 65 6e 64 20 75 70 20 64 ┆refully. You can easily end up d┆
0x2a0e0…2a100 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆eleting everything in your ┆
0x2a100…2a120 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 37 2e 39 20 20 20 20 52 75 6e 61 77 ┆directory. 6.7.9 Runaw┆
0x2a120…2a140 61 79 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 ┆ay Processes You ma┆
0x2a140…2a160 79 20 6f 63 63 61 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 69 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 20 63 75 72 ┆y occasionally find yourself cur┆
0x2a160…2a180 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 22 72 75 6e 61 77 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 22 20 ┆sed by "runaway processes" ┆
0x2a180…2a1a0 2d 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 6e 6f 74 20 73 74 6f 70 ┆- processes that you cannot stop┆
0x2a1a0…2a1c0 2c 20 6f 72 20 75 6e 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 69 6e ┆, or unwanted output commin┆
0x2a1c0…2a1e0 67 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 54 72 79 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c ┆g to your terminal. Try the foll┆
0x2a1e0…2a200 6f 77 69 6e 67 2c 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 6f 66 20 70 72 65 ┆owing, in this order of pre┆
0x2a200…2a220 (337,) 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2e 20 84 57 61 69 74 20 75 6e ┆ference: 1. Wait un┆
0x2a220…2a240 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 66 69 6e 69 73 68 65 73 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 69 ┆til the process finishes. This i┆
0x2a240…2a260 73 20 62 79 20 66 61 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 73 61 66 65 73 74 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 ┆s by far the safest course ┆
0x2a260…2a280 6f 66 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 ┆of action, unless the process is┆
0x2a280…2a2a0 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 61 75 73 69 6e 67 20 68 61 72 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ causing harm. ┆
0x2a2a0…2a2c0 32 2e 20 54 72 79 20 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 3c 42 52 45 41 4b 3e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆2. Try pressing <BREAK>. ┆
0x2a2c0…2a2e0 20 20 20 20 20 33 2e 20 84 41 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6d 61 79 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 20 79 ┆ 3. A process may prevent y┆
0x2a2e0…2a300 6f 75 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a ┆ou from accessing the terminal ┆
0x2a300…2a320 19 8c 80 80 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 69 74 20 6d 61 79 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 62 65 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 ┆ (e.g. it may either be runni┆
0x2a320…2a340 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 65 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6e 6f ┆ng in the foreground and no┆
0x2a340…2a360 74 20 61 63 63 65 70 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2c 20 6f 72 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 69 6e ┆t accepting input, or running in┆
0x2a360…2a380 20 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 6f 64 75 63 69 ┆ the background and produci┆
0x2a380…2a3a0 6e 67 20 6c 6f 74 73 20 6f 66 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 29 ┆ng lots of output to the screen)┆
0x2a3a0…2a3c0 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 61 73 65 2c 20 67 6f 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 ┆. In this case, go to anoth┆
0x2a3c0…2a3e0 65 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 28 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 65 29 20 61 6e ┆er terminal (if you have one) an┆
0x2a3e0…2a400 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 72 75 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 73 20 2d 61 0d ┆d run ps -a ┆
0x2a400…2a420 (338,) 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 76 61 72 69 61 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆ This variant of ┆
0x2a420…2a440 74 68 65 20 70 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 61 ┆the ps command tells you about a┆
0x2a440…2a460 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e ┆ll the processes running on┆
0x2a460…2a480 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 8c ┆ the system, so that you can ┆
0x2a480…2a4a0 80 80 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 49 44 20 28 50 49 44 20 ┆ determine the process ID (PID ┆
0x2a4a0…2a4c0 63 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 29 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 72 6f ┆column) of the unwanted pro┆
0x2a4c0…2a4e0 63 65 73 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e 20 54 68 65 6e ┆cess on the first terminal. Then┆
0x2a4e0…2a500 2c 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 72 6f 6f 74 2c 20 74 72 79 20 74 68 ┆, logged in as root, try th┆
0x2a500…2a520 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c 6c ┆e following: kill┆
0x2a520…2a540 20 2d 32 20 50 49 44 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 2d 33 20 50 49 44 ┆ -2 PID kill -3 PID┆
0x2a540…2a560 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 6e 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆ If neither of th┆
0x2a560…2a580 65 73 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 74 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6b 69 6c ┆ese work, try kil┆
0x2a580…2a5a0 6c 20 2d 39 20 50 49 44 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 6c 61 ┆l -9 PID This la┆
0x2a5a0…2a5c0 73 74 20 76 61 72 69 61 6e 74 20 69 73 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 2c 20 62 75 74 20 ┆st variant is sure to work, but ┆
0x2a5c0…2a5e0 6d 61 79 20 6c 65 61 76 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 ┆may leave temporary files i┆
0x2a5e0…2a600 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 72 20 6c 65 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆n the system, or leave the termi┆
0x2a600…2a620 (339,) 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 75 6e 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 73 74 61 74 65 2e 20 42 65 ┆nal in an unknown state. Be┆
0x2a620…2a640 74 77 65 65 6e 20 65 61 63 68 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 77 61 69 74 20 0a 19 ┆tween each kill command, wait ┆
0x2a640…2a660 8c 80 80 61 20 66 65 77 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 ┆ a few seconds to see if the p┆
0x2a660…2a680 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 73 2c 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74 ┆rocess terminates, before t┆
0x2a680…2a6a0 72 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 6f 6e 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 b0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rying the next one. ┆
0x2a6a0…2a6c0 20 20 20 20 34 2e 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 76 65 6e 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆ 4. In the event that a prog┆
0x2a6c0…2a6e0 72 61 6d 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 73 20 79 6f 75 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 8c 80 ┆ram prevents you from using ┆
0x2a6e0…2a700 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 68 61 76 65 20 ┆ the system, and you don't have ┆
0x2a700…2a720 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 ┆another terminal from which┆
0x2a720…2a740 20 74 6f 20 69 73 73 75 65 20 74 68 65 20 6b 69 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆ to issue the kill command, you ┆
0x2a740…2a760 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 72 65 73 6f 72 74 20 74 6f 20 75 73 69 6e 67 ┆may have to resort to using┆
0x2a760…2a780 20 74 68 65 20 3c 52 45 53 45 54 3e 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 ┆ the <RESET> switch. This should┆
0x2a780…2a7a0 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 62 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 69 66 20 41 42 53 4f 4c 55 54 45 4c 59 ┆ only be done if ABSOLUTELY┆
0x2a7a0…2a7c0 20 6e 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 2e 20 4c 69 73 74 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 75 6e 64 ┆ necessary. Listen for the sound┆
0x2a7c0…2a7e0 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6f 66 20 61 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 ┆ of activity on your hard d┆
0x2a7e0…2a800 69 73 6b 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 72 65 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 ┆isk. If you must reset the ┆
0x2a800…2a820 (340,) 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 61 69 74 20 61 20 63 6f 75 70 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 ┆system, wait a couple of minutes┆
0x2a820…2a840 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 61 63 ┆ until the system is not ac┆
0x2a840…2a860 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 ┆cessing the disk, so that the sy┆
0x2a860…2a880 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e 74 20 ┆stem will be as consistent ┆
0x2a880…2a8a0 61 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 73 68 75 74 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 ┆as possible when shut down in th┆
0x2a8a0…2a8bb 69 73 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 61 62 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 73 74 61 74 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆is abnormal state. ┆
0x2a8bb…2a8be FormFeed {
0x2a8bb…2a8be 0c 80 d8 ┆ ┆
0x2a8bb…2a8be }
0x2a8be…2a8c0 0a b0 ┆ ┆
0x2a8c0…2a8e0 a1 36 2e 41 20 20 20 20 20 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 46 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 ┆ 6.A XENIX Files and Direct┆
0x2a8e0…2a900 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 6e ┆ories As system man┆
0x2a900…2a920 61 67 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 65 6e 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 63 ┆ager, you will be encountering c┆
0x2a920…2a940 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 ┆ertain XENIX directories of┆
0x2a940…2a960 74 65 6e 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 6e 6f 77 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 73 75 66 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 74 ┆ten. For now, it is sufficient t┆
0x2a960…2a980 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6b 6e 6f 77 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 67 65 6e 65 ┆o know their names and gene┆
0x2a980…2a9a0 72 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 ┆ral contents. However, as you ┆
0x2a9a0…2a9c0 89 80 80 67 61 69 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 78 70 65 72 69 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 ┆ gain more experience, you may┆
0x2a9c0…2a9e0 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 65 20 63 75 72 69 6f 75 73 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ become curious about XENIX ┆
0x2a9e0…2aa00 80 6f 72 20 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 ┆ or decide that you want to make┆
0x2aa00…2aa20 (341,) 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 ┆ some changes. If you are c┆
0x2aa20…2aa40 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 69 6e 67 20 63 68 61 6e 67 69 6e 67 2c 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 2c 20 6f 72 20 ┆onsidering changing, moving, or ┆
0x2aa40…2aa60 64 65 6c 65 74 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 79 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 ┆deleting any XENIX system f┆
0x2aa60…2aa80 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 72 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 62 73 6f 6c ┆iles or directories, it is absol┆
0x2aa80…2aaa0 75 74 65 6c 79 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 ┆utely essential that you re┆
0x2aaa0…2aac0 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 76 65 72 ┆ad the following information ver┆
0x2aac0…2aae0 79 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 2c 20 6f 66 20 ┆y carefully. There are, of ┆
0x2aae0…2ab00 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 63 61 73 65 73 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 ┆course, several cases in which y┆
0x2ab00…2ab20 6f 75 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 63 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 74 68 65 ┆ou might decide to make the┆
0x2ab20…2ab40 73 65 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 70 ┆se modifications, but you must p┆
0x2ab40…2ab60 72 6f 63 65 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 76 65 72 79 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆roceed very cautiously: ┆
0x2ab60…2ab80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d 6f 76 65 ┆ . You may need to move┆
0x2ab80…2aba0 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 64 69 73 ┆ commands between XENIX dis┆
0x2aba0…2abc0 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 32 20 61 6e 64 20 33 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆tribution disks 2 and 3, if you ┆
0x2abc0…2abe0 61 72 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 2d 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆are operating a floppy-only┆
0x2abe0…2ac00 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2e 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 ┆ system. . You may ┆
0x2ac00…2ac20 (342,) 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 75 6e 75 73 65 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6f ┆wish to remove unused commands o┆
0x2ac20…2ac40 72 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 63 72 6f 77 64 65 ┆r other files from a crowde┆
0x2ac40…2ac60 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2c 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 ┆d disk, to make room for your ow┆
0x2ac60…2ac80 6e 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆n applications. ┆
0x2ac80…2aca0 20 2e 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 74 ┆ . You may need to edit files t┆
0x2aca0…2acc0 6f 20 61 64 61 70 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 ┆o adapt the system to your ┆
0x2acc0…2ace0 6f 77 6e 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 6f 72 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 72 65 ┆own special software or hardware┆
0x2ace0…2ad00 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 41 6e 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 6f ┆ requirements. An example o┆
0x2ad00…2ad20 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 61 64 64 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 ┆f this might be adding an entry ┆
0x2ad20…2ad40 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c ┆in the / etc/termcap file,┆
0x2ad40…2ad60 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 20 75 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 2c 20 0a 19 ┆ if you are using an unusual, ┆
0x2ad60…2ad80 8b 80 80 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 20 75 6e 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e ┆ previously unsupported termin┆
0x2ad80…2ada0 61 6c 2e 20 53 65 65 20 41 70 70 65 6e 64 69 78 20 36 2e 42 2c 20 0a 19 8b 80 80 22 54 68 65 20 ┆al. See Appendix 6.B, "The ┆
0x2ada0…2adc0 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 22 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆Multi-user System". ┆
0x2adc0…2ade0 84 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 74 74 65 6d ┆ Naturally, you should not attem┆
0x2ade0…2ae00 70 74 20 61 6e 79 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 6e 6c 65 73 73 ┆pt any modifications unless┆
0x2ae00…2ae20 (343,) 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 61 20 66 75 6c 6c 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 20 6f 66 20 ┆ you have done a full backup of ┆
0x2ae20…2ae40 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 ┆your system. You will also ┆
0x2ae40…2ae60 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 ┆quickly discover that many of th┆
0x2ae60…2ae80 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 61 ┆ese files and directories a┆
0x2ae80…2aea0 72 65 20 6f 77 6e 65 64 20 62 79 20 72 6f 6f 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e ┆re owned by root, and you will n┆
0x2aea0…2aec0 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 73 75 70 65 ┆eed to be logged in as supe┆
0x2aec0…2aee0 72 2d 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 70 72 6f 74 ┆r-user to access them. This prot┆
0x2aee0…2af00 65 63 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 ┆ects the system from accide┆
0x2af00…2af20 6e 74 61 6c 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 2e 20 41 6c 73 6f 2c 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 69 73 74 ┆ntal damage. Also, note the list┆
0x2af20…2af40 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 65 63 74 ┆ of files in the first sect┆
0x2af40…2af60 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆ion below. You should not t┆
0x2af60…2af80 6f 75 63 68 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 41 4e 59 20 63 69 72 63 75 6d 73 74 61 6e 63 ┆ouch these under ANY circumstanc┆
0x2af80…2afa0 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6c 6f 73 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆es. The loss of these files┆
0x2afa0…2afc0 20 69 73 20 69 72 72 65 63 6f 76 65 72 61 62 6c 65 3b 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 65 ┆ is irrecoverable; you may not e┆
0x2afc0…2afe0 76 65 6e 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 ┆ven be able to boot your sy┆
0x2afe0…2b000 73 74 65 6d 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2e 20 49 66 20 61 6e 79 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 66 69 6c ┆stem again. If any essential fil┆
0x2b000…2b020 (344,) 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 6c 6f 73 74 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 ┆es are lost, you will need ┆
0x2b020…2b040 74 6f 20 72 65 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 72 ┆to recreate your XENIX system fr┆
0x2b040…2b060 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2c 20 ┆om the distribution disks, ┆
0x2b060…2b080 72 65 70 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 63 65 ┆repeating the installation proce┆
0x2b080…2b0a0 64 75 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 34 ┆dure described in Section 4┆
0x2b0a0…2b0c0 2e 31 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 54 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆.1 of this manual. Then you will┆
0x2b0c0…2b0e0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 67 ┆ have to boot the system ag┆
0x2b0e0…2b100 61 69 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a ┆ain and restore all your files ┆
0x2b100…2b120 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 63 65 6e 74 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 2e ┆ from the most recent backup.┆
0x2b120…2b140 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e 31 20 20 20 20 44 6f 20 4e 6f 74 20 54 6f 75 63 68 0d 0a 0d ┆ 6.A.1 Do Not Touch ┆
0x2b140…2b160 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 2c 20 6f 72 ┆ You may have some, or┆
0x2b160…2b180 20 61 6c 6c 2c 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 ┆ all, of the following files on ┆
0x2b180…2b1a0 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 44 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 ┆your system. Do not remove ┆
0x2b1a0…2b1c0 74 68 65 6d 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 66 64 62 6f 6f 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆them: / fdboot ┆
0x2b1c0…2b1e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 78 65 6e 69 78 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 68 64 62 ┆ / xenix / hdb┆
0x2b1e0…2b200 6f 6f 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 7a 38 30 63 74 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆oot / z80ctl ┆
0x2b200…2b220 (345,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 69 73 6b 75 74 69 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e 32 ┆ / diskutil 6.A.2┆
0x2b220…2b240 20 20 20 20 2f 62 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 2f a1 62 69 6e e1 ┆ /bin The / bin ┆
0x2b240…2b260 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 61 62 ┆ directory contains all executab┆
0x2b260…2b280 6c 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c ┆le XENIX commands. The foll┆
0x2b280…2b2a0 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆owing should not be removed from┆
0x2b2a0…2b2c0 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ the directory: ┆
0x2b2c0…2b2e0 20 62 61 73 65 6e 61 6d 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 63 68 6f 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 73 73 77 64 20 ┆ basename echo passwd ┆
0x2b2e0…2b300 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 75 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ su cp ┆
0x2b300…2b320 20 65 78 70 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 79 6e 63 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ expr rm sync ┆
0x2b320…2b340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 61 74 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 73 63 6b 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 ┆ date fsck s┆
0x2b340…2b360 68 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 61 72 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 75 6d 70 20 20 ┆h tar dump ┆
0x2b360…2b380 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 20 20 20 20 73 6c 65 65 70 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 ┆ login sleep r┆
0x2b380…2b3a0 65 73 74 6f 72 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 64 75 6d 70 64 69 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 76 ┆estor dumpdir mv┆
0x2b3a0…2b3c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 74 74 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 65 20 66 69 ┆ stty One fi┆
0x2b3c0…2b3e0 6e 61 6c 20 6e 6f 74 65 3a 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 ┆nal note: do not remove a file w┆
0x2b3e0…2b400 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 65 63 75 6c 69 61 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 20 22 20 22 20 66 ┆ith the peculiar name " " f┆
0x2b400…2b420 (346,) 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 62 69 6e e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 3b 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 ┆rom the / bin directory; it is ┆
0x2b420…2b440 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆required for the operation ┆
0x2b440…2b460 6f 66 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 73 63 72 69 70 74 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 ┆of system shell scripts. ┆
0x2b460…2b480 36 2e 41 2e 33 20 20 20 20 2f 64 65 76 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 ┆6.A.3 /dev This ┆
0x2b480…2b4a0 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 ┆directory contains special devic┆
0x2b4a0…2b4c0 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 61 63 63 65 73 ┆e files which control acces┆
0x2b4c0…2b4e0 73 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 69 70 68 65 72 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f ┆s to peripheral devices. You sho┆
0x2b4e0…2b500 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 6f 72 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 61 6e ┆uld not delete or change an┆
0x2b500…2b520 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 6d 2c 20 73 69 6e 63 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 ┆y of them, since they are used b┆
0x2b520…2b540 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e ┆y essential XENIX commands.┆
0x2b540…2b560 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 e1 20 20 73 79 73 ┆ / dev/console sys┆
0x2b560…2b580 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 66 64 30 e1 ┆tem console / dev/fd0 ┆
0x2b580…2b5a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 30 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f ┆ floppy drive 0 /┆
0x2b5a0…2b5c0 a1 64 65 76 2f 66 64 31 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 31 0d 0a 20 ┆ dev/fd1 floppy drive 1 ┆
0x2b5c0…2b5e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 68 64 30 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 ┆ / dev/hd0 hard dis┆
0x2b5e0…2b600 6b 20 30 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 6c 70 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 69 ┆k 0 / dev/lp li┆
0x2b600…2b620 (347,) 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 6d 65 6d e1 20 20 ┆neprinter / dev/mem ┆
0x2b620…2b640 20 20 20 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 ┆ physical memory / ┆
0x2b640…2b660 64 65 76 2f 6e 75 6c 6c e1 20 20 20 20 20 84 6e 75 6c 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 28 75 73 65 64 ┆dev/null null device (used┆
0x2b660…2b680 20 74 6f 20 72 65 64 69 72 65 63 74 20 75 6e 77 61 6e 74 65 64 20 0a 19 97 80 80 6f 75 74 70 75 ┆ to redirect unwanted outpu┆
0x2b680…2b6a0 74 29 09 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 72 58 58 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆t) / dev/rXX ┆
0x2b6a0…2b6c0 84 75 6e 62 75 66 66 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 72 72 65 73 70 ┆ unbuffered interface to corresp┆
0x2b6c0…2b6e0 6f 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 97 80 80 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆onding device name ┆
0x2b6e0…2b700 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 72 6f 6f 74 e1 20 20 20 20 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 ┆ / dev/root root file st┆
0x2b700…2b720 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 73 77 61 70 e1 20 20 20 ┆ructure / dev/swap ┆
0x2b720…2b740 20 20 73 77 61 70 20 61 72 65 61 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f 74 74 79 58 ┆ swap area / dev/ttyX┆
0x2b740…2b760 58 e1 20 20 20 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 64 65 76 2f ┆X terminals / dev/┆
0x2b760…2b780 74 74 79 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 ┆tty the terminal you are ┆
0x2b780…2b7a0 75 73 69 6e 67 20 28 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 97 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 75 70 70 ┆using (the system will supp┆
0x2b7a0…2b7c0 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 50 6c 65 61 ┆ly the number) Plea┆
0x2b7c0…2b7e0 73 65 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 72 65 ┆se note that you should never re┆
0x2b7e0…2b800 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 ┆name any of these files. Th┆
0x2b800…2b820 (348,) 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 65 6c 69 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 ┆e system relies on some of these┆
0x2b820…2b840 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 75 73 ┆ names. However, you can us┆
0x2b840…2b860 65 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6e 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 6e 6b 20 61 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 ┆e the ln command to link a name ┆
0x2b860…2b880 0a 19 89 80 80 76 61 72 69 61 6e 74 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 75 73 65 20 74 ┆ variant. For example, use t┆
0x2b880…2b8a0 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6c 6e 20 2f 64 65 76 2f ┆he command: ln /dev/┆
0x2b8a0…2b8c0 66 64 30 20 2f 64 65 76 2f 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 ┆fd0 /dev/floppy0 If┆
0x2b8c0…2b8e0 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 64 65 73 74 72 6f 79 20 61 20 73 ┆ you do accidentally destroy a s┆
0x2b8e0…2b900 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c ┆pecial device file, you wil┆
0x2b900…2b920 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 72 65 73 74 6f 72 65 20 69 74 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 62 61 63 6b ┆l have to restore it from a back┆
0x2b920…2b940 75 70 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 61 64 6d 69 6e 20 70 ┆up done with the sysadmin p┆
0x2b940…2b960 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 61 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 ┆rogram. The tar command will not┆
0x2b960…2b980 20 68 61 6e 64 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ handle special device file┆
0x2b980…2b9a0 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 e0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e 34 20 20 20 20 2f 65 74 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆s. 6.A.4 /etc ┆
0x2b9a0…2b9c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f ┆ The / etc directory co┆
0x2b9c0…2b9e0 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6d 69 73 63 65 6c 6c 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 61 74 61 ┆ntains miscellaneous system data┆
0x2b9e0…2ba00 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 61 64 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 ┆ files, as well as administ┆
0x2ba00…2ba20 (349,) 72 61 74 69 76 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f ┆rative and other system pro┆
0x2ba20…2ba40 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 53 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆grams. Some of these are: ┆
0x2ba40…2ba60 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 6d 74 61 62 e1 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 65 64 20 64 65 ┆ / etc/mtab mounted de┆
0x2ba60…2ba80 76 69 63 65 20 74 61 62 6c 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 ┆vice table / etc/passw┆
0x2ba80…2baa0 64 e1 20 20 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 65 ┆d password file / e┆
0x2baa0…2bac0 74 63 2f 6d 6f 75 6e 74 e1 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆tc/mount for mounting a file┆
0x2bac0…2bae0 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 6d 6b 66 73 e1 ┆ structure / etc/mkfs ┆
0x2bae0…2bb00 20 20 20 20 20 66 6f 72 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 ┆ for creating a file structu┆
0x2bb00…2bb20 72 65 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 69 6e 69 74 a1 e1 20 20 20 20 20 66 69 ┆re / etc/init fi┆
0x2bb20…2bb40 72 73 74 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 62 6f 6f 74 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆rst process after boot ┆
0x2bb40…2bb60 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 63 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 6f 6f 74 75 70 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 73 63 ┆ / etc/rc bootup shell sc┆
0x2bb60…2bb80 72 69 70 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 ┆ript You should not┆
0x2bb80…2bba0 20 74 6f 75 63 68 20 61 6e 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 63 e1 20 64 ┆ touch any files in the / etc d┆
0x2bba0…2bbc0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 74 74 79 73 ┆irectory, except / etc/ttys┆
0x2bbc0…2bbe0 e1 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 6f 72 20 73 75 62 74 72 61 63 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 66 ┆ to add or subtract terminals f┆
0x2bbe0…2bc00 72 6f 6d 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f ┆rom your system, and / etc/┆
0x2bc00…2bc20 (350,) 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 20 74 6f 20 61 64 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 79 70 65 73 2e 20 ┆termcap to add terminal types. ┆
0x2bc20…2bc40 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 65 64 69 74 20 ┆You will also want to edit ┆
0x2bc40…2bc60 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 6d 6f 74 64 e1 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 ┆/ etc/motd , the file containing┆
0x2bc60…2bc80 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 79 2c 20 77 68 ┆ the message of the day, wh┆
0x2bc80…2bca0 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 ┆ich is sent to all users when th┆
0x2bca0…2bcc0 65 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e 35 20 20 20 20 ┆ey log in. 6.A.5 ┆
0x2bcc0…2bce0 2f 6c 69 62 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 20 67 6f ┆/lib It is not a go┆
0x2bce0…2bd00 6f 64 20 69 64 65 61 20 74 6f 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 61 6e 79 74 68 69 6e 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆od idea to delete anything from ┆
0x2bd00…2bd20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6c 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 69 74 ┆this directory, although it┆
0x2bd20…2bd40 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 6c 79 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 69 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 ┆ contains mostly libraries for t┆
0x2bd40…2bd60 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 43 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 6e ┆he C compiler. If you are n┆
0x2bd60…2bd80 6f 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 43 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c ┆ot using the C compiler you will┆
0x2bd80…2bda0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 6f 74 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e ┆ not need them. 6.A.┆
0x2bda0…2bdc0 36 20 20 20 20 2f 6d 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 ┆6 /mnt This is a┆
0x2bdc0…2bde0 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 6f ┆n empty directory for mounting o┆
0x2bde0…2be00 74 68 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 ┆ther file systems. 6┆
0x2be00…2be20 (351,) 2e 41 2e 37 20 20 20 20 2f 74 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 64 ┆.A.7 /tmp This d┆
0x2be20…2be40 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆irectory contains temporary file┆
0x2be40…2be60 73 2c 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c ┆s, many of which can be del┆
0x2be60…2be80 65 74 65 64 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 ┆eted if you are short of disk sp┆
0x2be80…2bea0 61 63 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 ┆ace. Naturally, you should ┆
0x2bea0…2bec0 63 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 ┆check these individually before ┆
0x2bec0…2bee0 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 6d 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 ┆ removing them while process┆
0x2bee0…2bf00 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 ┆es are still running. You can ┆
0x2bf00…2bf20 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 70 75 74 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 72 ┆ also put a command in / etc/r┆
0x2bf20…2bf40 63 e1 20 74 6f 20 64 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆c to do this automatically ┆
0x2bf40…2bf60 80 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 65 61 63 68 20 62 6f 6f 74 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ at the time of each boot: ┆
0x2bf60…2bf80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 72 6d 20 2d 66 72 20 2f 74 6d 70 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6d 6b 64 ┆ rm -fr /tmp mkd┆
0x2bf80…2bfa0 69 72 20 2f 74 6d 70 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 68 6d 6f 64 20 37 37 37 20 2f 74 6d 70 ┆ir /tmp chmod 777 /tmp┆
0x2bfa0…2bfc0 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 41 2e 38 20 20 20 20 2f 75 73 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ 6.A.8 /usr ┆
0x2bfc0…2bfe0 20 20 84 49 6e 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 73 27 ┆ In addition to all the users'┆
0x2bfe0…2c000 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 a1 75 73 72 e1 20 0a 19 89 ┆ home directories, the usr ┆
0x2c000…2c020 (352,) 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 ┆ directory contains the followi┆
0x2c020…2c040 6e 67 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 62 69 6e e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ng: / usr/bin ┆
0x2c040…2c060 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2c 20 67 ┆ Contains more commands, g┆
0x2c060…2c080 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 74 68 6f 73 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e ┆enerally those less frequen┆
0x2c080…2c0a0 74 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 6f 72 20 6e 6f 6e 2d 0a 19 9d 80 80 65 73 73 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 74 ┆tly used or non- essential t┆
0x2c0a0…2c0c0 6f 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c 83 d0 ┆o XENIX system operation. ┆
0x2c0c0…2c0e0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ / usr/include ┆
0x2c0e0…2c100 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 68 65 61 64 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 66 6f 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 ┆ Contains header files for compi┆
0x2c100…2c120 6c 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 43 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 43 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c ┆ling C programs. Can be del┆
0x2c120…2c140 65 74 65 64 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 ┆eted if you are not using t┆
0x2c140…2c160 68 65 20 43 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f a1 75 73 72 ┆he C compiler. / usr┆
0x2c160…2c180 2f 6c 69 62 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 ┆/lib Contains more ┆
0x2c180…2c1a0 6c 69 62 72 61 72 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 61 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 75 73 ┆libraries and data files us┆
0x2c1a0…2c1c0 65 64 20 62 79 20 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 3b 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 68 6f ┆ed by various commands; sho┆
0x2c1c0…2c1e0 75 6c 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆uld not be deleted. ┆
0x2c1e0…2c200 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 ┆/ usr/spool Contains ┆
0x2c200…2c220 (353,) 76 61 72 69 6f 75 73 20 73 70 6f 6f 6c 65 72 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 74 6f 72 ┆various spoolers which stor┆
0x2c220…2c240 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 0a 19 9d ┆e files in directories (e.g. ┆
0x2c240…2c260 80 80 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c 2f 6c 70 64 e1 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ / usr/spool/lpd ). ┆
0x2c260…2c280 20 2f a1 75 73 72 2f 74 6d 70 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 ┆ / usr/tmp Contains┆
0x2c280…2c2a0 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 65 6d 70 6f 72 61 72 79 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 9d 80 ┆ more temporary files which ┆
0x2c2a0…2c2c0 80 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2f ┆ might be deleted. /┆
0x2c2c0…2c2e0 a1 75 73 72 2f 61 64 6d 2f 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 e1 20 20 20 84 43 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 ┆ usr/adm/messages Contains a┆
0x2c2e0…2c300 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 ┆ record of all the console ┆
0x2c300…2c320 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 2e 20 54 79 70 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 73 65 ┆error messages. Typically, these┆
0x2c320…2c340 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 72 65 70 6f 72 74 73 20 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 ┆ are reports of disk errors┆
0x2c340…2c360 2c 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 73 6f 6d 65 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 ┆, along with some record of┆
0x2c360…2c380 20 75 73 65 72 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 22 6f 75 74 20 ┆ user errors, such as "out ┆
0x2c380…2c3a0 6f 66 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 22 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 9d ┆of disk space" messages. The ┆
0x2c3a0…2c3c0 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d ┆ messages are useful for determ┆
0x2c3c0…2c3e0 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 61 20 68 61 ┆ining whether you have a ha┆
0x2c3e0…2c400 72 64 77 61 72 65 20 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 3b 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 63 61 ┆rdware problem; you can sca┆
0x2c400…2c420 (354,) 6e 20 61 20 77 65 65 6b 27 73 20 77 6f 72 74 68 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 ┆n a week's worth of message┆
0x2c420…2c440 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 65 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 69 66 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 ┆s and see, for example, if ┆
0x2c440…2c460 6f 6e 65 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 69 ┆one particular drive is generati┆
0x2c460…2c480 6e 67 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 61 6e 20 75 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 65 72 72 ┆ng an unusual number of err┆
0x2c480…2c4a0 6f 72 73 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 65 65 20 65 76 65 72 79 ┆ors. You will not see every┆
0x2c4a0…2c4c0 20 64 69 73 6b 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 61 73 20 69 74 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 61 70 70 65 61 72 73 20 6f ┆ disk error as it appears o┆
0x2c4c0…2c4e0 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 ┆n the console screen. This ┆
0x2c4e0…2c500 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 67 72 6f 77 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c 79 2c 20 ┆file is likely to grow quickly, ┆
0x2c500…2c520 73 6f 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 65 72 69 6f 64 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 68 65 63 6b 20 69 74 2c 20 70 ┆so periodically check it, p┆
0x2c520…2c540 72 69 6e 74 20 69 74 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 74 68 65 ┆rint it out, and delete the┆
0x2c540…2c560 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 53 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 6f 75 74 20 61 73 ┆ file. Save the printout as┆
0x2c560…2c580 20 61 20 72 65 63 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 9d 80 80 70 72 6f 62 6c 65 6d 73 2e ┆ a record of your problems.┆
0x2c580…2c582 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x2c582…2c585 FormFeed {
0x2c582…2c585 0c 82 88 ┆ ┆
0x2c582…2c585 }
0x2c585…2c5a0 0a b0 a1 36 2e 42 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 55 73 65 72 20 ┆ 6.B The Multi-User ┆
0x2c5a0…2c5c0 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 ┆System If you have ┆
0x2c5c0…2c5e0 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 20 ┆a XENIX system with a hard disk ┆
0x2c5e0…2c600 61 6e 64 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆and several terminals, you ┆
0x2c600…2c620 (355,) 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 ┆will be able to use a number of ┆
0x2c620…2c640 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 ┆XENIX commands intended for┆
0x2c640…2c660 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f ┆ systems with several simultaneo┆
0x2c660…2c680 75 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆us users. These include com┆
0x2c680…2c6a0 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 ┆mands which allow you to de┆
0x2c6a0…2c6c0 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 ┆termine which other users are pr┆
0x2c6c0…2c6e0 65 73 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 63 68 ┆esently on the system, such┆
0x2c6e0…2c700 20 61 73 20 77 68 6f 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 ┆ as who. You will also be able t┆
0x2c700…2c720 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 ┆o communicate with other us┆
0x2c720…2c740 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 77 61 6c 6c 2c 20 77 68 69 ┆ers on the system with wall, whi┆
0x2c740…2c760 63 68 20 62 72 6f 61 64 63 61 73 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 79 ┆ch broadcasts any message y┆
0x2c760…2c780 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c ┆ou type after the prompt, as wel┆
0x2c780…2c7a0 6c 20 61 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c ┆l as with the mail program,┆
0x2c7a0…2c7c0 20 69 66 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ if it is available on your syst┆
0x2c7c0…2c7e0 65 6d 2e 20 4f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 75 72 73 65 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 ┆em. Of course, even if you ┆
0x2c7e0…2c800 61 72 65 20 61 6c 6f 6e 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6f ┆are alone on the system, it is o┆
0x2c800…2c820 (356,) 66 74 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 69 6e 66 ┆ften convenient to mail inf┆
0x2c820…2c840 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 3b 20 74 68 65 79 20 77 69 ┆ormation to other users; they wi┆
0x2c840…2c860 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 20 69 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 79 20 6c 6f 67 ┆ll receive it when they log┆
0x2c860…2c880 20 69 6e 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 65 76 65 6e 20 75 73 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 ┆ in. You may even use mail to ┆
0x2c880…2c8a0 89 80 80 73 65 6e 64 20 68 65 6c 70 66 75 6c 20 72 65 6d 69 6e 64 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 ┆ send helpful reminders to you┆
0x2c8a0…2c8c0 72 73 65 6c 66 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 ┆rself. However, the┆
0x2c8c0…2c8e0 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 ┆re are several special cautions ┆
0x2c8e0…2c900 74 68 61 74 20 61 70 70 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 20 73 79 ┆that apply to multi-user sy┆
0x2c900…2c920 73 74 65 6d 20 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 73 ┆stem environments. These are des┆
0x2c920…2c940 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 68 65 72 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 42 2e 31 20 20 ┆cribed here. 6.B.1 ┆
0x2c940…2c960 20 20 53 68 75 74 74 69 6e 67 20 44 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ Shutting Down the System ┆
0x2c960…2c980 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 73 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 77 61 72 6e 65 64 20 ┆ As you have been warned ┆
0x2c980…2c9a0 69 6e 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 34 2e 31 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 0a ┆in Section 4.1 of this manual, ┆
0x2c9a0…2c9c0 19 89 80 80 69 74 20 69 73 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 20 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 74 6f ┆ it is extremely important to┆
0x2c9c0…2c9e0 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 75 74 20 61 6e 64 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 ┆ log out and shut the system ┆
0x2c9e0…2ca00 80 80 64 6f 77 6e 20 63 6f 72 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 ┆ down correctly. You should be ┆
0x2ca00…2ca20 (357,) 65 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆especially cautious if you ┆
0x2ca20…2ca40 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆have several users on your syste┆
0x2ca40…2ca60 6d 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 69 64 ┆m, so that you do not accid┆
0x2ca60…2ca80 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 ┆entally terminate any processes ┆
0x2ca80…2caa0 74 68 65 79 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 42 65 63 61 ┆they may have running. Beca┆
0x2caa0…2cac0 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 ┆use there may be several users w┆
0x2cac0…2cae0 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 69 6d 75 6c 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 ┆orking on XENIX simultaneou┆
0x2cae0…2cb00 73 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 75 70 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 ┆sly, the system is set up so tha┆
0x2cb00…2cb20 74 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 ┆t only a user with super-us┆
0x2cb20…2cb40 65 72 20 70 6f 77 65 72 73 20 6d 61 79 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 6f ┆er powers may shut the system do┆
0x2cb40…2cb60 77 6e 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 6f 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f ┆wn. So, you will have to lo┆
0x2cb60…2cb80 67 20 6f 75 74 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 72 64 69 6e 61 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆g out of your ordinary user ┆
0x2cb80…2cba0 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 3c 43 4f 4e 54 52 4f 4c 2d 44 3e 20 6f ┆ account by typing <CONTROL-D> o┆
0x2cba0…2cbc0 6e 63 65 20 61 67 61 69 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 67 20 62 61 63 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 ┆nce again, and log back in ┆
0x2cbc0…2cbe0 61 73 20 22 72 6f 6f 74 22 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 20 20 70 72 ┆as "root". When you see the pr┆
0x2cbe0…2cc00 6f 6d 70 74 2c 20 74 79 70 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e ┆ompt, type: shutdown┆
0x2cc00…2cc20 (358,) 3c 45 4e 54 45 52 3e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 ┆<ENTER> You will be ┆
0x2cc20…2cc40 61 73 6b 65 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 4d 69 6e 75 74 ┆asked: Minut┆
0x2cc40…2cc60 65 73 20 74 69 6c 6c 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 3f 20 28 30 2d 31 35 29 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆es till shutdown? (0-15): ┆
0x2cc60…2cc80 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 42 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 79 6f ┆ Be sure yo┆
0x2cc80…2cca0 75 20 67 69 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 64 65 71 75 61 74 65 20 ┆u give the other users adequate ┆
0x2cca0…2ccc0 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6e 69 73 68 20 77 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 79 ┆warning to finish what they┆
0x2ccc0…2cce0 20 61 72 65 20 64 6f 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆ are doing and log off the syste┆
0x2cce0…2cd00 6d 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f ┆m. You will even have the o┆
0x2cd00…2cd20 70 70 6f 72 74 75 6e 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 62 72 6f 61 64 63 61 73 74 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 ┆pportunity to broadcast a messag┆
0x2cd20…2cd40 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 68 61 70 73 20 73 61 79 69 6e 67 20 68 6f 77 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 ┆e, perhaps saying how long ┆
0x2cd40…2cd60 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 64 6f 77 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆the system will be down. ┆
0x2cd60…2cd80 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 6e 63 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ Once you have entered the ┆
0x2cd80…2cda0 74 69 6d 65 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 ┆time until shutdown, you will ┆
0x2cda0…2cdb8 89 80 80 73 65 65 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0d 0a ┆ see something like: ┆
0x2cdb8…2cdbb FormFeed {
0x2cdb8…2cdbb 0c 83 a0 ┆ ┆
0x2cdb8…2cdbb }
0x2cdbb…2cdc0 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x2cdc0…2cde0 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 06 58 65 6e 69 78 20 53 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 30 20 ┆ Xenix Shutdown in 0 ┆
0x2cde0…2ce00 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 6c 65 ┆minutes. Cle┆
0x2ce00…2ce20 (359,) 61 6e 20 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 67 20 6f 66 66 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆an up and log off. ┆
0x2ce20…2ce40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 6f 66 66 20 6e 6f 77 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ All logged off now. ┆
0x2ce40…2ce60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 72 6f 61 64 63 61 73 74 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67 65 ┆ Broadcast Message┆
0x2ce60…2ce80 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 58 65 6e 69 78 20 ┆... Xenix ┆
0x2ce80…2cea0 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆will now terminate. ┆
0x2cea0…2cec0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4b 69 6c 6c 20 2d 31 35 20 32 35 20 32 31 20 32 33 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Kill -15 25 21 23 ┆
0x2cec0…2cee0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2a 2a 4e 4f 52 4d 41 4c 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 20 53 48 ┆ **NORMAL SYSTEM SH┆
0x2cee0…2cf00 55 54 44 4f 57 4e 2a 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 05 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆UTDOWN** ┆
0x2cf00…2cf20 20 20 20 20 84 44 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 74 75 72 6e 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 ┆ Do not turn off the compute┆
0x2cf20…2cf40 72 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 65 65 20 61 20 22 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 ┆r until you see a "Normal S┆
0x2cf40…2cf60 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 22 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ystem Shutdown" message. ┆
0x2cf60…2cf80 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 68 61 6c 74 73 ┆ You can also use the halts┆
0x2cf80…2cfa0 79 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2c 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 0a 19 ┆ys command, but you will have ┆
0x2cfa0…2cfc0 89 80 80 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 ┆ to be careful that all your u┆
0x2cfc0…2cfe0 73 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 66 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 55 73 ┆sers are off the system. Us┆
0x2cfe0…2d000 65 20 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 20 69 66 ┆e the who command to find out if┆
0x2d000…2d020 (360,) 20 61 6e 79 6f 6e 65 20 65 6c 73 65 20 69 73 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 2e 20 ┆ anyone else is logged in. ┆
0x2d020…2d040 45 76 65 6e 20 69 66 20 6e 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 73 20 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 73 74 69 6c 6c ┆Even if no one is actually still┆
0x2d040…2d060 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 6d 61 79 20 73 ┆ logged in, processes may s┆
0x2d060…2d080 74 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 54 ┆till be running on the system. T┆
0x2d080…2d0a0 68 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0d 0a 0d ┆he output of the command ┆
0x2d0a0…2d0c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 73 20 2d 61 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 73 68 6f ┆ ps -a sho┆
0x2d0c0…2d0e0 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 65 64 20 63 61 72 65 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 ┆uld be checked carefully to dete┆
0x2d0e0…2d100 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 ┆rmine whether this is the c┆
0x2d100…2d120 61 73 65 2e 20 55 73 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 6c 65 72 74 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 ┆ase. Users can be alerted that y┆
0x2d120…2d140 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 72 69 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 ┆ou are about to bring down ┆
0x2d140…2d160 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆the system with the wall command┆
0x2d160…2d180 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 42 2e 32 20 20 20 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 55 70 20 4d 75 6c ┆. 6.B.2 Setting Up Mul┆
0x2d180…2d1a0 74 69 70 6c 65 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 ┆tiple Terminals In ┆
0x2d1a0…2d1c0 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 ┆order to use your system, you mu┆
0x2d1c0…2d1e0 73 74 20 74 65 6c 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 20 6f 66 20 ┆st tell XENIX what type of ┆
0x2d1e0…2d200 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 ┆terminal you are using. The char┆
0x2d200…2d220 (361,) 61 63 74 65 72 69 73 74 69 63 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 ┆acteristics of all commonly┆
0x2d220…2d240 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 ┆ used terminals are stored in a ┆
0x2d240…2d260 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 74 65 ┆system file called / etc/te┆
0x2d260…2d280 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 75 ┆rmcap , which is called by the u┆
0x2d280…2d2a0 73 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 61 74 20 6c 6f ┆ser's . profile file at lo┆
0x2d2a0…2d2c0 67 69 6e 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 75 73 65 ┆gin time. If you look at any use┆
0x2d2c0…2d2e0 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2e a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 65 65 ┆r's . profile you will see┆
0x2d2e0…2d300 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 6c 69 6b 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 45 52 4d ┆ an entry like: TERM┆
0x2d300…2d320 3d 74 72 73 31 36 3b 20 65 78 70 6f 72 74 20 54 45 52 4d 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 45 ┆=trs16; export TERM TE┆
0x2d320…2d340 52 4d 43 41 50 3d 2f 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 3b 20 65 78 70 6f 72 74 20 54 45 52 4d 43 ┆RMCAP=/etc/termcap; export TERMC┆
0x2d340…2d360 41 50 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 ┆AP In this example ┆
0x2d360…2d380 74 68 65 20 22 54 45 52 4d 22 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 74 6f 20 a1 74 ┆the "TERM" variable is set to t┆
0x2d380…2d3a0 72 73 31 36 e1 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 74 ┆rs16 , or in other words, t┆
0x2d3a0…2d3c0 65 6c 6c 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a ┆ells the system to look in the ┆
0x2d3c0…2d3e0 19 89 80 80 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ / etc/termcap file for the ┆
0x2d3e0…2d400 a1 74 72 73 31 36 e1 20 65 6e 74 72 79 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 0a ┆ trs16 entry. In this example ┆
0x2d400…2d420 (362,) 19 89 80 80 22 74 72 73 31 36 22 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 65 64 20 6e 61 ┆ "trs16" is an abbreviated na┆
0x2d420…2d440 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6d 6f 64 65 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 ┆me of the terminal model wh┆
0x2d440…2d460 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 63 6f 6e ┆ich you are using. The entry con┆
0x2d460…2d480 74 61 69 6e 73 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 ┆tains information about the┆
0x2d480…2d4a0 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 69 73 74 69 63 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ special characteristics of the ┆
0x2d4a0…2d4c0 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4f 66 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 ┆keyboard. Of course┆
0x2d4c0…2d4e0 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 ┆, if you have several different ┆
0x2d4e0…2d500 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 64 ┆types of terminals attached┆
0x2d500…2d520 20 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 6f 72 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 66 ┆ to your system, or facilities f┆
0x2d520…2d540 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 61 6c 69 6e 67 20 75 70 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6c 6f ┆or dialing up from other lo┆
0x2d540…2d560 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 69 6e 67 20 69 6e ┆cations, users may be logging in┆
0x2d560…2d580 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 ┆ from different terminals a┆
0x2d580…2d5a0 74 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 41 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 ┆t different times. As system ┆
0x2d5a0…2d5c0 80 80 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 72 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 72 20 75 73 ┆ manager, you must make your us┆
0x2d5c0…2d5e0 65 72 73 20 61 77 61 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 79 20 6c 6f 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ers aware that if they log ┆
0x2d5e0…2d600 69 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 ┆in from a terminal other than th┆
0x2d600…2d620 (363,) 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2e a1 ┆e one specified in their . ┆
0x2d620…2d640 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 65 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f ┆profile file, they will have to┆
0x2d640…2d660 20 72 65 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 79 70 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 ┆ reset the terminal type by┆
0x2d660…2d680 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 79 20 6c 6f 67 ┆ typing a command after they log┆
0x2d680…2d695 20 69 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 68 65 79 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 0a ┆ in, or they may be ┆
0x2d695…2d698 FormFeed {
0x2d695…2d698 0c 83 c8 ┆ ┆
0x2d695…2d698 }
0x2d698…2d6a0 0a 19 89 80 80 75 6e 61 ┆ una┆
0x2d6a0…2d6c0 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f ┆ble to use the system. If you lo┆
0x2d6c0…2d6e0 67 20 69 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 ┆g in from a terminal other ┆
0x2d6e0…2d700 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 2e ┆than the one specified in your .┆
0x2d700…2d720 a1 70 72 6f 66 69 6c 65 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 ┆ profile file, reset the t┆
0x2d720…2d740 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 79 70 65 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 62 72 65 ┆erminal type by typing the abbre┆
0x2d740…2d760 76 69 61 74 65 64 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c ┆viated name of the terminal┆
0x2d760…2d780 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2e ┆ you are using after you log in.┆
0x2d780…2d7a0 20 46 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 ┆ For example: T┆
0x2d7a0…2d7c0 45 52 4d 3d 76 74 31 30 30 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 78 70 6f 72 74 20 54 45 52 4d 0d ┆ERM=vt100 export TERM ┆
0x2d7c0…2d7e0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 4e 61 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 ┆ Naturally, the user┆
0x2d7e0…2d800 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 6f 20 6b 6e 6f 77 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e ┆s will have to know which termin┆
0x2d800…2d820 (364,) 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆al type they are using and ┆
0x2d820…2d840 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 0a ┆the way in which that terminal ┆
0x2d840…2d860 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 20 69 73 20 61 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f ┆ name is abbreviated in the /┆
0x2d860…2d880 a1 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e ┆ etc/termcap file. This in┆
0x2d880…2d8a0 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 a1 e1 ┆formation can be found in the ┆
0x2d8a0…2d8c0 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 52 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 75 ┆XENIX System Reference manu┆
0x2d8c0…2d8e0 61 6c e1 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 69 64 65 61 20 74 6f 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 ┆al . It is a good idea to print ┆
0x2d8e0…2d900 61 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2f a1 65 74 63 2f 74 65 72 6d 63 61 70 ┆a copy of the / etc/termcap┆
0x2d900…2d920 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆ file on your system to determi┆
0x2d920…2d940 6e 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 ┆ne which terminals are supp┆
0x2d940…2d960 6f 72 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a b0 a1 36 2e 42 2e 33 20 20 20 20 53 65 74 74 69 6e 67 20 55 ┆orted. 6.B.3 Setting U┆
0x2d960…2d980 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 46 6f 72 20 4d 75 6c 74 69 70 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ser ID For Multiple Systems ┆
0x2d980…2d9a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 61 ┆ If you are working in a┆
0x2d9a0…2d9c0 6e 20 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆n environment with several XENIX┆
0x2d9c0…2d9e0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f ┆ systems, and users wish to┆
0x2d9e0…2da00 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 70 ┆ work on more than one comp┆
0x2da00…2da20 (365,) 75 74 65 72 2c 20 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 62 61 63 6b 20 61 6e ┆uter, moving their files back an┆
0x2da20…2da40 64 20 66 6f 72 74 68 20 6f 6e 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 6b 73 2c 20 74 68 ┆d forth on floppy disks, th┆
0x2da40…2da60 65 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 65 64 20 74 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 76 61 6c 69 64 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e ┆ey will need to have valid login┆
0x2da60…2da80 73 20 61 6e 64 20 22 68 6f 6d 65 22 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 6e ┆s and "home" directories on┆
0x2da80…2daa0 20 65 61 63 68 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20 6e 6f 74 65 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 ┆ each system. Please note, howev┆
0x2daa0…2dac0 65 72 2c 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 61 ┆er, that the user must be a┆
0x2dac0…2dae0 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 ┆ssigned the same user ID number ┆
0x2dae0…2db00 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 61 63 68 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 66 20 68 65 20 77 69 73 68 65 73 ┆on each system if he wishes┆
0x2db00…2db20 20 74 6f 20 74 72 61 6e 73 66 65 72 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 ┆ to transfer file systems b┆
0x2db20…2db40 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 73 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 63 75 73 74 6f 6d 61 ┆etween computers. If you customa┆
0x2db40…2db60 72 69 6c 79 20 61 64 64 20 75 73 65 72 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 ┆rily add user accounts with┆
0x2db60…2db80 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6b 75 73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 62 65 20 61 77 61 72 65 20 74 68 ┆ the mkuser program, be aware th┆
0x2db80…2dba0 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 75 73 65 72 ┆at the assignment of a user┆
0x2dba0…2dbc0 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 ┆ ID number is done automatically┆
0x2dbc0…2dbe0 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 62 69 74 72 61 72 69 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 ┆ and arbitrarily. T┆
0x2dbe0…2dc00 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 65 74 ┆herefore, you must edit the / et┆
0x2dc00…2dc20 (366,) 63 2f 70 61 73 73 77 64 e1 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 73 75 70 70 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 64 ┆c/passwd file to supply id┆
0x2dc20…2dc40 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 66 6f 72 20 65 61 63 68 ┆entical user ID numbers for each┆
0x2dc40…2dc60 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 73 73 77 ┆ of your systems. The passw┆
0x2dc60…2dc80 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 68 69 ┆ord file entry will look somethi┆
0x2dc80…2dca0 6e 67 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 69 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6a 6f 68 6e 64 3a ┆ng like this: johnd:┆
0x2dca0…2dcc0 6a 39 64 6a 66 3a 32 30 34 3a 35 30 3a 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 20 20 33 33 33 3a 2f 75 73 ┆j9djf:204:50:Accounting 333:/us┆
0x2dcc0…2dce0 72 2f 6a 6f 68 6e 64 3a 2f 62 69 6e 2f 73 68 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 ┆r/johnd:/bin/sh: Th┆
0x2dce0…2dd00 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 49 44 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 6d 6d 65 ┆e user ID number is the one imme┆
0x2dd00…2dd20 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 63 72 79 ┆diately following the encry┆
0x2dd20…2dd40 70 74 65 64 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 75 73 65 20 61 6e 79 20 6e ┆pted password. You may use any n┆
0x2dd40…2dd60 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 76 65 72 20 32 30 30 2c 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 73 20 ┆umber over 200, as long as ┆
0x2dd60…2dd80 69 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 ┆it does not belong to another us┆
0x2dd80…2dda0 65 72 2e 20 43 68 65 63 6b 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 ┆er. Check to make sure the ┆
0x2dda0…2ddc0 65 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 ┆entries are identical for all th┆
0x2ddc0…2dde0 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 77 6f 72 ┆e XENIX systems you are wor┆
0x2dde0…2ddee 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆king with. ┆
0x2ddee…2ddf1 FormFeed {
0x2ddee…2ddf1 0c 82 d8 ┆ ┆
0x2ddee…2ddf1 }
0x2ddf1…2de00 0a b0 a1 36 2e 43 20 20 20 20 20 20 47 4c 4f ┆ 6.C GLO┆
0x2de00…2de20 (367,) 53 53 41 52 59 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 48 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 ┆SSARY Here is a lis┆
0x2de20…2de40 74 20 6f 66 20 77 6f 72 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 6f 63 63 75 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 ┆t of word that occur in this cha┆
0x2de40…2de60 70 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 64 6f 63 ┆pter and in other XENIX doc┆
0x2de60…2de80 75 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 49 74 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 66 69 ┆umentation. It includes the defi┆
0x2de80…2dea0 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 6f 6d 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 75 73 65 ┆nition of some commonly use┆
0x2dea0…2dec0 64 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 73 2c 20 61 ┆d computer terms and concepts, a┆
0x2dec0…2dee0 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 ┆s well as some terms specif┆
0x2dee0…2df00 69 63 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e 20 ┆ic to the XENIX System, with an ┆
0x2df00…2df20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6d 70 68 61 73 69 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 72 65 6c 61 74 65 64 20 74 ┆ emphasis on terms related t┆
0x2df20…2df40 6f 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 69 6e ┆o system operation and main┆
0x2df40…2df60 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 41 63 63 65 73 73 e1 0d 0a ┆tenance. Access ┆
0x2df60…2df80 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 6f 75 72 20 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b ┆ Your ability to look┆
0x2df80…2dfa0 20 61 74 2c 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a ┆ at, change, and use files and ┆
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0x2dfe0…2e000 80 80 61 63 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c ┆ acccount on your XENIX system,┆
0x2e000…2e020 (368,) 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 2f ┆ as well as individual and/┆
0x2e020…2e040 6f 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆or group permission for the file┆
0x2e040…2e060 73 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 73 68 20 74 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆s you wish to work with. ┆
0x2e060…2e080 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Account ┆
0x2e080…2e0a0 84 41 6e 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 69 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 61 75 74 68 6f 72 69 7a 61 74 69 6f ┆ An account is your authorizatio┆
0x2e0a0…2e0c0 6e 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆n to use the system. XENIX ┆
0x2e0c0…2e0e0 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 76 61 6c 69 64 20 75 73 ┆maintains a list of all valid us┆
0x2e0e0…2e100 65 72 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 73 20 2d 20 74 68 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 2c 20 75 73 65 72 20 6e ┆er logins - that is, user n┆
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0x2e120…2e140 6f 75 70 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆oup identification. ┆
0x2e140…2e160 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 41 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 ┆ Accounting A┆
0x2e160…2e180 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 79 20 66 6f 72 20 74 72 61 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 ┆ XENIX facility for tracking sys┆
0x2e180…2e1a0 74 65 6d 20 75 73 61 67 65 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6b 65 65 70 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 20 72 65 ┆tem usage. XENIX keeps a re┆
0x2e1a0…2e1c0 63 6f 72 64 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 72 75 6e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 ┆cord of processes run on the sys┆
0x2e1c0…2e1e0 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 68 6f 77 20 6d 75 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆tem and how much the system┆
0x2e1e0…2e200 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 75 73 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ is used by a given user. ┆
0x2e200…2e220 (369,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 41 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Application ┆
0x2e220…2e240 84 41 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 73 70 ┆ Application programs perform sp┆
0x2e240…2e260 65 63 69 66 69 63 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 73 20 ┆ecific user tasks, such as ┆
0x2e260…2e280 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 69 6e 67 2c 20 69 6e 76 ┆word processing, accounting, inv┆
0x2e280…2e2a0 65 6e 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 6f 72 20 62 75 73 69 6e 65 73 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 65 63 61 73 ┆entory, or business forecas┆
0x2e2a0…2e2c0 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 70 75 72 63 ┆ting. These programs may be purc┆
0x2e2c0…2e2e0 68 61 73 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 72 20 69 ┆hased with your system or i┆
0x2e2e0…2e300 6e 20 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 ┆n separate packages, or written ┆
0x2e300…2e320 62 79 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆by system users. ┆
0x2e320…2e340 20 20 b0 a1 41 72 63 68 69 76 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 72 63 68 69 76 69 ┆ Archive Archivi┆
0x2e340…2e360 6e 67 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 70 79 69 6e 67 20 66 69 6c ┆ng is the process of copying fil┆
0x2e360…2e380 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 74 6f 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 ┆es and directories to flopp┆
0x2e380…2e3a0 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 ┆y disks, and removing the files ┆
0x2e3a0…2e3c0 66 72 6f 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 72 63 68 69 76 69 6e 67 20 ┆from the system. Archiving ┆
0x2e3c0…2e3e0 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆should be done for programs and ┆
0x2e3e0…2e400 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 20 75 73 65 64 ┆ files which are little used┆
0x2e400…2e420 (370,) 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ in order to save space on ┆
0x2e420…2e440 79 6f 75 72 20 68 61 72 64 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 41 72 ┆your hard disk. Ar┆
0x2e440…2e460 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆gument XENIX comman┆
0x2e460…2e480 64 73 20 61 72 65 20 6f 66 74 65 6e 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 6e 20 61 72 67 75 ┆ds are often followed by an argu┆
0x2e480…2e4a0 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d ┆ment, most commonly the nam┆
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0x2e4c0…2e4e0 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 70 6c 69 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ will be applied. ┆
0x2e4e0…2e500 20 20 20 b0 a1 42 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 58 45 4e ┆ Background XEN┆
0x2e500…2e520 49 58 20 69 73 20 61 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 74 61 73 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 77 68 69 ┆IX is a multitasking system, whi┆
0x2e520…2e540 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 72 75 6e 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 65 20 70 72 ┆ch can run more than one pr┆
0x2e540…2e560 6f 63 65 73 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 61 74 20 6f 6e 63 65 2e 20 43 6f 6d 6d ┆ocess, or program, at once. Comm┆
0x2e560…2e580 61 6e 64 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 72 75 6e 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 62 61 63 6b ┆ands may be run in the back┆
0x2e580…2e5a0 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 62 79 20 70 75 74 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 61 6d 70 65 72 73 61 6e 64 20 ┆ground by putting the ampersand ┆
0x2e5a0…2e5c0 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 28 26 29 20 61 74 20 0a 8c 83 c8 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 65 6e ┆character (&) at the en┆
0x2e5c0…2e5e0 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2e 20 42 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e ┆d of the command line. Backgroun┆
0x2e5e0…2e600 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 6c 65 61 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆d processes leave the termi┆
0x2e600…2e620 (371,) 6e 61 6c 20 66 72 65 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 6d 61 ┆nal free, and other processes ma┆
0x2e620…2e640 79 20 62 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 77 61 69 74 69 6e ┆y be started without waitin┆
0x2e640…2e660 67 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 62 61 63 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 66 69 ┆g for a background process to fi┆
0x2e660…2e680 6e 69 73 68 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 42 61 63 6b 75 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆nish. Backup ┆
0x2e680…2e6a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 ┆ The process of making a ┆
0x2e6a0…2e6c0 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 ┆copy of all the data on your ┆
0x2e6c0…2e6e0 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 20 63 61 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 69 73 ┆ system in case the original is┆
0x2e6e0…2e700 20 64 65 73 74 72 6f 79 65 64 20 6f 72 20 64 61 6d 61 67 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ destroyed or damaged. ┆
0x2e700…2e720 20 20 20 b0 a1 42 61 73 69 63 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 59 ┆ Basic System Y┆
0x2e720…2e740 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 ┆our XENIX basic system contains ┆
0x2e740…2e760 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2c ┆system programs, utilities,┆
0x2e760…2e780 20 61 6e 64 20 66 72 65 71 75 6e 74 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 49 74 ┆ and frequntly used commands. It┆
0x2e780…2e7a0 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 69 7a ┆ does not include specializ┆
0x2e7a0…2e7c0 65 64 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 72 20 74 65 78 74 20 ┆ed software development or text ┆
0x2e7c0…2e7e0 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 61 6e 79 ┆ processing packages, or any┆
0x2e7e0…2e800 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ other application software. ┆
0x2e800…2e820 (372,) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 42 6f 6f 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 ┆ Boot Thi┆
0x2e820…2e840 73 20 61 20 66 72 65 71 75 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 74 65 72 ┆s a frequently used computer ter┆
0x2e840…2e860 6d 20 74 6f 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 ┆m to describe the sequence ┆
0x2e860…2e880 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 75 70 20 79 6f 75 72 20 ┆of programs which start up your ┆
0x2e880…2e8a0 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 74 69 6e 67 75 69 73 68 65 64 ┆system. It is distinguished┆
0x2e8a0…2e8c0 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 75 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 2c 20 6f 72 20 ┆ from physically turning on, or ┆
0x2e8c0…2e8e0 70 6f 77 65 72 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 70 2c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2c 20 ┆powering up, the computer, ┆
0x2e8e0…2e900 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 6f 66 ┆or the installation of XENIX sof┆
0x2e900…2e920 74 77 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 ┆tware on your system for th┆
0x2e920…2e940 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 69 6d 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 50 55 0d ┆e first time. CPU ┆
0x2e940…2e960 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 63 65 6e 74 72 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 ┆ The central processi┆
0x2e960…2e980 6e 67 20 75 6e 69 74 20 6f 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ng unit of your computer. ┆
0x2e980…2e9a0 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 68 69 6c 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Child Process ┆
0x2e9a0…2e9c0 20 20 84 52 65 66 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 ┆ Refers to a process which is ┆
0x2e9c0…2e9e0 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 61 72 65 ┆created by another, or pare┆
0x2e9e0…2ea00 6e 74 2c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆nt, process. Comma┆
0x2ea00…2ea20 (373,) 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 79 6f 75 72 20 72 65 71 ┆nd This is your req┆
0x2ea20…2ea40 75 65 73 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 20 ┆uest to the system to perform a ┆
0x2ea40…2ea60 67 69 76 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 61 73 6b 2e 20 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 ┆given task. Commands may be┆
0x2ea60…2ea80 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 6f 72 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 ┆ system programs or shell p┆
0x2ea80…2eaa0 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 ┆rocedures. Configu┆
0x2eaa0…2eac0 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 74 65 72 6d 20 72 65 ┆ration This term re┆
0x2eac0…2eae0 66 65 72 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f ┆fers to the particular collectio┆
0x2eae0…2eb00 6e 20 6f 66 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f ┆n of devices you have on yo┆
0x2eb00…2eb20 75 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 79 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 61 72 65 ┆ur system, and the way these are┆
0x2eb20…2eb40 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 61 20 22 66 6c 6f 70 ┆ connected, such as a "flop┆
0x2eb40…2eb60 70 79 2d 6f 6e 6c 79 22 20 6f 72 20 22 38 2d 6d 65 67 61 62 79 74 65 20 68 61 72 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆py-only" or "8-megabyte hard ┆
0x2eb60…2eb80 80 80 64 69 73 6b 22 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ disk" configuration. ┆
0x2eb80…2eba0 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 ┆ Console This i┆
0x2eba0…2ebc0 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 74 ┆s the controlling terminal for t┆
0x2ebc0…2ebe0 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 ┆he XENIX system, from which┆
0x2ebe0…2ec00 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆ the system is first booted, and┆
0x2ec00…2ec20 (374,) 20 74 6f 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 73 20 61 62 ┆ to which error messages ab┆
0x2ec20…2ec40 6f 75 74 20 73 65 72 69 6f 75 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 ┆out serious system conditions ar┆
0x2ec40…2ec60 65 20 73 65 6e 74 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 75 72 73 6f 72 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e sent. Cursor ┆
0x2ec60…2ec80 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6f 72 2c 20 74 79 70 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 ┆ The cursor, typically ┆
0x2ec80…2eca0 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 6c 69 67 68 74 65 64 20 73 71 75 61 72 65 20 ┆represented by a lighted square ┆
0x2eca0…2ecc0 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 69 6e ┆on your terminal screen, in┆
0x2ecc0…2ece0 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 ┆dicates where the next character┆
0x2ece0…2ed00 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 74 79 70 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 8c ┆ you type will appear. ┆
0x2ed00…2ed20 83 d0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 43 6f 72 65 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 09 20 20 ┆ Core File ┆
0x2ed20…2ed40 20 20 20 84 41 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 70 72 ┆ A file which is sometimes pr┆
0x2ed40…2ed60 6f 64 75 63 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 ┆oduced when a program termi┆
0x2ed60…2ed80 6e 61 74 65 73 20 75 6e 65 78 70 65 63 74 65 64 6c 79 20 64 75 65 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 66 ┆nates unexpectedly due to some f┆
0x2ed80…2eda0 61 75 6c 74 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6c 6c 65 67 61 6c 20 69 6e ┆ault, such as an illegal in┆
0x2eda0…2edc0 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 72 20 64 61 74 61 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 77 68 65 ┆struction or data access, or whe┆
0x2edc0…2ede0 6e 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 69 64 65 6e 74 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 79 70 65 73 ┆n a user accidentally types┆
0x2ede0…2ee00 20 61 20 71 75 69 74 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 66 69 ┆ a quit at the keyboard. This fi┆
0x2ee00…2ee20 (375,) 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 20 73 74 ┆le will automatically be st┆
0x2ee20…2ee40 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 89 ┆ored in your current working ┆
0x2ee40…2ee60 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 64 65 6c 65 74 ┆ directory, and should be delet┆
0x2ee60…2ee80 65 64 20 74 6f 20 73 61 76 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 73 70 61 63 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ed to save disk space. ┆
0x2ee80…2eea0 20 20 20 b0 a1 44 65 76 69 63 65 20 44 72 69 76 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ Device Driver ┆
0x2eea0…2eec0 41 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 74 ┆A set of routines which enable t┆
0x2eec0…2eee0 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 ┆he XENIX system to control ┆
0x2eee0…2ef00 61 6e 64 20 70 61 73 73 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 70 ┆and pass data to and from an inp┆
0x2ef00…2ef20 75 74 2f 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 76 69 63 65 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 61 ┆ut/output device, such as a┆
0x2ef20…2ef40 20 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 20 6f 72 20 64 69 73 6b 20 64 72 69 76 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ lineprinter or disk drive. ┆
0x2ef40…2ef60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 44 65 76 69 63 65 20 53 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d ┆ Device Special File ┆
0x2ef60…2ef80 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 61 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆ This is a XENIX file ┆
0x2ef80…2efa0 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 ┆which provides direct access to ┆
0x2efa0…2efc0 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 2e 20 57 72 69 74 69 6e 67 20 ┆a physical device. Writing ┆
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0x2efe0…2f000 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c ┆ the data to be sent directl┆
0x2f000…2f020 (376,) 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 0a 19 89 ┆y to the device. These files ┆
0x2f020…2f040 80 80 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 2f a1 64 65 76 e1 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a ┆ are in the / dev directory. ┆
0x2f040…2f060 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Directory ┆
0x2f060…2f080 20 20 20 84 41 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 ┆ A directory is a file contai┆
0x2f080…2f0a0 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 ┆ning the names of a collect┆
0x2f0a0…2f0c0 75 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆uion of files. The XENIX system ┆
0x2f0c0…2f0e0 6f 66 66 65 72 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 6f 72 67 61 ┆offers the capacity to orga┆
0x2f0e0…2f100 6e 69 7a 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 68 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 ┆nize information hierarhically b┆
0x2f100…2f120 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 72 65 6c ┆y allowing you to group rel┆
0x2f120…2f140 61 74 65 64 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ated files into directories. ┆
0x2f140…2f160 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 44 69 73 6b 20 44 72 69 76 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Disk Drive ┆
0x2f160…2f180 20 20 84 41 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 73 74 6f 72 65 73 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 ┆ A device that stores informat┆
0x2f180…2f1a0 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 63 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ion in magnetic form on the ┆
0x2f1a0…2f1c0 80 73 75 72 66 61 63 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 61 20 68 61 72 64 20 6f 72 20 66 ┆ surface of a either a hard or f┆
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0x2f200…2f220 (377,) 20 64 69 73 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ disk. File System┆
0x2f220…2f240 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 ┆ A collection of fi┆
0x2f240…2f260 6c 65 73 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 70 68 79 73 69 63 61 6c 20 64 ┆les associated with a physical d┆
0x2f260…2f280 69 73 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 72 69 76 65 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 ┆isk drive, which is attache┆
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0x2f2a0…2f2c0 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 46 69 6c 65 ┆ directory. File┆
0x2f2c0…2f2e0 20 53 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 ┆ Structure A hierar┆
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0x2f300…2f320 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ files and directories. ┆
0x2f320…2f340 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 ┆ File The┆
0x2f340…2f360 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 75 6e 69 74 20 6f 66 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 65 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 ┆ basic unit of storage on your s┆
0x2f360…2f380 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 6c 6c 20 64 61 74 61 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 ┆ystem. All data, programs, ┆
0x2f380…2f3a0 61 6e 64 20 74 65 78 74 20 61 72 65 20 73 74 6f 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d ┆and text are stored in files. ┆
0x2f3a0…2f3c0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 46 6f 72 6d 61 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ Format ┆
0x2f3c0…2f3e0 42 6f 74 68 20 68 61 72 64 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 73 20 6d 75 73 74 20 ┆Both hard and floppy disks must ┆
0x2f3e0…2f400 62 65 20 70 72 65 70 61 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 70 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆be prepared to accept XENIX┆
0x2f400…2f420 (378,) 20 64 61 74 61 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 74 69 6e 67 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆ data with the formatting progra┆
0x2f420…2f436 6d 20 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 64 69 73 6b 75 74 69 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆m called diskutil. ┆
0x2f436…2f439 FormFeed {
0x2f436…2f439 0c 83 c0 ┆ ┆
0x2f436…2f439 }
0x2f439…2f440 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ ┆
0x2f440…2f460 20 20 20 84 b0 a1 47 72 6f 75 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 ┆ Group A numbe┆
0x2f460…2f480 72 20 6f 66 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 61 74 65 64 20 61 73 20 ┆r of users may be designated as ┆
0x2f480…2f4a0 68 61 76 69 6e 67 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 61 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 72 69 67 ┆having identical access rig┆
0x2f4a0…2f4c0 68 74 73 20 74 6f 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 ┆hts to certain files, and are li┆
0x2f4c0…2f4e0 73 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 2f a1 65 74 63 ┆sted in a file called / etc┆
0x2f4e0…2f500 2f 67 72 6f 75 70 e1 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 47 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 0d ┆/group . Group ID ┆
0x2f500…2f520 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 f0 84 45 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ Each user on the ┆
0x2f520…2f540 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 0a ┆system is assigned to a group, ┆
0x2f540…2f560 19 89 81 80 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 74 61 6b 65 6e ┆ identified by a number taken┆
0x2f560…2f580 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 ┆ from the password file when ┆
0x2f580…2f5a0 81 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 2e 20 45 61 63 68 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 ┆ the user logs in. Each process┆
0x2f5a0…2f5c0 20 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 81 80 69 6e 68 65 72 69 ┆ started by the user inheri┆
0x2f5c0…2f5e0 74 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 49 44 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 b0 ┆ts that group ID. ┆
0x2f5e0…2f600 a1 48 6f 6d 65 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 ┆ Home Directory The┆
0x2f600…2f620 (379,) 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 61 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 ┆ directory where you are automat┆
0x2f620…2f640 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 70 6f 73 74 69 6f 6e 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6c ┆ically postioned when you l┆
0x2f640…2f660 6f 67 20 69 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 ┆og in. The home directory is set┆
0x2f660…2f680 20 75 70 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 66 72 ┆ up by the login process fr┆
0x2f680…2f6a0 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f ┆om the information in the passwo┆
0x2f6a0…2f6c0 72 64 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 6d 61 69 6e 74 61 69 6e ┆rd file. The shell maintain┆
0x2f6c0…2f6e0 73 20 61 20 73 68 65 6c 6c 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 22 24 48 4f 4d 45 22 20 77 68 69 63 68 ┆s a shell variable "$HOME" which┆
0x2f6e0…2f700 20 69 73 20 73 65 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆ is set to the home directo┆
0x2f700…2f720 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 4b 65 72 6e 65 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆ry. Kernel ┆
0x2f720…2f740 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 20 22 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6b 65 72 6e 65 6c 22 20 69 73 ┆ The term "XENIX kernel" is┆
0x2f740…2f760 20 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆ usually used to refer to the ┆
0x2f760…2f780 89 80 80 63 6f 64 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 2f 78 65 6e 69 78 2e 20 54 68 69 73 ┆ code in the file /xenix. This┆
0x2f780…2f7a0 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 64 20 61 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 ┆ is the program loaded at b┆
0x2f7a0…2f7c0 6f 6f 74 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 20 ┆oot time, and contains routines ┆
0x2f7c0…2f7e0 74 6f 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆to implement all the system┆
0x2f7e0…2f800 20 63 61 6c 6c 73 2c 20 74 61 73 6b 20 73 63 68 65 64 75 6c 69 6e 67 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 74 ┆ calls, task scheduling, and int┆
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0x2f820…2f840 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f ┆ntains the programs which contro┆
0x2f840…2f860 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 ┆l communication to the inpu┆
0x2f860…2f880 74 2f 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 64 65 76 69 63 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 ┆t/output devices. ┆
0x2f880…2f8a0 4c 6f 67 69 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 ┆Login This is the p┆
0x2f8a0…2f8c0 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 74 79 70 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 70 ┆rocess of typing your name and p┆
0x2f8c0…2f8e0 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 69 ┆assword into the computer i┆
0x2f8e0…2f900 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 62 65 67 69 6e 20 77 6f 72 6b 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆n order to begin work. ┆
0x2f900…2f920 20 20 20 b0 a1 4d 6f 75 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 70 72 6f 63 ┆ Mount The proc┆
0x2f920…2f940 65 73 73 20 6f 66 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 69 6e 67 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 ┆ess of attaching a file structur┆
0x2f940…2f960 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 20 ┆e to the file system. ┆
0x2f960…2f980 20 20 20 20 a1 b0 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 20 20 20 20 20 84 57 68 65 6e 20 ┆ Multi-user When ┆
0x2f980…2f9a0 6d 6f 73 74 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61 72 65 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 20 74 68 ┆most XENIX systems are booted th┆
0x2f9a0…2f9c0 65 79 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 75 70 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 22 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 75 73 65 72 22 ┆ey come up in "single-user"┆
0x2f9c0…2f9e0 20 6d 6f 64 65 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 6a 75 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 ┆ mode, with just the "super-user┆
0x2f9e0…2fa00 22 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 ┆" logged in on the system c┆
0x2fa00…2fa20 (381,) 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 22 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 22 20 6c 6f ┆onsole. When the "super-user" lo┆
0x2fa20…2fa40 67 73 20 6f 75 74 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 67 6f 65 73 20 22 6d 75 ┆gs out, the system goes "mu┆
0x2fa40…2fa60 6c 74 69 2d 75 73 65 72 22 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 ┆lti-user", and users can log in ┆
0x2fa60…2fa80 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 ┆on other terminals. ┆
0x2fa80…2faa0 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 4d 75 6c 74 69 2d 74 61 73 6b 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Multi-tasking ┆
0x2faa0…2fac0 20 84 54 68 65 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 79 20 74 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 ┆ The capacity to run two or mor┆
0x2fac0…2fae0 65 20 74 61 73 6b 73 2c 20 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 69 6d 75 6c ┆e tasks, or programs, simul┆
0x2fae0…2fb00 74 61 6e 65 6f 75 73 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 50 65 72 6d 69 73 73 ┆taneously. Permiss┆
0x2fb00…2fb20 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 ┆ion Access to files┆
0x2fb20…2fb40 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 72 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 ┆ and directories on your XENIX s┆
0x2fb40…2fb60 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 73 73 ┆ystem may be limited by ass┆
0x2fb60…2fb80 69 67 6e 69 6e 67 20 72 65 61 64 2c 20 77 72 69 74 65 2c 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 ┆igning read, write, execute, and┆
0x2fb80…2fb9d 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ search permissions. ┆
0x2fb9d…2fba0 FormFeed {
0x2fb9d…2fba0 0c 83 d8 ┆ ┆
0x2fb9d…2fba0 }
0x2fba0…2fbc0 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 50 61 72 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 ┆ Parent ┆
0x2fbc0…2fbe0 54 68 69 73 20 74 65 72 6d 20 68 61 73 20 74 77 6f 20 6d 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 ┆This term has two meanings in th┆
0x2fbe0…2fc00 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 41 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆e XENIX system. A parent pr┆
0x2fc00…2fc20 (382,) 6f 63 65 73 73 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 73 65 74 73 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 2c ┆ocess is one which sets another,┆
0x2fc20…2fc40 20 63 68 69 6c 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 41 20 70 61 72 ┆ child process going. A par┆
0x2fc40…2fc60 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 69 ┆ent directory is the directory i┆
0x2fc60…2fc80 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 65 6c 79 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e ┆mmediately above the curren┆
0x2fc80…2fca0 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 74 72 65 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆t one in the directory tree. ┆
0x2fca0…2fcc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 4f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆ Operating System ┆
0x2fcc0…2fce0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆ This is the collection ┆
0x2fce0…2fd00 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆of programs which control the ┆
0x2fd00…2fd20 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 69 6e 74 65 72 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 73 ┆ user's interaction with the s┆
0x2fd20…2fd40 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 68 6f 77 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ystem and determine how the ┆
0x2fd40…2fd60 80 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 72 65 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 ┆ total resources of the computer┆
0x2fd60…2fd80 20 61 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 61 ┆ are allocated to individua┆
0x2fd80…2fda0 6c 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 41 6e 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 ┆l users and programs. An operati┆
0x2fda0…2fdc0 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 73 20 63 6f 6d ┆ng system also controls com┆
0x2fdc0…2fde0 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 20 69 6e 70 75 74 2f 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 64 65 76 ┆munication with input/output dev┆
0x2fde0…2fe00 69 63 65 73 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆ices such as terminals and ┆
0x2fe00…2fe20 (383,) 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 ┆lineprinters. The XENIX system i┆
0x2fe20…2fe40 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 ┆s an operating system. ┆
0x2fe40…2fe60 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 4f 75 74 70 75 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 ┆ Output Th┆
0x2fe60…2fe80 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 6f 66 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆e result of processing by the co┆
0x2fe80…2fea0 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2c 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 ┆mputer, generally communica┆
0x2fea0…2fec0 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 76 69 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 72 20 ┆ted to the user via terminal or ┆
0x2fec0…2fee0 6c 69 6e 65 70 72 69 6e 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 50 61 73 73 77 ┆lineprinter. Passw┆
0x2fee0…2ff00 6f 72 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e ┆ord A user's accoun┆
0x2ff00…2ff20 74 20 69 73 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 70 ┆t is optionally protected by a p┆
0x2ff20…2ff40 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 6d 75 73 ┆assword, which the user mus┆
0x2ff40…2ff60 74 20 74 79 70 65 20 77 68 65 6e 20 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 65 64 20 61 6c 6f 6e 67 20 77 69 74 68 ┆t type when requested along with┆
0x2ff60…2ff80 20 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 ┆ his account name, in order┆
0x2ff80…2ffa0 20 74 6f 20 67 61 69 6e 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a ┆ to gain access to the system. ┆
0x2ffa0…2ffc0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 50 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Pathname ┆
0x2ffc0…2ffe0 20 20 84 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6f 72 ┆ This is the name of a file or┆
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0x30000…30020 (384,) 65 20 70 61 74 68 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 74 72 61 76 65 ┆e path down which you must trave┆
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0x303c0…303e0 20 20 b0 a1 53 68 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 54 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 ┆ Shell The XENIX┆
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0x30460…30480 20 20 b0 a1 53 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 55 73 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 58 ┆ Single User A X┆
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0x30580…305a0 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6c 65 61 6e 69 6e 67 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 2e 0d ┆file system cleaning performed. ┆
0x305a0…305c0 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 53 74 61 6e 64 2d 41 6c 6f 6e 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆ Stand-Alone ┆
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0x30600…30620 (387,) 80 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 3a 20 64 69 73 6b 75 74 69 6c 2c 20 68 64 69 6e 69 74 2c ┆ Examples are: diskutil, hdinit,┆
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0x306c0…306e0 19 89 80 80 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 76 65 72 79 20 63 61 75 74 69 6f 75 73 ┆ should be used very cautious┆
0x306e0…30700 6c 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 53 77 61 70 70 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 ┆ly. Swapping ┆
0x30700…30720 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 49 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 63 74 69 76 65 ┆ If there are more active┆
0x30720…30740 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 68 61 6e 20 0a 19 ┆ processes in the system than ┆
0x30740…30760 89 80 80 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 73 70 61 63 65 20 66 6f 72 20 69 6e 20 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 2c ┆ there is space for in memory,┆
0x30760…30780 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 6d 20 62 61 63 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ the system moves them back ┆
0x30780…307a0 80 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 74 68 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6b 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 ┆ and forth to the disk while the┆
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0x307c0…307e0 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 ┆ System Management┆
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0x30880…308a0 69 6e 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 62 61 63 6b 75 70 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆intenance, and backups. ┆
0x308a0…308c0 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 54 61 72 20 46 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 41 20 66 69 ┆ Tar File A fi┆
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0x30920…30940 20 66 6c 6f 70 70 79 20 64 69 73 6b 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 63 20 74 61 ┆ floppy disk or magnetic ta┆
0x30940…30960 70 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 55 73 65 72 20 49 44 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆pe. User ID ┆
0x30960…30980 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 45 61 63 68 20 75 73 65 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 ┆ Each user on the system i┆
0x30980…309a0 73 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a ┆s identified by a number which ┆
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0x30a40…30a60 72 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 79 20 61 ┆r users on the system may a┆
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0x30a80…30aa0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 b0 a1 57 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a ┆ Working Directory ┆
0x30aa0…30ac0 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 6f 75 72 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e ┆ Your current position┆
0x30ac0…30ae0 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 68 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 ┆ in the file structure hierarchy┆
0x30ae0…30ae5 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆. ┆
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0x30afa…30b00 0a 14 b3 05 37 2d ┆ 7-┆
0x30b00…30b20 0b 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 37 2e 09 09 4e 4f 52 4d 41 4c 20 55 53 45 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 69 73 ┆ 7. NORMAL USE This┆
0x30b20…30b40 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 ┆ chapter describes the XENIX sys┆
0x30b40…30b60 74 65 6d 20 73 74 61 72 74 75 70 20 61 6e 64 20 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆tem startup and shutdown pr┆
0x30b60…30b80 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 37 2e 31 09 09 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 74 61 ┆ocedures. 7.1 System Sta┆
0x30b80…30ba0 72 74 75 70 20 50 72 6f 63 65 64 75 72 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 31 2e 20 84 43 68 65 63 6b 20 74 68 ┆rtup Procedure 1. Check th┆
0x30ba0…30bc0 61 74 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 52 ┆at there is no diskette in the R┆
0x30bc0…30be0 43 33 39 35 31 20 64 69 73 6b 65 74 74 65 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 64 72 69 76 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆C3951 diskette drive. ┆
0x30be0…30c00 32 2e 20 84 41 70 70 6c 79 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 73 20 63 6f 6e ┆2. Apply power to terminals con┆
0x30c00…30c20 (390,) 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 20 28 69 6e 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 70 61 ┆nected to the RC3922 (in pa┆
0x30c20…30c40 72 74 69 63 75 80 6c 61 72 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 ┆rticu lar the terminal connected┆
0x30c40…30c60 20 74 6f 20 4a 31 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 8c 80 80 6d 65 73 73 61 67 ┆ to J1, where system messag┆
0x30c60…30c80 65 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 33 2e 20 41 70 70 6c 79 20 70 ┆es will appear). 3. Apply p┆
0x30c80…30ca0 6f 77 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 61 6e 64 20 52 43 33 39 35 31 2e ┆ower to the RC3922/1 and RC3951.┆
0x30ca0…30cc0 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 34 2e 20 4f 62 73 65 72 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 73 74 ┆ 4. Observe the RC3922/1 st┆
0x30cc0…30ce0 61 74 75 73 20 6c 61 6d 70 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 20 68 61 73 ┆atus lamps. The RC3922 has┆
0x30ce0…30d00 20 73 69 78 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 6c 61 6d 70 73 2c 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 ┆ six status lamps, labeled from ┆
0x30d00…30d20 6c 65 66 74 20 74 6f 20 72 69 67 68 74 3a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 45 53 54 2c 20 44 49 53 4b 2c 20 43 ┆left to right: TEST, DISK, C┆
0x30d20…30d40 49 52 43 55 49 54 20 58 4d 49 54 2c 20 43 49 52 43 55 49 54 20 52 43 56 2c 20 4c 41 4e 20 58 4d ┆IRCUIT XMIT, CIRCUIT RCV, LAN XM┆
0x30d40…30d60 49 54 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 4c 41 4e 20 52 43 56 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 ┆IT, and LAN RCV. In the RC3┆
0x30d60…30d80 39 32 32 2f 31 2c 20 74 68 65 20 74 77 6f 20 4c 41 4e 20 6c 61 6d 70 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 ┆922/1, the two LAN lamps are not┆
0x30d80…30da0 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 65 76 65 72 20 ┆ connected, and will never ┆
0x30da0…30dc0 6c 69 67 68 74 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 73 74 61 72 ┆light. In a normal RC3922/1 star┆
0x30dc0…30de0 74 75 70 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 61 ┆tup sequence, the status la┆
0x30de0…30e00 6d 70 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6c 69 67 68 74 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆mps will light as follows: ┆
0x30e00…30e20 (391,) 09 a1 4c 61 6d 70 73 20 4c 69 74 e1 09 09 09 a1 e1 20 20 a1 44 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e e1 20 a1 e1 ┆ Lamps Lit Duration ┆
0x30e20…30e40 20 20 a1 50 68 61 73 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 31 20 20 3a 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 6f 75 72 09 09 09 09 09 ┆ Phase 1 : all four ┆
0x30e40…30e60 20 20 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 65 64 20 6f 6e 0d 0a 09 09 32 ┆ RC3922 power switched on 2┆
0x30e60…30e80 20 20 3a 20 54 45 53 54 09 09 09 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 2e 20 31 30 20 73 65 63 2e 20 20 52 43 33 ┆ : TEST approx. 10 sec. RC3┆
0x30e80…30ea0 39 32 32 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 0d 0a 09 09 33 20 20 3a 20 44 49 53 4b 09 09 09 09 20 20 78 ┆922 selftest 3 : DISK x┆
0x30ea0…30ec0 78 20 73 65 63 2e 20 20 20 20 84 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 57 69 6e ┆x sec. program load from Win┆
0x30ec0…30ee0 80 0a 19 af 80 80 63 68 65 73 80 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b 0d 0a 09 09 34 20 20 3a 20 44 49 53 4b ┆ ches ter disk 4 : DISK┆
0x30ee0…30f00 20 20 43 49 52 43 55 49 54 20 58 4d 49 54 2f 52 43 56 20 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 6f 67 ┆ CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV prog┆
0x30f00…30f20 72 61 6d 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 0d 0a 09 20 20 20 20 28 35 29 20 3a 20 54 45 53 54 20 20 44 49 ┆ram running (5) : TEST DI┆
0x30f20…30f40 53 4b 09 09 09 09 20 20 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 66 61 69 6c 75 72 65 0d 0a 0d ┆SK program load failure ┆
0x30f40…30f60 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 2c 20 74 68 65 20 44 ┆ When XENIX is running, the D┆
0x30f60…30f80 49 53 4b 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 61 20 64 69 73 6b 20 74 72 61 6e 73 66 ┆ISK lamp indicates a disk transf┆
0x30f80…30fa0 65 72 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 54 68 65 20 43 49 52 43 55 49 54 20 58 4d 49 54 2f 52 43 56 20 6c 61 ┆er. The CIRCUIT XMIT/RCV la┆
0x30fa0…30fc0 6d 70 73 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 ┆mps indicate that the terminal c┆
0x30fc0…30fe0 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 80 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 65 72 20 28 49 54 43 29 20 69 73 20 72 65 63 65 69 76 69 ┆ontrol ler (ITC) is receivi┆
0x30fe0…31000 6e 67 2f 61 6e 73 77 65 72 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 54 45 ┆ng/answering commands. If the TE┆
0x31000…31020 (392,) 53 54 20 61 6e 64 20 44 49 53 4b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 61 6d 70 73 20 61 72 65 20 6c 69 74 20 61 ┆ST and DISK lamps are lit a┆
0x31020…31040 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 63 6f 6e 73 75 6c 74 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 ┆t the same time, consult Chapter┆
0x31040…3105c 20 39 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 6e 75 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ 9 of this manu- al. ┆
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0x3105f…31060 0a ┆ ┆
0x31060…31080 09 09 84 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 70 68 61 73 65 2c 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 ┆ In the selftest phase, approx┆
0x31080…310a0 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 20 31 32 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 65 73 74 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 73 ┆imately 12 lines of test results┆
0x310a0…310c0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 72 65 20 6f 75 74 70 75 74 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c ┆ are output on the terminal┆
0x310c0…310e0 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 52 43 33 39 32 32 2f 31 20 70 6c 75 67 20 4a 31 2e 20 ┆ connected to RC3922/1 plug J1. ┆
0x310e0…31100 44 65 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 70 65 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 ┆De- pending on the terminal ┆
0x31100…31120 28 65 2e 67 2e 20 52 43 38 35 35 20 6f 72 20 52 43 38 32 32 29 20 74 68 69 73 20 6f 75 74 70 75 ┆(e.g. RC855 or RC822) this outpu┆
0x31120…31140 74 20 6d 61 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 6e 20 ┆t may appear on the screen ┆
0x31140…31160 61 73 20 6e 6f 6e 73 65 6e 73 65 20 6f 6e 20 61 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 ┆as nonsense on account of parity┆
0x31160…31180 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 69 73 20 72 ┆ checking. When XENIX is r┆
0x31180…311a0 65 61 64 79 2c 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆eady, a message will appear on t┆
0x311a0…311c0 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 65 72 6d 69 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6c 20 28 70 6c 75 67 20 4a ┆he system termi- nal (plug J┆
0x311c0…311e0 31 29 20 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 20 ┆1) requesting the root password ┆
0x311e0…31200 6f 72 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 ┆or <ctrl>d. If you respond ┆
0x31200…31220 (393,) 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 70 61 73 73 77 6f 72 64 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 69 ┆with the root password, XENIX wi┆
0x31220…31240 6c 6c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 61 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 74 65 6e 61 6e 63 ┆ll enter system main- tenanc┆
0x31240…31260 65 20 6d 6f 64 65 3b 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 3c 63 74 72 ┆e mode; if you respond with <ctr┆
0x31260…31280 6c 3e 64 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 75 6c ┆l>d, the system will go mul┆
0x31280…312a0 74 69 75 73 65 72 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 64 20 77 69 ┆tiuser. If you do not respond wi┆
0x312a0…312c0 74 68 69 6e 20 31 35 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆thin 15 seconds, the system ┆
0x312c0…312e0 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 65 64 20 61 73 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 64 20 74 79 70 65 ┆ will proceed as if you had type┆
0x312e0…31300 64 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 37 2e 32 09 09 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 ┆d <ctrl>d. 7.2 XENIX Sys┆
0x31300…31320 74 65 6d 20 52 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆tem Running When the syste┆
0x31320…31340 6d 20 69 73 20 62 6f 6f 74 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 75 73 65 ┆m is booted and running multiuse┆
0x31340…31360 72 2c 20 61 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 76 ┆r, as described in the prev┆
0x31360…31380 69 6f 75 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 20 74 ┆ious section, you will be able t┆
0x31380…313a0 6f 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f ┆o log in. The first user to┆
0x313a0…313c0 20 6c 6f 67 20 69 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 73 6b 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 64 61 ┆ log in will be asked for the da┆
0x313c0…313e0 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 64 61 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 37 2e 33 09 09 ┆te and time of day. 7.3 ┆
0x313e0…31400 58 45 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 53 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 59 6f 75 20 ┆XENIX System Shutdown You ┆
0x31400…31420 (394,) 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 6f ┆should always shut the system do┆
0x31420…31440 77 6e 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 74 75 72 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆wn before turning the power ┆
0x31440…31460 80 6f 66 66 3b 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 2c 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 ┆ off; if you do not, XENIX will ┆
0x31460…31480 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆indicate possible errors in the ┆
0x31480…314a0 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 74 69 6d 65 20 79 ┆ file system the next time y┆
0x314a0…314c0 6f 75 20 62 6f 6f 74 2e 20 54 6f 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 6f 77 6e ┆ou boot. To shut the system down┆
0x314c0…314e0 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 79 6f 75 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 67 67 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 73 20 ┆, you must be logged in as ┆
0x314e0…31500 72 6f 6f 74 20 28 73 75 70 65 72 2d 75 73 65 72 29 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆root (super-user) and use the co┆
0x31500…31520 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 2f 65 74 63 2f 73 68 75 74 64 6f 77 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆mmand: /etc/shutdown ┆
0x31520…31540 41 66 74 65 72 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 ┆After some other message, the me┆
0x31540…31560 73 73 61 67 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 2a 2a 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 73 68 75 ┆ssage ** normal system shu┆
0x31560…31580 74 64 6f 77 6e 20 2a 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 79 ┆tdown ** will appear, and y┆
0x31580…315a0 6f 75 20 6d 61 79 20 74 75 72 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 6f 66 66 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ou may turn the power off. ┆
0x315a0…315c0 84 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 73 68 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 ┆ You should always shut the syst┆
0x315c0…315e0 65 6d 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 0a 19 ┆em down at the end of working ┆
0x315e0…31600 89 80 80 68 6f 75 72 73 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 68 65 ┆ hours in order to prolong the┆
0x31600…31620 (395,) 20 6c 69 66 65 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 57 69 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 64 69 73 6b ┆ lifetime of the Winchester disk┆
0x31620…3162e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 72 69 76 65 2e 0d 0a ┆ drive. ┆
0x3162e…31631 FormFeed {
0x3162e…31631 0c 82 b0 ┆ ┆
0x3162e…31631 }
0x31631…31640 0a 14 b3 09 09 09 05 38 2d 0b 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 ┆ 8- ┆
0x31640…31660 b0 38 2e 09 09 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 4d 45 4e 55 20 53 59 53 54 45 4d 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 ┆ 8. RC3900 MENU SYSTEM Th┆
0x31660…31680 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 62 72 69 65 66 6c 79 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 ┆is chapter briefly describes the┆
0x31680…316a0 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 6e 73 6f 66 61 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆ RC3900 menu system insofar ┆
0x316a0…316c0 80 61 73 20 69 74 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 ┆ as it differs from the menu sys┆
0x316c0…316e0 74 65 6d 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 0a 19 89 ┆tem described in the Uniplex ┆
0x316e0…31700 80 80 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 41 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 61 67 72 61 ┆ manual. As shown in the diagra┆
0x31700…31720 6d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 70 61 67 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 0a ┆m on the next page, the RC3900 ┆
0x31720…31740 19 89 80 80 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 20 61 20 74 72 65 65 3b 20 ┆ menu system is like a tree; ┆
0x31740…31760 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 75 6e 6b 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆the main menu is the trunk, and ┆
0x31760…31780 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 61 72 65 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 65 73 3a ┆the following are branches:┆
0x31780…317a0 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d ┆ - word processing system m┆
0x317a0…317c0 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 63 6f 6d ┆enu - utilities menu - com┆
0x317c0…317e0 70 61 6e 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f ┆pany directory menu - electro┆
0x317e0…31800 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 74 65 6c 65 78 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 ┆nic mail menu - telex service┆
0x31800…31820 (396,) 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 72 6f 6f 6d 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 ┆ menu - room management syste┆
0x31820…31840 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 61 70 70 6f 69 6e 74 6d 65 6e 74 20 6d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 ┆m menu - appointment manageme┆
0x31840…31860 6e 74 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 09 09 2d 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 72 61 6e 73 66 65 ┆nt system menu - file transfe┆
0x31860…31880 72 20 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 45 61 63 68 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆r service menu Each of the┆
0x31880…318a0 73 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 62 72 61 6e 63 68 ┆se menus in turn contains branch┆
0x318a0…318c0 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 66 6f 75 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 61 72 ┆es. The first four menus ar┆
0x318c0…318e0 65 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 52 43 33 39 30 ┆e included in the standard RC390┆
0x318e0…31900 30 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 ┆0 menu system, and are desc┆
0x31900…31920 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 2e 20 54 68 ┆ribed in the present chapter. Th┆
0x31920…31940 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 66 6f 75 72 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆e last four menus represent ┆
0x31940…31960 80 6e 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d ┆ nonstandard facilities, which m┆
0x31960…31980 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 70 75 72 63 68 61 73 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 0a ┆ust be purchased and installed ┆
0x31980…319a0 19 89 80 80 73 65 70 61 72 61 74 65 6c 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 ┆ separately, and are describe┆
0x319a0…319c0 64 20 69 6e 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 70 75 62 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 ┆d in other publications. T┆
0x319c0…319e0 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 62 75 69 6c 64 73 20 6f 6e 20 ┆he RC3900 menu system builds on ┆
0x319e0…31a00 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 6e 20 0a ┆the XENIX operating system. In ┆
0x31a00…31a20 (397,) 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ the following sections, the ┆
0x31a20…31a40 75 6e 64 65 72 6c 79 69 6e 67 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 73 20 69 6e 64 69 ┆underlying XENIX command is indi┆
0x31a40…31a60 80 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 74 80 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 ┆ cat ed for most of the opt┆
0x31a60…31a80 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6d ┆ions described. These commands m┆
0x31a80…31aa0 61 79 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 75 64 69 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 ┆ay be studied in the XENIX ┆
0x31aa0…31ac0 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 47 75 69 64 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c ┆Programmer's Guide. The terminal┆
0x31ac0…31ae0 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 73 6f 20 72 65 71 75 65 73 74 20 61 20 64 69 ┆ user can also request a di┆
0x31ae0…31b00 73 70 6c 61 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆splay of the portion of the XENI┆
0x31b00…31b20 58 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 47 75 69 64 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 ┆X Programmer's Guide that d┆
0x31b20…31b40 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2e 20 54 ┆escribes a particular command. T┆
0x31b40…31b60 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 6e 75 20 6c 65 76 ┆his is done on the menu lev┆
0x31b60…31b80 65 6c 20 62 79 20 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 20 20 20 ┆el by entering the command: ┆
0x31b80…31ba0 20 20 20 20 20 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 78 20 6d 61 6e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 2d 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 2d ┆ <ctrl>x man XENIX-command-┆
0x31ba0…31ba8 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆name ┆
0x31ba8…31bab FormFeed {
0x31ba8…31bab 0c 82 88 ┆ ┆
0x31ba8…31bab }
0x31bab…31bc0 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 6f 6e ┆ When displayed on┆
0x31bc0…31be0 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 73 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 73 ┆ the terminal, the menus and ins┆
0x31be0…31c00 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 6d 65 6e ┆tructions in the RC3900 men┆
0x31c00…31c20 (398,) 75 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 61 72 65 20 6c 61 72 67 65 6c 79 20 73 65 6c 66 2d 65 78 70 6c 61 6e ┆u system are largely self-explan┆
0x31c20…31c40 61 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 61 73 6f 6e 20 ┆atory, and for this reason ┆
0x31c40…31c60 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 20 ┆the following sections describe ┆
0x31c60…31c80 6d 6f 73 74 6c 79 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 79 20 6e 6f 74 ┆mostly things which may not┆
0x31c80…31ca0 20 62 65 20 72 65 61 64 69 6c 79 20 61 70 70 61 72 65 6e 74 2e 20 53 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 65 78 61 ┆ be readily apparent. Simple exa┆
0x31ca0…31cc0 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 ┆mples are given where examp┆
0x31cc0…31ce0 6c 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 6c 65 76 61 6e 74 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 ┆les are relevant. In these examp┆
0x31ce0…31d00 6c 65 73 2c 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 69 73 20 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 79 ┆les, whatever is entered by┆
0x31d00…31d20 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 75 73 65 72 20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 20 75 6e 64 65 ┆ the terminal user is shown unde┆
0x31d20…31d40 72 6c 69 6e 65 64 2c 20 65 2e 67 2e 20 a1 32 30 2a 39 2f 35 2b 33 32 e1 3b 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 ┆rlined, e.g. 20*9/5+32 ; the ┆
0x31d40…31d60 89 80 80 70 72 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 22 52 65 74 75 72 6e 22 20 6b 65 79 20 ┆ pressing of the "Return" key ┆
0x31d60…31d80 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆at the end of a line is not ┆
0x31d80…31da0 80 73 68 6f 77 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 61 64 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 69 6e 64 20 61 20 62 ┆ shown. The reader will find a b┆
0x31da0…31dc0 61 73 69 63 20 6b 65 79 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆asic key description in the ┆
0x31dc0…31de0 80 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 ┆ Uniplex manual, which provides ┆
0x31de0…31e00 61 20 66 75 6c 6c 65 72 20 65 78 70 6c 61 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 0a 19 89 ┆a fuller explanation of many ┆
0x31e00…31e20 (399,) 80 80 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 74 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 73 75 6d 6d 61 ┆ things which are treated summa┆
0x31e20…31e40 72 69 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 a1 4d 41 ┆rily in this chapter. MA┆
0x31e40…31e60 49 4e 20 4d 45 4e 55 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 57 6f 72 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 ┆IN MENU Word Processing ┆
0x31e60…31e80 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 43 72 65 61 ┆System Menu (8.1) Crea┆
0x31e80…31ea0 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 ┆te a new document (8.1.1) ┆
0x31ea0…31ec0 20 a1 20 20 45 64 69 74 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 32 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 ┆ Edit a document (8.1.2) ┆
0x31ec0…31ee0 20 20 20 a1 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 33 29 0d 0a ┆ Print a document (8.1.3) ┆
0x31ee0…31f00 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 72 67 65 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 ┆ Mail merge (8.1.4) ┆
0x31f00…31f20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 35 29 0d 0a ┆ Change directory (8.1.5) ┆
0x31f20…31f40 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4c 69 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 36 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 ┆ List files (8.1.6) ┆
0x31f40…31f60 20 20 20 a1 20 20 49 6e 64 65 78 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 29 0d ┆ Index System Menu (8.1.7) ┆
0x31f60…31f80 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆ Names in this direct┆
0x31f80…31fa0 6f 72 79 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 ┆ory only (8.1.7.1) Names┆
0x31fa0…31fc0 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 28 38 2e 31 ┆ in this and subdirectories (8.1┆
0x31fc0…31fe0 2e 37 2e 32 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 ┆.7.2) Names in a specifi┆
0x31fe0…32000 65 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 4e ┆ed directory (8.1.7.3) N┆
0x32000…32020 (400,) 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 28 38 2e ┆ames on a particular subject (8.┆
0x32020…32040 31 2e 37 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 46 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e ┆1.7.4) Find the location┆
0x32040…32060 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 43 6c 61 ┆ of a file (8.1.7.5) Cla┆
0x32060…32080 73 73 69 66 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 38 2e ┆ssify the contents of a file (8.┆
0x32080…320a0 31 2e 37 2e 36 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 ┆1.7.6) View the start of┆
0x320a0…320c0 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 37 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 09 20 a1 20 20 56 69 65 ┆ a file (8.1.7.7) Vie┆
0x320c0…320e0 77 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 38 29 0d 0a 09 ┆w the end of a file (8.1.7.8) ┆
0x320e0…32100 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 43 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 2e ┆ File Checking Menu (8.1.┆
0x32100…32120 38 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 ┆8) View spelling err┆
0x32120…32140 6f 72 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 ┆ors in a file (8.1.8.1) ┆
0x32140…32160 53 61 76 65 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 32 29 0d 0a ┆Save spelling errors (8.1.8.2) ┆
0x32160…32180 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 56 69 65 77 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 73 61 76 65 ┆ View spelling errors save┆
0x32180…321a0 64 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 6f 75 74 20 73 70 ┆d (8.1.8.3) Print out sp┆
0x321a0…321c0 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 73 61 76 65 64 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 ┆elling errors saved (8.1.8.4) ┆
0x321c0…321e0 09 09 20 a1 20 20 43 6f 75 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 ┆ Count lines, words, and ch┆
0x321e0…32200 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 09 20 a1 20 20 46 75 6c 6c 20 ┆aracters (8.1.8.5) Full ┆
0x32200…32220 (401,) 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 36 29 0d 0a 09 09 ┆file status report (8.1.8.6) ┆
0x32220…32240 09 20 a1 20 20 4c 69 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 37 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 ┆ List files (8.1.8.7) ┆
0x32240…32260 20 a1 20 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 39 29 e1 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ Utilities Menu (8.1.9) ┆
0x32260…3227e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 73 29 0d 0a ┆ (continues) ┆
0x3227e…32281 FormFeed {
0x3227e…32281 0c 82 b0 ┆ ┆
0x3227e…32281 }
0x32281…322a0 0a 09 09 a1 4d 41 49 4e 20 4d 45 4e 55 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ MAIN MENU ┆
0x322a0…322c0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 ┆ (continu┆
0x322c0…322e0 65 64 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 55 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 32 29 ┆ed) Utilities Menu (8.2)┆
0x322e0…32300 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 43 6f 70 79 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 ┆ Copy (8.2.1) ┆
0x32300…32320 20 20 45 72 61 73 65 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 32 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4e 65 77 20 6e 61 ┆ Erase (8.2.2) New na┆
0x32320…32340 6d 65 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4f 70 65 6e 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆me (8.2.3) Open a new ┆
0x32340…32360 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 52 65 6d 6f ┆directory (8.2.4) Remo┆
0x32360…32380 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 ┆ve an empty directory (8.2.5) ┆
0x32380…323a0 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4c 69 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 36 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆ List files (8.2.6) ┆
0x323a0…323c0 20 20 a1 20 20 54 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 65 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 37 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆ Time and date (8.2.7) ┆
0x323c0…323e0 20 20 a1 20 20 4d 6f 6e 74 68 6c 79 20 63 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 38 29 0d 0a 09 ┆ Monthly calendar (8.2.8) ┆
0x323e0…32400 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 44 65 73 6b 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 28 38 2e 32 2e 39 29 0d ┆ Desk calculator (8.2.9) ┆
0x32400…32420 (402,) 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 43 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 ┆ Company Directory Menu (┆
0x32420…32440 38 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 20 75 70 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 72 79 20 ┆8.3) Look up an entry ┆
0x32440…32460 28 38 2e 33 2e 31 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 45 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆(8.3.1) Edit the direc┆
0x32460…32480 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 33 2e 32 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 ┆tory (8.3.2) Print the┆
0x32480…324a0 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 28 38 2e 33 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 45 6c 65 63 74 ┆ directory (8.3.3) Elect┆
0x324a0…324c0 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 ┆ronic Mail Menu (8.4) ┆
0x324c0…324e0 4d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 31 29 0d ┆Mailboxes on the system (8.4.1) ┆
0x324e0…32500 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 53 65 6e 64 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 ┆ Send mail to another u┆
0x32500…32520 73 65 72 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 32 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 20 6d 61 ┆ser (8.4.2) Collect ma┆
0x32520…32540 69 6c 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 33 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 57 68 6f 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 6f ┆il (8.4.3) Who is also┆
0x32540…32560 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 34 29 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 ┆ on the computer (8.4.4) ┆
0x32560…32580 a1 20 20 54 61 6c 6b 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 35 29 0d ┆ Talk to another user (8.4.5) ┆
0x32580…325a0 0a 09 09 20 20 20 20 a1 20 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 65 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 66 61 63 69 6c ┆ Install extended facil┆
0x325a0…325c0 69 74 69 65 73 20 28 38 2e 34 2e 36 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 54 65 6c 65 78 20 53 65 72 76 ┆ities (8.4.6) Telex Serv┆
0x325c0…325e0 69 63 65 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 52 6f 6f 6d 20 4d 61 6e 61 ┆ice Menu (8.5) Room Mana┆
0x325e0…32600 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 38 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 41 70 70 6f ┆gement System (8.5) Appo┆
0x32600…32620 (403,) 69 6e 74 6d 65 6e 74 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 ┆intment Management System Menu (┆
0x32620…32640 38 2e 35 29 0d 0a 09 09 a1 20 20 20 20 46 69 6c 65 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 65 72 20 53 65 72 76 69 ┆8.5) File Transfer Servi┆
0x32640…32660 63 65 20 4d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 35 29 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 09 09 57 20 2d 20 57 6f ┆ce Menu (8.5) 8.1 W - Wo┆
0x32660…32680 72 64 20 50 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 ┆rd Processing System Menu ┆
0x32680…326a0 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 57 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 ┆Selection of option W on the mai┆
0x326a0…326c0 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 ┆n menu displays the word pr┆
0x326c0…326e0 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 ┆ocessing system menu, from which┆
0x326e0…32700 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆ the options described in t┆
0x32700…32720 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆his section can be selected. ┆
0x32720…32740 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 31 09 43 20 2d 20 43 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 64 6f 63 75 6d ┆ 8.1.1 C - Create a new docum┆
0x32740…32760 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 20 ┆ent Selection of option C ┆
0x32760…32780 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 ┆on the word processing system me┆
0x32780…327a0 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆nu displays an instruction ┆
0x327a0…327c0 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a ┆to enter a file name. Example: ┆
0x327c0…327d1 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 61 64 76 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ advent ┆
0x327d1…327d4 FormFeed {
0x327d1…327d4 0c 82 d0 ┆ ┆
0x327d1…327d4 }
0x327d4…327e0 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 ┆ The abov┆
0x327e0…32800 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d ┆e command creates a new file nam┆
0x32800…32820 (404,) 65 64 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 80 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 6e 74 20 64 ┆ed advent in the cur rent d┆
0x32820…32840 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 63 6c 65 61 72 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 63 ┆irectory, and then clears the sc┆
0x32840…32860 72 65 65 6e 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 6e 20 ┆reen, so that the user can ┆
0x32860…32880 74 79 70 65 20 61 6e 64 20 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 ┆type and edit the file. For furt┆
0x32880…328a0 68 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 55 6e ┆her information, see the Un┆
0x328a0…328c0 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 32 09 45 20 2d 20 45 ┆iplex manual. 8.1.2 E - E┆
0x328c0…328e0 64 69 74 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆dit a document Selection o┆
0x328e0…32900 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 45 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e ┆f option E on the word processin┆
0x32900…32920 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 ┆g system menu displays an i┆
0x32920…32940 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e ┆nstruction to enter a file name.┆
0x32940…32960 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 61 64 76 65 6e 74 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 49 20 ┆ Example: advent I ┆
0x32960…32980 6a 75 73 74 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 20 6d 79 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆just created my first file. ┆
0x32980…329a0 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 ┆ The above command displays the┆
0x329a0…329c0 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 28 65 78 69 73 74 69 6e 67 29 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆ contents of the (existing) file┆
0x329c0…329e0 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e ┆ named advent in the curren┆
0x329e0…32a00 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 ┆t directory, so that the user ca┆
0x32a00…32a20 (405,) 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 ┆n edit the file. For furthe┆
0x32a20…32a40 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d ┆r information, see the Uniplex m┆
0x32a40…32a60 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 33 09 50 20 2d 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 61 20 ┆anual. 8.1.3 P - Print a ┆
0x32a60…32a80 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 ┆document Selection of opti┆
0x32a80…32aa0 6f 6e 20 50 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 ┆on P on the word processing syst┆
0x32aa0…32ac0 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 ┆em menu displays an instruc┆
0x32ac0…32ae0 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆tion to enter the name of a file┆
0x32ae0…32b00 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆ to be printed. Example: ┆
0x32b00…32b20 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 61 64 76 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆ advent The above com┆
0x32b20…32b40 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 73 65 74 2d 75 70 20 69 ┆mand displays the print set-up i┆
0x32b40…32b60 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 65 65 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 ┆nstruction sheet for the fi┆
0x32b60…32b80 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 ┆le named advent in the current d┆
0x32b80…32ba0 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 54 68 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 74 2d 75 70 20 ┆irectory. The print set-up ┆
0x32ba0…32bc0 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 65 65 74 20 69 73 20 73 65 6c 66 2d 65 78 70 6c 61 6e ┆instruction sheet is self-explan┆
0x32bc0…32be0 61 74 6f 72 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 34 09 4d 20 2d 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 72 ┆atory. 8.1.4 M - Mail mer┆
0x32be0…32c00 67 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4d 20 6f ┆ge Selection of option M o┆
0x32c00…32c20 (406,) 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e ┆n the word processing system men┆
0x32c20…32c40 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 ┆u displays an instruction t┆
0x32c40…32c60 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 74 ┆o enter the name of a standard t┆
0x32c60…32c80 65 78 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 ┆ext file. Example: ┆
0x32c80…32c8a 61 64 76 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆advent ┆
0x32c8a…32c8d FormFeed {
0x32c8a…32c8d 0c 82 c0 ┆ ┆
0x32c8a…32c8d }
0x32c8d…32ca0 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 ┆ The above comma┆
0x32ca0…32cc0 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 72 67 65 20 69 6e 73 74 72 ┆nd displays the mail merge instr┆
0x32cc0…32ce0 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 65 65 74 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e ┆uction sheet for the file n┆
0x32ce0…32d00 61 6d 65 64 20 61 64 76 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆amed advent in the current direc┆
0x32d00…32d20 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 ┆tory. For further informati┆
0x32d20…32d40 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 74 68 65 20 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d ┆on, see the Uniplex manual. ┆
0x32d40…32d60 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 35 09 44 20 2d 20 43 68 61 6e 67 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d ┆ 8.1.5 D - Change directory ┆
0x32d60…32d80 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 44 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 ┆ Selection of option D on the┆
0x32d80…32da0 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 ┆ word processing system menu ┆
0x32da0…32dc0 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 ┆ displays an instruction to ent┆
0x32dc0…32de0 65 72 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆er a directory name. Example: ┆
0x32de0…32e00 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 4c 65 74 74 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f ┆ Letters The above co┆
0x32e00…32e20 (407,) 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆mmand changes the current direct┆
0x32e20…32e40 6f 72 79 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 ┆ory to the sub- directory na┆
0x32e40…32e60 6d 65 64 20 4c 65 74 74 65 72 73 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 63 64 0d 0a ┆med Letters. XENIX command: cd ┆
0x32e60…32e80 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 36 09 4c 20 2d 20 4c 69 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ 8.1.6 L - List files ┆
0x32e80…32ea0 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f ┆ Selection of option L on the wo┆
0x32ea0…32ec0 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 ┆rd processing system menu d┆
0x32ec0…32ee0 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 ┆isplays a listing of all file na┆
0x32ee0…32f00 6d 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 0a 19 ┆mes in the current directory. ┆
0x32f00…32f20 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e ┆ XENIX command: ls 8.1.┆
0x32f20…32f40 37 09 49 20 2d 20 49 6e 64 65 78 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 ┆7 I - Index System Menu Se┆
0x32f40…32f60 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 49 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 ┆lection of option I on the word ┆
0x32f60…32f80 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 ┆processing system menu disp┆
0x32f80…32fa0 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d ┆lays the index system menu, from┆
0x32fa0…32fc0 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 ┆ which the options describe┆
0x32fc0…32fe0 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 ┆d in this subsection can be sele┆
0x32fe0…33000 63 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 31 09 31 20 2d 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 ┆cted. 8.1.7.1 1 - Names i┆
0x33000…33020 (408,) 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 6e 6c 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 ┆n this directory only Sele┆
0x33020…33040 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 31 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 ┆ction of option 1 on the index s┆
0x33040…33060 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 73 74 69 ┆ystem menu displays a listi┆
0x33060…33080 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆ng of the names of all files and┆
0x33080…330a0 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 75 72 72 ┆ subdirectories in the curr┆
0x330a0…330c0 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6c 73 ┆ent directory. XENIX command: ls┆
0x330c0…330c6 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x330c6…330c9 FormFeed {
0x330c6…330c9 0c 82 a8 ┆ ┆
0x330c6…330c9 }
0x330c9…330e0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 32 09 32 20 2d 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e ┆ 8.1.7.2 2 - Names in┆
0x330e0…33100 20 74 68 69 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 ┆ this and subdirectories S┆
0x33100…33120 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 32 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 ┆election of option 2 on the inde┆
0x33120…33140 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 69 ┆x system menu displays a li┆
0x33140…33160 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 73 20 ┆sting of the names of all files ┆
0x33160…33180 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 ┆in the current directory and ┆
0x33180…331a0 80 80 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d ┆ in any subdirectory. XENIX com┆
0x331a0…331c0 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 33 09 33 20 2d 20 4e 61 6d 65 ┆mand: ls 8.1.7.3 3 - Name┆
0x331c0…331e0 73 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 69 65 64 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆s in a specified directory ┆
0x331e0…33200 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 33 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e ┆ Selection of option 3 on the in┆
0x33200…33220 (409,) 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a ┆dex system menu displays an in- ┆
0x33220…33240 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 79 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 ┆ struction to specify a direc┆
0x33240…33260 74 6f 72 79 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 66 6f 75 72 20 64 69 66 66 ┆tory listing in any of four diff┆
0x33260…33280 65 80 72 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 65 6e 74 20 77 61 79 73 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆e r- ent ways. Example: ┆
0x33280…332a0 09 20 20 a1 2d 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 ┆ -1 The above command d┆
0x332a0…332c0 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 ┆isplays a listing of all file na┆
0x332c0…332e0 6d 65 73 2c 20 77 69 74 68 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 61 74 69 73 74 69 63 61 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 ┆mes, with statistical infor┆
0x332e0…33300 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 ┆mation, in the current directory┆
0x33300…33320 2e 20 53 65 65 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 53 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 38 2e ┆. See further Subsection 8.┆
0x33320…33340 31 2e 38 2e 36 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6c 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 ┆1.8.6. XENIX command: ls ┆
0x33340…33360 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 34 09 34 20 2d 20 4e 61 6d 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c 61 ┆8.1.7.4 4 - Names on a particula┆
0x33360…33380 72 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 ┆r subject Selection of opt┆
0x33380…333a0 69 6f 6e 20 34 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 ┆ion 4 on the index system menu d┆
0x333a0…333c0 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 ┆isplays an in- struction to ┆
0x333c0…333e0 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 73 75 62 6a 65 63 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 66 6f 72 ┆enter a subject to be looked for┆
0x333e0…33400 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 74 69 6d 65 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 2e 2f 74 ┆. Example: time ./t┆
0x33400…33420 (410,) 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 ┆emp The above command disp┆
0x33420…33440 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 65 6d 70 2c 20 61 73 20 74 68 69 73 ┆lays the file name temp, as this┆
0x33440…33460 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 74 69 6d ┆ file contains the word tim┆
0x33460…33480 65 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 ┆e. Note that the pathname of the┆
0x33480…334a0 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 2c 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 22 ┆ file is displayed, where "┆
0x334a0…334c0 2e 22 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 ┆." stands for the current direct┆
0x334c0…334e0 6f 72 79 20 28 75 73 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 2f 75 73 72 2f 75 73 65 72 2d 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ory (usually /usr/user-name┆
0x334e0…33500 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆, which indicates that the file ┆
0x33500…33520 69 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 6f 67 69 6e 20 64 69 72 65 ┆is in the user's login dire┆
0x33520…33540 63 74 6f 72 79 29 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 67 72 65 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d ┆ctory). XENIX command: grep ┆
0x33540…33541 0a ┆ ┆
0x33541…33544 FormFeed {
0x33541…33544 0c 82 98 ┆ ┆
0x33541…33544 }
0x33544…33560 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 35 09 35 20 2d 20 46 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 63 61 ┆ 8.1.7.5 5 - Find the loca┆
0x33560…33580 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆tion of a file Selection o┆
0x33580…335a0 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 35 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d ┆f option 5 on the index system m┆
0x335a0…335c0 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f ┆enu displays an in- structio┆
0x335c0…335e0 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 6f ┆n to enter the name of a file to┆
0x335e0…33600 20 62 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 73 65 63 3f ┆ be found. Example: sec?┆
0x33600…33620 (411,) 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 2e 2f 52 65 70 6f 72 74 2f 50 61 72 74 31 2f 73 65 63 31 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 2e ┆ ./Report/Part1/sec1 .┆
0x33620…33640 2f 52 65 70 6f 72 74 2f 50 61 72 74 31 2f 73 65 63 32 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 2e 2f 52 65 70 6f 72 74 ┆/Report/Part1/sec2 ./Report┆
0x33640…33660 2f 50 61 72 74 32 2f 73 65 63 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆/Part2/sec1 The above comm┆
0x33660…33680 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 74 68 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 28 63 66 2e 20 ┆and displays the pathnames (cf. ┆
0x33680…336a0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 34 29 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 ┆8.1.7.4) of the files named┆
0x336a0…336c0 20 73 65 63 3f 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 69 6c 64 63 ┆ sec?. Note the use of the wildc┆
0x336c0…336e0 61 72 64 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 22 3f 22 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 64 69 63 61 ┆ard character "?" to indica┆
0x336e0…33700 74 65 20 61 6e 79 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e ┆te any single character in the n┆
0x33700…33720 61 6d 65 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 66 69 6e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 ┆ame. XENIX command: find ┆
0x33720…33740 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 36 09 36 20 2d 20 43 6c 61 73 73 69 66 79 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 ┆8.1.7.6 6 - Classify the content┆
0x33740…33760 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f ┆s of a file Selection of o┆
0x33760…33780 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 ┆ption 6 on the index system menu┆
0x33780…337a0 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 ┆ displays an in- struction t┆
0x337a0…337c0 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 ┆o enter the name of a document t┆
0x337c0…337e0 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 61 74 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d ┆o be looked at. Example: ┆
0x337e0…33800 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 77 70 2e 62 61 63 6b 2e 75 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 77 70 2e 62 61 63 6b 2e 75 70 ┆ wp.back.up wp.back.up┆
0x33800…33820 (412,) 3a 20 61 73 63 69 69 20 74 65 78 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d ┆: ascii text The above com┆
0x33820…33840 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6c 61 73 73 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e ┆mand displays the classification┆
0x33840…33860 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 70 2e 62 61 63 6b 2e ┆ of the file named wp.back.┆
0x33860…33880 75 70 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 ┆up. XENIX command: file 8┆
0x33880…338a0 2e 31 2e 37 2e 37 09 37 20 2d 20 56 69 65 77 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 ┆.1.7.7 7 - View the start of a f┆
0x338a0…338c0 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 37 20 ┆ile Selection of option 7 ┆
0x338c0…338e0 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 ┆on the index system menu display┆
0x338e0…33900 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 ┆s an in- struction to enter ┆
0x33900…33920 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f ┆the name of a document to be loo┆
0x33920…33940 6b 65 64 20 61 74 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 64 ┆ked at. When the user has d┆
0x33940…33960 6f 6e 65 20 73 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 ┆one so, the first part of the fi┆
0x33960…33980 6c 65 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 ┆le is displayed for identif┆
0x33980…339a0 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 68 65 61 64 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ication. XENIX command: head ┆
0x339a0…339a2 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x339a2…339a5 FormFeed {
0x339a2…339a5 0c 82 a0 ┆ ┆
0x339a2…339a5 }
0x339a5…339c0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 38 09 38 20 2d 20 56 69 65 77 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 ┆ 8.1.7.8 8 - View the end┆
0x339c0…339e0 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 ┆ of a file Selection of op┆
0x339e0…33a00 74 69 6f 6e 20 38 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 ┆tion 8 on the index system menu ┆
0x33a00…33a20 (413,) 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f ┆displays an in- struction to┆
0x33a20…33a40 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f ┆ enter the name of a document to┆
0x33a40…33a60 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 61 74 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 ┆ be looked at. When the use┆
0x33a60…33a80 72 20 68 61 73 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 73 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 ┆r has done so, the last part of ┆
0x33a80…33aa0 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 69 ┆the file is displayed for i┆
0x33aa0…33ac0 64 65 6e 74 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 74 61 ┆dentification. XENIX command: ta┆
0x33ac0…33ae0 69 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 09 46 20 2d 20 46 69 6c 65 20 43 68 65 63 6b 69 6e ┆il 8.1.8 F - File Checkin┆
0x33ae0…33b00 67 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e ┆g Menu Selection of option┆
0x33b00…33b20 20 46 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ F on the word processing system┆
0x33b20…33b40 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 ┆ menu displays the file che┆
0x33b40…33b60 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f ┆cking menu, from which the optio┆
0x33b60…33b80 6e 73 20 64 65 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 75 62 73 65 ┆ns de- scribed in this subse┆
0x33b80…33ba0 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e ┆ction can be selected. 8.┆
0x33ba0…33bc0 31 2e 38 2e 31 09 31 20 2d 20 56 69 65 77 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 69 ┆1.8.1 1 - View spelling errors i┆
0x33bc0…33be0 6e 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 ┆n a file Selection of opti┆
0x33be0…33c00 6f 6e 20 31 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 ┆on 1 on the file checking menu d┆
0x33c00…33c20 (414,) 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 ┆isplays an in- struction to ┆
0x33c20…33c40 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 ┆enter the name of a document to ┆
0x33c40…33c60 62 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 2e 20 45 78 ┆be checked for spelling. Ex┆
0x33c60…33c80 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 63 69 74 6f 7a 65 6e ┆ample: temp citozen┆
0x33c80…33ca0 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 ┆s The above command displa┆
0x33ca0…33cc0 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 73 73 70 65 6c 6c 65 64 20 77 6f 72 64 20 63 69 74 6f 7a 65 6e 73 20 ┆ys the misspelled word citozens ┆
0x33cc0…33ce0 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 74 65 6d 70 2e 20 58 45 4e ┆in the file named temp. XEN┆
0x33ce0…33d00 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 32 ┆IX command: spell 8.1.8.2┆
0x33d00…33d20 09 32 20 2d 20 53 61 76 65 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 ┆ 2 - Save spelling errors ┆
0x33d20…33d40 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 32 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c ┆Selection of option 2 on the fil┆
0x33d40…33d60 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a ┆e checking menu displays an in- ┆
0x33d60…33d80 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 ┆ struction to enter the name ┆
0x33d80…33da0 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 ┆of a document to be checked for ┆
0x33da0…33dc0 0a 19 89 80 80 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 68 61 73 ┆ spelling. When the user has┆
0x33dc0…33de0 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 73 6f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 63 68 65 63 6b 65 64 2c 20 61 ┆ done so, the file is checked, a┆
0x33de0…33e00 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 79 20 6d 69 73 73 70 65 6c 6c 65 64 20 77 6f 72 64 20 69 73 20 73 ┆nd any misspelled word is s┆
0x33e00…33e20 (415,) 61 76 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 62 61 64 ┆aved in a special file named bad┆
0x33e20…33e40 73 70 65 6c 6c 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 73 70 65 6c 6c ┆spell. XENIX command: spell┆
0x33e40…33e4f 20 3e 20 62 61 64 73 70 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ > badspell ┆
0x33e4f…33e52 FormFeed {
0x33e4f…33e52 0c 82 a0 ┆ ┆
0x33e4f…33e52 }
0x33e52…33e60 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 33 09 33 20 2d ┆ 8.1.8.3 3 -┆
0x33e60…33e80 20 56 69 65 77 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 73 61 76 65 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆ View spelling errors saved ┆
0x33e80…33ea0 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 33 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 ┆ Selection of option 3 on the f┆
0x33ea0…33ec0 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a ┆ile checking menu displays the ┆
0x33ec0…33ee0 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 62 61 64 73 70 65 6c ┆ contents of the file badspel┆
0x33ee0…33f00 6c 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 32 29 20 66 6f 72 20 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2e 20 0a 19 89 ┆l (cf. 8.1.8.2) for editing. ┆
0x33f00…33f20 80 80 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 4d 61 79 20 31 31 20 31 35 3a 30 35 20 31 ┆ Example: May 11 15:05 1┆
0x33f20…33f40 39 38 34 20 50 61 67 65 20 31 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 63 69 74 6f 7a 65 6e 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 58 45 ┆984 Page 1 citozens XE┆
0x33f40…33f60 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 62 61 64 73 70 65 6c 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆NIX command: more badspell ┆
0x33f60…33f80 a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 34 09 34 20 2d 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 6f 75 74 20 73 70 65 6c 6c 69 6e 67 ┆ 8.1.8.4 4 - Print out spelling┆
0x33f80…33fa0 20 65 72 72 6f 72 73 20 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 ┆ errors Selection of opti┆
0x33fa0…33fc0 6f 6e 20 34 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 70 ┆on 4 on the file checking menu p┆
0x33fc0…33fe0 72 69 6e 74 73 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 ┆rints out the contents of t┆
0x33fe0…34000 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 62 61 64 73 70 65 6c 6c 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 33 29 2e 20 ┆he file badspell (cf. 8.1.8.3). ┆
0x34000…34020 (416,) 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 0d 0a 09 09 6c 70 72 20 62 61 64 73 70 65 6c 6c 0d 0a ┆XENIX command: lpr badspell ┆
0x34020…34040 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 35 09 35 20 2d 20 43 6f 75 6e 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 73 2c 20 77 ┆ 8.1.8.5 5 - Count lines, w┆
0x34040…34060 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 ┆ords, and characters Selec┆
0x34060…34080 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 35 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 ┆tion of option 5 on the file che┆
0x34080…340a0 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 73 ┆cking menu displays an in- s┆
0x340a0…340c0 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 ┆truction to enter the name of a ┆
0x340c0…340e0 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 61 74 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 45 ┆document to be looked at. E┆
0x340e0…34100 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 a1 e1 20 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 34 20 20 20 ┆xample: temp 4 ┆
0x34100…34120 31 36 20 20 20 37 36 20 20 20 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 ┆16 76 temp The above c┆
0x34120…34140 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 34 20 6c 69 6e ┆ommand displays a count of 4 lin┆
0x34140…34160 65 73 2c 20 31 36 20 77 6f 72 64 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 37 36 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 ┆es, 16 words, and 76 charac┆
0x34160…34180 74 65 72 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 74 65 6d 70 2e 20 58 45 ┆ters for the file named temp. XE┆
0x34180…341a0 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 77 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 36 09 36 ┆NIX command: wc 8.1.8.6 6┆
0x341a0…341c0 20 2d 20 46 75 6c 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ - Full file status report ┆
0x341c0…341e0 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 ┆ Selection of option 6 on the fi┆
0x341e0…34200 6c 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 2d ┆le checking menu displays an in-┆
0x34200…34220 (417,) 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 ┆ struction to enter the name┆
0x34220…34240 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 61 74 2e 20 ┆ of a document to be looked at. ┆
0x34240…34260 0a 19 89 80 80 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆ Example: temp ┆
0x34260…34280 2d 72 77 2d 72 2d 2d 72 2d 2d 20 31 20 6a 6f 65 20 37 36 20 41 70 72 20 36 20 31 36 3a 33 33 20 ┆-rw-r--r-- 1 joe 76 Apr 6 16:33 ┆
0x34280…34288 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆temp ┆
0x34288…3428b FormFeed {
0x34288…3428b 0c 82 c8 ┆ ┆
0x34288…3428b }
0x3428b…342a0 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆ The above command┆
0x342a0…342c0 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 73 74 61 74 69 73 74 69 ┆ displays the following statisti┆
0x342c0…342e0 63 61 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 80 0a 19 89 80 80 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 ┆cal informa tion for the fi┆
0x342e0…34300 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 74 65 6d 70 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 61 63 63 65 73 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆le named temp: access and┆
0x34300…34320 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 73 3a 09 20 20 20 20 2d 72 77 2d ┆ execution permissions: -rw-┆
0x34320…34340 72 2d 2d 72 2d 2d 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 62 79 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 66 ┆r--r-- names by which the f┆
0x34340…34360 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 28 6c 69 6e 6b 73 29 3a 20 31 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 75 73 65 ┆ile is known (links): 1 use┆
0x34360…34380 72 20 77 68 6f 20 6f 77 6e 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 3a 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 6a 6f 65 0d 0a ┆r who owns the file: joe ┆
0x34380…343a0 09 09 20 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 69 7a 65 20 69 6e 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 28 62 79 74 ┆ file size in characters (byt┆
0x343a0…343c0 65 73 29 3a 09 09 20 20 20 20 37 36 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 64 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69 6d 65 20 ┆es): 76 date and time ┆
0x343c0…343e0 6f 66 20 6c 61 74 65 73 74 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 20 20 20 20 41 70 72 20 ┆of latest modification: Apr ┆
0x343e0…34400 36 20 31 36 3a 33 33 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 73 74 61 74 69 73 74 69 63 61 ┆6 16:33 Similar statistica┆
0x34400…34420 (418,) 6c 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 ┆l information is displayed by th┆
0x34420…34440 65 20 2d 31 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 ┆e -1 command described in S┆
0x34440…34460 75 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 33 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 ┆ubsection 8.1.7.3. XENIX command┆
0x34460…34480 3a 20 6c 73 20 2d 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 37 09 4c 20 2d 20 4c 69 73 74 20 ┆: ls -l 8.1.8.7 L - List ┆
0x34480…344a0 66 69 6c 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆files Selection of option ┆
0x344a0…344c0 4c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 69 73 20 65 ┆L on the file checking menu is e┆
0x344c0…344e0 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f ┆quivalent to selection of o┆
0x344e0…34500 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 33 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 ┆ption 3 on the index system menu┆
0x34500…34520 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e 33 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 31 2e 39 09 55 20 2d 20 55 74 69 ┆ (8.1.7.3). 8.1.9 U - Uti┆
0x34520…34540 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f ┆lities Menu Selection of o┆
0x34540…34560 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 55 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 73 ┆ption U on the word processing s┆
0x34560…34580 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 74 6f ┆ystem menu is equivalent to┆
0x34580…345a0 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 55 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 ┆ selection of option U on the ma┆
0x345a0…345c0 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 61 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 53 65 ┆in menu, as described in Se┆
0x345c0…345e0 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 38 2e 32 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 09 09 55 20 2d 20 55 74 69 6c 69 ┆ction 8.2. 8.2 U - Utili┆
0x345e0…34600 74 69 65 73 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 ┆ties Menu Selection of opt┆
0x34600…34620 (419,) 69 6f 6e 20 55 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 ┆ion U on the main menu displays ┆
0x34620…34640 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 ┆the utilities menu, from wh┆
0x34640…34660 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 ┆ich the options described in thi┆
0x34660…34680 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 0d ┆s section can be selected. ┆
0x34680…346a0 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 31 09 43 20 2d 20 43 6f 70 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 ┆ 8.2.1 C - Copy Sele┆
0x346a0…346c0 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 ┆ction of option C on the utiliti┆
0x346c0…346e0 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 ┆es menu displays an instruc┆
0x346e0…34700 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 66 69 72 73 74 ┆tion to enter a file name, first┆
0x34700…34720 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 ┆ for the original file, and┆
0x34720…34740 20 74 68 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a ┆ then for the new file. Example:┆
0x34740…34744 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x34744…34747 FormFeed {
0x34744…34747 0c 82 b8 ┆ ┆
0x34744…34747 }
0x34747…34760 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 ┆ temp original ┆
0x34760…34780 66 69 6c 65 20 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 73 61 76 65 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 6e 65 ┆file temp savetemp ne┆
0x34780…347a0 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 73 61 76 65 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 ┆w file savetemp The above ┆
0x347a0…347c0 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 61 20 63 6f 70 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆commands make a copy of the file┆
0x347c0…347e0 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 74 65 6d 70 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆ named temp and name the co┆
0x347e0…34800 70 79 20 73 61 76 65 74 65 6d 70 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 63 70 0d 0a ┆py savetemp. XENIX command: cp ┆
0x34800…34820 (420,) 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 32 09 45 20 2d 20 45 72 61 73 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 ┆ 8.2.2 E - Erase Sele┆
0x34820…34840 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 45 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 ┆ction of option E on the utiliti┆
0x34840…34860 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 ┆es menu displays an instruc┆
0x34860…34880 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 ┆tion to enter a file name for th┆
0x34880…348a0 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a ┆e original file. Example: ┆
0x348a0…348c0 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 6f 6c 64 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 46 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 75 ┆ oldtemp Following u┆
0x348c0…348e0 73 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆ser confirmation, the above comm┆
0x348e0…34900 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 ┆and removes the file named ┆
0x34900…34920 6f 6c 64 74 65 6d 70 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f ┆oldtemp from the current directo┆
0x34920…34940 72 79 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 72 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 ┆ry. XENIX command: rm 8.2┆
0x34940…34960 2e 33 09 4e 20 2d 20 4e 65 77 20 6e 61 6d 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 ┆.3 N - New name Selection ┆
0x34960…34980 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4e 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e ┆of option N on the utilities men┆
0x34980…349a0 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 ┆u displays an instruction t┆
0x349a0…349c0 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 ┆o enter a file name, first for t┆
0x349c0…349e0 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 ┆he original file, and then ┆
0x349e0…34a00 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆for the new file. Example: ┆
0x34a00…34a20 (421,) 20 20 a1 74 65 6d 70 0d 0a 09 20 20 09 20 20 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 65 6d ┆ temp original file tem┆
0x34a20…34a40 70 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 6e 65 77 20 66 69 6c 65 20 65 78 ┆p example new file ex┆
0x34a40…34a60 61 6d 70 6c 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 68 ┆ample The above command ch┆
0x34a60…34a80 61 6e 67 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 74 65 6d 70 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆anges the file name temp to the ┆
0x34a80…34aa0 66 69 6c 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f ┆file name example. XENIX co┆
0x34aa0…34aaf 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6d 76 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆mmand: mv ┆
0x34aaf…34ab2 FormFeed {
0x34aaf…34ab2 0c 82 a0 ┆ ┆
0x34aaf…34ab2 }
0x34ab2…34ac0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 34 09 4f 20 2d 20 4f ┆ 8.2.4 O - O┆
0x34ac0…34ae0 70 65 6e 20 61 20 6e 65 77 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 ┆pen a new directory Select┆
0x34ae0…34b00 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4f 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 ┆ion of option O on the utilities┆
0x34b00…34b20 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 ┆ menu displays an instructi┆
0x34b20…34b40 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 ┆on to enter the name of a subdir┆
0x34b40…34b60 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 52 65 70 6f 72 74 0d ┆ectory. Example: Report ┆
0x34b60…34b80 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 73 20 ┆ The above command creates ┆
0x34b80…34ba0 61 20 6e 65 77 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 52 65 70 6f 72 74 20 69 6e 20 ┆a new directory named Report in ┆
0x34ba0…34bc0 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆the current directory. XENI┆
0x34bc0…34be0 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6d 6b 64 69 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 35 09 52 20 ┆X command: mkdir 8.2.5 R ┆
0x34be0…34c00 2d 20 52 65 6d 6f 76 65 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆- Remove an empty directory ┆
0x34c00…34c20 (422,) 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 52 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 ┆ Selection of option R on the u┆
0x34c20…34c40 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 ┆tilities menu displays an i┆
0x34c40…34c60 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 ┆nstruction to enter the name of ┆
0x34c60…34c80 61 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆a subdirectory. Example: ┆
0x34c80…34ca0 a1 44 72 61 66 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 72 ┆ Draft The above command r┆
0x34ca0…34cc0 65 6d 6f 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6e 61 6d 65 64 20 44 72 ┆emoves the subdirectory named Dr┆
0x34cc0…34ce0 61 66 74 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 74 74 65 72 20 63 6f ┆aft, provided the latter co┆
0x34ce0…34d00 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 6e 6f 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 ┆ntains no files. XENIX command: ┆
0x34d00…34d20 72 6d 64 69 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 36 09 4c 20 2d 20 4c 69 73 74 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆rmdir 8.2.6 L - List file┆
0x34d20…34d40 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4c 20 6f 6e ┆s Selection of option L on┆
0x34d40…34d60 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 69 73 20 65 71 75 69 76 61 6c 65 6e ┆ the utilities menu is equivalen┆
0x34d60…34d80 74 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 33 20 ┆t to selection of option 3 ┆
0x34d80…34da0 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 69 6e 64 65 78 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 37 2e ┆on the index system menu (8.1.7.┆
0x34da0…34dc0 33 29 20 6f 72 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 6c 65 20 ┆3) or option L on the file ┆
0x34dc0…34de0 63 68 65 63 6b 69 6e 67 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 28 38 2e 31 2e 38 2e 37 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 ┆checking menu (8.1.8.7). ┆
0x34de0…34e00 38 2e 32 2e 37 09 54 20 2d 20 54 69 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 74 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 ┆8.2.7 T - Time and date Se┆
0x34e00…34e20 (423,) 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 54 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 ┆lection of option T on the utili┆
0x34e20…34e40 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 75 72 72 ┆ties menu displays the curr┆
0x34e40…34e60 65 6e 74 20 64 61 74 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 64 61 79 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c ┆ent date and time of day. Exampl┆
0x34e60…34e80 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 e1 46 72 69 20 4d 61 79 20 31 31 20 30 39 3a 30 36 3a 32 33 20 ┆e: Fri May 11 09:06:23 ┆
0x34e80…34ea0 47 4d 54 20 31 39 38 34 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 64 61 74 ┆GMT 1984 XENIX command: dat┆
0x34ea0…34ea7 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆e ┆
0x34ea7…34eaa FormFeed {
0x34ea7…34eaa 0c 82 b8 ┆ ┆
0x34ea7…34eaa }
0x34eaa…34ec0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 38 09 4d 20 2d 20 4d 6f 6e 74 68 6c 79 20 63 ┆ 8.2.8 M - Monthly c┆
0x34ec0…34ee0 61 6c 65 6e 64 61 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f ┆alendar Selection of optio┆
0x34ee0…34f00 6e 20 4d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 ┆n M on the utilities menu displa┆
0x34f00…34f20 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 ┆ys an instruction to enter ┆
0x34f20…34f40 61 20 79 65 61 72 20 6f 72 20 61 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 20 61 6e 64 20 79 65 61 72 2e 20 45 78 61 6d ┆a year or a month and year. Exam┆
0x34f40…34f60 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 39 20 31 37 35 32 0d 0a 09 09 09 53 65 70 74 65 6d 62 65 ┆ple: 9 1752 Septembe┆
0x34f60…34f80 72 20 31 37 35 32 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 53 20 20 4d 20 20 54 75 20 57 20 20 54 68 20 46 20 20 53 0d ┆r 1752 S M Tu W Th F S ┆
0x34f80…34fa0 0a 09 09 09 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 32 20 31 34 20 31 35 20 31 36 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 31 37 20 31 38 ┆ 1 2 14 15 16 17 18┆
0x34fa0…34fc0 20 31 39 20 32 30 20 32 31 20 32 32 20 32 33 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 32 34 20 32 35 20 32 36 20 32 37 ┆ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27┆
0x34fc0…34fe0 20 32 38 20 32 39 20 33 30 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 63 61 ┆ 28 29 30 XENIX command: ca┆
0x34fe0…35000 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 32 2e 39 09 44 20 2d 20 44 65 73 6b 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 ┆l 8.2.9 D - Desk calculat┆
0x35000…35020 (424,) 6f 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 44 20 6f ┆or Selection of option D o┆
0x35020…35040 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 74 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e ┆n the utilities menu displays an┆
0x35040…35060 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 69 6e 70 75 74 ┆ instruction to enter input┆
0x35060…35080 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 45 78 61 6d ┆ to the calculator program. Exam┆
0x35080…350a0 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 32 30 2a 39 2f 35 2b 33 32 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 36 38 0d 0a ┆ple: 20*9/5+32 68 ┆
0x350a0…350c0 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 61 63 74 69 76 61 74 65 73 ┆ The above command activates┆
0x350c0…350e0 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 65 73 20 74 ┆ the program, which calculates t┆
0x350e0…35100 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6e 73 77 65 72 20 73 68 6f 77 6e 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d ┆he answer shown. XENIX comm┆
0x35100…35120 61 6e 64 3a 20 62 63 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 33 09 09 43 20 2d 20 43 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 ┆and: bc 8.3 C - Company ┆
0x35120…35140 44 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f ┆Directory Menu Selection o┆
0x35140…35160 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 ┆f option C on the main menu disp┆
0x35160…35180 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 ┆lays the company directory ┆
0x35180…351a0 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 73 ┆menu, from which the options des┆
0x351a0…351c0 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 ┆cribed in this section can ┆
0x351c0…351d2 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆be selected. ┆
0x351d2…351d5 FormFeed {
0x351d2…351d5 0c 82 90 ┆ ┆
0x351d2…351d5 }
0x351d5…351e0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 33 2e 31 09 4c 20 ┆ 8.3.1 L ┆
0x351e0…35200 2d 20 4c 6f 6f 6b 20 75 70 20 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 ┆- Look up an entry Selecti┆
0x35200…35220 (425,) 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 64 69 ┆on of option L on the company di┆
0x35220…35240 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e ┆rectory menu displays an in┆
0x35240…35260 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 74 6f 20 ┆struction to enter a pattern to ┆
0x35260…35280 62 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 66 6f 72 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 ┆be looked for. Example: ┆
0x35280…352a0 72 63 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 20 42 61 6c 6c 65 72 75 70 20 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 20 ┆rc RC Ballerup ... RC ┆
0x352a0…352c0 47 6c 6f 73 74 72 75 70 20 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 20 5d 6c 62 6f 72 67 2c 20 4e 7c 72 ┆Glostrup ... RC Ålborg, Nør┆
0x352c0…352e0 72 65 73 75 6e 64 62 79 20 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 20 4f 64 65 6e 73 65 2c 20 54 53 20 ┆resundby ... RC Odense, TS ┆
0x352e0…35300 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 20 50 72 7b 73 74 7c 20 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 43 2f 54 ┆... RC Præstø ... RC/T┆
0x35300…35320 53 20 45 73 62 6a 65 72 67 20 2e 2e 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 20 63 6f ┆S Esbjerg ... The above co┆
0x35320…35340 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 65 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 ┆mmand displays all entries conta┆
0x35340…35360 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 74 74 65 72 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 63 2e 20 54 68 65 20 75 ┆ining the pattern rc. The u┆
0x35360…35380 73 65 72 20 6d 75 73 74 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 ┆ser must press the key combinati┆
0x35380…353a0 6f 6e 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 20 69 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 74 75 ┆on <ctrl>d in order to retu┆
0x353a0…353c0 72 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 6e 75 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 33 2e 32 09 45 20 2d ┆rn to the menu. 8.3.2 E -┆
0x353c0…353e0 20 45 64 69 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 ┆ Edit the directory Select┆
0x353e0…35400 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 45 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 64 ┆ion of option E on the company d┆
0x35400…35420 (426,) 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 ┆irectory menu displays the ┆
0x35420…35440 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 ┆contents of the company director┆
0x35440…35460 79 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 64 69 ┆y, so that the user can edi┆
0x35460…35480 74 20 69 74 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 31 2e 32 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 33 2e 33 09 50 ┆t it (cf. 8.1.2). 8.3.3 P┆
0x35480…354a0 20 2d 20 50 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c ┆ - Print the directory Sel┆
0x354a0…354c0 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 50 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e ┆ection of option P on the compan┆
0x354c0…354e0 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 ┆y directory menu displays t┆
0x354e0…35500 68 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 73 65 74 2d 75 70 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 65 65 ┆he print set-up instruction shee┆
0x35500…35520 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆t for the company directory ┆
0x35520…35540 80 28 63 66 2e 38 2e 31 2e 33 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 09 09 45 20 2d 20 45 6c 65 ┆ (cf.8.1.3). 8.4 E - Ele┆
0x35540…35560 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 4d 61 69 6c 20 4d 65 6e 75 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f ┆ctronic Mail Menu Selectio┆
0x35560…35580 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 45 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 ┆n of option E on the main menu d┆
0x35580…355a0 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 69 6c ┆isplays the electronic mail┆
0x355a0…355c0 20 6d 65 6e 75 2c 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 ┆ menu, from which the options de┆
0x355c0…355e0 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆scribed in this section can ┆
0x355e0…355f3 80 62 65 20 73 65 6c 65 63 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ be selected. ┆
0x355f3…355f6 FormFeed {
0x355f3…355f6 0c 82 b8 ┆ ┆
0x355f3…355f6 }
0x355f6…35600 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 2e 31 09 4d ┆ 8.4.1 M┆
0x35600…35620 (427,) 20 2d 20 4d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ - Mailboxes on the system ┆
0x35620…35640 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 4d 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c ┆ Selection of option M on the el┆
0x35640…35660 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 20 0a 19 ┆ectronic mail menu displays a ┆
0x35660…35680 89 80 80 6c 69 73 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 6d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 65 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 ┆ listing of all mailboxes on t┆
0x35680…356a0 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 34 2e 32 29 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d ┆he system (cf. 8.4.2). XENIX com┆
0x356a0…356c0 80 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6c 73 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 70 6f 6f 6c 2f 6d 61 69 6c 0d 0a ┆ mand: ls /usr/spool/mail ┆
0x356c0…356e0 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 2e 32 09 53 20 2d 20 53 65 6e 64 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f ┆ 8.4.2 S - Send mail to ano┆
0x356e0…35700 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 ┆ther user Selection of opt┆
0x35700…35720 69 6f 6e 20 53 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e ┆ion S on the electronic mail men┆
0x35720…35740 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 ┆u displays an instruction t┆
0x35740…35760 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 73 65 ┆o enter the name of a user to se┆
0x35760…35780 6e 64 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 74 6f 2c 20 69 2e 65 2e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 6f ┆nd mail to, i.e. the name o┆
0x35780…357a0 66 20 68 69 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 34 2e 31 29 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 ┆f his mailbox (cf. 8.4.1). Examp┆
0x357a0…357c0 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 6d 6f 65 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 53 68 61 6c 6c 20 49 20 77 61 ┆le: moe Shall I wa┆
0x357c0…357e0 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 20 61 74 20 66 6f 75 72 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 64 61 79 20 6e 65 78 74 20 77 65 ┆ke you at four every day next we┆
0x357e0…35800 65 6b 20 74 6f 6f 3f 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 ┆ek too? <ctrl>d The ┆
0x35800…35820 (428,) 6d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 6d 6f 65 2c 20 69 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 6f ┆mailbox name, moe, is followed o┆
0x35820…35840 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6d 65 73 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆n the next line by the mes- ┆
0x35840…35860 73 61 67 65 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 73 65 6e 74 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 ┆sage to be sent. The key combina┆
0x35860…35880 74 69 6f 6e 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 0a 19 89 ┆tion <ctrl>d must be used to ┆
0x35880…358a0 80 80 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f ┆ terminate the external functio┆
0x358a0…358c0 6e 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 57 68 65 6e 20 0a ┆n invoked by this option. When ┆
0x358c0…358e0 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 77 68 6f 6d 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 77 61 73 20 73 65 ┆ the user to whom mail was se┆
0x358e0…35900 6e 74 20 6e 65 78 74 20 6c 6f 67 73 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 2c 20 ┆nt next logs into the computer, ┆
0x35900…35920 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 ┆he will be informed that th┆
0x35920…35940 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 69 6e 20 68 69 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 ┆ere is mail in his mailbox. XENI┆
0x35940…35960 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6d 61 69 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 2e ┆X command: mail 8.4.┆
0x35960…35980 33 09 43 20 2d 20 43 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 20 6d 61 69 6c 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 ┆3 C - Collect mail Selecti┆
0x35980…359a0 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 43 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 ┆on of option C on the electronic┆
0x359a0…359c0 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6c 61 74 ┆ mail menu displays the lat┆
0x359c0…359e0 65 73 74 20 70 69 65 63 65 20 6f 66 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 28 69 66 20 61 6e 79 29 20 69 6e 20 74 68 ┆est piece of mail (if any) in th┆
0x359e0…35a00 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 6d 61 69 6c 62 6f 78 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆e user's mailbox. Example: ┆
0x35a00…35a20 (429,) 20 20 a1 e1 46 72 6f 6d 20 6d 6f 65 20 46 72 69 20 4d 61 79 20 31 31 20 31 36 3a 35 39 3a 33 32 ┆ From moe Fri May 11 16:59:32┆
0x35a20…35a40 20 31 39 38 34 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 59 65 73 2c 20 77 61 6b 65 20 6d 65 20 61 67 61 69 6e 20 6e 65 ┆ 1984 Yes, wake me again ne┆
0x35a40…35a60 78 74 20 77 65 65 6b 2c 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 6d 69 6e 64 2e 0d 0a 09 09 20 ┆xt week, if you don't mind. ┆
0x35a60…35a80 20 3f 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 2c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 63 ┆ ? The message, on the sec┆
0x35a80…35aa0 6f 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 69 73 20 70 72 65 63 65 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 68 65 61 64 65 ┆ond line, is preceded by a heade┆
0x35aa0…35ac0 72 2e 20 54 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 ┆r. The question mark is a p┆
0x35ac0…35ae0 72 6f 6d 70 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 63 6f 6d ┆rompt to the user to enter a com┆
0x35ae0…35b00 6d 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 64 69 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 63 61 74 69 6e 67 20 77 68 61 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c ┆mand indi- cating what shoul┆
0x35b00…35b20 64 20 62 65 20 64 6f 6e 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6c 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 61 20 6c ┆d be done with the mail. For a l┆
0x35b20…35b40 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e ┆ist of the available comman┆
0x35b40…35b60 64 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 20 63 61 6e 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f ┆ds, the user can enter a questio┆
0x35b60…35b80 6e 20 6d 61 72 6b 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 6d 61 69 6c ┆n mark. XENIX command: mail┆
0x35b80…35b86 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x35b86…35b89 FormFeed {
0x35b86…35b89 0c 82 c8 ┆ ┆
0x35b86…35b89 }
0x35b89…35ba0 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 2e 34 09 57 20 2d 20 57 68 6f 20 69 73 20 61 6c 73 ┆ 8.4.4 W - Who is als┆
0x35ba0…35bc0 6f 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f ┆o on the computer Selectio┆
0x35bc0…35be0 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 57 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 ┆n of option W on the electronic ┆
0x35be0…35c00 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 75 73 65 72 ┆mail menu displays the user┆
0x35c00…35c20 (430,) 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6e 61 6d 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f ┆ name, terminal name, and time o┆
0x35c20…35c40 66 20 6c 6f 67 67 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 75 73 65 72 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆f logging in for every user ┆
0x35c40…35c60 80 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 20 28 63 66 2e 20 ┆ currently on the computer (cf. ┆
0x35c60…35c80 38 2e 34 2e 35 29 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 72 6f 6f 74 20 20 20 20 ┆8.4.5). Example: root ┆
0x35c80…35ca0 74 74 79 30 20 20 20 20 4d 61 79 20 39 20 20 20 20 30 39 3a 30 31 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 6d 6f 65 20 ┆tty0 May 9 09:01 moe ┆
0x35ca0…35cc0 20 20 20 20 74 74 79 31 20 20 20 20 4d 61 79 20 39 20 20 20 20 30 39 3a 33 30 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆ tty1 May 9 09:30 ┆
0x35cc0…35ce0 6a 6f 65 20 20 20 20 20 74 74 79 32 20 20 20 20 4d 61 79 20 39 20 20 20 20 31 30 3a 30 36 0d 0a ┆joe tty2 May 9 10:06 ┆
0x35ce0…35d00 0d 0a 09 09 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 77 68 6f 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e ┆ XENIX command: who 8.┆
0x35d00…35d20 34 2e 35 09 54 20 2d 20 54 61 6c 6b 20 74 6f 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 75 73 65 72 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆4.5 T - Talk to another user ┆
0x35d20…35d40 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 54 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 ┆ Selection of option T on the ┆
0x35d40…35d60 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e ┆electronic mail menu displays an┆
0x35d60…35d80 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6e ┆ instruction to enter the n┆
0x35d80…35da0 61 6d 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 ┆ame and location of a person to ┆
0x35da0…35dc0 74 61 6c 6b 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 28 63 66 2e 20 38 2e 34 2e 34 29 2e 20 45 78 61 6d 70 6c ┆talk to (cf. 8.4.4). Exampl┆
0x35dc0…35de0 65 20 6f 66 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 76 65 72 73 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 77 6f 20 ┆e of a conversation between two ┆
0x35de0…35e00 75 73 65 72 73 2c 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 68 65 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 77 68 69 63 ┆users, the sequence of whic┆
0x35e00…35e20 (431,) 68 20 69 73 20 69 6e 64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 70 61 72 65 6e 74 68 65 73 65 73 3a 0d 0a ┆h is indicated in parentheses: ┆
0x35e20…35e40 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 e1 75 73 65 72 20 6a 6f 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 ┆ user joe terminal displa┆
0x35e40…35e60 79 e1 09 20 20 20 a1 e1 75 73 65 72 20 6d 6f 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 ┆y user moe terminal displa┆
0x35e60…35e80 79 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 81 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d ┆y ------------------------┆
0x35e80…35ea0 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d ┆- -------------------------┆
0x35ea0…35ec0 82 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 28 20 31 29 20 a1 6d 6f 65 20 74 74 79 31 e1 09 09 09 20 20 20 28 20 32 29 ┆ ( 1) moe tty1 ( 2)┆
0x35ec0…35ee0 20 a1 e1 4d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6a 6f 65 20 74 74 79 32 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 28 20 ┆ Message from joe tty2 ( ┆
0x35ee0…35f00 33 29 20 a1 49 20 77 61 73 20 74 6f 20 77 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 2e 2d 6f 2d e1 20 20 20 20 20 28 ┆3) I was to wake you.-o- (┆
0x35f00…35f20 20 34 29 20 49 20 77 61 73 20 74 6f 20 77 61 6b 65 20 79 6f 75 2e 2d 6f 2d 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 28 ┆ 4) I was to wake you.-o- (┆
0x35f20…35f40 20 36 29 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 6d 6f 65 20 74 74 79 31 20 20 20 20 20 28 20 ┆ 6) Message from moe tty1 ( ┆
0x35f40…35f60 35 29 20 a1 6a 6f 65 20 74 74 79 32 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 28 20 38 29 20 54 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 61 20 ┆5) joe tty2 ( 8) Thanks a ┆
0x35f60…35f80 6c 6f 74 21 2d 6f 6f 2d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 20 37 29 20 a1 54 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 61 20 ┆lot!-oo- ( 7) Thanks a ┆
0x35f80…35fa0 6c 6f 74 21 2d 6f 6f 2d 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 28 31 30 29 20 45 4f 46 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆lot!-oo- (10) EOF ┆
0x35fa0…35fc0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 20 39 29 20 a1 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 ┆ ( 9) <ctrl>d ┆
0x35fc0…35fe0 28 31 31 29 20 a1 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ┆(11) <ctrl>d ┆
0x35fe0…36000 20 28 31 32 29 20 45 4f 46 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 22 2d 6f 2d 22 ┆ (12) EOF The use of "-o-"┆
0x36000…36020 (432,) 20 28 66 6f 72 20 22 6f 76 65 72 22 29 20 61 6e 64 20 22 2d 6f 6f 2d 22 20 28 66 6f 72 20 22 6f ┆ (for "over") and "-oo-" (for "o┆
0x36020…36040 76 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 75 74 22 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 6d 61 6e 64 61 74 ┆ver and out") is not mandat┆
0x36040…36060 6f 72 79 2c 20 62 75 74 20 68 65 6c 70 66 75 6c 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6b 65 79 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e ┆ory, but helpful. The key combin┆
0x36060…36080 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 64 20 6d 75 73 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 ┆ation <ctrl>d must be used ┆
0x36080…360a0 74 6f 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 ┆to terminate the external functi┆
0x360a0…360c0 6f 6e 20 69 6e 76 6f 6b 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 ┆on invoked by this option. ┆
0x360c0…360e0 28 22 45 4f 46 22 20 69 73 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 66 6f 72 20 22 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 66 69 6c 65 ┆("EOF" is short for "end of file┆
0x360e0…36100 22 29 2e 20 58 45 4e 49 58 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 3a 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 72 69 74 65 0d 0a 0d ┆"). XENIX command: write ┆
0x36100…36120 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 34 2e 36 09 49 20 2d 20 49 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 65 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 ┆ 8.4.6 I - Install extended ┆
0x36120…36140 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 53 65 6c 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6f 70 ┆facilities Selection of op┆
0x36140…36160 74 69 6f 6e 20 49 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 6d 65 ┆tion I on the electronic mail me┆
0x36160…36180 6e 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 20 6e 65 77 20 ┆nu displays an install new ┆
0x36180…361a0 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 65 65 74 2c 20 77 68 ┆facilities instruction sheet, wh┆
0x361a0…361c0 69 63 68 20 74 65 6c 6c 73 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 67 6f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 62 6f 75 74 20 69 ┆ich tells how to go about i┆
0x361c0…361e0 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 69 6e 67 20 65 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 6d 61 ┆nstalling extended electronic ma┆
0x361e0…361f0 69 6c 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 2e 0d 0a ┆il facilities. ┆
0x361f0…361f3 FormFeed {
0x361f0…361f3 0c 82 c8 ┆ ┆
0x361f0…361f3 }
0x361f3…36200 0a a1 b0 38 2e 35 09 09 4e 6f 6e 73 74 ┆ 8.5 Nonst┆
0x36200…36220 (433,) 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 46 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 41 6e 20 69 6e 73 74 61 ┆andard Facilities An insta┆
0x36220…36240 6c 6c 20 6e 65 77 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 69 65 73 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 68 ┆ll new facilities instruction sh┆
0x36240…36260 65 65 74 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 6c 65 63 74 69 ┆eet is displayed on selecti┆
0x36260…36280 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6f 70 74 69 6f ┆on of any of the following optio┆
0x36280…362a0 6e 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6d 65 6e 75 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 54 20 2d 20 ┆ns on the main menu: T - ┆
0x362a0…362c0 54 65 6c 65 78 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 52 20 2d 20 52 6f 6f 6d 20 4d 61 6e 61 ┆Telex Service R - Room Mana┆
0x362c0…362e0 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 41 20 2d 20 41 70 70 6f 69 6e 74 6d 65 ┆gement System A - Appointme┆
0x362e0…36300 6e 74 20 4d 61 6e 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 46 20 2d 20 46 69 ┆nt Management System F - Fi┆
0x36300…36320 6c 65 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 65 72 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 38 2e 36 09 09 ┆le Transfer Service 8.6 ┆
0x36320…36340 46 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 4b 65 79 20 44 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 ┆Function Key Differences T┆
0x36340…36360 68 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 20 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 75 73 65 ┆he function key combinations use┆
0x36360…36380 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 52 43 33 39 30 30 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 20 0a 19 ┆d in the RC3900 system differ ┆
0x36380…363a0 89 80 80 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 55 ┆ from those described in the U┆
0x363a0…363c0 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 a1 ┆niplex manual as follows: ┆
0x363c0…363e0 55 6e 69 70 6c 65 78 e1 09 a1 52 43 33 39 30 30 e1 09 a1 46 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆Uniplex RC3900 Function ┆
0x363e0…36400 09 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 78 09 3c 63 74 72 6c 3e 67 09 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ <ctrl>x <ctrl>g delete line ┆
0x36400…3641c (434,) 3c 65 73 63 3e 20 68 09 3c 65 73 63 3e 20 3f 09 71 75 69 63 6b 20 68 65 6c 70 0d 0a ┆<esc> h <esc> ? quick help ┆
0x3641c…3641f FormFeed {
0x3641c…3641f 0c 81 a0 ┆ ┆
0x3641c…3641f }
0x3641f…36420 0a ┆ ┆
0x36420…36440 14 b3 05 39 2d 0b 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 39 2e 09 09 45 52 52 4f 52 20 48 41 4e 44 4c 49 4e 47 0d 0a ┆ 9- 9. ERROR HANDLING ┆
0x36440…36460 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 74 77 6f 20 6d 69 63 ┆ The system contains two mic┆
0x36460…36480 72 6f 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 6f 72 73 2c 20 6c 6f 63 61 74 65 64 20 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 69 76 65 ┆roprocessors, located respective┆
0x36480…364a0 6c 79 20 0a 19 89 80 80 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 43 50 55 20 28 63 65 6e 74 72 ┆ly on the system CPU (centr┆
0x364a0…364c0 61 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 20 75 6e 69 74 29 20 61 6e 64 20 49 54 43 20 28 69 6e 74 ┆al processing unit) and ITC (int┆
0x364c0…364e0 65 6c 6c 69 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 67 65 6e 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c ┆elli- gent terminal controll┆
0x364e0…36500 65 72 29 20 62 6f 61 72 64 73 2e 20 42 6f 74 68 20 62 6f 61 72 64 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 ┆er) boards. Both boards execute ┆
0x36500…36520 62 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 73 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 70 6f ┆built-in selftests after po┆
0x36520…36540 77 65 72 2d 75 70 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 6c 69 76 65 72 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 72 65 73 ┆wer-up, and deliver selftest res┆
0x36540…36560 75 6c 74 73 20 74 6f 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 ┆ults to a connected termina┆
0x36560…36580 6c 3a 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 43 50 55 20 62 6f 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 ┆l: the system CPU board to the c┆
0x36580…365a0 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 66 61 63 65 20 4b 31 20 28 75 73 75 61 6c ┆onsole inter- face K1 (usual┆
0x365a0…365c0 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 29 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 62 6f ┆ly not connected) and the ITC bo┆
0x365c0…365e0 61 72 64 20 74 6f 20 4a 31 20 28 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 0a 19 89 80 80 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 62 65 ┆ard to J1 (should always be┆
0x365e0…36600 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 29 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 45 61 63 68 20 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 6d ┆ connected). Each board, m┆
0x36600…36620 (435,) 6f 72 65 6f 76 65 72 2c 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 20 74 77 6f 20 4c 45 44 20 28 6c 69 67 68 74 2d 65 ┆oreover, drives two LED (light-e┆
0x36620…36640 6d 69 74 74 69 6e 67 20 64 69 6f 64 65 29 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 74 61 74 75 73 20 6c 61 6d 70 73 ┆mitting diode) status lamps┆
0x36640…36660 2e 20 54 45 53 54 20 61 6e 64 20 44 49 53 4b 20 61 72 65 20 64 72 69 76 65 6e 20 62 79 20 74 68 ┆. TEST and DISK are driven by th┆
0x36660…36680 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 43 50 55 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 43 49 52 ┆e system CPU board, and CIR┆
0x36680…366a0 43 55 49 54 20 58 4d 49 54 2f 52 43 56 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 62 6f 61 72 64 2e 0d ┆CUIT XMIT/RCV by the ITC board. ┆
0x366a0…366c0 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 39 2e 31 09 09 54 45 53 54 20 4c 61 6d 70 20 46 6c 61 73 68 65 73 20 6f 72 ┆ 9.1 TEST Lamp Flashes or┆
0x366c0…366e0 20 53 74 61 79 73 20 4c 69 74 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 50 6f 77 65 72 2d 55 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆ Stays Lit during Power-Up ┆
0x366e0…36700 84 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 6d 70 20 6c 61 62 65 6c 65 64 20 54 45 53 54 20 73 74 61 72 74 73 ┆ If the lamp labeled TEST starts┆
0x36700…36720 20 66 6c 61 73 68 69 6e 67 20 6f 72 20 69 73 20 6c 69 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 6f 75 73 6c 79 ┆ flashing or is lit continuously┆
0x36720…36740 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 31 35 20 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 2c 20 ┆ for more than 15 seconds, ┆
0x36740…36760 74 68 65 20 62 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 6d 61 79 20 68 61 76 65 20 20 ┆the built-in selftest may have ┆
0x36760…36780 20 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 61 69 6c 65 64 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 68 61 70 ┆ failed. If this hap┆
0x36780…367a0 70 65 6e 73 2c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 61 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 ┆pens, connect a terminal to the ┆
0x367a0…367c0 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 69 6e 74 65 72 80 66 61 63 65 20 4b 31 20 61 6e 64 20 72 ┆console inter face K1 and r┆
0x367c0…367e0 65 73 74 61 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 57 68 65 6e 20 74 68 ┆estart the system. When th┆
0x367e0…36800 65 20 43 50 55 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 6e 6f 77 20 73 65 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 22 ┆e CPU selftest now sees that a "┆
0x36800…36820 (436,) 74 65 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 22 20 69 73 20 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 28 44 ┆test console" is present (D┆
0x36820…36840 53 52 20 61 63 74 69 76 65 29 2c 20 69 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 74 6f ┆SR active), it will not start to┆
0x36840…36860 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 20 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆ execute until the console ┆
0x36860…36880 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 64 2e 20 54 ┆baud rate has been determined. T┆
0x36880…368a0 68 65 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 63 61 6e 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a ┆he selftest can determine this ┆
0x368a0…368c0 19 89 80 80 77 68 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 20 74 79 ┆ when the console operator ty┆
0x368c0…368e0 70 65 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 75 70 70 65 72 2d 63 61 73 65 20 55 20 66 6f 72 20 39 36 30 30 2c 20 0a ┆pes one upper-case U for 9600, ┆
0x368e0…36900 19 89 80 80 34 38 30 30 2c 20 6f 72 20 32 34 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 20 6f 72 20 74 77 6f 20 75 ┆ 4800, or 2400 bauds or two u┆
0x36900…36920 70 70 65 72 2d 63 61 73 65 20 55 27 73 20 66 6f 72 20 31 32 30 30 2c 20 36 30 30 2c 20 6f 72 20 ┆pper-case U's for 1200, 600, or ┆
0x36920…36940 33 30 30 20 0a 19 89 80 80 62 61 75 64 73 2e 20 4e 6f 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 ┆300 bauds. No other baud ra┆
0x36940…36960 74 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 75 70 70 6f 72 74 65 64 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 54 68 65 20 22 74 65 ┆tes are supported. The "te┆
0x36960…36980 73 74 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 22 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 20 62 65 20 63 6f 6e ┆st console" should always be con┆
0x36980…369a0 66 69 67 75 72 65 64 20 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 3a 20 38 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 61 74 61 20 ┆figured as follows: 8 data ┆
0x369a0…369c0 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 32 20 73 74 6f 70 20 62 69 74 73 2f 63 68 61 72 ┆bits/character, 2 stop bits/char┆
0x369c0…369e0 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 6e 20 74 ┆acter, and no parity. In t┆
0x369e0…36a00 68 65 20 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 20 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 70 68 61 73 65 ┆he baud rate determination phase┆
0x36a00…36a20 (437,) 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 77 72 69 74 65 73 20 61 73 74 65 80 0a 19 89 80 80 ┆, the selftest writes aste ┆
0x36a20…36a40 72 69 73 6b 73 20 28 2a 29 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 61 74 20 39 36 30 30 ┆risks (*) to the console at 9600┆
0x36a40…36a60 20 62 61 75 64 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 73 65 20 6d 61 79 20 61 70 70 65 80 61 72 20 61 73 ┆ bauds, but these may appe ar as┆
0x36a60…36a80 20 0a 19 89 80 80 67 61 72 62 61 67 65 20 6f 72 20 6e 6f 74 20 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 77 68 65 6e ┆ garbage or not at all when┆
0x36a80…36aa0 20 74 68 65 20 61 74 74 61 63 68 65 64 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 65 73 20 ┆ the attached terminal operates ┆
0x36aa0…36ac0 61 74 20 61 20 0a 19 89 80 80 64 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 62 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 2e 0d 0a ┆at a different baud rate. ┆
0x36ac0…36ac2 0d 0a ┆ ┆
0x36ac2…36ac5 FormFeed {
0x36ac2…36ac5 0c 82 b0 ┆ ┆
0x36ac2…36ac5 }
0x36ac5…36ae0 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 69 73 20 64 65 74 65 63 74 65 64 ┆ If an error is detected┆
0x36ae0…36b00 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 2c 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 ┆ during the selftest, the progra┆
0x36b00…36b20 6d 20 77 72 69 74 65 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 77 68 69 ┆m writes to the console whi┆
0x36b20…36b40 63 68 20 74 65 73 74 20 66 61 69 6c 65 64 2e 20 4e 6f 74 65 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f ┆ch test failed. Note down the co┆
0x36b40…36b60 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 0a 19 89 80 80 73 75 63 68 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 61 6e ┆ntents of such a message an┆
0x36b60…36b80 64 20 72 65 70 6f 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 74 6f 20 52 43 20 43 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 ┆d report the error to RC Compute┆
0x36b80…36ba0 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 ┆r. If the selftest terminat┆
0x36ba0…36bc0 65 73 20 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 69 74 20 77 72 69 74 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 ┆es successfully, it writes ┆
0x36bc0…36be0 09 52 43 33 39 32 32 20 4d 6f 6e 69 74 6f 72 2c 20 69 53 42 43 20 38 36 2f 33 30 20 76 65 72 73 ┆ RC3922 Monitor, iSBC 86/30 vers┆
0x36be0…36c00 69 6f 6e 2c 20 72 65 6c 20 31 2e 36 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 28 22 2e 22 20 69 73 20 ┆ion, rel 1.6 . ("." is ┆
0x36c00…36c20 (438,) 61 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 29 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 ┆a prompt) to the console. ┆
0x36c20…36c40 4e 6f 77 20 74 79 70 65 20 4c 47 20 3c 43 52 3e 20 28 4c 6f 61 64 20 61 6e 64 20 47 6f 29 20 66 ┆Now type LG <CR> (Load and Go) f┆
0x36c40…36c60 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 ┆rom the console to boot the ┆
0x36c60…36c80 80 58 45 4e 49 58 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 6f 74 20 69 73 20 75 6e ┆ XENIX system. If the boot is un┆
0x36c80…36ca0 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 66 75 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 61 64 65 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 0a ┆successful, the loader program ┆
0x36ca0…36cc0 19 89 80 80 6c 69 67 68 74 73 20 74 68 65 20 54 45 53 54 20 61 6e 64 20 44 49 53 4b 20 6c 61 6d ┆ lights the TEST and DISK lam┆
0x36cc0…36ce0 70 73 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 77 72 69 74 65 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 09 57 69 ┆ps together, and writes Wi┆
0x36ce0…36d00 6e 63 68 65 73 74 65 72 20 6c 6f 61 64 20 74 69 6d 65 6f 75 74 0d 0a 09 09 09 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆nchester load timeout . ┆
0x36d00…36d20 09 28 22 2e 22 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 29 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 6f 6c ┆ ("." is a prompt) to the consol┆
0x36d20…36d40 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 39 2e 32 09 09 45 72 72 6f 72 20 4d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 64 75 72 ┆e. 9.2 Error Message dur┆
0x36d40…36d60 69 6e 67 20 50 6f 77 65 72 2d 55 70 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d ┆ing Power-Up If the system┆
0x36d60…36d80 20 77 61 73 20 6e 6f 74 20 73 68 75 74 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 70 72 6f 70 65 72 6c 79 2c 20 69 74 20 ┆ was not shut down properly, it ┆
0x36d80…36da0 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 6e 20 0a 19 89 80 80 65 72 72 6f 72 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 ┆will write an error message┆
0x36da0…36dc0 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 74 20 70 6f 77 65 72 2d 75 70 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 ┆ during the next power-up, and a┆
0x36dc0…36de0 73 6b 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 6c 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 ┆sk whether the file system ┆
0x36de0…36e00 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 6c 65 61 6e 65 64 2e 20 41 6c 77 61 79 73 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 ┆should be cleaned. Always answer┆
0x36e00…36e20 (439,) 20 79 20 28 79 65 73 29 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 0a 19 89 80 80 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d ┆ y (yes) to this question. ┆
0x36e20…36e40 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 49 54 43 20 62 6f 61 72 64 20 73 65 6c 66 74 65 73 74 20 ┆ If the ITC board selftest ┆
0x36e40…36e60 64 65 74 65 63 74 73 20 61 6e 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 70 6f 77 65 72 2d 75 70 ┆detects an error during power-up┆
0x36e60…36e80 2c 20 69 74 20 0a 19 89 80 80 77 69 6c 6c 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 74 ┆, it will write a message t┆
0x36e80…36ea0 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 4a 31 2e 20 ┆o the terminal connected to J1. ┆
0x36ea0…36ec0 54 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 2d 0a 19 89 80 80 66 69 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 ┆The con- figuration of this ┆
0x36ec0…36ee0 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 39 36 30 30 20 62 61 75 64 73 2c 20 38 20 64 ┆terminal will be 9600 bauds, 8 d┆
0x36ee0…36f00 61 74 61 20 62 69 74 73 2f 20 0a 19 89 80 80 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 31 20 73 74 6f 70 ┆ata bits/ character, 1 stop┆
0x36f00…36f20 20 62 69 74 2f 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f 20 70 61 72 69 74 79 2e 0d 0a ┆ bit/character, and no parity. ┆
0x36f20…36f40 0d 0a 09 09 84 49 66 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 20 6d 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 69 73 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 ┆ If such a message is displa┆
0x36f40…36f60 79 65 64 2c 20 6e 6f 74 65 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 74 73 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 ┆yed, note down its contents and ┆
0x36f60…36f80 0a 19 89 80 80 72 65 70 6f 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 74 6f 20 52 43 20 43 6f 6d 70 ┆ report the error to RC Comp┆
0x36f80…36f8b 75 74 65 72 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a ┆uter. ┆
0x36f8b…36f8e FormFeed {
0x36f8b…36f8e 0c 82 a8 ┆ ┆
0x36f8b…36f8e }
0x36f8e…36fa0 0a a1 b0 39 2e 33 09 09 55 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 20 42 65 ┆ 9.3 Unusual Be┆
0x36fa0…36fc0 68 61 76 69 6f 72 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 4e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 55 73 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 09 84 55 ┆havior during Normal Use U┆
0x36fc0…36fe0 6e 75 73 75 61 6c 20 62 65 68 61 76 69 6f 72 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 75 73 ┆nusual behavior during normal us┆
0x36fe0…37000 65 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 63 61 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 0a 19 ┆e could be caused by a number ┆
0x37000…37020 (440,) 89 80 80 6f 66 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 ┆ of factors. For further infor┆
0x37020…37040 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 65 65 20 53 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 36 2e 35 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 ┆mation, see Section 6.5 of this ┆
0x37040…3704e 0a 19 89 80 80 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 0d 0a ┆ manual. ┆
0x3704e…37051 FormFeed {
0x3704e…37051 0c 80 a8 ┆ ┆
0x3704e…37051 }
0x37051…37060 0a 14 b3 05 41 2d 0b 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 41 2e ┆ A- A.┆
0x37060…37080 09 09 4f 54 48 45 52 20 4c 49 54 45 52 41 54 55 52 45 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 41 2e 31 09 09 42 ┆ OTHER LITERATURE A.1 B┆
0x37080…370a0 6f 6f 6b 73 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 55 6e 69 78 20 53 79 73 74 65 6d 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ooks on the Unix System ┆
0x370a0…370c0 20 20 20 20 42 6f 75 72 6e 65 2c 20 53 74 65 76 65 2e 20 a1 54 68 65 20 55 4e 49 58 20 53 79 73 ┆ Bourne, Steve. The UNIX Sys┆
0x370c0…370e0 74 65 6d 2e e1 20 52 65 61 64 69 6e 67 2c 20 4d 61 73 73 61 63 68 75 73 65 74 74 73 3a 0d 0a 09 ┆tem. Reading, Massachusetts: ┆
0x370e0…37100 09 20 20 41 64 64 69 73 6f 6e 2d 57 65 73 6c 65 79 2c 20 31 39 38 33 2e 0d 0a 09 09 47 61 75 74 ┆ Addison-Wesley, 1983. Gaut┆
0x37100…37120 68 69 65 72 2c 20 52 69 63 68 61 72 64 2e 20 a1 55 73 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 55 4e 49 58 20 53 ┆hier, Richard. Using the UNIX S┆
0x37120…37140 79 73 74 65 6d 2e e1 20 45 6e 67 6c 65 77 6f 6f 64 20 43 6c 69 66 66 73 2c 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 ┆ystem. Englewood Cliffs, ┆
0x37140…37160 20 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 77 20 4a 65 72 73 65 79 3a 20 50 72 65 6e 74 69 63 65 2d 48 61 6c 6c 2c ┆ New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,┆
0x37160…37180 20 31 39 38 31 2e 0d 0a 09 09 4d 63 47 69 6c 74 6f 6e 2c 20 48 65 6e 72 79 20 61 6e 64 20 4d 6f ┆ 1981. McGilton, Henry and Mo┆
0x37180…371a0 72 67 61 6e 2c 20 52 61 63 68 65 6c 2e 20 a1 49 6e 74 72 6f 64 75 63 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 55 ┆rgan, Rachel. Introducing the U┆
0x371a0…371c0 4e 49 58 0d 0a 19 80 80 84 e1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 a1 e1 20 20 a1 53 79 73 74 65 6d 2e e1 ┆NIX System. ┆
0x371c0…371e0 20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b 2c 20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b 3a 20 4d 63 47 72 61 77 2d 48 69 6c 6c ┆ New York, New York: McGraw-Hill┆
0x371e0…37200 2c 20 31 39 38 33 2e 0d 0a 09 09 54 68 6f 6d 61 73 2c 20 52 65 62 65 63 63 61 20 61 6e 64 20 59 ┆, 1983. Thomas, Rebecca and Y┆
0x37200…37220 (441,) 61 74 65 73 2c 20 4a 65 61 6e 2e 20 a1 41 20 55 73 65 72 20 47 75 69 64 65 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 ┆ates, Jean. A User Guide to the┆
0x37220…37240 20 55 4e 49 58 20 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 53 79 73 74 65 6d 2e e1 20 42 65 72 6b 65 6c 65 79 2c 20 ┆ UNIX System. Berkeley, ┆
0x37240…37260 43 61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e 69 61 3a 20 4f 73 62 6f 72 6e 65 2f 4d 63 47 72 61 77 2d 48 69 6c 6c 2c ┆California: Osborne/McGraw-Hill,┆
0x37260…37280 20 31 39 38 32 2e 0d 0a 09 09 57 61 69 74 65 2c 20 4d 69 74 63 68 65 6c 6c 3b 20 4d 61 72 74 69 ┆ 1982. Waite, Mitchell; Marti┆
0x37280…372a0 6e 2c 20 44 6f 6e 61 6c 64 3b 20 61 6e 64 20 50 72 61 74 61 2c 20 53 74 65 76 65 2e 20 a1 55 6e ┆n, Donald; and Prata, Steve. Un┆
0x372a0…372c0 69 78 20 50 72 69 6d 65 72 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 a1 50 6c 75 73 2e e1 20 49 6e 64 69 61 6e 61 70 6f ┆ix Primer Plus. Indianapo┆
0x372c0…372e0 6c 69 73 2c 20 49 6e 64 69 61 6e 61 3a 20 48 6f 77 61 72 64 20 57 2e 20 53 61 6d 73 20 61 6e 64 ┆lis, Indiana: Howard W. Sams and┆
0x372e0…37300 20 43 6f 2e 2c 20 31 39 38 33 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d 0a a1 b0 41 2e 32 09 09 42 6f 6f 6b 73 20 6f 6e ┆ Co., 1983. A.2 Books on┆
0x37300…37320 20 74 68 65 20 43 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 4c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 0d 0a 0d 0a 09 ┆ the C Programming Language ┆
0x37320…37340 09 46 65 75 65 72 2c 20 41 6c 61 6e 20 52 2e 20 a1 54 68 65 20 43 20 50 75 7a 7a 6c 65 20 42 6f ┆ Feuer, Alan R. The C Puzzle Bo┆
0x37340…37360 6f 6b 2e e1 20 45 6e 67 6c 65 77 6f 6f 64 20 43 6c 69 66 66 73 2c 20 4e 65 77 20 4a 65 72 73 65 ┆ok. Englewood Cliffs, New Jerse┆
0x37360…37380 79 3a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 50 72 65 6e 74 69 63 65 2d 48 61 6c 6c 2c 20 31 39 38 33 2e 0d 0a 09 09 ┆y: Prentice-Hall, 1983. ┆
0x37380…373a0 48 61 6e 63 6f 63 6b 2c 20 4c 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 4b 72 69 65 67 65 72 2c 20 4d 6f 72 72 69 73 ┆Hancock, Les and Krieger, Morris┆
0x373a0…373c0 2e 20 a1 54 68 65 20 43 20 50 72 69 6d 65 72 2e e1 20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b 2c 20 4e 65 77 0d ┆. The C Primer. New York, New ┆
0x373c0…373e0 0a 09 09 20 20 59 6f 72 6b 3a 20 4d 63 47 72 61 77 2d 48 69 6c 6c 2c 20 31 39 38 32 2e 0d 0a 09 ┆ York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. ┆
0x373e0…37400 09 4b 65 72 6e 69 67 68 61 6e 2c 20 42 72 69 61 6e 20 57 2e 20 61 6e 64 20 52 69 74 63 68 69 65 ┆ Kernighan, Brian W. and Ritchie┆
0x37400…37420 (442,) 2c 20 44 65 6e 6e 69 73 20 4d 2e 20 a1 54 68 65 20 43 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 0d 0a ┆, Dennis M. The C Programming ┆
0x37420…37440 09 09 20 20 a1 4c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 2e e1 20 45 6e 67 6c 65 77 6f 6f 64 20 43 6c 69 66 66 73 ┆ Language. Englewood Cliffs┆
0x37440…37460 2c 20 4e 65 77 20 4a 65 72 73 65 79 3a 20 50 72 65 6e 74 69 63 65 2d 48 61 6c 6c 2c 20 31 39 37 ┆, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 197┆
0x37460…37480 38 2e 0d 0a 09 09 50 6c 75 6d 2c 20 54 68 6f 6d 61 73 2e 20 a1 43 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 ┆8. Plum, Thomas. C Programmi┆
0x37480…374a0 6e 67 20 53 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 73 20 61 6e 64 20 47 75 69 64 65 6c 69 6e 65 73 2e e1 20 43 61 ┆ng Standards and Guidelines. Ca┆
0x374a0…374c0 72 64 69 66 66 2c 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 4e 65 77 20 4a 65 72 73 65 79 3a 20 50 6c 75 6d 20 48 61 6c ┆rdiff, New Jersey: Plum Hal┆
0x374c0…374e0 6c 2c 20 31 39 38 32 2e 0d 0a 09 09 50 6c 75 6d 2c 20 54 68 6f 6d 61 73 2e 20 a1 4c 65 61 72 6e ┆l, 1982. Plum, Thomas. Learn┆
0x374e0…37500 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 6e 20 43 2e e1 20 43 61 72 64 69 66 66 2c 20 4e ┆ing to Program in C. Cardiff, N┆
0x37500…37520 65 77 20 4a 65 72 73 65 79 3a 0d 0a 09 09 20 20 50 6c 75 6d 20 48 61 6c 6c 2c 20 31 39 38 33 2e ┆ew Jersey: Plum Hall, 1983.┆
0x37520…37540 0d 0a 09 09 5a 61 68 6e 2c 20 43 2e 54 2e 20 a1 43 20 4e 6f 74 65 73 2e e1 20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f ┆ Zahn, C.T. C Notes. New Yo┆
0x37540…37560 72 6b 2c 20 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b 3a 20 59 6f 75 72 64 6f 6e 20 50 72 65 73 73 2c 20 31 39 37 ┆rk, New York: Yourdon Press, 197┆
0x37560…37580 39 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 1a 1a 4e 65 77 20 59 6f 72 6b 3a 20 59 6f 72 64 6f 6e 20 50 72 65 73 73 2c 20 ┆9. New York: Yordon Press, ┆